Howard Zinn

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007). A Young People’s

History of the United States.

Vols. 1 & 2. Adapted by Rebecca Stefoff. New York:

Seven Stories Press.© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

PART IHoward Zinn’s Framework of

Analysis© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Patriotism, in my view, does not mean unquestioning acceptance of whatever the government does” (Vol. 1, p. viii).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“To go along with whatever the government is not a characteristic of democracy” (Vol. 1, p. viii).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “I remember in my own early

education we were taught that it was a sign of a totalitarian state, of a dictatorship, when people did not question what their government did” (Vol. 1, p. viii).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“If you live in a democratic state, it means you have the right to criticize your government’s policies” (Vol. 1, p. viii).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “The basic principles of

democracy are laid out in the Declaration of Independence, which was adopted in 1776 to explain why the colonies were no longer willing to accept British rule” (Vol. 1, p. ix).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “The Declaration makes it clear

that governments are not holy, not beyond criticism, because they are artificial creations, set up by the people to protect the equal rights of everyone to ‘life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness’” (Vol. 1, p. ix).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “And when governments do not fulfill this obligation, the Declaration says that ‘it is the right of the people to alter or abolish the government’.” (Vol. 1, p. ix).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“And, if it is the right of the people to ‘alter or abolish’ the government, then surely it is their right to criticize it’.” (Vol. 1, p. ix).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Over the years, some people have asked me:…” (Vol. 1, p. vii).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “…‘Do you think that your history, which is radically different than the usual histories of the United States, is suitable for young people?...” (Vol. 1, p. vii).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“…Won’t it create disillusionment with our country?”… (Vol. 1, p. vii).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“…Is it right to be so critical of the government’s policies?”… (Vol. 1, p. vii).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “…Is it right to take down the traditional heroes of the nation, like Christopher Columbus, Andrew Jackson, Theodore Roosevelt?...” (Vol. 1, p. vii).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “…Isn’t it unpatriotic to

emphasize slavery and racism, the massacres of Indians, the exploitation of working people, the ruthless expansion of the United States at the expense of the Indians and people in other countries?” (Vol. 1, pp. vii-viii).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“I am not worried about disillusioning young people by pointing out to the flaws in the traditional heroes” (Vol. 1, p. ix).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “We should be able to tell the truth about people whom we have been taught to look upon as heroes, but who really don’t deserve that admiration” (Vol. 1, p. ix).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Why should we think it heroic to do as Columbus did, arrive in this hemisphere and carry on a rampage of violence, in order to find gold” (Vol. 1, p. ix).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Why should we think it heroic for Andrew Jackson to drive Indians out of their lands” (Vol. 1, p. ix).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “Why should we think of

Theodore Roosevelt as a hero because he fought in the Spanish-American War, driving Spain out of Cuba, but also paving the way for the United States to take control of Cuba” (Vol. 1, pp. ix-x).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Yes, we all need heroes, people to admire, to see as example of how human beings should live” (Vol. 1, p. x).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “But I prefer to see

Bartolomé de Las Casas as a hero, for exposing Columbus’s violent behavior against the Indians he encountered in the Bahamas” (Vol. 1, p. x).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“I prefer to see the Cherokee Indians as heroes, for resisting their removal from the lands on which they lived” (Vol. 1, p. x).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “Tom me, it is Mark Twain who

is a hero, because he denounced President Theodore Roosevelt after Roosevelt had praised an American general who had massacred hundreds of people in the Philippines” (Vol. 1, p. x).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “I consider Helen Keller a

hero because she protested against President Woodrow Wilson’s decision to send young Americans into the slaughterhouse of the First World War” (Vol. 1, p. x).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“My point of view, which is critical of war, racism, and economic injustice, carries over to the situation we face in the United States today” (Vol. 1, p. x).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

PART IIHoward

Zinn on the Philippines

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“…President McKinley told a visiting group of ministers how he had come to the decision to annex the Philippines” (Vol. 1, p. 187).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “As he [President McKinley] prayed

for guidance, he became convinced that ‘there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them… And then I went to bed and went to sleep and slept soundly” (Vol. 1, p. 187).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“The Filipinos, however, did not get a message from God telling them to accept American rule” (Vol. 1, p. 187).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “Instead, in February 1899, they [the Filipinos] rose up in revolt against the United States, just as they had revolted several times against Spain” (Vol. 1, p. 187).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “The taste of empire was on

the lips of politicians and businessmen throughout the United States, and they agreed that the United States must keep control of its new territory” (Vol. 1, p. 189).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Talk of money mingled with talk of destiny and civilization” (Vol. 1, p. 189).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“ ‘The Philippines are ours forever,’ Senator Beveridge told the U.S. Senate” (Vol. 1, p. 189).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“ ‘And just beyond the Philippines are China’s illimitable markets… We will not retreat from either” (Vol. 1, p. 189).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“It took the United States three years to crush the Filipino rebellion. It was a harsh war” (Vol. 1, p. 189).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Americans lost many more troops [in the Philippines] than in Cuba” (Vol. 1, p. 189).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“For the Filipinos the death rate was enormous, from battle and from disease” (Vol. 1, p. 189).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“McKinley said the fighting with the rebels started when the rebels attacked American forces” (Vol. 1, p. 189).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Later, American soldiers testified that the United States had fired the first shot” (Vol. 1, p. 189).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“The famous American author Mark Twain summed up the Philippine war with disgust, saying…” (Vol. 1, p. 189).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• Mark Twain said: “ ‘We have

