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FieldStrength MRI magazine User experiences - August 2017
MR Conditional pacemakers and ICDs should be no impediment for
scanning patients
How to perform MRI of patients with MR Conditional cardiac
devices
Cardiac pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators
(ICDs), or
implantable loop recorders are electrically active cardiac
devices, which used to
be contraindicated for MRI. However, that is no longer the case
if the device is
labeled MR Conditional [1].
In such cases, the MRI scan must be set up to meet the MR
conditions specified
by the implant manufacturer. This article addresses questions
like: what is the
difficulty with active cardiac devices, what are MR Conditional
devices, what are
the conditions, how to make an MRI scan comply with the
conditions and how
to design the patient pathway.
www.philips.com/fieldstrength
“Electrophysiologists and radiologists together have set up a
protocol for MRI of these patients with MR Conditional cardiac
devices”
www.philips.com/fieldstrength
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Torsten Sommer, MD
Director of the Department of
Diagnostic and Interventional
Radiology at the German Red Cross
Hospital in Neuwied, Germany.
As a radiologist he specialized in
cardiovascular imaging and MR safety
and is the lead author of numerous
(inter)national papers on MRI in
patients with cardiac pacemakers and
implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
Frank Shellock, PhD, FACR, FACC,
FISMRM
Adjunct Clinical Professor of
Radiology and Medicine and Director
for MRI Studies of Biomimetic
Microelectronic Systems at the
University of Southern California, USA.
Additionally he is the Founder of both
the Institute for Magnetic Resonance
Safety, Education, and Research
(www.IMRSER.org) and the MRI safety
website www.MRIsafety.com.
Jürg Schwitter, MD
Professor of cardiac imaging and
Director of the Cardiac Magnetic
Resonance Centre at the University
Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
He is an expert in cardiac MRI, with
an extensive research record in the
assessment of coronary artery disease,
tissue viability, and cardiac mechanics
and energetics.
Amit Patel, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine and
Radiology and Director of Cardiac
Magnetic Resonance and Computed
Tomography, at the University of
Chicago Medicine, Chicago, USA. He
is a cardiologist, specialized in the use
of advanced imaging techniques to
provide individualized therapies for
patients with heart disease.
www.IMRSER.orgwww.MRIsafety.com
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Also patients with cardiac implants need MRI scans
“It’s long ingrained into the minds of physicians that MRI
and
implanted cardiac devices don’t mix and they’re
contraindicated.
However, nowadays, if patients have an active cardiac device
that
is MR Conditional, they can undergo MRI when needed [2],”
says
Amit Patel, MD, Director of Cardiac MR and CT at the University
of
Chicago Medicine.”
And the need definitely exists. It has been estimated that due
the
increased prevalence of cardiac implants and the increased use
of
MRI, there is a 50-75% probability that a patient with a
pacemaker
will need an MRI at some point during their life [3].
“Because pacemakers were contraindicated for MRI for many
years, I think that a lot of referring physicians may not yet
be
aware that modern-day MR Conditional active cardiac devices
allow patients to undergo MR procedures. So it's partly an
educational process to get the general acceptance of
patients
with MR Conditional cardiac devices,” says Dr. Frank
Shellock,
PhD, an expert in MR safety.
What are potential risks of active cardiac devices in MRI?
“Pacemakers and ICDs are complex, electrically active
cardiac devices which may interact with the magnetic and
electromagnetic fields of an MRI system in different ways.
There
are basically three main risks,” says Torsten Sommer, MD,
Director
of the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
of
the German Red Cross Hospital in Neuwied.
“First, the active cardiac device can not differentiate
intrinsic heart
activity of a patient from pulsed electromagnetic fields of
the
MRI system. As a consequence, MR scanning may block or
inhibit
cardiac pacing which may be harmful or even fatal for
pacemaker-
dependent patients.”
