http://news.sciencemag.org/breakthrough- of-the-year-2013 Cancer Immunotherapy as the Breakthrough of the Year 2013 December 2013, Science
Dec 18, 2015
http://news.sciencemag.org/breakthrough-of-the-year-2013
Cancer Immunotherapy as the Breakthrough of the Year 2013
December 2013, Science
Human NK Cells; Basic Biology and Therapeutic Applications
Rizwan Romee, MD
• No relevant disclosures
FSC
FTO
F
CD45SS
CFSC
FSC
NK cells in the peripheral blood
Major NK cell functions Secrete immunoregulatory cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ)
Kill virus-infected cells
Key contribution to human reproduction
Exhibit anti-tumor responses Longitudinal study correlated low NK cell activity with increased
risk of developing cancer Imai et al, Lancet, 2000 Cancer patients have defective NK cell number and/or function Kill cancer target cells (e.g., leukemic blasts) without prior
sensitization Key mediators of ADCC (Rituximab, Cetuximab etc)
CD56bright NK cells: • Immature, constitute only 5-15% of the peripheral blood NK cells (dominant population in lymph nodes)• Low expression of FcγR3a (CD16)• Exhibit weak cytokine and cytotoxic responses to tumor target cells (in the resting state)
CD56dim NK cells: • Mature, dominant population in peripheral blood• High CD16 expression (and other maturity markers)• Exhibit potent cytokine and cytotoxic responses to tumor target cells
CD56right and CD56dim NK Cell Subsets
Norell H et al. J Leukoc Biol 2013;94:1123-1139
NK cell development and maturation
Caliguiri et al, Trends in Immunol, 2013
Vivier, Science, 2012
NK cells express a wide variety of receptors
Key inhibitory NK cell receptors and their ligands
1. KIRs (killer cell Ig-like receptors)2. NKG2A binds HLA-E
Key activating NK cell receptors and their ligands
1. CD16 (FcγRIIIA),, binds Fc part of IgG to mediate ADCC 2. NCRs :
NKp30 binds B7-H6 (expressed on certain tumor cells)NKp44 binds MLL5 NKp46 binds ?
3. NKG2D binds MIC A/B and ULBP proteins 4. NKG2C binds HLA-E5. 2B4 binds CD486. DNAM-1 binds PVR and Nectin-2
Vivier, Science, 2012
Dynamic regulation of NK Cell Function
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs)
Romagnane et al, 2013
Romagne et al, 2013
C1 vs. C2 HLA-C alleles classified based on amino acid polymorphisms at positions 80 (asp vs. lysine) of alpha-1 chain
KIR haplotype A vs. haplotype B
Romagne et al, Curr Opin Immuno, 2012
KIR B haplotypes are further classified into:
Cen B, Tel B
Cen B, Tel A
Cen A, Tel B
• Presence of KIR2DS2 associated with decreased B cell ALL in children (Ahmad et al, Blood 2012)
• Increased ALL incidence in children with Haplo A/A ( Wiemels et al Blood 2014)
• KIR3DS1 in presence of its cognate HLA-Bw4 leads to slower HIV progression (Carrington et al, Nat genetics, 2002)
• KIR2DS1 in presence of its cognate ligand HLA-C2 promotes placentation (Moffet et al, JCI 2013)
Why are KIRs important?
Role of KIRs in mediating NK cell allo-reactivity in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Handgretinger, ped res, 2012
KIR ligand mismatch
KIR ligand mismatch is important for mediating NK cell GvL effect and also potentially increases engraftment and decreases GvHD
Cooley et at Blood, 2009 and 2010
Hsu et al, NEJM, 2012
Donor B haplotype leads to enhanced GvL effect after HSCT
Purify/Enrich NK cells
IL-2
LeukemiaRemission
Long TermDisease Free Survival
Haploidentical Donor: leukapheresis
Infuse NK cells
Patient s/p lympho-depleting chemo (Cy/Flu)
IL-2
Adoptive transfer of NK cells by Minnesota group (Miller et al)
Miller et al, Blood 2005
• Only some success with AML patients
• Limited expansion and persistence of the transferred cells
• But some dramatic responses
• Responses correlated with expansion of the NK cells
• Preferential expn of Tregs
Other adoptive NK cell trials
• Autologous NK cells ( Childs group at NIH, McKenna at UMN)
• KIR-Ligand mismatched NK cells (Roberto M. Lemoli, Italian group)
• Post transplant NK cell infusions (Rizzeri et al Duke)
• Post induction NK cell consolidation (Leung et al St Jude’s)
• Mixed results
• Limited persistence and expansion of the adoptively transferred NK cells
• IL-2 side effects and preferential Treg expansion
NK cells exhibit memory!
