How to Write a Final Year Project Research Ppt

HOW TO WRITE A FINAL YEAR PROJECT HOW TO WRITE A FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCHRESEARCH

byby

Raji Rafiu BoyeRaji Rafiu Boye

Department of Political ScienceDepartment of Political Science

Yobe State University, DamaturuYobe State University, Damaturu

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Curriculum experts always expect at final Curriculum experts always expect at final

year of study, that every student must write year of study, that every student must write a project. This is to assess the depth of a project. This is to assess the depth of knowledge, particularly the writing skill, knowledge, particularly the writing skill, acquired by the student. Because it expected acquired by the student. Because it expected that after university education, student that after university education, student especially of social science orientation especially of social science orientation should be able to write very well as an should be able to write very well as an academic, administrative officer opinion academic, administrative officer opinion commentator or special assistant to a chief commentator or special assistant to a chief executive, etc. executive, etc.

INTRODUCTION CONTINUEINTRODUCTION CONTINUE

Your research project indicates your abilities to Your research project indicates your abilities to select research and then present a substantial select research and then present a substantial piece of work that displays your intellectual piece of work that displays your intellectual abilities to the full. In any case, the skills that abilities to the full. In any case, the skills that you will have deployed are particularly useful you will have deployed are particularly useful should you wish to undertake work for a higher should you wish to undertake work for a higher degree at Masters or at PhD level, thus the skill degree at Masters or at PhD level, thus the skill deployed to the project writing will be of deployed to the project writing will be of continuous help. Moreover it is expected that continuous help. Moreover it is expected that after sojourn for four years in the university a after sojourn for four years in the university a student must leave his/her footprint by way of a student must leave his/her footprint by way of a project project

INTRODUCTION CONTINUEINTRODUCTION CONTINUE

Additionally, the Project counts up to six (6) credit Additionally, the Project counts up to six (6) credit unit in your CGPA and hence contributes heavily to unit in your CGPA and hence contributes heavily to the classification of your degree. Under the rules the classification of your degree. Under the rules that apply to the classification of all degrees, if that apply to the classification of all degrees, if your final average is very close to the boundary for your final average is very close to the boundary for a classification higher than that suggested by the a classification higher than that suggested by the raw average (e.g. your final average may be 3.45) raw average (e.g. your final average may be 3.45) then your Project needs to be in the classification of then your Project needs to be in the classification of the higherthe higher class. In the example shown above, for class. In the example shown above, for example, you might not be considered for an Upper example, you might not be considered for an Upper Second Class classification (2:1) if your project was Second Class classification (2:1) if your project was not graded as a 2:1 or higher. Therefore, project not graded as a 2:1 or higher. Therefore, project writing must be taking serious and approach with writing must be taking serious and approach with all the skill and ability of the researcher.all the skill and ability of the researcher.

WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROJECT?WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROJECT?

Final year research project is an original Final year research project is an original research work to be carried out by a graduating research work to be carried out by a graduating student in the final year. It is mandatory, and student in the final year. It is mandatory, and usually the student research on burning national usually the student research on burning national issues in their areas of study. The project work is issues in their areas of study. The project work is expected to be original and qualitative; it expected to be original and qualitative; it therefore requires a careful understanding therefore requires a careful understanding before one embarked on it.before one embarked on it.

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The Webster’s New Oxford Dictionary defines research as “a The Webster’s New Oxford Dictionary defines research as “a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some fields of knowledge undertaken to discover or establish facts fields of knowledge undertaken to discover or establish facts or principle.” Asika (2010) defines research as “any or principle.” Asika (2010) defines research as “any organized enquiry that aims at providing information for organized enquiry that aims at providing information for solving indentified problems.” To Ujo however, a research solving indentified problems.” To Ujo however, a research work is “a systematic inquiry in order to find solutions to a work is “a systematic inquiry in order to find solutions to a problem, discover new knowledge, confirm or disapprove problem, discover new knowledge, confirm or disapprove finding from previous research.” (Ujo, 2004, p.2) From these finding from previous research.” (Ujo, 2004, p.2) From these definitions, it is established that research is a process of definitions, it is established that research is a process of investigation or search, where the search is for something that investigation or search, where the search is for something that is unknown, and this unknown factor is usually referred to as a is unknown, and this unknown factor is usually referred to as a problemproblem