“Second, heating of the device leads due to interaction with
the
radiofrequency (RF) field used in MRI can lead to thermal
tissue
damage in the heart muscle and irreversible pacing capture
threshold increases. The third risk is that the gradient fields
used in
MRI may induce voltage pulses in the leads that can induce
severe
cardiac arrhythmias.”
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“An MR Conditional item has demonstrated safety in the MR
environment within defined conditions [1]”
“Understanding of and compliance with the conditions of use for
the specific pacemaker system are essential for patient safety”
How safe are MR Conditional cardiac implanted devices?
Since the first regulatory approvals in 2008, MR Conditional
pacemaker systems have been offered by cardiac device
manufacturers. These systems, composed of a pacemaker pulse
generator and leads, are tested for MR examination under
certain
specified conditions.
“Understanding of and compliance with the conditions of use
for
the specific pacemaker system are essential for patient safety,”
says
Dr. Sommer. “These conditions include limitation of MR
parameters
such as the specific absorption rate (SAR), the maximum
slope/
amplitude and the maximum slew rate of the gradient fields.
These
parameters determine the amount of lead heating induced by
the
RF fields and the amount of voltage induction in the leads
induced
by the gradient fields. So, surveillance and limitation are
critical.”
Robert Kowal, MD, chief medical officer for the Cardiac Rhythm
and
Heart Failure division at Medtronic, a company that produces
MR
Conditional implants, explains how low-power pacemakers as
well
as high-power ICDs were modified to make MR Conditional
models
of such devices. “The ferromagnetic material was reduced, and
the
mechanical switch was replaced with a sensor. In addition,
filters
have been added so that the pulsed electromagnetic MRI fields
will
not interfere with device functions or induce voltages high
enough
to stimulate the heart. Finally, the implanted device
software
includes dedicated protective modes for MR imaging.”
Computer modeling and randomized clinical trials have been
used
to assess the safety of Medtronic MR Conditional active
cardiac
devices for full-body MR scans [4,5]. Also for imaging the
heart
itself safety has been established for MRI scans under
specific
conditions of patients with an MR Conditional pacemaker [6].
It
is shown that acquisition of diagnostic-quality cardiac images
is
possible in the presence of an MR Conditional implant in the
vast
majority of patients [7,8].
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Routine procedure in some hospitals
“It’s absolutely crucial for physicians to understand that
many
patients now have cardiac devices that are MR Conditional.
This
means that MRI scanning is possible, but special conditions
have
to be fulfilled,” says Dr Sommer.
“We are using a dedicated pathway with an established
cooperation with the cardiology department and are scanning
about 250 to 300 pacemaker and ICD patients a year. So, for
us it’s a quite familiar procedure which is fully integrated in
the
clinical workflow.”
Pacemaker patients can get MRI, but why not yet in every
hospital?
However, many centers appear reluctant to begin imaging
patients with MR Conditional cardiac implants. “One reason
for this is difficult accessibility of information about the
precise
conditions of use, which may vary greatly among different
device manufacturers. An even more important concern of many
radiologists is how to ensure that MR scanning is in
compliance
with the requested limitations of SAR values of the RF field
and
maximum gradient slope and slew rate of the gradient fields,”
says
Dr. Sommer.
“So, when patients with MR Conditional cardiac devices
contact
a radiology department for MRI, they may still experience
that
acceptance is low. And increasingly, patients are becoming
aware
of this discrepancy. A patient with an MR Conditional
pacemaker
may not understand, why he is still refused an MRI exam.”
Currently, these patients may have to contact a more
“specialized”
MRI center which is usually part of a larger tertiary
hospital.
“Patients with MR Conditional cardiac devices may still
experience that acceptance for MRI is low”
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“At many sites in the USA, the MRI technologist is responsible
for screening the patient, identifying an implant and looking up
the MR conditions”
Special preparations before MRI of patients with pacemakers
When a patient with an MR Conditional active cardiac implant
presents, the exact brand and type of the implanted device
must
first be determined. If the device is MR Conditional, then the
next
step is to retrieve the implant’s MR conditions that are
specified
by the implant manufacturer [9,10], for instance from the
implant manufacturer’s documentation or website.