Hapten specific memory by von Andrian group (Nat Immunol, 2006) Hapten hypersensitivity seen in Rag2-/- mice (Lack T or B cells but have NK cells) This hapten specific memory was transferred upon adoptive transfer
Only liver NK cells expressing CXCR6
MCMV specific memory by Lanier group (Nature, 2009)
In B6 mice MCMV infection caused preferential expansion of Ly49H+ cells
Upon re-challenge with MCMV more robust response
Able to transfer this enhanced response upon adoptive transfer of Ly49H+ cells from mice previously injected with MCMV
CMV infection in humans induces memory-like NK cells
Preferential expansion of NKG2C+CD57+ cells after solid and Stem cell transplantation (Lanier et al, PNAS 2010, Miller et al Blood 2010)
These NKG2C+CD57+ cells exhibit enhanced function
Similar population of cells also expands in patients with Hanta virus (Ljunggren JEM, 2011) and Chikungunya virus ( Vincent Vieillard Plos Path, 2011)
Cytokine activation induced memory-like NK cells in mice
Pre-Activation(or control)
Rest(return to ‘basal’ state)
Restimulation
Enhanced IFN-γ Response
Cooper et al. … Yokoyama PNAS, 2009
Modified from Romee et al, Blood 2012
Modified from Romee et al, Blood 2012
Modified from Romee et al, Blood 2012
Romee et al, ASH Abstract, 2013
CIML NK cells express high affinity IL-2 receptor
Leong et al, BBMT, 2014
Pre-clinical xenogenic mouse model
Mouse model of CIML NK cell immunotherapy
Cerwenka et al, JEM, 2012
So can we use the concept of cytokine induced memory-like NK cells in clinic?
Correlative science planned (Fehniger Lab)
-Persistence
-Look for expansion
-Activation
-Functional analyses
-KIR ligand mismatch impact on outcomes
•FDA approved / IND granted•Expect IRB approval this week•First patient expected to be enrolled next month!
CIML NK first in human trial status
Funding sources- SCC R&D award- BJHF award- BJHF/ICTS Team Science Award- ICTS translational award
Rosenberg et al Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol., 2013
CAR
Two major breakthroughs in the T cell immunotherapy world
BiTE
BiKE- and TriKE-mediated NK cell targeting to tumor-associated antigens.
Miller J S Hematology 2013;2013:247-253
©2013 by American Society of Hematology
Acknowledgments
Todd Fehniger, MD, PhD
Fehniger Lab members:
Stephanie SchneiderJeff LeongRyan SullivanMax Rosario
Meagan Cooper MD, PhD
John F. DiPersio, MD, PhD
Daniel C. Link, MD
Timothy J. Ley, MD
GMP Facility at Siteman Cancer Center
William Swaney PhD
Jeffrey Miller MD (my mentor at UMN)
http://news.sciencemag.org/breakthrough-of-the-year-2013
Cancer Immunotherapy as the Breakthrough of the Year 2013
December 2013, Science
Cancer Immunotherapy as the Breakthrough of the Year 2013
December 2013, Science
The Runner-ups-CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-CLARITY (Makes brain imaging super clear)-Human Stem Cells From Cloning (By SCNT)-Mini-organs (mini-organoids)-Cosmic Particle Accelerators identified-Perovskite Solar Cells (Graphene based high effn solar cells)-Why We Sleep (Studies with mice showed that the brain cleans itself — by expanding channels between neurons and allowing more cerebrospinal fluid to flow through — much more efficiently during sleep. The finding suggests that restoration and repair are among the primary purposes of sleep)-Our Microbes, Our Health-In Vaccine Design, Looks do Matter
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a bad disease
Treatment includes Induction chemotherapy with 7+3 and once in complete remission, consolidation with 3-4 cycles of Ara-C
Prognosis determined by cytogenetics, mutational status and prior chemo/rxt (secondary and therapy related)
Up to 50% of the AML patients relapse (most relapses in first two years)
Chemotherapy alone:30% of the favorable risk and 54% of the intm risk
