Human and social capital in distritual innovation systems

Human and Social Capital in District Innovation Systems

An Effective Case of University-Industry Interaction

D. Gabaldón-Estevan

Daniel Gabaldón-Estevan | Valencia 29/05/2015Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Valencia- Valencia (ES) - [email protected]

Index 0.

Introduction and motivation 1.

Theoretical framework 2.

Methods 3.

Results 4.

Discussion 5.

Epilog 6.

Introduction and motivation 1.

[Istituto per la Promozione Industriale 2002, (based on ISTAT)]

[El mapa dels districtes industrials d’España Conference by Joan Trullén,

Castellón 28/06/2005]

Theoretical framework: Human Capital 2.a

Human Capital

(Mincer, 1958; Schultz,1960; Becker, 1962)

Expands the production possibility frontier  

The better educated choose better options

The better educated is better prepared for good

performance at the productive system

Pecuniary None pecuniary

Increased altruism

Reduced crime and social conflict

Democracy and Human Rights respect

Participation and social cohesion

Increased social capital

Extended networking

Higher capacity to absorb knowledge

What at DIS?

Theoretical framework: Social Capital

2.b

Analysis of the relationship between human and social capital (Coleman, 1988) differentiates three forms:-Obligations and expectations are dependent on the trustworthiness of the social structures and require closure of the network system to ensure its functioning -Channels of information, as information is a basis for action the need for closure is less clear as the value of the relationship is dependent on the information provided -Norms and effective sanctions, that inhibit crime or provide rewards for conducts valuable to the community, where dense networks are also required

“[social capital is] the aggregate of the actual potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance or recognition”. (Bourdieu, 1985: 248).

(Bourdieu, 1972; Coleman, 1988; Putnam, 1995)

Social Capital

Social capital is made up of two components (Portes, 1998): -The social relationship itself, which allows individuals to claim access to resources possessed by their associates; -The amount and quality of these resources.

“[...] It is not a single entity but a variety of entities with two elements in common: they all consist of some aspect of social structures, and they facilitate certain actions for actors - whether persons or corporate actors- within the structure”. (Coleman, 1988: 98).

Structural holes(Burt, 2001)

Social capital as a source of benefits through extra familiar networks, like assets gained through membership in networks, access to employment, occupational mobility and entrepreneur success (Loury, 1977).

Behavioural institutions (trust, reciprocity, honesty) and institutional quality measures (rule of law, contract enforceability, civil liberties) (Woolcock, 2001)

[…] “all important economic, social, political, organizational, institutional and other factors that influence the development, diffusion and use of innovations” (Edquist, 2004, pp. 182)

Sectoral systemof innovation

Technological systems

(Breschi and Malerba, 1997; Malerba, 2002)

(Carlsson and Stankiewitz, 1995; Huges, 1984; Callon, 1992)

Knowledge Heterogeneity Institutions Learning Interrelations

National systemof innovation

Regional systemof innovation

(Freeman, 1987; Lundvall, 1988, 1992; Nelson, 1993)

(Cooke, 1993 and 2001; Saxenian, 1985; Jaffe et al., 1993)

Evolutionist perspective

(Nelson and Winter, 1977 and 1982)

Functional approach

(Bergek et al., 2008; Jacobsson and Johnson, 2000;

Edquist, 1997)

DistrictInnovation system

(Gabaldon-Estevan et al., 2011)

Theoretical framework: Innovation Systems[Gabaldón-Estevan, D. (2011) El sistema distritual de innovación cerámico de Castellón. Universitat de València. Servei de Publicacions]

2.c

Population of companies centred on a productive activity (Bellandi, 2006; Coro & Micelli, 2007)

Human resources available and specialized (Sforzi, 2006; Sabel, 1982)

Tension and dynamism at the aglomeration (Brusco, 1990; Dei Ottati, 1994)

Easiness of both technological change and credit (Pyke y Sengenberger, 1992; Brusco, 1994)

[…] “socioterritorial entity characterised by the active presence of both a community of people and a group of companies on a natural and historically determined area . At the district […] the community and the companies tend to melt together”. (Becattini, 1992, pp. 62-63).