Just before the MRI scan the implanted device is programmed
to
safe mode in the cardiology department and it is
reprogrammed
again after the MR exam. All scan sequences of the MRI exam
must to be set up to stay within the limits and conditions
specified by the implant vendor.
“We have a process in place that includes
electrophysiologists,
who are experts in these devices, and imaging physicians,
who are the experts in imaging,” says Dr. Patel. “Together
they
have set up a protocol and infrastructure so that the device
can be interrogated before and after the MRI and it can be
reprogrammed, as necessary, before and after. During the MRI
scan, an ACLS (Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support)
certified
person with some expertise in device programming needs to be
present to monitor the patient.”
“The screening procedure for patients with cardiac implants
can
differ between sites,” says Dr. Shellock. “At many sites in the
USA,
the MRI technologist or radiographer is responsible for
screening
the patient, identifying an implant and then also looking at
the
information to determine what the MR conditions are for that
particular implant or device. Technologists have the
experience
and are trained in MRI safety. There may be other MRI safety
trained individuals, including imaging nurses, MRI
technologist
aides, or assistants, who have been appropriately educated
and
trained enough to handle screening procedures as well.”
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“It’s particularly important to control the workflow before the
patient enters the MR suite”
“We manage to have almost no loss of machine time when scanning
pacemaker patients or ICD patients”
A well-designed pathway benefits an efficient process
Jürg Schwitter, MD, cardiologist at the University Hospital
of
Lausanne, Switzerland explains that a well-designed patient
trajectory is an essential element of providing an MRI service
for
patients with MR Conditional cardiac implants.
“We established a pathway that we have been using for two or
three years now. It is particularly important to control the
workflow
before the patient enters the MR suite. Our pathway helps us
avoid waiting time at the machine and makes the
technologists
feel comfortable. As we do a lot of cardiac MR in the same
unit,
there is always a cardiologist around that they can consult. I
think
it's also important to emphasize the cost-effectiveness of
our
pathway: we manage to have almost no loss of machine time,
when scanning pacemaker patients or ICD patients.”
First step is finding out which device the patient has
MRI of a patient with an MR Conditional cardiac implant
needs
to be performed under the MR conditions specified for that
particular implant. So, the first step is determining what
exactly is
implanted in the patient.
“To properly determine the particular type of implant that's
present, is definitely one of the challenges that are faced
during the screening procedure,” says Dr. Shellock. “We need
to know if it is a standard pacemaker or one of the
specialized
MR Conditional cardiac devices, such as an MR Conditional
pacemaker [9,10].”
“Most of our patients carry a pacemaker card or implant
card,
which facilitates the process of finding MR conditions,” says
Dr.
Sommer. “A pacemaker card provides important information,
including the manufacturer, the model name and number of the
pacemaker itself and the leads. With this information we can
contact the manufacturer’s hotline or website to find the MR
conditions.”
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“When we understand that the patient has a cardiac device, we
send this patient to cardiology to check what device the patient
has”
Cardiologists can often directly identify an implant
“When the patient is referred by the cardiologist who
implanted
the cardiac device, the cardiologist can provide specific
information
about the type of implant. Sometimes though, additional work
needs to be done to identify the specific type of make and
model
of the implant that's present in the patient, such as reviewing
the
operative notes of the implantation procedure,” says Dr.
Shellock.
“In our hospital, the workflow usually starts with a phone call
from
the patient or the referring physician to our department,”
explains
Dr. Sommer. “When we understand that the patient has a
cardiac
device, we send this patient to cardiology to check what device
the
patient has, and to learn if there are abandoned leads,
additional
cardiac electrodes or other electrophysiological conditions
such
as lead defects, low battery status or increased pacing
capture
thresholds which might be a problem.”
“From the perspective of a cardiologist, establishing the
identity
of an implant can sometimes be more direct,” says Dr. Patel.