pacified some thousands of the islanders and buried them; destroyed their fields; burned their villages, and turned their widows and orphans out-of-doors… And so, by these Providences of God—the phrase is the government’s, not mine—we are a World Power’ ” (Vol. 1, p. 189).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “The Anti-Imperialist League

worked to educate the American public about the horrors of the Philippine war and the evils of imperialism, or empire building” (Vol. 1, p. 190).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“The Anti-Imperialist League… published letters from soldiers on duty in the Philippines” (Vol. 1, p. 190).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“There were reports of soldiers killing women, children, and prisoners of war” (Vol. 1, p. 190).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “A black soldier named

William Fulbright wrote from Manila, the capital of the Philippines, ‘This struggle on the islands has been naught but a gigantic scheme of robbery and oppression’ ” (Vol. 1, p. 190).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Race as an issue in the Philippines, as it had been in Cuba” (Vol. 1, p. 190).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Some white American soldiers were racists who considered the Filipinos inferior” (Vol. 1, p. 190).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “Black American soldiers in the

Philippines had mixed feelings. Some felt pride, the desire to show that blacks were as courageous and patriotic as whites. Some wanted the chance to get ahead in life through the military” (Vol. 1, p. 190).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “Some others [Black soldiers] felt

that they were fighting a brutal war against people of color—not too different from the violence against black people in the United States, where drunken white soldiers in Tampa, Florida, started a race riot by using a black child for target practice” (Vol. 1, p. 190).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “Back in the United States,

many African Americans turned against the Philippine war because they saw it as a racial conflict, the white race fighting to conquer the brown” (Vol. 1, pp. 190-191).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“They [African Americans] were fighting injustice at home, too” (Vol. 1, p. 191).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “A group of African

Americans in Massachusetts sent a message to President McKinley, criticizing him for doing nothing to advance racial equality” (Vol. 1, p. 191).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “Throughout the nineteenth

century, black Americans, along with women, workers, and the poor, had raised their voices against oppression” (Vol. 1, p. 191).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Many had found ways to resist the harshest effects of a political and economic system that ignored them” (Vol. 1, p. 191).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“In the coming century, they would take their own steps toward change” (Vol. 1, p. 191).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Anger was on the rise in America as the twentieth century opened” (Vol. 2, p. 1).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“The United States had just won the Spanish-American War” (Vol. 2, p. 1).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “Emma Goldman, an

anarchist and feminist of the time, later remembered how the war in Cuba and the Philippines had filled people with patriotism:…” (Vol. 2, p. 1).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•Emma Goldman wrote: “How our hearts burned with indignation against the atrocious Spaniards!...” (Vol. 2, p. 1).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• Emma Goldman wrote: “But when the

smoke was over, the dead buried, and the cost of the war came back to the people in an increase in the price of commodities…and rent—that is, when we sobered up from our patriotic spree—it suddenly dawned on us that the cause of the Spanish American war was the price of sugar… that the lives, blood and money of the American people were used to protect the interests of the American capitalists” (Vol. 2, p. 1).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

PART IIIHoward Zinn’s Vol. 2, Chapter 14, “Rise Like

Lions”© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“…there is no such thing as a pure fact” (Vol. 2, p. 209).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“…there is no such thing as a pure fact” (Vol. 2, p. 1).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Behind every fact that a teacher or writer presents to the world is a judgment” (Vol. 2, p. 209).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“The judgment says, ‘This fact is important, and other facts, which I am leaving out, are not important” (Vol. 2, p. 209).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“I thought that some of the things that had been left out of most history books were important” (Vol. 2, p. 209).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“The beginning of the Declaration of Independence says that ‘We the people’ wrote the document” (Vol. 2, p. 209).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“But the authors of the Declaration” (Vol. 2, p. 209) “were really fifty-five privileged white men” (p. 210).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“They belonged to a class that wanted a strong central government to protect their interests” (Vol. 2, p. 210).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Right down to this day, government has been used to serve the needs of the wealthy and powerful” (Vol. 2, p. 210).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“This fact is hidden by language that suggests that all of us--rich and poor and middle class-want the same thing” (Vol. 2, p. 210).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).

•“Race is another issue” (Vol. 2, p. 210).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “I did not realize, when I first started to study history, how badly twisted the teaching and writing of history had become by ignoring nonwhite people” (Vol. 2, p. 210).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Yes, the Indians were there, and then they were gone” (Vol. 2, p. 210).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Black people were visible when they were slaves, then they were freed, and they became invisible” (Vol. 2, p. 210).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).

