How far have developments in home and family life since 1900
improved the lives of all women in Wales and England? [10]
How far have developments in home and family life since 1900
improved the lives of all women in Wales and England? L.OTo
evaluate the changing role and status of women since 1900.
By the end of this lesson...ALL OF US will be able to identify
how specific developments improved the lives of women and describe
them. (E-D)
EVEN BETTER IF you can explain how specific developments
improved the lives of women, and identify areas where life did not
improve. (C)
EXCELLENT IF you can give developed explanations as to how these
developments affected the lives of specific groups of women.
(B)
CHALLENGE: CAN YOU ANALYSE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THESE
DEVELOPMENTS IMPROVED THE LIVES OF WOMEN?
1HOW HAS THE ROLE OF WOMEN CHANGED SINCE 1900?Increased leisure
timeNHSDomestic technologyTraditional role of rich women.Changes in
family sizes1930s/ means testIncreased expectationsTraditional role
of poor women.New build houses Slum clearanceMarie StopesDescribe
the traditional role of women. (4 marks)4 marksMore detailed and
accurate description1-2 marksBrief overview, lacks detail.3-4
marksMore detailed and accurate descriptionTraditionally the role
of women was very much in the domestic sphere.
In more affluent families the woman would support her husband by
organising the staff at their home, supervising the education of
their children and organising social events to enhance the social
reputation of the husband.
In working class families it was often said that the womans day
was longer than the mans as their was a great deal of work to be
done at home to support the family including washing, cooking and
bringing up their children.3HOW DOES THE ROLE OF WOMEN CHANGE IN
THE 1930s?Many factory workers lost their jobs due to the Wall
Street Crash.Many women became the main breadwinners as they were
cheaper to employ as they had no union agreed terms of pay.To make
end meet many families survived on a diet of bread and margarine.
If there was not enough food to go around it was the women who went
without. Many grew prematurely old .To qualify for unemployment
benefits they had to go through the means test. Government
officials came to your home, checked the wages of every wage
earner, and made them sell off any unnecessary items.Only those who
were desperate qualified for these benefits.HOWEVERIn the affluent
South East, there was no desperation.
Period of slum clearance with better, more specious housing
being built.Many women had to rely on soup kitchens for food and
hand me down clothing for their families.YearBirth rate (Number of
births per thousand of the population per
year)190027191025192024193016194014195015196016197016198013Pregnancies
Infant death Rate/ Miscarriages in 19201st 11.9%2nd11.9%3rd
11.9%5th 27.3%10th 30.5%13th 40.0%17th 50.0%What does this table
suggest about family sizes in the twentieth century?What problems
does this table highlight?Why do you think the birth rate has
decreased?5
Marie StopesWROTE FIRST LITERATURE ADVISING PEOPLE ON BIRTH
CONTRIL, THAT WAS AVAILABLE TO WOMEN. THESE BOOKS WERE MARRIED LOVE
AND WISE PARENTHOODOPENED FIRST CLINIC TO ADVISE WOMEN ON THE USE
OF BIRTH CONTROL IN NORTH LONDON.IMPROVED THE HEALTH OF WOMEN.GAVE
WOMEN MORE CONTROL OVER THEIR BODIES AND LIVES BY GIVING THEM
INFORMATION ON THE OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO THEM.Explain how Marie
Stopes improved the lives of women. (6 marks)1-2 marksBrief
overview, or description.3-4 marksGives more than one reason.5-6
marksExplains three or more reasons.Explain how Marie Stopes
improved the lives of women. (6 marks)
The pill was introduced in the US in 1960 then was introduced
into the UK in 1961, but only to married women.Allows women more
control over their body and their reproductive cycle.In 1974 when
family planning clinics were allowed to prescribe single women with
the pill - a controversial decision at the time.The risk of breast
cancer increases with the length of use of the COC pill. How far
did developments in birth control have a significant impact upon
the lives of women? (8 marks)Oral contraceptive use is a highly
effective form of contraception. The use of the combined oral
contraceptive (COC) pill is associated with a significant reduction
in the incidence of ovarian and endometrial cancer. Gallstones
occur more frequently in oral contraceptive pill users. The risk of
breast cancer increases with the length of use of the COC pill.