“Most
electrophysiology clinics will have each of the different
device
manufacturers’ programmers there, and you can just place the
programmer over the chest wall and see if it recognizes the
device.
There are only a few different manufacturers that would account
for
the bulk of the patients.”
“I think it may be more challenging for an imaging physician
to
figure out. But I think one of the key messages is that this: if
you’re
going to image these patients, it should be done in
collaboration
with an electrophysiology group of some sort.”
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Pathway for MRI of pacemaker/ICD patients As used at the German
Red Cross Hospital, Neuwied, academic teaching Hospital of the
University of Bonn. Adapted from the German Roentgen Society
statement and the consensus paper of the German Cardiac Society and
the German Roentgen Society.
1 Verication of a complete and approved MR conditional pacemaker
system consisting of an MR conditional pacemaker generator and MR
conditional pacemaker leads
2 Verication of left or right pectoral implantation site of the
pacemaker system
3 Implantation time > 6 weeks
4 Electrically intact pacemaker leads
5 Pacing capture thresholds within the normal range
6 Sucient battery capacity based on the manufacturer's
specication
7 No additional cardiac leads (particularly no abandoned
pacemaker leads), no additional components such as lead adapters or
lead extensions
8 Exclusion of other cardiac implants, depending on the
manufacturer's specication
9 Written documentation by the attending cardiologist indicating
that the electrophysiological conditions of use of the device have
been fullled
1 Verication of the conditions of use with respect to design and
eld strength of the MR system
2 Verication of the conditions of use with respect to amplitude
and slew rate of the MR gradient system
3 Verication of the conditions of use with respect to the SAR
value of MR scans Whole-body vs. partial-body approval
4 Presence of other extra-cardiac implants that rule out MR
examination
5 Final written documentation by the attending physician
indicating that the MR-related conditions of use of the pacemaker
have been fullled.
Radiology- Conrming that device programming was
done before scan
- If necessary modication of MR sequence parameter to comply
with the conditions of use (such as SAR value and gradient
strength)
- Continuous monitoring with pulse oximetry
- Emergency equipment available
- In case of ICD, cardiologist present during MRI or in low risk
constellations available on an emergency stand-by basis
1Cardiology
Review if PM/ICD-related conditions of use are met
CardiologyIdentication of a complete MR Conditional PM/ICD
system by:
- PM/ICD interrogation
- If necessary, review of the medical record of the center
performing the device implantation
- In cases of doubt x-ray of the chest are performed
2Radiology
Review if MRI-related conditions of use are met
4Cardiology
Device programming before scan
6Cardiology
Device reprogramming after scan
5Radiology
MRI scanning within conditions of use
3Radiology
Decision to perform MRI if conditions are met
Radiology- Verication that MRI is the
appropriate imaging method
- In case of a partial body approval of the device (e.g.
exclusion of the chest zone), verication whether the requested MR
imaging zone is within the approved anatomical borders
- informing the patient about the potential risks and obtaining
written informed consent
Checklist Cardiology
Checklist Radiology
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“It’s important to determine if the patient has a full MR
Conditional system”
“During the two to three years we have now used this procedure,
there was not a single complication.”
Accessing specific MRI conditions
Finding the MR conditions for the specific implant that a
patient
has is a key step before performing the MRI exam, emphasizes
Dr. Shellock. “For example, some MR Conditional, active
cardiac
devices may have designated conditions that state a field
strength
1.5 Tesla, only. Another condition that is usually specified is
a
maximum SAR value that may not be exceeded during the MRI
scan. This information is important to manage those patients
properly in order to meet the conditions for a particular
cardiac
device.”
Dr. Sommer says that establishing the scanning conditions
for
implants can sometimes be a challenge “It’s important to
determine
if the patient’s full system is MR Conditional. That is not
so
straightforward, because a pacemaker consists of the
implantable
pulse generator (IPG) and the electrodes. And it's necessary
that all
of those are MR Conditional and also that the combination of
them
is MR Conditional.”