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Hence the purpose of the investigation is to provide solution to Hence the purpose of the investigation is to provide solution to the problem and provide a useful base for conducting research, the problem and provide a useful base for conducting research, because without a problem there can not be a meaningful because without a problem there can not be a meaningful research. Hence, a good research project will certainly enable research. Hence, a good research project will certainly enable us to improve and develop the society, economy, political and us to improve and develop the society, economy, political and

science and technology.science and technology.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH PROJECTPROJECT

Consequently a good research project should have the Consequently a good research project should have the following characteristics; following characteristics;

A good research can not be done without a researchable topic; A good research can not be done without a researchable topic; therefore, a topic connotes a pressing societal problem that is therefore, a topic connotes a pressing societal problem that is current and requires immediate solution. Getting a current and requires immediate solution. Getting a researchable topic could be lot easier if one chooses from researchable topic could be lot easier if one chooses from among the courses treated in his/her field of study, especially among the courses treated in his/her field of study, especially those he find interesting and appealing. However, in social those he find interesting and appealing. However, in social sciences, the easiest way is to be current and familiar with the sciences, the easiest way is to be current and familiar with the society media, through listing to electronic news and reading society media, through listing to electronic news and reading from the print media such as newspapers, news magazine, from the print media such as newspapers, news magazine, journals etc this would generally exposed the research to journals etc this would generally exposed the research to current issues facing the society current issues facing the society

CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH PROJECT. CONTINUESPROJECT. CONTINUES

Having got a good topic, there is a need for Having got a good topic, there is a need for general literature review. Here it is expected that a general literature review. Here it is expected that a review of literature in the chosen topic would review of literature in the chosen topic would enable the student to establish the extent of enable the student to establish the extent of research done in his/her chosen topic and to be research done in his/her chosen topic and to be able to know if there is gap to be filled. This is able to know if there is gap to be filled. This is necessary to avoid repetition and plagiarism. necessary to avoid repetition and plagiarism. Moreover, literature review allows a researcher to Moreover, literature review allows a researcher to make a critique and establish a new knowledge.make a critique and establish a new knowledge.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH PROJECT. CONTINUESPROJECT. CONTINUES

The third stage is research design; it is always good to The third stage is research design; it is always good to have in mind what process will the research work follow. have in mind what process will the research work follow. For instance Makodi (2010) connects a research design to For instance Makodi (2010) connects a research design to a formal statement, guide, plan or blueprint on how to a formal statement, guide, plan or blueprint on how to arrive at a solution to identifiable research problem. It thus arrive at a solution to identifiable research problem. It thus helps a researcher to take and state the vital decision on helps a researcher to take and state the vital decision on how a research is to be conductedhow a research is to be conducted

RESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGN

There are many types of research design which connotes the There are many types of research design which connotes the types of investigation and methods of conducting the research. types of investigation and methods of conducting the research. Hence a research design could be equates with the structure of Hence a research design could be equates with the structure of an enquiry; it is a logical matter rather than logistical one. It an enquiry; it is a logical matter rather than logistical one. It should be one of the considerations, which could even should be one of the considerations, which could even influence the type of topic one chooses for the research. influence the type of topic one chooses for the research. Research designs include but not limited to the following; Research designs include but not limited to the following; Historical, Descriptive, Survey, Experimental, Case study and Historical, Descriptive, Survey, Experimental, Case study and

Causal research designCausal research design

HISTORICAL RESEARCH DESIGNHISTORICAL RESEARCH DESIGN

Historical research design is the type of research that Historical research design is the type of research that examines past events or combinations of events to arrive at examines past events or combinations of events to arrive at an account of what has happened in the past. Historical an account of what has happened in the past. Historical research is conducted to uncover the unknown, answer research is conducted to uncover the unknown, answer questions, identify the relationship that the past has to the questions, identify the relationship that the past has to the present, record and evaluate accomplishments of present, record and evaluate accomplishments of individuals, agencies, or institutions, Aid in understanding individuals, agencies, or institutions, Aid in understanding

the culture in which we live.the culture in which we live.

