How (Not) to Make Women Work? How (Not) to Make Women Work? Evidence from Transition Countries Karolina Goraus Joanna Tyrowicz Lucas van der Velde Faculty of Economic Sciences University of Warsaw Gender and the Labour Market Workshop ICID, UCW and SITES Rome, 12 October 2016
21
Embed
How (Not) to Make Women Work? Evidence from Transition Countries
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
How (Not) to Make Women Work?
How (Not) to Make Women Work?Evidence from Transition Countries
Karolina Goraus Joanna Tyrowicz Lucas van der Velde
Faculty of Economic SciencesUniversity of Warsaw
Gender and the Labour Market WorkshopICID, UCW and SITESRome, 12 October 2016
How (Not) to Make Women Work?
Outline
1 Motivation
2 Data
3 Results
4 Conclusions
How (Not) to Make Women Work?
Motivation
Motivation
Literature emhasized substatial drop of women’s employment ratesin the process of transition (Brainerd 2000, Hunt 2002, Blau andKahn 2003)
women men
How (Not) to Make Women Work?
Motivation
Questions
What factors stand behind those changes in women’semployment rates?
How the employment rates evolved for different cohorts/agegroups?
What was the evolution of (adjusted) gender gaps inemployment rates?
What was the role of the opportunity cost of working(increasing tertiary schooling attendance vs. decreasing accessto child care facilities)?
How (Not) to Make Women Work?
Data
Varius sources of micro-level data
National censuses (acquired from Integrated Public UseMicrodata Series International)
International Social Survey Program
Living Standard Measurement Surveys of The World Bank
2 Using gender gap estimates as explained variables, whereascountry-year characteristics as explanatory variables. Identifythe correlates (better yet: determinants) of the starkdifferentials in measured ∆A.
How (Not) to Make Women Work?
Results
Research method
Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973) decomposition
yM − yF = βM(xM − xF ) + (βM − βF )xF
Decomposition of Nopo
δ = δM + δX + δA + δF
δM - can be explained by differences between matched andunmatched malesδX - can be explained by differences in the distribution ofcharacteristics of males and females over the common supportδA - unexplained part of the gapδF - can be explained by differences between matched andunmatched females
How (Not) to Make Women Work?
Results
Adjusted gender employment gap - time patterns
Calendar years (1989=0)(1) (2)
Transition country -0.6100***(0.0708)
Time -0.0322*** -0.0240***(0.0092) (0.0039)
x transition country 0.0525*** 0.0375***(0.0103) (0.0047)
Time2 0.0004 0.0002(0.0003) (0.0001)
x transition country -0.0012*** -0.0007***(0.0004) (0.0002)
Constant 1.0595*** 0.4504***(0.1060) (0.0349)
Country F.E. No YesObservations 1,544 1,544R-squared 0.184 0.758
How (Not) to Make Women Work?
Results
Time trend shapes
How (Not) to Make Women Work?
Results
Adjusted gender employment gap - institutional factors
(1) (2) (3) (4)
ln GDP per capita -0.26***(0.04)
x transition 0.41***(0.03)
Persons with tertiary -0.69***in % of population (0.10)