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HUMAN AND SOBIOLOGY PRESENTA
GRO
LEPTOSPIROSIS AND MA
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MALARIA
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WHAT IS MALARIA?
•Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused b
parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the genus
Plasmodium. The disease is transmitted by the biting of mosquitos, and the symptoms
begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten. If not appropriately treated, people may ha
recurrences of the disease months later. The disease is most commonly transmitted by
infected female !nopheles mosquito.
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CAUSATIVE AGENT
• "ausatie agents of malaria are plasmodium malariae #hich is a parasitic protozoa th
malaria in humans. It is one of seeral species of Plasmodium parasites that infect hum
including Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium ia$ #hich are responsible for m
malarial infection.
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VECTOR OF MALARIA
The female An!hele" Mosquito
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METHOD OF SPREAD
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA• %ymptoms of malaria typically deelop #ithin &' days to four #ees follo#ing the in
some patients, symptoms may not deelop for seeral months. "ommon symptoms o
include
• shaing chills that are moderate to seere
• high feer
• profuse s#eating
• headache
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA• nausea
• omiting
• diarrhea
• anemia
•muscle pain
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CONTROL#PREVENTION OF MALARIA
Methods used to preent Malaria
*educe mosquito breeding grounds
+se of insect repellent to preent mosquito bites
Taing antimalarial drugs
%praying indoors #ith insecticide to preent mosquitos
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CURATIVE MEASURES
The $%ea$men$ f mala%&a &n'l'e" ("&n) $he "ame an$&mala%&al a)en$" $ha$ a%e
!%e'en$ mala%&a+ H,e'e%- &f .( )e$ mala%&a af$e% $a/&n) a !a%$&0(la% !%e'en$a$
me*&0&ne- $hen a *&1e%en$ me*&0&ne ,&ll 2e ("e* $ $%ea$ $he mala%&a+
• D3.la% 4 0a!"(le" 0n$a&n $he a0$&'e &n)%e*&en$ *3.0.0l&ne- ,h&0h &" a $.!e
an$&2&$&0 0alle* a $e$%a0.0l&ne+ I$ &" ("e* $ $%ea$ &nfe0$&n" 0a("e* 2. 2a0$e%&
• La%&am 4 $a2le$" 0n$a&n $he a0$&'e &n)%e*&en$ me6(&ne- ,h&0h &" a $.!e f
me*&0&ne 0alle* an an$&mala%&al+ I$ &" ("e* &n 2$h $he !%e'en$&n an* $%ea$me
mala%&a+
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Leptospirosis
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There are t#o main types of eptospirosis
Mild eptospirosis - the patient e$periences muscle pains, chills and possibly a head
' of cases are of this type.
%eere eptospirosis - can be life-threatening. There is a ris of organ failure and int
hemorrhaging. This occurs #hen the bacterium infects the idneys, lier and other m
organs.
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CAUSATIVE AGENT
eptospirosis is caused by the bacterium Leptospira. They inhabit the animals0 idneys a
e$pelled #hen they urinate. and infect the soil or #ater supplies. "ontamination can pers
#ater for months.
People can become infected by
• 1rining contaminated #ater
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CAUSATIVE AGENT
• "oming into contact #ith contaminated #ater or soil if they hae unhealed cuts in th
• Their eyes, nose or mouth come into contact #ith contaminated #ater or soil
• "oming into contact #ith the blood of an infected animal (less common)
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VECTORS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS
• %a00n"
• 2a$"
• "hee!
• *)"
• m&0e
• %a$"
• h%"e"
• 0a$$le
• 2(1ale"
• !&)"
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METHOD OF SPREAD
• eptospirosis can be transmitted to humans through cuts and abrasions of the sin, or
the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth #ith #ater contaminated #ith th
infected animals. eptospirosis can also be transmitted through the drining of #ater
ingestion of food contaminated #ith urine of infected animals, often rats.
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF LEPTOSPIRO
eptospirosis signs and symptoms usually appear suddenly, about 2 to &3 days after the
has become infected4 in some cases they may appear earlier or later.
%igns and symptoms of mild leptospirosis
"hills
"oughing
1iarrhea
5eadaches, these can come on suddenly
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF LEPTOSPIRO
5igh feer
Muscle pain, particularly lo#er bac and cales
6ausea
Poor appetite
*ed and irritated eyes
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF LEPTOSPIRO
The patient usually gets better #ithin one #ee #ithout any treatment. ! small propo
them #ill not improe, and #ill go on to deelop seere leptospirosis.
%igns and symptoms of seere leptospirosis - these #ill appear a fe# days after mild lep
symptoms hae disappeared. %igns and symptoms depend on #hich ital organs hae be
affected.
%igns and symptoms #hen the heart, lier and idneys are affected
7atigue
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CONTROL#PREVENTION OF LEPTOSPIRO
• The ris of acquiring leptospirosis can be greatly reduced by not s#imming or #ading
#ater that might be contaminated #ith animal urine, or eliminating contact #ith poten
infected animals.
• Those #ho regularly s#im in fresh#ater should mae sure that any sin cuts are coe
a #aterproof dressing
• Protectie clothing or foot#ear should be #orn by those e$posed to contaminated #a
soil because of their /ob or recreational actiities.
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CURATIVE MEASURE
• !cute leptospirosis - the doctor may prescribe a 9 to 2 day course of some tetracyclin
antibiotic.
• %eere leptospirosis - the patient #ill need to be hospitalized and gien antibiotics
intraenously. 1epending on #hich organs are affected a entilator to assist in breath
be required, as might dialysis if the idneys are affected. Intraenous fluids may be n
hydrate the patient and proide essential nutrients.