Allo-HSCT is a curative option but TRM, GVHD and relapse still a problem (20 % TRM and 40-50% relapse rate)
Urgent need to develop novel therapies
Pilot study with the intention to determine feasibility and safety of using NK cell adoptive transfer in patients with AML
Patient characteristics:AMLN=10Median age of the patients was 2.5 years (range: 8 months to 21 years)Favorable and intm risk ( because unfavorable risk patients underwent transplant)
4 CBF+ AML, 6 had intermediate risk
All MRD negative at the time of enrollment (s/p consolidation chemotherapy)
Cy dose: 60 mg/kg bw on day -7Flu dose: 25mg/m^2/day for 5 doses (-6 to -2)
Donor apheresis on day -1Apheresis product processed on day 0 with 2 step process using Miltenyi’s CliniMACS NK cell product infused on day 0 with no prior IL-2 stimulation
IL-2 (1million U/m^2) given subcutaneously for 6 doses on alternate days starting on day -1
NK cell product characteristics
Median NK cell dose of 29 x 10^6/kg bw (range : 5 to 81 x 10^6/kg bw)
Minimal B cell contamination ( 0.097 x 10^6/kg bw)
T cells detected in only one product but very low (1 x 10^3/kg bw, log fold lower than the threshold for inducing GVHD
9/10 patients with KIR-ligand mismatch
-NK cell chimerism, phenotyping, and functional assays were performedon days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after transplantation
-Chimerism studies of immunologically sorted NK cells were performed bystandard variable number of tandem repeats techniques
-NK cell phenotyping was determined by direct measurement of surface expression of KIRs by flow cytometry
-Cytotoxicity of peripheral blood NK cells was measured in vitro by europium release assays
-Bone marrow minimal residual disease (MRD) was determined by flow cytometry at enrollment and at 1, 2, and 4 months after the NK infusion
-Bone marrow minimal residual disease (MRD) was determined by flow cytometry at enrollment and at 1, 2, and 4 months after the NK infusion
Post NK cell infusion monitoring
Toxicity
Well tolerated both chemo, IL-2 and NK cell infusions
One patient had swelling and erythema at the IL-2 injection site
One patient had a viral URI
One needed to be hospitalized for 2 days with neutropenic fevers
Median time for neutrophil recovery (ANC > 500) was 12 days (9-56 days)
All patients had neutrophil and platelet recovery by day 21, except one patient whose ANC recovered after 56 days and platelets after 127 days
None of the patients developed GVHD
NK cell numbers post adoptive transfer
NK cell numbers post adoptive transfer in individual patients
Donor NK cell engraftment / chimerism
All patients with transient NK cell engraftment (Median 10 days, range : 2 to 189 days)Median peak NK chimerism of 7% ( range : 1 to 30%)3 patients had stable donor NK cells at 4 weeksOne patient had prolonged NK engraftment (2% at on day +189)
Median follow up of 964 days (range: 569 to 1,162 days)
None of these patients relapsed
All remained MRD negative (at 1, 2, and 4 months)
2-year even free survival of 100% !
Clinical outcomes
Summary
Nicely demonstrates the safety and feasibility of this approach
Potentially could replace HSCT and its complications
Major critique
- Small patient numbers (10)- Only favorable and intm risk patients- Included only pediatric patients- Only transient NK cell engraftment demonstrated- No information on NK cell homing- No information on Treg expansion
Acknowledgments
Todd Fehniger, MD, PhD
Fehniger Lab members:
Stephanie SchneiderJeff LeongRyan SullivanMax Rosario
Meagan Cooper MD, PhD
John F. DiPersio, MD, PhD
Daniel C. Link, MD
Timothy J. Ley, MD
GMP Facility at Siteman Cancer Center
William Swaney PhD
Jeffrey Miller MD (my mentor at UMN)
Parham et al, 2012
Complexity of the KIR locus in mammals