HTA The Greek World

The Greek World 500–440 BCSyllabus Overview and Advice

Syllabus – Option HPrincipal Focus: Through an investigation of the archaeological and written sources for the Greek world 500 – 440 BC, students learn about significant developments, forces and relevant historiographical issues that shaped the historical period.

 Students learn about:

1 Persian Wars•origins: Persian imperialism, Ionian Revolt•invasion of 490 BC: Battle of Marathon, role of Miltiades•inter-war period: preparation and developments in Persia and Greece•invasion of 480–479 BC: Battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium, Salamis, Plataea and Mycale•role and contribution of Themistocles, Leonidas, Pausanias, Eurybiades•reasons for Greek victory and Persian defeat

2 Development of Athens and the Athenian Empire•Delian League: origins, aims, organisation and activities to the Battle of the Eurymedon River; role and contribution of Cimon and Aristides the Just•transformation of the Delian League into the Athenian empire•nature of Athenian imperialism; changing relations with allies•key democratic developments: influence of the thetes, ostracism, citizenship law

3 Athens and Sparta•impact of Persian Wars •nature, composition and activities of the Peloponnesian League: Spartan responses to Athenian imperialism

General Tips• All sections are being scanned in 2013.• Write in black pen only.• Only write on the lines – ask for more paper if needed.• Don’t use highlighter – the text underneath disappears.• Know your sources.• Stick to 45 minutes – if you do this section last – and

plenty of student do – ensure you have enough time to complete the essay.

• Go to the BOS website and read both sample answers and feedback from the marking centre – for at least the past 3 years!!

Why is Section IV important?• This is the discriminator on the paper. You have to get this right to get

into the top 2 bands.• You must use relevant and varied sources throughout – 5-7+ is needed.• It must be in correct essay format.

• Introduction – 4-5 sentences which outlines your argument• Body paragraphs – follow PEEL principle• Conclusion – last thing a marker reads so make a good summary – 3-4

sentences.• You must show judgment and a cohesive argument – this is to get into

the top 2 bands (16+/25). Narrative will only get you to 15. • ‘Top and tail’ judgments – just popping a summary sentence at the end of

each paragraph will not get into the top band – the judgment and argument must be integrated throughout to do this.

What is PEEL?• Point – state your point/argument• Explain – explain your point/argument in detail – you’ll need specific detail to get into the top bands.

• Evidence – you MUST support your response with specific examples and relevant sources.

• Link – to the question asked – this keeps you on track. Without this…you’re just Peeing!

Read your Rubric

Rubric•demonstrate historical knowledge and understanding relevant to the question•use relevant sources to support your response•communicate ideas and information using historical terms and concepts appropriately•present a sustained, logical and cohesive response

Marking Criteria•Provides a sustained and logical account of why and/or how individuals, groups, events, institutions and ideas are related•Demonstrates comprehensive and accurate historical knowledge and understanding relevant to the question •Supports the response with detailed and accurate information from relevant sources; may analyse and evaluate sources•Presents a cohesive response using a range of appropriate historical terms and concepts

PAST HSC QUESTIONS

2013 HSCQuestion 39 — Option H – Greece: The Greek world 500–440 BC (25 marks)(a) Next the Athenians assessed the various contributions to be made for the war against Persia, and decided which states should furnish money and which states should send ships – the object being to compensate for their losses by ravaging the territory of the King of Persia. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War I.96

•With reference to the quotation, assess the extent to which the Delian League fulfilled its aims. 25 OR

(b) •How important was unity to the Greek states in their victory over the Persians?

25

2012 HSCQuestion 38 — Option H – Greece: The Greek World 500–440

BC (25 marks)

(a) In courage and strength the Persians were evenly matched, but the Persians wore no armour; besides, they did not have the skill and expertise of their opponents.

Herodotus, The Histories, IX.62

With reference to the quotation, to what extent were the Persians responsible for their own defeat in the Persian Wars?

OR

(b) Account for the democratic reforms of Athens during this period.

