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How The Earth Works
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How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Dec 14, 2015

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Alice West

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Page 1: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

How The Earth Works

Page 2: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.
Page 3: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

The Solid Earth

Page 4: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Earth Science• Geology– Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts– Many More Kinds of Materials– Preserves a History

• Meteorology – Climatology• Oceanography• Astronomy– Planetary Geology

Page 5: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Earth Systems

• External Effects (Astronomical)• Atmospheric Circulation• Oceanic Circulation• Hydrologic Cycle • Rock Cycle• Plate Tectonics

Page 6: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Earth Systems

Page 7: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Earth Systems

Page 8: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Earth Systems

Page 9: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Earth Systems

Page 10: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Earth Systems

Page 11: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Earth Systems

Page 12: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Earth Systems

Page 13: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Earth Systems

Page 14: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Convection

Page 15: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Earth and the Universe• Rotation (Day-Night)• Lunar (Tides)• Annual (Seasons)• Precession and Orbit Variations (Ice Ages?)• Galactic? (250 m.y. period)• Unpredictable Events– Nearby Supernovae– Meteor Impacts

• Long-Term Evolution of Sun

Page 16: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Atmospheric Circulation

Page 17: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

1905 Weather Map

Page 18: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Rotation Effects

Page 19: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Rotation Effects

Page 20: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Rotation Effects

Page 21: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Not a Manifestation of

the Coriolis Effect!

• Too small scale for the Coriolis Effect to be significant

Page 22: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Early Map of Gulf Stream

Page 23: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Surface Currents

Page 24: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Thermohaline Circulation

Page 25: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Hydrologic Cycle

Page 26: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Water• Principal Agent in Modifying Earth’s Surface• Medium for Storing and Distributing Global

Heat• The Universal Solvent– Essential for Life– Destructive to Rocks

• Lowers Melting Point of Rocks• Reduces Strength of Rocks Under Pressure

Page 27: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

The Rock Cycle

Page 28: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Plate Tectonics• Outer Crust of Earth Moves a Few cm/yr• Driven by Convection in Earth’s Interior• Accounts For:– Earthquakes– Volcanoes– Mountain-Building (Orogeny)

• Configuration of Continents

Page 29: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Plate Tectonics

Page 30: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Some Unique Aspects of Geology

Importance of Relationships• Sequential • Spatial Importance of TimeDistinctive Problems of Evidence• Slow Rates • Rare Events • Destruction of Evidence • Inaccessibility

Page 31: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Some Geologic RatesCutting of Grand Canyon• 2 km/3 m.y. = 1 cm/15 yrUplift of Alps• 5 km/10 m.y. = 1 cm/20 yr.Opening of Atlantic• 5000 km/180 m.y. = 2.8 cm/yr.Uplift of White Mtns. (N.H.) Granites• 8 km/150 m.y. = 1 cm/190 yr.

Page 32: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Some Geologic RatesMovement of San Andreas Fault• 5 cm/yr = 7 m/140 yr.Growth of Mt. St. Helens• 3 km/30,000 yr = 10 cm/yr.Deposition of Niagara Dolomite• 100 m/ 1 m.y.? = 1 cm/100 yr.

Page 33: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Some Unique Aspects of Geology (Continued)

Reliance on Inference and DeductionIntrinsically "Unsolvable" Problems: Mostly

where Physical Evidence is Gone• Ancient Landscapes • Mass Extinctions • Ancient Ocean Basins

Page 34: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Scientific Principles in Geology

• Parsimony (K.I.S.S.): No ad hoc explanations• Superposition: Young processes overprint

older ones• Uniformitarianism: Continuity of Cause and

Effect

Using these, plus observation, we establish facts about Earth Processes

Page 35: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Superposition:Mindoro Cut,

Wisconsin

Page 36: How The Earth Works. The Solid Earth Earth Science Geology – Solid Earth Much Larger than Other Parts – Many More Kinds of Materials – Preserves a.

Geologic Map


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