How will melting of ice affect volcanic hazards in the twenty-first century? by Hugh Tuffen Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1919):2535-2558 May.

How will melting of ice affect volcanic hazards in the twenty-first century?

by Hugh Tuffen

Philosophical Transactions AVolume 368(1919):2535-2558

May 28, 2010

©2010 by The Royal Society

(a) Explosive phreatomagmatic activity at Grímsvötn, Iceland, on 2 November 2004.

Hugh Tuffen Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:2535-2558


(a) Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, showing the path of an ice–rock avalanche that originated from a geothermally active zone high in the summit region adapted from Huggel (2009), photograph by

R. Wessels.



Dramatic recent loss of snow and ice from the summit of Kilimanjaro.



(a) Disruption of ice at the site of the 1998 Grímsvötn eruption, Vatnajökull, Iceland.



Modelled acceleration in melting of the Icelandic mantle during the last deglaciation (modified from Maclennan et al. 2002).



(a) The ratio of post-glacial (18–7 ka) to glacial (40–20 ka) activity at volcanoes worldwide plotted against a proxy for the amount of ice unloading from ice mass balance models (Huybers &

Langmuir 2009).



Some approximate rates and amounts of ice thinning since the Little Ice Age and during deglaciation, together with projections for the twenty-first century using current rates of ice

melting.



Results of modelling of rhyolitic eruptions under ice from a 1.5 km long fissure.



How will melting of ice affect volcanic hazards in the twenty-first century? by Hugh Tuffen Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1919):2535-2558 May.

Documents

ice unloading

ice thinning

ice labelled nif

little ice age

southern ice fields

current rates of ice

royal societya iliamna

aerial photograph