“In radiology we check the exact MR conditions for the
implant,
because not all MR Conditional devices are cleared for full
body
MRI. With some devices with only partial body approval it’s
allowed
to scan the head and below the hips. So, basically, radiology
and
cardiology together have to make sure that the conditions that
have
to be met are clear,” says Dr. Sommer. “This information is
essential
to manage these patients properly and to meet the conditions for
a
particular cardiac device.”
Dr. Shellock created and maintains the MRIsafety.com website
that provides a lot of information. “We work quite closely
with
the device manufacturers and encourage them to provide the
required information, particularly the MR Conditional
statements
and the guidelines to follow. MRIsafety.com contains links to
many
manufacturer websites.”
Switching the MR Conditional device to scan mode
Dr. Schwitter’s institute in Switzerland schedules an
appointment
for the patient at the outpatient cardiology department 30 or
45
minutes before the MRI scan. “The patient goes to cardiology
to
switch the pacemaker to MR scan mode. After we performed the
MRI exam, we send the patient back to cardiology for activating
the
pacemaker program again.”
“There is a form that accompanies the patient, which the
cardiologist signs at after activating the safe scan mode, and
the
technologist signs when the scan is done without any
problems.
Then the patient goes back to cardiology, the MRI-safe mode
is
switched off, and the cardiologist signs again and sends the
form
back to our department. In this way we know that everything
was
okay.”
MRI of patients with an MR Conditional implant has become a
routine procedure at Dr. Schwitter’s institute. “We do this
quite
often, several times per week. During the two to three years
we have now used this procedure, there was not a single
complication [11].”
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“The MR conditions are basically a list of parameter values that
need to be met”
The MRI scan itself: how to meet the conditions
“If the device is MR Conditional, safe imaging is possible,
but
only when the implant’s MR conditions are fulfilled.
However,
even when you know the conditions, it can still be
challenging
to control these during the MRI imaging,” says Dr. Sommer.
“A
radiologist or technologist must know how to achieve that on
the
scanner and how to check that.”
“The MR conditions are basically a list of parameter values
that
need to be met,” says Dr. Shellock. “They first define the
static
magnetic field strength and frequency that are acceptable.
But
there are also limits for the SAR value and possibly
gradient
limitations (slew rate or dB/dt). That information is identified
and
confirmed prior to scanning the patient. It’s also necessary
to
determine if any special conditions must be met with regard
to
the type of transmit coil that's used.”
“MR users need to make sure that the particular conditions
can
be met. In the USA it is usually the MRI technologist who
has
to make sure that scanning parameters are properly selected
to meet the conditions for a particular cardiac device and, but
I
think it’s often a challenge on how exactly to do that.”
Dr. Sommer shares this view. “The radiologist or
technologist
has to know how to control that the implant’s MR conditions
are met, for instance SAR and gradient limits, and actually,
that
is not easy. I'm very glad that MRI companies are working on
the subject and offer a user interface such as Philips
ScanWise
Implant to make it easier for users to control the relevant
MR parameters for safe scanning of patients with these MRI
Conditional devices.”
Guided workflow to simplify scanning of patients with
implants
“I see MRI equipment manufacturers willing to help out and
becoming more of a partner with the MRI healthcare workers
with
regard to situations where implants are present,” says Dr.
Shellock.
“The Philips ScanWise user interface is a great tool.”
Philips has developed ScanWise Implant to simplify scanning
of
patients with MR Conditional implants. It guides the user
when
entering the implant’s conditional MR values. Values such as
maximum spatial gradient field, SAR, B1+rms, dB/dT or slew rate
can
be entered as specified by the implant vendor, without the
need
for side calculations. It provides a graphical representation of
the
area exceeding the maximum spatial gradient field value to
help
guide the MR operator to position the patient in the scanner’s
bore.
ScanWise Implant automatically applies these values for the
entire
examination. There is no need to check each individual
sequence.
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“It’s of great help that Philips ScanWise Implant offers a user
interface that makes it easy for the user to make the MRI scanner
meet the implant’s conditions.”