Allowed women to decide to delay having a family to focus on
career.Led to decrease in abortions and decrease in family
sizes.How far did developments in birth control have a significant
impact upon the lives of women?(8 marks)1-2 marksBrief overview, or
description3-4 marksIdentifies significance but mostly
descriptive.Birth control has been an important and controversial
issue. Marie Stopes Married Love (1918) had won support for the use
of contraception by married couples; she argued for the careful
spacing of pregnancies which would be beneficial for the health of
both mother and child. In the face of much opposition, Stopes
opened her first birth-control clinic in London in 1921. In the
1930s, local authorities were allowed to provide information about
contraception. In the 1960s, the birth control pill became widely
available. This has led to the reduction in family sizes and helped
to improve the health of mother and child and has given parents
more choice, but with some potential health concerns.Developments
in birth control have been important because they have helped to
change views about women in employment. In 1952, the Ministry of
Labour argued that employers should employ people who were able and
willing to work whatever their age, including married women. Since
the 1960s, the pill has given women an added freedom of choice, so
that more women can now delay having their first child until they
are in their 30s, so that they can have a career as well as a
family.5-6 marksDeveloped explanation, balanced judgement with
counter argument.6 marksBrief overview, lacks reasoned
evaluation.7-8 marksDeveloped evaluation, with balance.9How far did
developments in birth control have a significant impact upon the
lives of women?(8 marks)1-2 marksBrief overview, or description3-4
marksIdentifies significance but mostly descriptive.Birth control
has been an important and controversial issue. Marie Stopes Married
Love (1918) had won support for the use of contraception by married
couples; she argued for the careful spacing of pregnancies which
would be beneficial for the health of both mother and child. In the
face of much opposition, Stopes opened her first birth-control
clinic in London in 1921, however, this was only one clinic in
London.In the 1930s, local authorities were allowed to provide
information about contraception but by 1937 only 25% of Local
Authorities had. In the 1960s, the birth control pill became widely
available. This has led to the reduction in family sizes and helped
to improve the health of mother and child and has given parents
more choice, but with some potential health concerns such as an
increased risk of breast cancer.Developments in birth control have
been important because they have helped to change views about women
in employment. In 1952, the Ministry of Labour argued that
employers should employ people who were able and willing to work
whatever their age, including married women. Since the 1960s, the
pill has given women an added freedom of choice, so that more women
can now delay having their first child until they are in their 30s,
so that they can have a career as well as a family, however there
were still clear attitudes held in society of the role of women as
home makers.5-6 marksDeveloped explanation, balanced judgement with
counter argument.8 marksBriefbalance evaluation..7-8 marksDeveloped
evaluation, with balance.10
Willaim BeveridgeAneurin Bevan
The Beveridge Report was presented by its author, Sir William
Beveridge, to the British parliament in November 1942. It provided
a summary of principles necessary to banish poverty and 'want' from
Britain - Beveridge's mantra throughout the report was 'Abolition
of want'.'Now, when the war is abolishing landmarks of every kind,
is the opportunity for using experience in a clear field. A
revolutionary moment in the world's history is a time for
revolutions, not for patching.'The National Insurance Act created
the structure of the Welfare State and after the passing of the
National Health Service Act in 1948, people in Britain were
provided with free diagnosis and treatment of illness, at home or
in hospital, as well as dental and ophthalmic services. As Minister
of Health, Aneurin Bevan was now in charge of 2,688 hospitals in
England and Wales.
1946 Parliament passed the revolutionary National Insurance Act.
It instituted a comprehensive state health service, effective from
5th July 1948. The Act provided for compulsory contributions for
unemployment, sickness, maternity and widows' benefits and old age
pensions from employers and employees, with the government funding
the balance.
Created welfare state, to tackle poverty.Led to Statutory
Maternity pay for womenLed to free prescriptions on NHSState
pension for older women.All workers now had to pay a percentage of
their wage as National Insurance. This was used to pay for all
these benefits.Introduction of Family Allowances in 1945 to support
second and subsequent children. (encourage population growth)In
1945 the Family Allowance Act was passed. As passed, the Act
empowered the Minister of National Insurance to pay an allowance of
five shillings per week for each child in a family other than the
eldest; later Acts increased this sum. In 1946 Family Allowances
were paid out to 2.5 million families. This meant that for the
first time working class women did not have to worry about going
without. In 1975 Family Allowances were replaced by Child
Benefit.
How does the NHS benefit women?Many working class women had
never had access to qualified medical professionals before as they
had to pay. Many men had health insurance through their jobs, but
this did not extend to their families.Guaranteed Maternity care
pre-natal and ante-natal care. This made having children safer for
the parent and the child.Child welfare clinics to improve health of
familyLed to longer, healthier lives.Free screening for cancers
such as cervical and breast.
Slum ClearanceThe Slum Clearance programs of the 1940s and 1950s
knocked down many of the old, run-down terraces that had been built
during the Victorian period. They were replaced with new houses,
often built on large housing estates, or pre-fabricated houses that
were built quickly and cheaply. Other people were not so lucky and
ended up in high-rise tower blocks where people lost their sense of
identity.These new houses all had new amenities as well, such as
piped gas, piped water and central heating, all of which came with
the added responsibility of increased bills and higher
rents.Explain why the lives of women at home in the twentieth
century were changed by government legislation. (6 marks)1-2
marksBrief overview, or description.3-4 marksGives more than one
reason.5-6 marksExplains three or more reasons.Their lives got
better because they got more money and free health care.Discusses
aspects of the Welfare State such as NHS, Family Allowances, or
National Insurance.Discusses all aspects of the Welfare State
including NHS, Family Allowances, or National Insurance. (May also
throw in however about introduction of Means Test in 1930s)Explain
how labour saving devices changed the lives of women. (6
marks)HOWEVERHousehold gadgets have reduced the time needed to do
housework but they have also raised peoples expectations of women
e.g. higher standards of cleanliness, more possessions to look
after. Women are now expected to keep their families better
clothed, better-housed, better fed and generally happier as well as
earning extra money, keeping the family accounts.Labour saving
devices such as the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have
dramatically improved the lives of women in the home as they have
made the traditional household jobs done by women much easier.
