Hubungan antara Perekonomian dan Perkotaan

8/12/2019 Hubungan antara Perekonomian dan Perkotaan

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Ekonomi Perkotaan


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Rent

Transport

Cost

Location


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Kota adalah

pusat :

kegiatanperekonomian.

pelayananbarang dan jasa


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Central Place Theory

Walter Christaller

Barnacle shells on a beach rock

Average 5.3 sides per barnacle

WaspNest

NearlyPerfectHexagonalNests


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Quantity Demanded

DistanceZeroDistance

Range


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Threshold and Range Relationship

Threshold

Range

Range

Threshold

Situation:

Demand > CostsSituation:

Demand < Costs

Threshold is the minimum market (population or income) needed to bring about the selling of aparticular good or service.Range is the maximum distance consumers are prepared to travel to acquire goods - at some point the

cost or inconvenience will outweigh the need for the good.


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Competition for Customers

Unserved customers

Possibly maximum profit

Market area

The figure suggests that sellers press towards each

other, creating hexagonal market areas and possibly

eliminating excess profits

? How would producers like to set their price? At the level

that maximizes profit, which is at a scale of output where

marginal revenues and marginal costs are equal.


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Lschs Market Area

Development Sequence


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Alternative Spatial Market Areas


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Overlapping market areas for

three different industries


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Hierarchy of CentralPlaceHamlet

Village Town City

Regional Capital


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To develop the theory, Christaller made the

following simplifying assumptions:an unbounded isotropic (all f lat), homogeneous, limitless surface(abstract space)an evenly distributed populationall settlements are equidistant and exist in a triangular lattice patternevenly distributed resourcesdistance decay mechanismperfect competition and all sellers are economic people maximizingtheir profitsconsumers are of the same income level and same shopping behaviourall consumers have a similar purchasing power and demand for goodsand servicesConsumers visit the nearest central places that provide the functionwhich they demand. They minimize the distance to be travelledno provider of goods or services is able to earn excess profit(eachsupplier has a monopoly over a hinterland)


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In the functional hierarchies, generalizations

can be made regarding the spacing, size andfunction of settlements.The larger the settlements are in size, the fewer in number they willbe, i.e. there are many small villages, but few large cities.The larger the settlements grow in size, the greater the distancebetween them, i.e. villages are usually found close together, while citiesare spaced much further apart.As a settlement increases in size, the range and number of itsfunctions will increase .As a settlement increases in size, the number of higher-order services

will also increase, i.e. a greater degree of specialization occurs in theservices.


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Bid Rent Funcition


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Agglomeration Economies

Cluster Economies/External Economies

1. Localization Economies

2. Urbanization Economies


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Advantages of Agglomerations

1. Pools of Specialized Labor2. Specialized Resources3. Technological Spillovers

Disadvantage of Agglomerations

1. Congestion

2. Pollution3. Negative Externalities

Diseconomies of Agglomeration

Hubungan antara Perekonomian dan Perkotaan

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