Marshallian Industrial district

ClusterIndustrial district

(Marshall, 1890)

(Becattini, 1979, 1986, 1992)

Feeling of belonging

Concentration & specialization

Competence & cooperation

Difficulties of appropriation

External economies

Theoretical framework: Marshallian Industrial district[Gabaldón-Estevan, D. (2011) El sistema distritual de innovación cerámico de Castellón. Universitat de València. Servei de Publicacions]

2.d

5.

FilièreLearning(know how, learning by

doing)

Knowledge networks

Institutional framework

Innovation system

District Innovation System

Productive specialization

Community & feeling of belonging

Interrelation & proximity

Theoretical framework: Applying the systemic approach to industrial districts[Gabaldón-Estevan, D.; Fernández de Lucio, I. and Molina Morales, FX. (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems. ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura, 188 (753), pp. 63-73 ]

2.e

Evolutionary economics

District effect economies

Format design

Texture design

Silk-screen printing design

Catalogue design

Clay, silica, etc. extraction

Store and logistics

Clay grind

Firing (2nd firing if double firing)*

Press

Draying & 1st firing if double firing*

Glazing and silk-screen printing

Selection and packing

Construction firms

Final user (consumer & institutions)

Tilelayrs and reform Architectures and decorators

Department Stores Retailers

Frits, glazes and ceramic colours production

Hornos

Grinding and spray-draying

Presses

Dryers

Glazing

Porcelain tiles

Kilns

Frits and glazes preparation

Auxiliary machines

Environment

Method: The tile value chain [Gabaldón-Estevan, D. (2011) El sistema distritual de innovación cerámico de Castellón. Universitat de València. Servei de Publicacions]

3.a

Legal & Institutional environment

IPC

Tec

hnol

ogic

al &

adv

ance

d se

rvic

es e

nviro

nmen

t

University departments, CSIC & ITC - ALICER

Scientific environment

Productive environment

Diverse semi elaborates producers:

ITC - ALICER

Public administrations: EU, state, regional and local governments and legislationsProducers associations: ASCER, ANFFECC, ASEBEC, AFPEOther associations: ATC, ANDIMAC, SECV, professional collegesFairs and promoting instruments: CEVISAMA & QUALICERChamber of Commerce, Industry and Sailing of Castellón

Frits, glaze and ceramic colours producers

Machinery and equipments fabrication and repairs

Design, CAD/CAM & printing systems companies

Other services for companies: consulting, informatics,…

Ceramic tiles producers

Atomizers producers

Precooked tiles producers

Special pieces

Distribution

Adaptación de Fernández, I., et al. (1996)

Method: The tile district innovation system [Gabaldón-Estevan, D. (2011) El sistema distritual de innovación cerámico de Castellón. Universitat de València. Servei de Publicacions]

3.b

Results: ATC associates by level and area of education [Own elaboration from ATC primary data.]

4.a

Results: University graduates by specialty (1992 - 2012) [University Jaume I annual reports, 2008-2009 not available]

4.b

Results: DegreesINE INEBASE Censos de Población y Viviendas 2011

4.c

Activity of the establishment (3-digit CNAE09 ) 12 Castellón / Castelló Educational level (detail )

203 - Manufacture

of paints , varnishes and

similar coatings,

printing ink and mastics

205 - Manufacture

of other chemicals

232 - Manufacture of refractory

ceramic products

233 - Manufacture of

ceramic products for construction

234 - Manufacture

of other ceramic products

289 - Manufacture

of other special purpose

machinery

331 - Repair of fabricated

metal products, machinery

and equipment

332 - Installation of

industrial machinery

and equipment

Total province

Illiterate * * * * * * * * 0,07

Uneducated * * * 1,24 * * * * 1,13

Attended school five years or more but did not reach the last course of EGB, ESO or Bachiller Elemental

9,95 * * 8,67 10,66 * 10,34 * 9,45

Reached the final year of EGB, ESO or Bachiller Elemental or has the Certificado de Escolaridad or Estudios Primarios