Before the development of effective washing machines it could take
a day to wash the familys clothes using a mangle or hand scrubbing
them. Developments such as the fridge have meant that women had to
shop less often as food could be kept longer. Before this food went
off quickly and only rich families who could afford an ice room
could keep foods for a period of time.Explain why increased free
time has changed the lives of women in recent times. (6 marks)1-2
marksBrief overview, or description.3-4 marksGives more than one
reason.LEISURE/ FITNESSMAGAZINESWEBSITES5-6 marksExplains three or
more reasons.Explain why increased free time has changed the lives
of women in recent times. (6 marks)1-2 marksBrief overview, or
description.3-4 marksGives more than one reason.5-6 marksExplains
three or more reasons.After the Second World War the government
embarked upon a huge leisure centre building programme to help
rehabilitate injured soldiers. From the 1970s these leisure centres
increasingly offered yoga, aerobic and keep fit classes for women
to improve their health and therefore quality and longevity of
life. Since the 1980s there has been a huge market for home fitness
and workout videos to help women keep fit at home too.Pre WWII
there were 50 magazines aimed at women, all of which were geared
towards helping women in their domestic role. Examples include:
Women and Home, Good Housekeeping, and Womans Own. Since the 1970s
articles and magazines have moved beyond reinforcing the domestic
role of women focusing on recipes, fashion, health issues, careers
advice, divorce and abortion amongst other important
issues.Websites such as the BBC lifestyles page have changed the
lives of women as they have given women access to tips and guidance
on how to improve their quality of life in areas such as health,
leisure and advice on balancing family and work life.
Explain why increased free time has changed the lives of women
in recent times. (6 marks)1-2 marksBrief overview, or
description.3-4 marksGives more than one reason.5-6 marksExplains
three or more reasons.
4 minutes
3 minutesHow far have developments in home and family life since
1900 improved the lives of all women in Wales and England?
[12+3]Need to look at developments over the course of the
century.Have developments always improved the lives of women, if so
how?Explain impact on specific groups of women!What developments
have improved the lives of women and how?How have some developments
had a negative impact on the role of women?Increased leisure
timeNHSDomestic technologyAttitudes towards the role of womenFamily
sizes1930s/ means testIncreased expectationsAttitudes towards the
role of womenHow far have the lives of women changed?21How far have
developments in home and family life since 1900 improved the lives
of all women in Wales and England? [12+3]Paragraph on traditional
role and problems.Paragraph on how life changed in 1930s.Paragraph
on impact of welfare state.Paragraph on impact of developments in
family planning.Paragraph on labour saving devices/increased
leisure time.Balanced judgement: How much nave these developments
improved the lives of women?1-3 marksBrief comments
4-6Describes life in three periods of time.
7 marksExplains how life got better OR worse in three
periods.
8-9 marksBegins to give a balanced answer. However
statements.
10-12Balanced evaluation of how each development changed the
lives of women.22How far have developments in home and family life
since 1900 improved the lives of all women in Wales and England?
[12+3]Start (Traditional role)Thirties (better and worse)Universal
healthcareFree timeFamily planningJudgement!
20 minutes1-3 marksBrief comments
4-6Describes life in three periods of time.
7 marksExplains how life got better OR worse in three
periods.
8-9 marksBegins to give a balanced answer. However
statements.
10-12Balanced evaluation of how each development changed the
lives of women.23How far have developments in home and family life
since 1900 improved the lives of all women in Wales and England?
[12+3]Paragraph on how life changed in 1930s.In the 1930s family
life got worse for many women particularly in the north of England
due to the great depression which left many men who worked in
factories out of work. Due to this, many women struggled to make
ends meet by relying on soup kitchens and diets of margarine and
butter, often starving themselves to ensure that their children and
husbands ate which led to many women growing prematurely old.
However, for some women, particularly in the South East life
improved as there were huge slum clearance schemes with nice, airy
semi detached houses being built, also with an in crease in bank
holidays many got to go on holiday to the seaside.1-3 marksBrief
comments
4-6Describes life in three periods of time.
7 marksExplains how life got better OR worse in three
periods.
8-9 marksBegins to give a balanced answer. However
statements.
10-12Balanced evaluation of how each development changed the
lives of women.24How far have developments in home and family life
since 1900 improved the lives of all women in Wales and England?
[12+3]Start (Traditional role)Thirties (better and worse)Universal
healthcareFree timeFamily planningJudgement!
20 minutes1-3 marksBrief comments
4-6Describes life in three periods of time.
7 marksExplains how life got better OR worse in three
periods.
8-9 marksBegins to give a balanced answer. However
statements.
10-12Balanced evaluation of how each development changed the
lives of women.25