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Historical research can show patterns that occurred in the past Historical research can show patterns that occurred in the past and over time which can help us to see where we came from and over time which can help us to see where we came from and what kinds of solutions we have used in the past. We and what kinds of solutions we have used in the past. We usually will observe that what we do today is specifically usually will observe that what we do today is specifically rooted in the past, understanding this can add perspective on rooted in the past, understanding this can add perspective on how we examine current events and social practices. It can how we examine current events and social practices. It can also show us that we do not need to continually reinvent the also show us that we do not need to continually reinvent the wheel because we should always start with what history tells wheel because we should always start with what history tells us. us.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGNDESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

According to Connie (2001), a descriptive research design According to Connie (2001), a descriptive research design involves collecting quantitative information (data) that involves collecting quantitative information (data) that describes events and then organizes, tabulates, depicts and describes events and then organizes, tabulates, depicts and describes the data. It is usually use when the research tends describes the data. It is usually use when the research tends toward “what is” rather than “what ought to be”. It uses toward “what is” rather than “what ought to be”. It uses description as a tool to organize data into patterns that emerges description as a tool to organize data into patterns that emerges during analysis. That is why in analyzing descriptive research, during analysis. That is why in analyzing descriptive research, the use of visual aid, such as graph, chart and other statistical the use of visual aid, such as graph, chart and other statistical

tools are given prominencetools are given prominence

SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGNSURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN

Survey research according to Adamu (2010) is a non – Survey research according to Adamu (2010) is a non – experimental, descriptive research method. It can be useful experimental, descriptive research method. It can be useful when a researcher intends to collects data on phenomena that when a researcher intends to collects data on phenomena that cannot be directly observed; he cited an example of opinions cannot be directly observed; he cited an example of opinions on library services. Survey are used extensively in all on library services. Survey are used extensively in all disciplines to asses attitude and characteristics of a wide range disciplines to asses attitude and characteristics of a wide range of subjects, from the quality of user- system to interfaces in of subjects, from the quality of user- system to interfaces in

libraries, to attitudes of parents to education of their children.libraries, to attitudes of parents to education of their children.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

Experimental research involves deliberate or controlled Experimental research involves deliberate or controlled manipulation of relevant variables and population samples manipulation of relevant variables and population samples with the objectives of finding out their relationship. with the objectives of finding out their relationship. Accordingly Makodi (2010) describes an experimental Accordingly Makodi (2010) describes an experimental research design as “research plan for investigation process that research design as “research plan for investigation process that entails controlled or laboratory conditions.. Experimental entails controlled or laboratory conditions.. Experimental designs are usually associated with researches in the natural designs are usually associated with researches in the natural sciences where rigorously controlled conditions are put into sciences where rigorously controlled conditions are put into effect much more easily.effect much more easily.

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In line with this, in social sciences what mostly obtainable is In line with this, in social sciences what mostly obtainable is called quasi-experimental. Thus quasi-experiment is so called called quasi-experimental. Thus quasi-experiment is so called because the conditions for their experimentation are hardly because the conditions for their experimentation are hardly controlled. This, in turn, is because it iis difficult to eliminate controlled. This, in turn, is because it iis difficult to eliminate or control every stimulus in social sciences inquiry. As a result or control every stimulus in social sciences inquiry. As a result a quasi- experimental research design focuses on the main a quasi- experimental research design focuses on the main points or strength of experimentation while at the same time points or strength of experimentation while at the same time avoiding their weakness.avoiding their weakness.

