Http://cmbc.ucsd.edu/People/Faculty_and_Researchers/chapman/ .

http://cmbc.ucsd.edu/People/Faculty_and_Researchers/chapman/http://cmbc.ucsd.edu/People/Faculty_and_Researchers/chapman/

http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=11931http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=11931

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CB2XlpD-Ld4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CB2XlpD-Ld4

The original lecture “ Algae: The World’s Most Important ‘Plants’ ”Presented at the Birch Aquarium at Scripps is available at:The original lecture “ Algae: The World’s Most Important ‘Plants’ ”Presented at the Birch Aquarium at Scripps is available at:

http://www.oilgae.com/videos/watch/13/Algae--The-World-s-Most-Important-Plants/http://www.oilgae.com/videos/watch/13/Algae--The-World-s-Most-Important-Plants/

Osher Lecture 4 – Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)Osher Lecture 4 – Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)

The world’s Most Important Plants Gone Awry?The world’s Most Important Plants Gone Awry?

Red Tide(California)Red Tide(California)



NewZealandNewZealand



Valparaiso,Chile ?Valparaiso,Chile ?

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) – what are they? Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) – what are they? They are harmful blooms of algae. They are harmful blooms of algae. Harmful in various ways…Blooms = massive amounts of algae in an area(large or small)

Harmful in various ways…Blooms = massive amounts of algae in an area(large or small) What are massive amounts?Example: 1.2 x 107 cells per liter12,000,000 cells per liter

What are massive amounts?Example: 1.2 x 107 cells per liter12,000,000 cells per liter

What algae are involved in HABs? What algae are involved in HABs? Mostly phytoplankton ≈ 300 spp. (but seaweeds too, c.f. China and the Olympics)

Mostly phytoplankton ≈ 300 spp. (but seaweeds too, c.f. China and the Olympics)

Which phytoplankton? Which phytoplankton?

Mainly, but not soley, dinoflagellates anddiatoms Mainly, but not soley, dinoflagellates anddiatoms

Sandie Baldauf (University of York) 2009

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What about the Red Tides?What about the Red Tides?

The Red Tides specifically dinoflagellate bloomsand some are actually red in color, but not allDinoflagellate blooms are red.

The Red Tides specifically dinoflagellate bloomsand some are actually red in color, but not allDinoflagellate blooms are red.

The Red Tides are perhaps the best known HABsfor various reasons.The Red Tides are perhaps the best known HABsfor various reasons.

Why are the blooms harmful? Why are the blooms harmful?

About ¼ of the 300 spp. produce toxins.About ¼ of the 300 spp. produce toxins.

What do the toxins do? What do the toxins do? 1) amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) 1) amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) 2) ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP)2) ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP)3) diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP)3) diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP)4) neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP)4) neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP)5) paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)5) paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

1994. South Africa west coast (St. Helena Bay) hydrogen sulfide poisoning via Ceratium furca and Prorocentrum micans.

Caused by domoic acid (accumulated in shellfish and boney fish) Caused by domoic acid (accumulated in shellfish and boney fish)

1) amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) 1) amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP)

Effects: gastrological and neurological disordersincl. loss of memory and deathEffects: gastrological and neurological disordersincl. loss of memory and death

Algae: diatoms – Pseudo-nitschia spp.Algae: diatoms – Pseudo-nitschia spp.

Areas: Canada, West Coast of the USAAreas: Canada, West Coast of the USA

Domoic AcidDomoic Acid

Caused by ciguatoxin and maitotoxin Caused by ciguatoxin and maitotoxin 2) ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP)2) ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP)

Effects: gastrointestinal, neurological, andcardiovascular disturbances (rarely death)Recovery: months or even years

Effects: gastrointestinal, neurological, andcardiovascular disturbances (rarely death)Recovery: months or even years

Algae: dinoflagellates – Gambierdiscus toxicusAlgae: dinoflagellates – Gambierdiscus toxicus

Area: the tropicsArea: the tropics

Caused by okadaic acid Caused by okadaic acid 3) diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP)3) diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP)

Effects: diarrhea, nausea, cramps (no death)Effects: diarrhea, nausea, cramps (no death)

Algae: dinoflagellates – Dinophysis acuta & D. acuminataAlgae: dinoflagellates – Dinophysis acuta & D. acuminata

Areas: Spain, Mediterranean & Adriatic Seas, etc. Areas: Spain, Mediterranean & Adriatic Seas, etc.