2011 HSCQuestion 33 — Option H – Greece: The Greek World 500–440 BC (25 marks)(a) [In my opinion]…if the Athenians through fear of the approaching danger, had abandoned their country, or if they had stayed there, and submitted to Xerxes, there would have been no attempt to resist the Persians by sea.Herodotus The Histories VII.39

With reference to this quotation, to what extent was the Athenian navy responsible for the defeat of the Persians in 480-479BC?

OR

(b) How effectively did Athens maintain control over its allies?

2010 & 2009 HSCQuestion 33 — Option H – Greece: The Greek World 500–440 BC (25 marks)(a) Why did the Greeks win the Persian Wars on 480-479BC?OR(b) Account for the development of the Athenian empire to 440BC. Question 33 — Option H – Greece: The Greek World 500–440 BC (25 marks)(a) To what extent was Themistocles responsible for the Greek victory in the Persian Wars? OR (b) To what extent did the Delian League fulfil its aims?

2008 HSC – A Tricky one!!Question 33 — Option H – Greece: The Greek World

500–440 BC (25 marks) (a) Assess the impact of the Persian Wars on Sparta.OR (b) Explain the changing relationship between Athens and

its allies during this period.

Notice – NO Persian Wars question…..so the lesson is – don’t just focus on ONE area of the syllabus.

TRICKY TRIAL QUESTIONS…..A few curve balls here!

CSSA 2013 Trial

A. Explain the role of Persian imperialism in the Ionian revolt and origins of the Persian Wars.

OR

B. How successful were Spartan responses to Athenian imperialism in this period?

Independent Trial(a) It was by common effort that the foreign (Persian) invasion was

repelled. (Thucydides) With reference to the above quotation, to what extent were the Greek victories against the Persians up to 479BC the result of a united action by Greek states? 

  OR 

(b) To what extent was the Delian League successful in achieving its aims? 

PERSIAN WARS

What’s new??• The quote – a quote has appeared in the last TWO HSC

exams on this question. • This may or may not happen this year…but if it does –

make sure you reference it somewhere in your answer (and make this clear to the markers).

• BUT know an answer to this question: Why did the Greeks win?

• Because just about every question is some variation of this question – it just depends on what you need to focus on.

Tips• Wouldn’t it be great if the exam question is “Describe the

battles in the Persian Wars.” But it won’t be…so don’t do it!• Better answers look at this type of question thematically and

use the battles as examples to support their argument.• Themes:

• Overall strategy and equipment• Tactics – terrain, leaders• Unity• Natural environment

• Be careful of dates especially for Persian Wars – if it says 480-479BC and you write about Marathon...you’re wasting ink!

• BEWARE of Thermopylae – don’t put too much on this as the Greeks lost!

Armour Comparison

Tactics Comparison• GREEKSArmy• Hoplites Armour

Navy• Ram and sink – look at battering ram on front of triremes

• Ships heavier and slower – sat lower in water

• PERSIANSArmy• Cavalry & Archers, then army to clean up Armour

Navy• Come alongside and board

• Ships lighter and faster – consider impact of storms

Greek Trireme

Were the Greeks unified?YES•Marathon – Plataeans helped•Congress of Isthmus – 31 states, agreed on Spartan leadership•Thermopylae & Artemesium – navy supported army•Salamis – all fought together•Plataea – 23 city-states fought – Serpent Column

NO•Marathon – Spartans didn’t come•Congress of the Isthmus – only 31 states – no Argos, Crete etc…•Thermopylae & Artemesium – not all army/navy sent•Salamis – Athens had to threaten to leave to get Greeks to fight•Plataea – squabbling amongst themselves

Serpent Column•No matter whether they were unified or not, it was the combined effort of the Greek city states that led to Persian defeat!!

DEVELOPMENT OF ATHENS AND THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE

General• This usually is a question done chronologically so learn the key dates on the Pentacontaetia that show a transformation of League to Empire.

• You’ll need to know roles of Cimon and Aristides, and the advantages and disadvantages of the allies.

• Archaeological evidence can be used – the decrees and ATL are great in the latter part.

Origins and Organisation of the League• Origins:

• Formation of a naval alliance – reasons for this• Selection of Athens as leader; behaviour of Pausanias

• Organisation:• Aims – must know all 3 and state in every essay on this section• Oath – iron bars• Payments – ships (5 states) or phoros (money) – Aristides’ role is

setting amounts• Treasury at Delos – why Delos? Role of Hellenotamaie• Synod – Council, votes• Cimon leading League forces.