MRI of heart with MR Conditional ICD
A patient with an MR Conditional ICD and suspected myocarditis
presented for MRI. This short axis view of the heart is
created with an SSFP (steady state free precession) sequence on
a Philips Achieva 1.5T system. The cardiac MRI exam
reveals normal dimensions and regular function of the right and
left ventricle. Note the ICD lead in the right ventricle
(arrow) and the signal void in the left pectoral region,
indicating the ICD-IPG (asterisk). Courtesy of Dr. Sommer.
PLAY MOVIE
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Getting started involves three things
“In Germany information and education on performing MRI of
patients with active cardiac devices is available to those
who
look for it. The joint consensus paper of the German
Roentgen
Society and the German Cardiac Society provides physical
and electrophysiological background information and specific
recommendations for the management of patients with cardiac
devices, outlining the responsibilities of radiology and
cardiology
regarding patient education, indications, monitoring and
device
reprogramming,” says Dr. Sommer.
“In the end, I think three things are important for safe and
successful MR imaging of patients with active MR Conditional
cardiac devices. First, verification that the device is MR
Conditional
and knowing the exact conditions of use. Second,
establishing
a pathway for managing the patient in close collaboration
between radiology and cardiology. Then third is controlling
–
meaning monitoring and modifying if necessary – the safety-
relevant physical MR parameters to make sure that the
implant’s
conditions of use are met during MRI scanning. In this context
it’s
of great help that Philips ScanWise Implant offers a user
interface
that makes it easy for the user to make the MRI scanner meet
the
implant’s conditions.”
Are radiology departments ready?
With the increasing prevalence of implants in an aging
population,
and increasing demand for MRI in the same group, there will
increasingly be called upon imaging centers to be capable of
scanning this patient group. Opening up the possibilities
for
patients with MR Conditional implants in need of an MRI scan
requires educational initiatives for changing the perception
that
implanted cardiac devices are always a contraindication for
MRI.
Recognizing that a significant barrier for scanning MR
Conditional
device patients is the care pathway, Medtronic offers tools
and
training to assist hospitals, according to Dr. Kowal.
Facilitating
collaboration between cardiology and radiology, the company
assists in helping institutions implement a care pathway
that
works for that location.
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References
1 ASTM F2503-13, Standard Practice for Marking Medical Devices
and Other Items
for Safety in the Magnetic Resonance Environment, ASTM
International, West
Conshohocken, PA, 2013, www.astm.org*
2 Scanning patients with MR Conditional implants. Philips
FieldStrength;
December 2015.
http://www.philips.co.uk/healthcare/education-resources/
publications/fieldstrength/mri-and-mr-conditional-implants
3 Kalin R, Stanton MS. Current clinical issues for MRI scanning
of pacemaker and
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4 Gimbel JR, Bello D, Schmitt M, et al. Randomized trial of
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* When clicking this link you are leaving our website to access
external pages over which Philips has no control and does not
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8 Schwitter J, Kanal E, Schmitt M, Anselme F, Albert T, Hayes
DL, Bello D, Tóth A,
Chang Y, van Osch D, Sommer T. Impact of the Advisa MRI™ Pacing
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10 Shinbane J, Colletti P, Shellock FG. Magnetic resonance
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11. Luechinger R, Schwitter J, Bruder O. Protocol for
MR-conditional PMs or ICDs.
CMR-Update, 2nd ed. 2012, p38, Lausanne, Switzerland,
www.herz-mri.ch
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Fischbach K;
German Roentgen Society Statement on MR Imaging of Patients with
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Cardiac Pacemakers and
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators. Fortschr Röntgenstr
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www.astm.orghttp://www.philips.co.uk/healthcare/education-resources/publications/fieldstrength/mri-and-mr-conditional-implantshttp://www.philips.co.uk/healthcare/education-resources/publications/fieldstrength/mri-and-mr-conditional-implants
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implants ›
• Relaxed patients, reduced motion, improved productivity ›
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