How to Start Organic Farming Business (Cultivation of ...

How to StartOrganic Farming

Business(Cultivation of Mushroom, Crop,

Cotton, Wheat, Sugarcane, Production of Biofertilizers, Agriculture Waste,

Dairy & Poultry Farming, etc.)

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Introduction

India is an agro based country. So organic farming plays an

important role in agro field. The popularity of organic

farming is gradually increasing and now organic agriculture

is practiced in almost all countries of the world, and its share

of agricultural land and farms is growing. As the organic

food market continues to expand, so do the opportunities for

small farmers.

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Organic farming has emerged as the only answer to bringsustainability to agriculture and environment.

This handbook is a comprehensive guide to growing,certifying, and marketing organic produce. Organicfarming is not only a philosophy, but also a well-researched science that combines soil fertility, plantpathology and other biological and environmentalsciences.



The major contents of this book are SustainableAgriculture, National Programme on organic farming,Integration with organics and biofertilizers, Bulky organicmanures and crop residues, Manuring on sight, Manuringpotentials, Green Manuring, Production and promotion oforganic fertilizers, Vermi composting, Response of crops toorganic fertilizers, Phosphate solubilizing, Bacillusthuringiensis, Crop residue management, Integratednutrient management towards sustainable agriculture,Integrated farming system, Mechanism of nitrogenfixation, Economics and marketing of organic farming.



As we have seen, the booming development taking place inorganic farming and marketing offers many opportunities.We will be able to go on contributing to the establishmentof organic production systems and this could lead tochanges in life style and consumption patterns that willreach far beyond food and nutrition.

This book will be very helpful to soil scientists,microbiologists, biologists, students, new entrepreneurs,fertilizer industries, training centers and to all thoseinterested in efficient use and sustainable farming.



Table of Contents

1. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTUREEvolution of Sustainable AgricultureSustainable Livelihood

2. NATIONAL PROGRAMME ON ORGANIC FARMINGNational Programme for Organic ProductionOperational Structure of NPOPAccreditation AgenciesEvaluating AgencyAccredited Inspection and Certification AgenciesInspectors



Accreditation Regulation 2001Committee for AccreditationApplication for AccreditationUpdating and Renewal of AccreditationPower to Issue GuidelinesLogoSuspension/Termination of AccreditationCategories for AccreditationReciprocityThe National Standards for Organic ProductsGuidelines for Organic Production and ProcessingPackage of Practices



3. INTEGRATION WITH ORGANICS ANDBIOFERTILIZERSFertilizersNutrient Uptake and Removal by CropsFertility Status of SoilsCrop Responses to Fertilizer ApplicationOptimum Application RatesIntegration of Diverse Sources of Plant NutrientsSome Basic IssuesFarmyard ManureGreen ManuresRhizobiumBlue Green AlgaeAzollaConclusions



4. BULKY ORGANIC MANURES AND CROP RESIDUESOrganic Manures and Their CompositionPotential and Available SuppliesTechnologies for Quicker and Better Compost ProductionCompeting Uses of ResourcesFate of Organic Materials in SoilEffect on Soil PropertiesEffect on Crop YieldsLong-term Effects of Organic ManuresManagement AspectsConstraints in AdoptionFuture Research Needs



5. MANURING ON SIGHTIn-situ Manuring by AnimalThe SystemAdvantagesLimitationsVerification of Farmers ExperiencesSustainabilityProspectsIn-situ Manuring with Plants (Green Manures)Benefits of Using Green ManuresEnhance Soil FertilitySupplement for NutrientsImproved Soil StructurePrevention of Soil ErosionWeed Control



Method of UseGreen Manuring in SituGreen Leaf ManuringPlace in Farming SystemGreen Manures in RotationGreen Manures and UndersowingLong Term Green ManuresGreen Manures as MulchGreen Manures in AgroforestryManagement of Green ManuringTime of Sowing and Seed RateSeed TreatmentStem CuttingsMixed CroppingInter Cropping



Border PlantingPhosphorus ResponseDigging in Green ManuresThe Choice of Green ManureOther Important ConsiderationsAchieving Sustainability in the Use of Green ManuresSustainabilityExperiences WorldwideConclusions

6. MANURING POTENTIALSAvailable Potential of Organic Materials for Ex-Stu ManuringOrganic Resources and PotentialLivestock and Human Wastes