CASE STUDY RESEARCH DESIGNCASE STUDY RESEARCH DESIGN

Roberts Yin (1994), view case study as an empirical Roberts Yin (1994), view case study as an empirical inquiry, in which focus is on a contemporary inquiry, in which focus is on a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context & boundaries phenomenon within its real-life context & boundaries between phenomenon and its context that are not between phenomenon and its context that are not clearly evident. It is suitable for studying complex clearly evident. It is suitable for studying complex social phenomena. For example the “Role of FGN in social phenomena. For example the “Role of FGN in fueling insurgency in Nigeria”fueling insurgency in Nigeria”

CAUSAL RESEARCH DESIGNCAUSAL RESEARCH DESIGN

It is the testing of a hypothesis on the cause and effect within a It is the testing of a hypothesis on the cause and effect within a given social scenario. Casual Research explores the effect of given social scenario. Casual Research explores the effect of one thing on another and more specifically, the effect of one one thing on another and more specifically, the effect of one variable on another. The research is used to measure what variable on another. The research is used to measure what impact a specific change will have on existing norms and impact a specific change will have on existing norms and allows social researchers to predict hypothetical scenarios allows social researchers to predict hypothetical scenarios

upon which a society can base its policy plan.upon which a society can base its policy plan.

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For example because of their long hold onto power, it can be For example because of their long hold onto power, it can be hypothesized that “relinquishing power to the southerners will hypothesized that “relinquishing power to the southerners will have a devastated effect on the northern oligarchies”. Another have a devastated effect on the northern oligarchies”. Another example could take the form of, the social effect of petroleum example could take the form of, the social effect of petroleum pricing i. e “the removal of fuel subsidiary will led to inflation pricing i. e “the removal of fuel subsidiary will led to inflation and would increase the current unrest in the country” causal and would increase the current unrest in the country” causal resign design based on prediction which research later set to resign design based on prediction which research later set to

investigateinvestigate

REQUISITE FOR GOOD RESEARCH DESIGNREQUISITE FOR GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN

Having chosen the suitable design for the research, the Having chosen the suitable design for the research, the following attributes of a good research design must be upheld.following attributes of a good research design must be upheld.

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A brief blueprint; this should state clearly the main issues of A brief blueprint; this should state clearly the main issues of the research; hence the research takes a guide at this stage. the research; hence the research takes a guide at this stage. Hence the background of the study should be succinctly stated Hence the background of the study should be succinctly stated at this point. Also important to mention here is the statement at this point. Also important to mention here is the statement of the problem, Aliyu (2010) compares stating a problem in a of the problem, Aliyu (2010) compares stating a problem in a research to the need for a Physician to make diagnosis of an research to the need for a Physician to make diagnosis of an ailment before prescription of medications. Therefore the ailment before prescription of medications. Therefore the problem (s) under investigation must be clearly statedproblem (s) under investigation must be clearly stated

REQUISITE FOR GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN. REQUISITE FOR GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN.

CONTINUESCONTINUES Description of structure; this point describes formal Description of structure; this point describes formal

structure of the research; it stipulates the layout of the structure of the research; it stipulates the layout of the entire research. entire research.

Thirdly, method of data collection must be stated, that is to Thirdly, method of data collection must be stated, that is to say the researcher must specific data collection. say the researcher must specific data collection. Instruments. Is it an interview, questionnaire, observations Instruments. Is it an interview, questionnaire, observations or documentary, or a combination of one or more methodsor documentary, or a combination of one or more methods

Specification of population and sample size must be made, Specification of population and sample size must be made, there must be elaborate on the relevant population and there must be elaborate on the relevant population and size. This should be purposeful or judgmental, since there size. This should be purposeful or judgmental, since there is exclusive and inclusive population. For instance those is exclusive and inclusive population. For instance those that bear no direct relevant to the study area fall within the that bear no direct relevant to the study area fall within the exclusive population.exclusive population.

REQUISITE FOR GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN . REQUISITE FOR GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN . CONTINUESCONTINUES

REQUISITE OF GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN . REQUISITE OF GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN . CONTINUESCONTINUES

Method of data analysis; the research design must Method of data analysis; the research design must also mention how data is to be interpreted and also mention how data is to be interpreted and analyzed. Here the researcher is expected to present analyzed. Here the researcher is expected to present his/her data in a very logical form. Hence a palpable his/her data in a very logical form. Hence a palpable method is required to interpret the data. Aliyu (2010) method is required to interpret the data. Aliyu (2010) suggests some analytical and interpretative method suggests some analytical and interpretative method which include the following; descriptive statistics, which include the following; descriptive statistics, such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, e t such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, e t c. It could also be by way of constructing of analysis c. It could also be by way of constructing of analysis

variables or regression table.variables or regression table.