•“It was a white man’s history” (Vol. 2, p. 210).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Massacres of Indians and of black people got little attention, if they were mentioned at all” (Vol. 2, p. 210).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Other themes and issues were also overlooked in the standard, mainstream telling of history” (Vol. 2, p. 210).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“The suffering of the poor did not get much attention” (Vol. 2, p. 210).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “Wars were plentiful, but

histories did not tell us much about the men and women and children on all sides who were killed or crippled when leaders made the decision to go to war” (Vol. 2, p. 210).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“The struggles for justice by Latino people in California and the Southwest were” (Vol. 2, p. 210) “often ignored” (p. 211).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“So were the claims of gay and lesbian people for their rights, and the change in the national culture that they brought about” (Vol. 2, p. 211).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “I call” “this book” “A

people’s history” “because, with all its limits, it is a history that is disrespectful of governments and respectful of people’s movements of resistance” (Vol. 2, p. 211).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Most history books suggest that in times of crisis we must look to someone to save us” (Vol. 2, p. 211).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“In the Revolutionary crisis, the Founding Fathers saved us” (Vol. 2, p. 211).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).

•“In the Civil War, Lincoln saved us” (Vol. 2, p. 211). © 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“In the Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt saved us” (Vol. 2, p. 211).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Our role is just to go to voting booths every four years” (Vol. 2, p. 211).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“But from time to time, Americans reject the idea of a savior” (Vol. 2, p. 211).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).

•“They feel their own strength, and they rebel” (Vol. 2, p. 211).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).

•“So far, their rebellions have been contained” (Vol. 2, p. 211).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “The Establishment— the

club of business leaders, generals, and politicians—has always managed to keep up the pretense of national unity, with a government that claims to represent all the people” (Vol. 2, p. 211).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “But the Establishment

would like Americans to forget the times when people who seemed help-” (Vol. 2, p. 211) “less were able to resist, and people who seemed conent demanded change (p. 212).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “Blacks, women, Indians, young people, working people—all have found ways to make their voices heard, and to bring about change” (Vol. 2, p. 212).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).

•“Most histories say little about revolt” (Vol. 2, p. 212). © 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“They place emphasis on the acts of leaders, not the actions of ordinary citizens” (Vol. 2, p. 212).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“But history that keeps alive the memory of people’s resistance suggest new kinds of power” (Vol. 2, p. 212).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Imagine the American people united for the first time in a movement for fundamental change” (Vol. 2, p. 212).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “Imagine society’s power taken away from giant corporations, the military, and the politicians who answer to corporate and military interests” (Vol. 2, p. 212).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“We would need to rebuild the economy for efficiency and justice” (Vol. 2, p. 212).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“We would start on our neighborhoods, cities, and workplaces” (Vol. 2, p. 212).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).

•“Work would be found for everyone” (Vol. 2, p. 212).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Society would benefit from the enormous energy, skill, and talent that is now unused” (Vol. 2, p. 212).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“The basics—food, housing, health care, education, transportation—would be available to all” (Vol. 2, p. 212).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “The great problem would be to bring about all this change through cooperation, not through systems of reward and punishment” (Vol. 2, p. 212).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Social move-” (Vol. 2, p. 212) “ments of the past give hints of how people might behave if they were working together to build a new society” (p. 213).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Decisions would be made by small groups of people, working as equals” (Vol. 2, p. 213).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“Perhaps a new, diverse, nonviolent culture would develop over time” (Vol. 2, p. 213).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “The values of cooperation and freedom would shape people’s relationships with one another and the raising of their children” (Vol. 2, p. 213).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“All of this takes us far from history, into the realm of imagination” (Vol. 2, p. 213).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).

•“But it is not totally removed from history” (Vol. 2, p. 213).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “There are glimpses of such

possibilities in the past—the labor movement, for example, or the Freedom Rides, or the cultural changes of the 1960s and 1970s” (Vol. 2, p. 213).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).

•“Two forces are now rushing toward the future” (Vol. 2, p. 213).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).

•“One wears a splendid uniform” (Vol. 2, p. 213).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “It is the ‘official’ past, with

all its violence, war, prejudices against those who are different, hoarding of the good earth’s wealth by the few, and political power in the hands of liars and murderers” (Vol. 2, p. 213).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).

•“The other force is ragged but inspired” (Vol. 2, p. 213).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “It is the ‘people’s past, with

its history of resistance, civil disobedience against the military machine, protests against racism, multiculturalism, and growing anger against endless wars” (Vol. 2, p. 213).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).

•“Which of these forces will win the future” (Vol. 2, p. 214).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).

•“It is a race we can all choose to join, or just to watch” (Vol. 2, p. 214).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).•“But we should know that our choice will help determine the outcome” (Vol. 2, p. 214).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• “Women garment workers in

New York City, at the start of the twentieth century, gained inspiration for their own movement of resistance from the words of the poet Shelley:…” (Vol. 2, p. 214).

© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007).• Poet Shelley: “Rise like lions after slumber

In unvanquishable number!Shake your chains to earth, like

dewWhich in sleep had fallen on you—Ye are many, they are few!”

• (Vol. 2, p. 214)© 2010 Rey Ty

© 2010 Rey Ty

Howard Zinn. (2007). A Young People’s

History of the United States.

Vols. 1 & 2. Adapted by Rebecca Stefoff. New York:

Seven Stories Press.© 2010 Rey Ty