How to Produce High Quality Hay II: How to cure and handle hay. Dennis Hancock, PhD. Extension Forage Specialist UGA – Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences
Jan 03, 2016
How to Produce High Quality Hay II: How to cure and handle hay.
How to Produce High Quality Hay II: How to cure and handle hay.
Dennis Hancock, PhD.Extension Forage Specialist
UGA – Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences
Dennis Hancock, PhD.Extension Forage Specialist
UGA – Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences
Components of Forage Waste:
Field curing
Harvesting
Storage
FeedingHarvesting7-15% loss Harvesting7-15% loss
Field curing5-25% lossField curing5-25% loss
Components of Curing LossesComponents of Curing Losses
Rainfall and leaching
Ave
rag
e M
on
thly
R
ain
fall
(in
ch
es
)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Rainfall Distribution - Midville
Rainfall Distribution - Midville
1
2000-2007
Components of Curing LossesComponents of Curing Losses
Rainfall and leaching
RespirationRespiration
Respiration Loss:Respiration Loss:Consider the humble bananaConsider the humble banana
Rate of Respiration Loss Depends on Internal Crop Moisture and Air
Temperature
Rate of Respiration Loss Depends on Internal Crop Moisture and Air
Temperature
80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Moisture level, %
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
DM
losses,
(% D
M/h
ou
r)
77° F
95° F
Drying Times VaryDrying Times Vary
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Days
80
60
40
20
Mois
ture
(%
)
Poor DryingConditionsGood Drying
Conditions
Mowing and Curing Systems
If you have < 50 acres of hay, what mowing implement do you use (most frequently)?
If you have < 50 acres of hay, what mowing implement do you use (most frequently)?
A.Sicklebar mowerB.Disc mowerC.Sicklebar
mower/conditionerD.Disc mower/conditionerE.Other
A.Sicklebar mowerB.Disc mowerC.Sicklebar
mower/conditionerD.Disc mower/conditionerE.Other
If you have > 50 acres of hay, what mowing implement do you use (most frequently)?
If you have > 50 acres of hay, what mowing implement do you use (most frequently)?
A.Sicklebar mowerB.Disc mowerC.Sicklebar
mower/conditionerD.Disc mower/conditionerE.Other
A.Sicklebar mowerB.Disc mowerC.Sicklebar
mower/conditionerD.Disc mower/conditionerE.Other
Mower OptionsMower Options
Sickle Cutterbar 10-20% less expense Require 30% less hp Repairs are less expensive
Disk Cutterbar Faster ground speed Cuts through ant hills better Maintenance is 20-30% less Better if crop is lodged
Sickle Cutterbar 10-20% less expense Require 30% less hp Repairs are less expensive
Disk Cutterbar Faster ground speed Cuts through ant hills better Maintenance is 20-30% less Better if crop is lodged
Conditioner StylesConditioner Styles
Flail (impeller) Roller (crimper)
Conditioner StylesConditioner Styles
Flail (impeller) Roller (crimper)
Fine stemmed grasses Thick stemmed grassesand
Leafy (legumes)
Cross Section of Crop StemCross Section of Crop Stem
• Stems have a waxy surface called cutin• Conditioning should scratch or crack the stem
surface for faster drying
• Stems have a waxy surface called cutin• Conditioning should scratch or crack the stem
surface for faster drying
Conditioner Drying RatesConditioner Drying Rates
Alfalfa Grass
Dry Matter Losses from Alfalfa as a Result of Conditioning
Dry Matter Losses from Alfalfa as a Result of Conditioning
Alfalfa Grass
Night-Time Moisture Fluctuations
Night-Time Moisture Fluctuations
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Days
80
60
40
20
Mois
ture
(%
)
Poor DryingConditionsGood Drying
Conditions
The Effect of Relative Humidity
The Effect of Relative Humidity
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Relative Humidity, %
40
30
20
10
Eq
uilib
riu
m M
ois
ture
(%
)
77° F95° F
“My Buddy, Ted”
• Increase hay-drying rates by 20-40% (~ 0.5 – 1 day)• DM Loss: Grasses (<3%) Legumes (7-10% +)• Breaks up clumps & distributes the crop over the entire area.
Increased sun Fluffed for better air movement
• Initial tedding: w/in 2-4 hrs (clumps break better) • Additional tedding? May be necessary for grass, probable for
alfalfa
Hay Raking Systems
• Parallel bar rake The lowest amount of hay loss,
particularly with legumes. Usually ground drive system.
• Rotary rakes Some are dual function (rake or ted).
• Wheel rakes Operated at a higher speed (saves time) Tend to leave more in the field.
Hay Curing Management
• Conditioner? YES.• Wide or narrow swath? Wide as possible• When to mow? Early as possible• Ted it? YES, but only when damp and
toward the end of when the dew is on. Avoid tedding legumes when > 50%
moisture
• Moisture at raking? 35-40% for legumes 20-25% for grass/legume mixes ~<20% for bermudagrass
• Moisture at baling? Small square = 18%, Round bales = 15%
Square vs.Round
Square vs. Round•Round bales
Large (800-2000 lbs) Easy to handle, if you have a tractor Less expensive ($/dry ton) Lots of waste
If stored outside If fed on ground If accessible over long periods
•Square (small rectangular) bales Small (40-75 lbs) Relatively easy to handle and store More expensive ($/dry ton) Fed with less waste, usually Labor intensive
Bale AccumulatorBale Accumulator
Bale Grapple (“Grabber”)Bale Grapple (“Grabber”)
Bale Grapple (“Grabber”)Bale Grapple (“Grabber”)
Baled Silage
Baled SilageBaled Silage• More nutrients are
preserved• Less dependent on weather
• High Quality! But, “Garbage in = garbage out”
• Much lower harvest and storage losses
• Min. amount of additional machinery• No specialized machinery for
feeding• No effluent problems if wilted
• High Quality! But, “Garbage in = garbage out”
• Much lower harvest and storage losses
• Min. amount of additional machinery• No specialized machinery for
feeding• No effluent problems if wilted
AdvantagesAdvantages
• Higher cost than conventional hay methods costs are offset by losses in hay methods
• Bales can be very heavy• Some balers can’t bale wet forage
Rare these days
• Tears or punctures can lead to spoilage
• Possibility of spoiled silage causing sickness
• Disposal of used plastic
• Higher cost than conventional hay methods costs are offset by losses in hay methods
• Bales can be very heavy• Some balers can’t bale wet forage
Rare these days
• Tears or punctures can lead to spoilage
• Possibility of spoiled silage causing sickness
• Disposal of used plastic
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Details at End of DayDetails at End of Day
Resources on CDResources on CD
How to Produce High Quality Hay II: How to cure and handle hay.
How to Produce High Quality Hay II: How to cure and handle hay.
QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
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