33,33 28,00 83,10 47,61 41,80 28,29 36,95 16,42 36,68

Bachiller, BUP, Bachiller Superior, COU, PREU 16,92 20,00 * 12,26 12,30 11,18 13,18 32,84 12,97

Medium grade FP, FP I, Industrial Official or equivalent, Intermediate Music and Dance, Certificates of Official Language Schools

5,97 8,00 * 8,41 12,02 17,11 14,21 28,36 7,85

Superior grade FP, FPII , Industrial Mastery or equivalent 14,93 * * 10,09 11,20 21,71 13,44 22,39 8,62

University diploma (3 years), Technical Architecture, Technical Engineering or equivalent

* 4,67 * 4,82 4,37 3,29 3,88 * 9,65

University Grado (4 years),or equivalent * * * 0,53 * * * * 0,84

University Licenciatura (4-5 years), Architecture, Engineering or equivalent

18,91 39,33 16,90 5,75 7,65 18,42 8,01 * 11,11

University official masters ( from 2006 ) Medical Specialties or similar

* * * 0,62 * * * * 0,90

Doctorate * * * * * * * * 0,73

Total (n) 1.005 750 355 11.300 1.830 760 1.935 335 199.465

Under the mean Around the mean Over the mean

Frits, glazes and ceramic colours

production

Ceramic tiles and semi elaborates

producers

Machinery and equipment fabrication

and repairs

Discussion: Proximity vs complementarity?industry 5.a

[Istituto per la Promozione Industriale 2002, (based on ISTAT)]

Discussion: Proximity vs isolation?industry 5.b [El mapa dels districtes industrials d’España Conference by Joan Trullén,

Castellón 28/06/2005]

Gabaldón-Estevan, D.; Mezquita, A.; Ferrer, S.: Monfort, E. (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry? The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector. Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014, Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 http://icim.vamk.fi/2014/uploads/UploadPaperDir/11thICIM2014.pdf

Monfort, E.; Mezquita, A.; Vaquer, E.; Gabaldón-Estevan, D. (2014) La evolución energética del sector español de baldosas cerámicas Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. V. 53 (3) 111-120http://boletines.secv.es/upload/2014070792201.201453111.pdf

Gabaldón-Estevan, D.; Criado, E.; Monfort, E. (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing: A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry. Journal of Cleaner Production 70, 242-250 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652614001620

Gabaldón-Estevan, D.; Hekkert M.P. (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function? Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. V. 52 (3) 151-158 http://ceramicayvidrio.revistas.csic.es/index.php/ceramicayvidrio/article/download/1205/1239

Gabaldón-Estevan, D.; Fernández de Lucio, I. and Molina Morales, FX. (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems. ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura, 188 (753), pp. 63-73 http://arbor.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arbor/article/download/1448/1457

Gabaldón-Estevan, D. (2011) El sistema distritual de innovación cerámico de Castellón. Universitat de València. Servei de Publicacions. http://rodrigo.uv.es/bitstream/handle/10550/23431/gabaldon.pdf?sequence=1

Tortajada Esparza, E.; Gabaldón-Estevan, D. and Fernández de Lucio I. (2008) La evolución tecnológica del distrito cerámico de Castellón: la contribución de la industria de fritas, colores y esmaltes. Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. V. 47 (2) pp. 57-80 http://boletines.secv.es/upload/20080512114901.47[2]57-80.pdf

Epilog: Previous work 6.a

Thank you for your attention!!!

Daniel Gabaldón-Estevan | Valencia 29/05/2015Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Valencia- Valencia (ES) - [email protected]

https://uv.academia.edu/DanielGabald%C3%B3nEstevan

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Gabaldon-Estevan

https://www.linkedin.com/pub/daniel-gabad%C3%B3n-estevan/23/722/aaa

http://www.slideshare.net/DanielGabaldnEstevan

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2086-5012

http://www.researcherid.com/rid/B-5195-2011

Epilog: The end 6.b