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. In analyzing, the researcher . In analyzing, the researcher depending upon the nature of depending upon the nature of his/her data (primary or secondary) his/her data (primary or secondary) it is expected to carry out some non it is expected to carry out some non parametric tests like chi-square test, parametric tests like chi-square test, f-test, etc. one can equally make use f-test, etc. one can equally make use of statistical packages such as; r, of statistical packages such as; r, spss, time - series etc. spss, time - series etc.

REQUISITE FOR GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN . REQUISITE FOR GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN . CONTINUESCONTINUES

Research design must identify the variables; it should Research design must identify the variables; it should specify the dependable and independent variables of the specify the dependable and independent variables of the study.study.

It must clarify the boundaries of the study, i.e. scopes and It must clarify the boundaries of the study, i.e. scopes and limitations.limitations.

GENERAL OUTLOOK OF A RESEARCH GENERAL OUTLOOK OF A RESEARCH PROJECTPROJECT

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMSSTATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY RESEARCH QUESTIONS RESEARCH QUESTIONS ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY/ ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY/

HYPOTHESESHYPOTHESES JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY BREAKDOWN OF CHAPTERS BREAKDOWN OF CHAPTERS

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKFRAMEWORK

This is a particularly important part of the project as you are This is a particularly important part of the project as you are demonstrating to the readers of your project that you are demonstrating to the readers of your project that you are familiar with the major themes, issues and debates to be found familiar with the major themes, issues and debates to be found in the literature which informs your project.in the literature which informs your project.

A literature review aims to inform the reader the state of A literature review aims to inform the reader the state of knowledge concerning a particular topic area as represented by knowledge concerning a particular topic area as represented by recognized scholars and researchersrecognized scholars and researchers.. The sources that you The sources that you consult for a literature review are principally:consult for a literature review are principally:

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK CONTINUESFRAMEWORK CONTINUES

Books around the subject area (the more recently published, Books around the subject area (the more recently published, the better)the better)

The periodical literature i.e. articles in the academic journalsThe periodical literature i.e. articles in the academic journals The Internet may itself help you with both (a) and (b) above The Internet may itself help you with both (a) and (b) above

as well as providing you with other sources of information.as well as providing you with other sources of information.

METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY

Research designResearch design Area of studyArea of study Population and SamplingPopulation and Sampling Instrument of data collectionInstrument of data collection Method of data collectionMethod of data collection Method of data analysisMethod of data analysis

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONINTERPRETATION

Data presentationData presentation Data InterpretationData Interpretation Data analysisData analysis Data discussion Data discussion Finding Finding

SUMMARYSUMMARY

SUMMARY OF FINDING, SUMMARY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONRECOMMENDATION

ReferencesReferences AppendixAppendix

CITATION AND REFERENCING STYLESCITATION AND REFERENCING STYLES

Another important aspect of writing a good research project is Another important aspect of writing a good research project is the uses of appropriate or recommended reference styles, the uses of appropriate or recommended reference styles, which must be current and up to date. The use of correct which must be current and up to date. The use of correct citation and referencing styles would prevent the researcher citation and referencing styles would prevent the researcher from committing plagiarism.from committing plagiarism.

Hart (2005) define plagiarism as “the act of lifting an extract Hart (2005) define plagiarism as “the act of lifting an extract from another source, word for word (or nearly word for word) from another source, word for word (or nearly word for word) without demonstrating that it is a quotation or citing its source. without demonstrating that it is a quotation or citing its source. The effect of plagiarism is that the words are effectively The effect of plagiarism is that the words are effectively ‘stolen’ and passed of as having been written by the ‘stolen’ and passed of as having been written by the dissertation author”dissertation author”

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American Psychological Association (APA style) mostly American Psychological Association (APA style) mostly exploit for researches in Psychology, Education, exploit for researches in Psychology, Education, Anthropology, and other Social and Behavioral Sciences. Anthropology, and other Social and Behavioral Sciences.

