How to assess European leave policies regarding their compliance with an ideal leave model By Helene Dearing Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU) Institute for Social Policy Presented at the 11th seminar of the International Network on Leave Policies and Research 18 September 2014
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How to assess European leave policies regarding their compliance with an ideal leave model By Helene Dearing Vienna University of Economics and Business.
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How to assess European leave policies regarding their compliance with an ideal leave model
By Helene DearingVienna University of Economics and Business (WU)
Institute for Social Policy
Presented at the 11th seminar of the International Network on Leave Policies and Research
18 September 2014
Definitions
Parental Leave
= maternity, paternity, parental and child care leave = “leave”
well-paid leave ≠ total leave (paid and unpaid)
Gender Equality in the Division of Labour
= men and women contribute equally to employment and family work, on average (Fraser (1997), Crompton (1999), Gornick and Meyers (2003))
Previous Literature
Policy Typologies:Haas (2003) & Wall (2007)
Fuzzy-Set Analysis:Haas and Rostgaard (2011) & Ciccia and Verloo (2012)
Composite Indicators:Gornick and Meyers (2003), Ray et al. (2010), Javornik (2014)
Motivation
Comparison with an ideal model because of……trend towards standardization …inverted U-shaped effects
of compliance (EGDL = „Equal Gender Division of Labour“)
Stage 2:• Sensitivity analysis with regard to assumptions
that cannot be based on empirical evidence
Empirical Literature I…with regard to the effects of leave on mothers’ employment:
1. The duration of total leave positively affects employment participation and working hours (inverted U-shaped effect)(Akgunduz and Plantenga (2012), Genre et al. (2010), Pettit and Hook (2005), Misra et al. (2011))
2. The duration of total leave negatively affects wages, occupational segregation and job-related training (Akgunduz and Plantenga (2012), Lalive and Zweimüller (2009), Puhani and Sonderhof (2011))
3. The duration of paid leave negatively affects return to work(Grunow et al. (2011), Ronsen and Sunström (2002), Ondrich et al. (2003), Lalive and Zweimüller (2009) Bergemann and Riphahn (2011)Pronzato (2009), Lapuerta et al. (2011))
Empirical Literature II
…with regard to the effects of leave on fathers’ family work:
1. Introduction of a fathers’ quota positively affects their parental leave take-up(Duvander and Johansson (2012), Ekberg et al. (2013))
2. Provision of payments positively affects fathers’ parental leave take-up(Pull and Vogt (2010), Lapuerta et al. (2011))
Data
• Annual report of the Leave Network (Moss 2013)
• Focus on 27 European countries
• Variables of interest:– Duration of total leave (paid and unpaid)– Duration of well-paid leave (paid at above 66% of average income)– Share of well-paid leave reserved for fathers
Index on duration of total leave I
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Index capturing the effect of total leave duration on the gender division of labour
Total leave duration in months
"Moderate" duration of leave(= 14 months)
Maximal duration of leave (= 49 months)
Minimalduration of leave (= 0 months)
Index on duration of total leave IISource: Author’s analysis based on data provided by Moss (2013)
Switzerland
Denmark
Luxembourg
SloveniaItaly
Netherlands
Iceland IrelandSweden
GreeceUK
Austria
NorwayBelgium
Czech Rep.
France
Germany
Portugal
Russia
Slovakia
Spain
Hungary EstoniaLithuania
CroatiaFinland
Poland0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Index values
European Countries
Index based on the duration of total leave
Index on duration of well-paid leaveSource: Author’s analysis based on data provided by Moss (2013)
Slovakia
UK
AustriaLuxembourg
Russia
Netherlands
SwitzerlandBelgium
ItalyFrance
Spain
Croatia
Greece
Ireland
Portugal
Iceland
FinlandDenmark
Slovenia Poland
NorwaySweden
Germany
Estonia
Czech Rep. Hungary
Lithuania0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Index values
European countries
Index based on the duration of well-paid leave
Index on fathers’ leaveSource: Author’s analysis based on data provided by Moss (2013)
AustriaCroatia
GreeceIreland
ItalyLuxembourg
NetherlandsRussia SlovakiaSwitzerland Czech Rep.
