Human Anatomy & Physiology - Academic Computer …academic.pgcc.edu/~aimholtz/AandP/LectureNotes/ANP1_Lec/Intro... · Human Anatomy & Physiology. Humans = Animals ... Protection,

Human Anatomy & Physiology

Humans = Animals

Cell Walls

Multicellular Motile

Humans = Animals, Vertebrates

2 Major Functions:

Support

Protection

Humans = Animals, Vertebrates, Mammals

Hair

3 ear bones

Nursing

Humans = Animals, Vertebrates, Mammals, Primates

Opposable thumbsForward facing eyes

Paired clavicles

Humans = Animals, Vertebrates, Mammals, Primates, Hominids

Brain SizeBody Size

= Big

Bipeds

Types of Anatomical Study

Gross Anatomy

Grossus = Large/Great (Latin)

Types of Anatomical Study

Histology

Tissue = group of cells similar structure/function

Types of Anatomical StudyCytology

Pathology

Cardiovascularsystem

OrganelleMoleculeAtoms

Chemical level Cellular level

Tissue level.

Organ level

Organ system level Organismal level

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

Heart

Bloodvessels

Epithelialtissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Levels of Structure

IntegumentaryProtection, Regulates body temperatureSkin

SkeletalProtection, Support, Mineral storage, MovementBones

MuscularMovement, Manipulation, ThermogenesisMuscles

NervousControl, Regulation, Consciousness Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Endocrine Control via hormonesPituitary gland, thyroid gland, testes/ovaries, etc.

CardiovascularTransportHeart, blood vessels, blood

Lymphatic/ImmuneProtection from pathogens, return of tissue fluid to bloodstream Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

RespiratoryGas exchangeLungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity

UrinaryEliminates nitrogenous wastes. Regulates BP, blood volume, blood pH, blood electrolytes.Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

DigestiveTransport, breakdown, and absorption of food.Elimination of wastes.Oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

Male reproductiveSperm and testosterone production.Testes, epididymides, vas deferenses, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, urethra, penis.

Female reproductiveOocyte, estrogen, and progesterone production.Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

Organs

Defined functions

Multiple Tissues

Tissues

Groups of similar cells with a

common function

4 basic types1. Epithelial2. Connective3. Muscle4. Nervous

Epithelial Tissue

Connective Tissue

Nervous Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Cells40,000,000,000,000 total

200 different types

1. Basic structural/functional unit2. All organisms3. Individual + collective activity

Cellular OrganellesNucleus → Cellular control center. Contains

DNA (blueprints for protein production).

Mitochondria → Cellular power plant. Site of conversion of the energy w/i nutrients to the energy currency of the cell – adenosine triphosphate.

Endoplasmic Reticulum → Site of protein/lipid production

Chemical Molecules

Carbohydrates

Chemical Molecules

Proteins

Chemical MoleculesLipids

Chemical Molecules

Adenosine triphosphate

Nucleic acids

DNA

RNA

Homeostasis

Dynamic

Variables

How do we maintain homeostasis?

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

The response DECREASES the magnitude of the initial stimulus.

Frequency?

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

Frequency?

The response INCREASES the magnitude of the initial stimulus.

Feedback cycle endswhen plug is formed.

Positive feedbackcycle is initiated.

Positivefeedbackloop

Break or tearoccurs in blood vessel wall.

Plateletsadhere to site and release chemicals.

Released chemicals attract more platelets.

Platelet plugforms.

2

1

3

4

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

Positive Feedback Mechanisms