Crop Residues, Tree Wastes and Aquatic WeedsUrban and Rural WastesAgro-Industries ByproductsMarine WastesAgricultural WasteCrop ResiduesAgro-industrial WastesRice HuskBagassePressmudTea WastesCoir WasteCharacteristics of Agricultural WastesNitrogenPhosphorus



pHBio Plant Growth PromotersLivestock WastesType of Production UnitSpecies and Age of AnimalOther FactorsBeef CattleSlotted FloorsDairy CattleUtilization of Agricultural Organic WasteRecycling of Organic Materials for FertilizationOrganic MulchConcentrated Organic ManuresAquatic WeedsAquatic Weeds as Source of Energy


Aquatic Weeds as Organic ManuresOilcakesHow to Use OilcakesCattle, Pig, and Poultry ManuresPoultryLitter GrownCage GrownMeat-mealBloodmealFishmealHorn-and-hoofmealCollection and Storage of Organic WasteEconomic Value of Organic WasteAvailability of Organic Waste in India



Processing of Agriculture WasteConclusionEconomic ConsiderationsPublic Policy

7. GREEN MANURING : NUTRIENT POTENTIALS AND MANAGEMENTGreen ManuresRole of Green Manuring in Cropping SystemsFate of Green Manures on Application to SoilsAvailability of Essential NutrientsCrop Responses and Residual EffectsGreen Manure ManagementResidual and Long-term EffectsEconomics of Green Manuring



Constraints of Green ManuringFuture Research NeedsConclusions

8. PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND PROMOTION OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERSDefinition and ClassificationPractical Significance of BiofertilizersRequirement of BiofertilizersProduction Technology of BiofertilizersProduction of BiofertilizersStandards and Quality ControlGovernment Support and ProgrammesConstraints



Areas for Future DevelopmentConclusions

9. VERMI COMPOSTINGEarthworms as Indicators of Soil FertilityEarthworms and Plant GrowthInteraction of Vermicompost-Earthworm-Mulch-PlantrootVermicompostRecycling of Wastes Through Verm-compostingMinimizing Pollution HazardAdvantages of Vermi-CompostAdverse Effects on CropsEconomic ViabilityVermiculture ProcessSelection of Suitable Species



EpigesEndogesAneciquesBasic Characteristics of Suitable SpeciesFixing Earthworms for IdentificationTransport of Fixed Worms to LaboratoryDescription of Suitable SpeciesFamily: LumbricidaeEisenia foetida (Sav.)Family: EudrilidaeEudrilus eugeniae (Kinb.)Family: MegascolecidaeLampito mauritii (Kinb.)Metaphire anomala Mich. (= Pheretima anomala)Metaphire posthuma (= Pheretima posthuma)



Perionyx excavatus E. Perr.Perionyx Sansbaricus MichaelsonMaintenance of Base CultureVermicomposting MaterialsAnimal DungAgricultural WasteForestry WastesCity Leaf LitterWaste Paper and Cotton Cloth etc.City RefugeBiogas SlurryIndustrial WastesPreliminary Treatment of Composting MaterialPre-Treatment of Leaf Litter and Agricultural Waste



Small Scale or Indoor VermicompostingLarge Scale or Outdoor VermicompostingRequirements for VermicompostingContainerBedding MaterialMoisture ContentTemperatureInitiation of Vermiculture in India

10. RESPONSE OF CROPS TO ORGANIC FERTILIZERS IN SALT AFFECTED SOILSResponse of Crops in Salt-Affected Soils of Punjab and Haryana



11. PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING SOIL ACTINOMYCETES AS BIOFERTILIZERSMaterial and MethodsResults and DiscussionSummary

12. VERMICOMPOSTING OF KITCHEN WASTEMaterial and MethodsResults and DiscussionConclusion

13. BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS : AN EFFECTIVE BIOINSECTICIDECriteria for Microbial InsecticideMaterial and Methods



ResultsDiscussionSummary

14. COMPOSTING OF AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTESDefinitionPrinciples of CompostingAgricultural WastesMethods for Composting of Agricultural WastesIndore MethodActivated CompostBanglore MethodNADEP CompostCoimbatore Method



Synthetic CompostWindrow Composting (Leaf Compost)Accelerated Composting and EnrichmentVermi-compostingAnimal Waste CompostingOil Palm Waste CompostingPhospho-CompostReinforced Compost from Sugarcane Trash and PressmudEnriched FYM (EFYM)Weed CompostingComposting of PartheniumHints for Composting Agricultural WastesIndustrial WastesComposting of Coir PithComposting of Pressmud



Using Distillery EffluentUsing Microbial InoculumUsing Pressmud and Distillery EffluentConclusionFuture Needs

15. CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENTResidue ManagementCrop Residue PotentialCrop Residue ComponentsCrop Residue UsesEffect on Soil ManagementResidues with FertilizerEffect of Residues on N FertilizationFuture Research Needs



16. INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURENeed for INMConcepts and ApproachesComponents of Integrated Nutrient Management StrategiesReduction of Losses from Applied Inorganic FertilizersApplication to synchronize with the demands of CropsTiming, Placement and Choice of FertilizersControlled Release of NutrientsCrop ChoiceRetention of Native Soil NutrientsAlternate or Supplementary Sources of NutrientsBiofertilizers in INMBlue Green Algae



AzollaAzospirillum spp. (A. Lipoferum and A. brasilense)RhizobiumPhospobacteriaVAMOrganic ManuresMunicipal and Sewage WastesComposting of Organic WastesCrop Residue ManagementGreen ManuringNon-conventional Green ManuresOil CakesLegumes in INMLegumes Grown in SystemLegumes as Intercrops



INM Cropping SystemRice-based Cropping SystemCotton-based Cropping SystemWheat-based Cropping SystemsSugarcane-based Cropping SystemINM and Long Term StudiesFuture Strategies

17. MECHANISM OF NITROGEN FIXATION

18. INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMDefinitionsAdvantages of IFS1. Productivity2. Profitability



3. Potentiality/Sustainability4. Balanced Food5. Environmental Safety6. Recycling7. Income Round the Year8. Adoption of New Technology9. Saving Energy10. Meeting Fodder Crisis11. Solving Fuel and Timber Crisis12. Employment Generation13. Agro-industries14. Increasing Input Efficiency15. Increasing the Standard of Living of the Farmer



Integration of Subsystem in Farming SystemAquaculturePaddy-cum-fish CultureDuck-cum-Fish CultureFish-cum-Poultry FarmingFish-cum-Pig FarmingSericulture and Fish FarmingBiogas PlantsMushroom CultivationMushroom CultivationSpawn Running RoomCropping RoomApproximate Size of the Rack of Cropping RoomMaterials Required



Preparation of Cylindrical BedsMaking Ready the SubstrateMaking Ready the Polythene BagsMaking Ready the SpawnSpawning the BedSpawn Running and Opening of BedsCroppingHarvesting MushroomPacking and StorageAnimal HusbandryDairy FarmingSheep and GoatPiggeryRabbitPoultry Farming



Japanese QuailDucksPigeonsDiseaseAgroforestry(i) Agri-silviculture System(ii) Silvipasture System(iii) Silvi-horti-pastural SystemI. Coastal AlluviumII. Riverine AlluviumIII. Red Gravelly SoilIV. Lateritic SoilV. Black Soil (clay loam soil)VI. Sandy Red Loam



VII. Calcareous SoilVIII. Problem Soils(a) Saline and Alkaline Soils(b) Mined Areas(c) Theri SoilsSericultureManuringSeasonPlantingQuantity of CuttingsVarietiesPruningLeaf Harvest



Leaf YieldSilkworm RearingLife CycleIFS under lowland ConditionIFS Under Garden Land ConditionsIFS Under Rainfed ConditionsCoconut based Integrated Farming SystemCrop ComponentsFuture Needs

19. RECOMMENDATIONS

20. ECONOMICS AND MARKETING OF ORGANICFARMINGEconomic Viability



The Challenge of Going OrganicFarm Production and ProfitMicroeconomic AspectsOutput MixOutput ValueInput MixInput ValueLabor CostsBenefits for FarmersEmployment GenerationTotal Concept ApproachRural and Community DevelopmentQuality of Organic ProductProduct PricesThe Organic Market



GrowthConstraints and OpportunitiesUnfair Trends in the MarketFair TradeFair Trade and Trade DevelopmentSmall Farmers DisadvantagedDilemmaFair Trade LabelingPromoters of Fair TradeAction for Fair TradeProgress in Fair Trade MarketingProtectionismPriority to Local EconomicsStrengthening Local Economics



Critical FactorsChallengesTrade OpportunitiesNew Opportunities in a Growing MarketAlternative MarketsRole of the TraderQuality GuaranteeThe ConsumerRetailing ArrangementsDilemma of the FarmerProcessingMarketing of Perishables organic Produce-study in Bangalore, India



Fruits and CoconutsMilk PotatoesExclusive Outlets for Organic ProductsLessons LearntCertification of Organic ProduceThe StandardsTradingSerious BarriersMeaning of Certified OrganicPartnerships are NeededOrganic Farmers and Export Markets: The Role of Co-operative - Case Study form India



IFOAM and CertificationIFOAM and AccreditationOrganic Foods Certification in IndiaIntroduction of Certification in India for Organic AgriExportsSuggestionIndia NeedsConclusion




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Organic Farming and Processing

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