HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT UNIT 2: CHAPTER 5 PREGNANCY, BIRTH, AND THE NEWBORN “A baby is something you will carry inside you for nine months,

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

UNIT 2: CHAPTER 5PREGNANCY, BIRTH, AND THE NEWBORN

“A baby is something you will carry inside you for nine months, in your arms for three years and in your heart till the day you die.” Mary Mason

“People who say they sleep like a baby usually don’t have one.” Leo J. Burke

Welcome

Microphone check If technical issues close out seminar, my students for this

section should meet in the classroom chat room. You should be reviewing your Gradebook/Dropbox for

feedback on your assignments. Expectations for discussion and Option 2 revisited If you have submitted discussion posts late, please send

me an email. I may not notice to go back and assign you a new grade.

Tonight: quiz info, pregnancy (field trip), birth, and the newborn from a multidimensional framework

Quiz Information

There are five quizzes (Units 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8) in this course worth 50 points each

You MUST complete the appropriate quiz during the appropriate unit

You are given one hour to answer 25 questions You are only allowed to take each quiz once I plan to cover quiz content during seminar, as time

permits, but I will not single it out There are study guides in Doc Sharing to help you

prepare

The Biophysical Dimension

Fetal Development

Zygote: fertilized egg Germinal period of fetal development: 2 weeks,

implantation Embryo: an implanted egg Fetal Period: at eight weeks looks quite human and is

90% formed, heartbeat present (sometimes by 5.5 weeks)

By twenty-four weeks resembles a baby, can survive outside the womb

Full-term is between thirty-eight and forty-one weeks. Babies born before this may have feeding problems, respiratory distress syndrome, or jaundice.

Fetal Development

Eight Weeks Gestation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPu7WVBU5GE

Four Weeks Gestation

http://www.uen.org/Lessonplan/preview.cgi?LPid=4016

Labor

Stage one: dilation of the cervix, typically takes about twelve to fourteen hours

Stage two: begins at full dilation of the cervix. This is when the baby is born. It can take from ten minutes to three hours or more.

Stage three: involves the delivery of the placenta Choices for labor and delivery

Doula present can result in less medication, less medical intervention, fewer complications, and shorter labor.

Complications of Pregnancy Hyperemesis gravidarum: frequent vomiting Vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy: spotting or

miscarriage Vaginal bleeding in later pregnancy: placenta abrevia or

abruptio Toxemia and preeclampsia Eclampsia Gestational diabetes Polyhydramnios: excess amniotic fluid IURG: intrauterine growth retardation.

What are some maternal risk factors during pregnancy?

Maternal Risk Factors

Maternal age : mothers under 18 and over 35 have greatest risk of complications

Maternal nutrition: need 300 healthy, extra calories daily, need folic acid

Maternal illness This includes depression, which can lead to infants who cry

excessively, have low birth weight, and neurological problems

Maternal Risk Factors

Maternal drug use Alcohol: leading known preventable cause of MR Tobacco: increases risk of premature birth, low birth weight, and

SIDS Caffeine: can lead to low birth weight or premature birth Aspirin: can cause bleeding issues during labor and delivery others

Domestic abuse: can lead to preterm labor, low birth weight, and miscarriage

Rh incompatibility: can cause problems with future pregnancies if not caught

Prenatal Testing

Ultrasound or sonogram Alpha-fetoprotein blood screening: neural tube

defects Amniocentesis: available at 20 weeks, may pick up a

disability such a Downs Syndrome, which may further a family’s need for services as they cope with guilt, failure, or a need to grieve the loss of the “ideal” child

Chorionic villus sample (CVS); available at eight weeks What are some of the safety considerations of these

tests?

Birth Complications

Anoxia: lack of fetal oxygen caused by maternal bleeding, overmedication, or cord around baby’s neck

Consequences of anoxia or intracranial bleeding: can lead to cerebral palsey

Meconium aspiration and potential respiratory complications

Malpresentation Prolonged labor: more than 24 hours for first birth,

12 hours for subsequent births

Teratogens

What is a teratogen? What are some potential sources of teratogens?

Consequences of Premature Birth

RDS: Respiratory distress syndrome. RDS must be treated with caution RDS children often placed on ventilators Bronchiopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) a

complication seen in children placed on ventilators

Retinopathy caused by high oxygen levels

Normal Newborns

Weigh between 5 ½ and 9 ½ pounds APGAR between 7 and 10 is good, 5-7 is poor APGAR given at 1 and 5 minutes APGAR looks at the newborn’s adaptation to life

outside the womb Involves evaluating skin color, heart rate, response

to stimulation, muscle tone, and breathing effort

The Psychological Dimension

Psychological Dimension

Psychosocial development begins at the 12th week (sensation, emotion, learning, personality, and thought)

Fetal response to procedures, light, sound, touch, taste, and maternal mental state >>> habituation

Sensitive period NICU: parents should be encouraged to spend time

with their isolated infants Cultural differences Gentle births

Newborn Characteristics

Reflexes: rooting, Moro/startle, grasp, suckling, swallow, fencing, and Babinski

Can focus on objects Prefer contrasting, complex patterns Prefer high pitched sounds, such as a female voice Prefer sweet over salty, acidic, or bitter Can imitate facial expressions, such as sticking out

their tongue

The Social Dimension

Social Issues During Pregnancy

Unemployment Maternal education level Parental mental illness Family size Paternal involvement: how do fathers respond to pregnancy? Social support Socioeconomic status (SES) Neighborhood Interventions programs, pre and post What is the common denominator for many of the above?

Infant Mortality

Rates of infant mortality in U.S. higher than most developed nations

The primary reason for death among white infants is congenital abnormalities

The primary reason for African American infants is low birth weight

What contributes to these differences? Why aren’t infant mortality rates as high for Hispanic

infants? What are some political contributions?

Moral and Ethical Issues

Unplanned and unwanted pregnancies Mandatory maternal drug testing and

consequences Prenatal testing for abnormalities Prenatal testing and selection for sex Fertility treatments and embryo reduction Others?

Practical Application

Why might it be important for you as a human service professional (HSP) to understand the biophysical, psychological, and or social aspects of pregnancy, birth, and the newborn?

What types of agencies or work would require you to know this information?

Do you plan to pursue this type of human service employment? Why or why not?

Closing

Tonight: quiz info, pregnancy (field trip), birth, and the newborn from a multidimensional framework

Any questions? Next week:

Unit 3: Chapter 6 Infancy Quiz

Ashford, J.B., LeCroy, C.W., & Lortie, K.L. (2009). The social environment and human behavior. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.