Caused by brevitoxins (neurotoxins) & hemolytic toxins(colorless, odorless, heat-stable and acid-stable polyethers!!) Caused by brevitoxins (neurotoxins) & hemolytic toxins(colorless, odorless, heat-stable and acid-stable polyethers!!)

4) neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP)4) neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP)

Effects: via food: gastrointestinal & neurological disturbances;via air & volatilized toxin: respiratory problems (asthmas-like)Effects: via food: gastrointestinal & neurological disturbances;via air & volatilized toxin: respiratory problems (asthmas-like)

Algae: Karenia brevis (aka Gymnodinium breve)Algae: Karenia brevis (aka Gymnodinium breve)

Areas: Gulf of Mexico, now New Zealand etc.Areas: Gulf of Mexico, now New Zealand etc.

brevitoxinsbrevitoxins

Caused by saxitoxin (a sodium channel blocker)Caused by saxitoxin (a sodium channel blocker)

5) paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)5) paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

Effects: nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; abdominal pain; tingling or burning lips, gums, tongue, face, neck, arms, legs, and toes; shortness of breath; dry mouth; aching feeling; confused or slurred speech; lack of coordination; anddeath (15% no known antidote)

Effects: nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; abdominal pain; tingling or burning lips, gums, tongue, face, neck, arms, legs, and toes; shortness of breath; dry mouth; aching feeling; confused or slurred speech; lack of coordination; anddeath (15% no known antidote)

Algae: Alexandrium tamarense Algae: Alexandrium tamarense

Caused by saxitoxin (a sodium channel blocker)Caused by saxitoxin (a sodium channel blocker)

5) paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)5) paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

Effects: nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; abdominal pain; tingling or burninglips, gums, tongue, face, neck, arms, legs, and toes; shortness of breath; drymouth; aching feeling; confused or slurred speech; lack of coordination; anddeath (15% no known antidote)

Effects: nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; abdominal pain; tingling or burninglips, gums, tongue, face, neck, arms, legs, and toes; shortness of breath; drymouth; aching feeling; confused or slurred speech; lack of coordination; anddeath (15% no known antidote)

Algae: Alexandrium tamarense Algae: Alexandrium tamarense Areas: USA: northeast coast, Alaska, west coast; Asia,Europe, South America, etc. Areas: USA: northeast coast, Alaska, west coast; Asia,Europe, South America, etc.

The harm done by non-harmful algal blooms ? The harm done by non-harmful algal blooms ?

Monterey Bay 2007 – hundred of dead sea birds Monterey Bay 2007 – hundred of dead sea birds

A red tide of Akashiwo sanguinea – a NON-toxic dino.A red tide of Akashiwo sanguinea – a NON-toxic dino.

Dead algae protein-rich foam = a surfactant ruined the waterproofing on the birds’ feathers they got wet & cold & died

Dead algae protein-rich foam = a surfactant ruined the waterproofing on the birds’ feathers they got wet & cold & died

HABs can be red rides but they canalso be green tides, brown tides, blacktides, etc.

HABs can be red rides but they canalso be green tides, brown tides, blacktides, etc.

Brown Tide: Aureoumbra lagunensisBrown Tide: Aureoumbra lagunensis

The blue-green tide The blue-green tide

General points about HABs:General points about HABs:

Financial aspects: monitoring costs, commerciallosses, human and animal welfare “costs”

Financial aspects: monitoring costs, commerciallosses, human and animal welfare “costs”

There are toxic and non-toxic strains of the samespecies. (Species-ID is often HARD !!!)

There are toxic and non-toxic strains of the samespecies. (Species-ID is often HARD !!!)

HABs: more frequent, more severe, more places…HABs: more frequent, more severe, more places…

There can be many “versions” of the toxins.There can be many “versions” of the toxins.

HABs: more scarry (cf., Pfiesteria)HABs: more scarry (cf., Pfiesteria)

The presence of bacteria complicates the toxinsituation.

The presence of bacteria complicates the toxinsituation.

Occurrences are often not predictable.Occurrences are often not predictable.

Be afraid…Be very afraid! Be afraid…Be very afraid!

Be good…Be very good and take care of the planet! Be good…Be very good and take care of the planet!

The Fuzzy Jesus The Fuzzy Jesus

Http://cmbc.ucsd.edu/People/Faculty_and_Researchers/chapman/ .

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