HungaryEstonia
LithuaniaPoland
Slovenia
Denmark
Spain
FranceBelgium
GermanySweden
Finland Norway
Portugal
CroatiaIceland
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Index values
European countries
Index based on the share of well-paid leave reserved for fathers
Baseline EGDL indicator
Baseline EGDL indicator =(index of total leave
+ index of well-paid leave+ index of fathers’ leave)
/ 3
EGDL indicator values range between 0 and 1 for each country
….indicating the compliance with the ideal leave model
Baseline EGDL indicator
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Index accounting for share reserved for the father
Index accounting for duration of well-paid leave
Index accounting for duration of total leave
mediumvery low low high
Baseline EGDL indicator
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Index accounting for share reserved for the father
Index accounting for duration of well-paid leave
Index accounting for duration of total leave
mediumvery low low high
Baseline EGDL indicator
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
Index accounting for share reserved for the father
Index accounting for duration of well-paid leave
Index accounting for duration of total leave
mediumvery low low high
Baseline EGDL indicator
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Index accounting for share reserved for the father
Index accounting for duration of well-paid leave
Index accounting for duration of total leave
mediumvery low low high
Baseline EGDL indicator
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Index accounting for share reserved for the father
Index accounting for duration of well-paid leave
Index accounting for duration of total leave
mediumvery low low high
Baseline EGDL indicator
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Index accounting for share reserved for the father
Index accounting for duration of well-paid leave
Index accounting for duration of total leave
mediumvery low low high
Methodological Approach
Stage 1:• Define ideal leave model: 14 months of well-paid
leave, half reserved for fathers• Develop EGDL indicator that measures degree of
compliance (EGDL = „Equal Gender Division of Labour“)
Stage 2:• Sensitivity analysis with regard to different
assumptions
Sensitivity Analysis I
….regarding the assumption of an ideal duration of 14 months of leave
Assuming 12 months as ideal:• Changes little in group composition• Denmark moves up to high EGDL scoring countries
Assuming 16 months as ideal:• Changes little in group composition
Sensitivity Analysis II
Mother-centred EGDL indicator =( 2 (index of total leave * index of well-paid leave)
+ index of fathers’ leave)/ 3
…assumes that it is most important to combine total leave with payments
Sensitivity Analysis II
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
DUR = 5DUR =…
DUR =…DUR =…
DUR =…
DUR =…
DUR =…
DUR =…
DUR =…
Duration of well-paid leave
Values of combined
index
Duration of total leave
Index capturing the effects of a combination of total and well-paid leave
The mother-centred EGDL indicator
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Index accounting for the share reserved for the father
Index accounting for the combination of the durationof total and well-paid leave
highlowvery low medium
The mother-centred EGDL indicator
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Index accounting for the share reserved for the father
Index accounting for the combination of the durationof total and well-paid leave
highlowvery low medium
The mother-centred EGDL indicator
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00Mother-centred EGDL indicator, broken down into single indices
Index accounting for the share reserved for the father
Index accounting for the combination of the durationof total and well-paid leave
highlowvery low medium
The baseline EGDL indicator
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00Baseline EGDL indicator, broken down into single indices
Index accounting for share reserved for the father
Index accounting for duration of well-paid leave
Index accounting for duration of total leave
mediumvery low low high
Sensitivity Analysis III
Father-centred EGDL indicator =(index of total leave + index of well-paid leave)
+ 2 (index of fathers’ leave))/ 4
…assumes that it is most important to provide father’s quotas
Father-centred EGDL indicator
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Index accounting for share reserved for the father
Index accounting for duration of well-paid leave
Index accounting for duration of total leave
very low low highmedium
Father-centred EGDL indicator
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Index accounting for share reserved for the father
Index accounting for duration of well-paid leave
Index accounting for duration of total leave
very low low highmedium
Father-centred EGDL indicator
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Index accounting for share reserved for the father
Index accounting for duration of well-paid leave
Index accounting for duration of total leave
very low low highmedium
Father-centred EGDL indicator
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Index accounting for share reserved for the father
Index accounting for duration of well-paid leave
Index accounting for duration of total leave
very low low highmedium
Robustness of EGDL results
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
baseline EGDL scores
"opt = 12" EGDL scores
"opt = 16" EGDL scores
mother-centred EGDL scores
father-centred EGDL scores
Robustness of EGDL results
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
baseline EGDL scores
"opt = 12" EGDL scores
"opt = 16" EGDL scores
mother-centred EGDL scores
father-centred EGDL scores
Robustness of EGDL results
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
baseline EGDL scores
"opt = 12" EGDL scores
"opt = 16" EGDL scores
mother-centred EGDL scores
father-centred EGDL scores
Robustness of EGDL results
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
baseline EGDL scores
"opt = 12" EGDL scores
"opt = 16" EGDL scores
mother-centred EGDL scores
father-centred EGDL scores
Robustness of EGDL results
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
baseline EGDL scores
"opt = 12" EGDL scores
"opt = 16" EGDL scores
mother-centred EGDL scores
father-centred EGDL scores
Robustness of EGDL results
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
baseline EGDL scores
"opt = 12" EGDL scores
"opt = 16" EGDL scores
mother-centred EGDL scores
father-centred EGDL scores
Conclusions
• How to assess leave policies regarding their compliance with an ideal leave model?
• Possible as an assessment in two stages:– Stage one: defines ideal model and develops EGDL