How2write

Supervised by : Prof. Farouk Shakhatreh

Presented by: Tasneem & Aya

Faculty Of Medicine

Family And Community Medicine

Department Methodology

What is scientific paper .

Origins the scientific paper.

What is critique.

How to critique scientific paper.

A scientific paper is a written

and published report describing

original research results.

To assess observations.

To be available to scientific community.

Available for regular screening by one or

more of the data bases .

Clear.

Simple.

Transmit new scientific findings.

must use proper English .

Must have an impact.

1. Title

2. Abstract

3. Background/literature review

4. Research question/hypothesis

5. Methodology

6. Budget

7. Ethics

8. Outcomes

9. Appendices

10. References

1. Title.

2. Abstract.

3. Introduction.

4. Methods.

5. Results.

6. Discussion.

7. Acknowledgments

8. References.

Title

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

IMRAD

I Introduction

M Methods

R Results

A and

D Discussion

Introduction: What was the question?

Methods: How did you try to answer it?

Results : What did you find?

Discussion : What does it mean?

Fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper.

It is just the first step in attracting a potential reader so it must be chosen with great care.

An improperly titled paper will get lost and will never be read.

Neither too short nor too long (good title for a research paper is typically around 10 to 12 words long)

Have no abbreviations or jargon.

concise, specific and informative.

Title contains: Research problem Research variables Target population Place and time

contain the keywords.

Majority of readers will find your

research via electronic data base

searches and those search engine rely

on keywords that found in title.

The title

An Investigation of Hormone

Secretion and Weight

The Relationship of fast

food to Obesity in the

kids

Example

Research problem

Place and time

Target population

Research variables

Dental Fluorosis

Intelligence quotient

school children

Bagalkot district

in 2011

Ensure recognitions of the writers.

ONLY include those who have made an intellectual contribution to the research.

OR those who have approved the final version .

The author

It is a summary of the information in a document to give reader

overview of experiment without having to read the whole

scientific paper

The Abstract

short , powerful , complete , concise .

contain the keywords.

provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper:

o State the research objective(question)

o scope of the investigation

o Describe the methods used

o Summarize the results

o State the principal conclusions

If your study was about :

randomized trial that investigates whether X therapy improved

cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan; it

reports improved cognitive function.

What key word you can use?

You can use:

randomized trial that investigates

whether X therapy improved

cognitive function in 40 dementia

patients from 6 cities in Japan; it

reports improved cognitive function.

Problem statement

Motivation

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Is the statement of

the problem that

you investigated

Aim of the study

Identify the questions you are answering

Related studies.

State how your work differs from published work.

Briefly describe the experiment, hypothesis, research question; general experimental design or method

This section explains how,

where , and when the

experiment was done.

How did you study the problem?

What did you use?

How did you proceed?

Method

Material

Procedure

The source of subjects studied :

number of individuals in each group used

their gender, age, and weight .

The protocol for collecting data:

how the experimental procedures were carried out.

How the data were analyzed.

Methods section should be written in the past tense

Example of methods

It is the core or heart of the paper.

It needs to be clearly and simply stated.

It describe what was discovered.

It summarize the findings in an orderly and logical sequence, without interpretation.

The text should guide the reader through the findings, stressing the major points.

Any table or figure must be sufficiently described by its title and caption to be understandable without reading the main text of the results section.

Should not have both a table and a figure showing the same information.

Don`t evaluate the result in this section.

Methods section should be written in the past tense

It is interpretation of the results in

light of what was already known

about the subject of the

investigation, and to explain the new

understanding of the problem after

taking the new results into

consideration.

Describe what your results mean in context of

what was already known about the subject .

Often should begin with a brief summary of the

main findings

Indicate how the results relate to expectations.

Show how your results and interpretations agree

or don`t agree with previously published work.

Discuss the theoretical implications of your

work, and any possible practical

applications.

State your conclusions as clearly as possible.

Summarize your evidence for each

conclusion.

1. If hypothesis testing was done.

was/were the hypotheses supported or not supported?

2. Are the results interpreted in the context of the problem/purpose, hypothesis, and theoretical framework/literature reviewed?

3. What generalizations are made? is it with the scope of findings?

5. What recommendations for future research are stated or implied?

6. Are there other studies with similar findings?

7. What risks/benefits are involved for patients if the research findings would be used in practice?

8. Is direct application of the research findings feasible in terms of time, effort, money, and legal/ethical risks?

9. Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical practice setting?

Any significant technical help that Researcher have received from any individual in lab or elsewhere.

The source of special equipment, cultures, or any other material

Any outside financial assistance, such as grants, contracts or fellowships.

The Acknowledgement

It is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your document.

Functions: To give credit

To add credibility

To help readers find further information

Importance of accuracy

Components of references :

Authors

Title

Edition number

Place of publication and publisher

Year of publication

A reference list contains only the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the text of the document.

Adams, A.B. (1983a) Article title: subtitle. Journal Title 46 (Suppl. 2), 617-619

Adams, A.B. (1988b) Book Title. Publisher, New York.

Bennett, W.P., Hoskins, M.A., Brady, F.P. et al. (1993) Article title. Journal Title 334 , 31-35.

Title

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

5

4

1

2

3

6

Section purpose

Title describe the contents of the paper

Authors Ensure recognitions of the writers

Abstract Describe what was done in few words

Introduction Explain the problem

Methods explains how data were collected

Results It describe what was discovered

Discussion Discuss the implications of findings

Acknowledgments Ensures those who helped in the

research are recognized

References Ensure previously published work is

recognized