Harvard style employed for conducting researches across Harvard style employed for conducting researches across

Natural Sciences, Social Sciences and Education, etc.Natural Sciences, Social Sciences and Education, etc.

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Therefore a good understanding of what is Therefore a good understanding of what is obtainable in one’s department is essential, and obtainable in one’s department is essential, and will ensure the quality research project.will ensure the quality research project.

In using a reference, there is in-text citation and In using a reference, there is in-text citation and bibliography. While citing an author within text the bibliography. While citing an author within text the following patterns are most and widely follow;following patterns are most and widely follow;

if the source is paraphrased it take the following if the source is paraphrased it take the following form; According to Abdulrahman (2009) who form; According to Abdulrahman (2009) who considered social institutions as enduring patterns considered social institutions as enduring patterns of behavior, practices and relationships, which of behavior, practices and relationships, which were sanctioned through norms in order to shapes were sanctioned through norms in order to shapes man life in societyman life in society

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however, if the full text is cited verbatim it may takes the however, if the full text is cited verbatim it may takes the following form; the important of social institution was following form; the important of social institution was mentioned by Abdulrahman, who argues that “social mentioned by Abdulrahman, who argues that “social institutions are enduring patterns of behaviors, practices institutions are enduring patterns of behaviors, practices and relationships which are sanctioned and maintained by and relationships which are sanctioned and maintained by social norms and have significant impacts on man’s life in social norms and have significant impacts on man’s life in society” (Abdulrahman, 2009, p.154)society” (Abdulrahman, 2009, p.154)

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However, the references at bibliography take the following However, the references at bibliography take the following format in line with APA, reference styles;format in line with APA, reference styles;

Books referencesBooks references Ujo, A.A (2000) Understanding Social Science Research inUjo, A.A (2000) Understanding Social Science Research in

Nigeria. Kaduna: Joyce Graphic Printers & PublishersNigeria. Kaduna: Joyce Graphic Printers & Publishers

If the cited work is from edited book, it reference this way;If the cited work is from edited book, it reference this way; Abdulrahman, D.A (2009) “Institutions and Organizations” inAbdulrahman, D.A (2009) “Institutions and Organizations” in

Abdullahi, S.A, Mohammed, I Z and Casey, C (eds.). Abdullahi, S.A, Mohammed, I Z and Casey, C (eds.). Studies in Cultural Studies in Cultural Sociology. Ibadan Foludes Sociology. Ibadan Foludes PrintersPrinters

CITATION AND REFERENCING STYLES.CITATION AND REFERENCING STYLES.CONTINUESCONTINUES

Citing articles in journals Citing articles in journals Raji, R B (2011) Executive/ Legislative Harmony Raji, R B (2011) Executive/ Legislative Harmony

for efficientfor efficient

Service Delivery at the Local Government Service Delivery at the Local Government level. Africa level. Africa Social Science Review, Vol. 1, Social Science Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 October Pp 58-66No. 1 October Pp 58-66

IMPORTANT ADVICES TO RESEARCH IMPORTANT ADVICES TO RESEARCH STUDENTSSTUDENTS

Gathered the required literature and get Gathered the required literature and get acquainted with them, no good and reliable acquainted with them, no good and reliable research could come from scanty and /or lack research could come from scanty and /or lack of literatureof literature

Be patient, with the work, and your supervisorBe patient, with the work, and your supervisor There is need to be hardworking and resilientThere is need to be hardworking and resilient Always proofread your work before submission Always proofread your work before submission

to your supervisorto your supervisor Use the help of your fellow students by way of Use the help of your fellow students by way of

information sharinginformation sharing Follow your supervisor advices to the latterFollow your supervisor advices to the latter Be up to dateBe up to date

THANK YOUTHANK YOU