Questions to be asked here….1. Explain the aims and organisation of the Delian League.

2. Explain the roles of Cimon and Aristides the Just.

3. Explain the origins and early activities of the League.• This is the same question as 2 and you would go down to Cimon’s

ostracism in 461BC.

The Pentacontaetia - What the???• This means 50 year period between the end of the

Persian Wars in 479BC and the start of the Peloponnesian War in 431BC.

• Key dates are on the following slide but these are very useful to argue:• How Athens transformed the League to an Empire• Changing nature of relationship between Athens and the Allies

• Just know each date – state what happened and explain what it shows in relation to the particular question.• What happened?• Was it justified?• How is it significant?• How does it show a changing nature between Athens and the

allies?

Origins, Aims, Early Activities of Cimon and Aristides….include:• 478B.C Formation of the Delian League – origins, aims, organisation, oath,

payments, Synod

• 478/7 Capture of Byzantium – link to aims – freeing of Greeks under Persian control

• 476/5 Siege and Capture of Eion – same as above 

• 472/1 Carystus forced into the League – Reasons? against aims?

• 469 Naxos secedes – subject state – is this justified in terms of aims?

• 468 Battle of Eurymedon River – relate to aims – have they been met?

• 465/2 Thasos seceded – made into a subject state. First private quarrel with Athens. Importance? 

• 461 Cimon ostracised – turning point with rise of Pericles – change of foreign policy to a more imperialistic one.

But if a Transformation of League to Empire/ allies question – add…….• 454 The removal of the Delian Treasury to Athens – significance?

• 453 Erythrae secedes (Oath: I will not revolt from the Athenian democracy nor from the allies) – cf. Chalcis Decree (no mention of allies by then!)

• c.449 Peace of Callias – no tribute paid by allies – all aims met • 448 Discontent in empire – some cities pay no tribute, others paid only part,

others late

• 447 Decree for tightening up of tribute collection (Cleinias) – imperial policy of Athens

• 446 Euboea revolted – Chalcis Degree (Oath: I will not revolt from the demos of the Athenians). Athens firmly in control of an Empire by now…

• 440/39 Revolt of Samos

Methods Used to Transform League to Empire• This can also be a question on changing nature of relationship

between Athens and the allies• Use the above list of key dates to show the changing

relationship between Athens and the Allies but add:

Use of:• Use of League forces against members e.g Thasos• Garrisons – military presence in towns that revolted• Oaths of Allegiance – these come from the Decrees• The Decrees – Erythrae, Cleinas, Chalcis• Cleruchies – settlements of Athenian citizens abroad (like a

colony but settlers retain their Athenian citizenship) eg at Erythrae. These become ‘watchdogs’ of the Empire.

To be or not to be…..an ally of Athens?

Advantages•Protection from Persia•Equal vote/voice in Synod•Independent Treasury•Long term security and peace•Compensation from Persia

Disadvantages•Couldn’t leave•Forces used in private quarrels•After 454BC, money went into Athens treasury and Synod dissolved•Garrisons•Cleruchies

Sources• Make a Source bank

• By Syllabus point

• Archaeological:• Athenian Tribute Lists (ATL) useful after about 450BC• Decrees

Pericles:• It may have been wrong to take it…but it was dangerous

to let it go (Thucydides)

ATHENS AND SPARTA

General • Another syllabus point separate to Persian Wars and Delian

League.• It has been asked before but is a VERY hard option.• To do this you need to know all that has happened between

Athens & Sparta from the end of the Persian Wars onwards.• This includes:

• Pro-Spartan policy of Cimon – dual hegemony• Sparta’s role in the revolt of Thasos• Athenians being sent home after Spartan earthquake and helot revolt –

rise of anti-Spartan Pericles & Ephialtes• Naupactus settlement of Spartan helots by Athens• 1st Peloponnesian War to 457 – Battles of Tanagra and Oenophyta• Truces with Athens – 5 years, then 30 years in 446BC

So it’s hard!!!

Hang in there…

…and never give up!