How can we Reduce the Carbon Emissions from our Church

Guidance on Energy Efficient Operation and Replacement of Plant and Equipment Deliverable D9 Carbon Management Programme

Church of England September 2008

Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 2 This guidance document ................................................................................................... 4

Churches ...................................................................................................................................... 5 How can we reduce the carbon emissions from our church? ........................................... 5 How much energy does a church use and how much carbon dioxide does this emit? .... 7 Where do we start? ......................................................................................................... 10 How do I calculate carbon dioxide emissions? ............................................................... 14 Energy walk-round checklist ........................................................................................... 15 What about renewable energy? ...................................................................................... 17 Further information.......................................................................................................... 18

Cathedrals .................................................................................................................................. 19 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 19 Energy and carbon dioxide emissions from cathedrals .................................................. 21 Creating an energy saving routine .................................................................................. 22 How do I calculate carbon dioxide emissions? ............................................................... 25 Energy walk-round checklist ........................................................................................... 26 Renewable energy .......................................................................................................... 28 Further information.......................................................................................................... 29 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 30

Clergy Homes ............................................................................................................................ 30 Energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions from a home ................................. 31 Parsonage Sustainable Energy Project .......................................................................... 33 How to reduce emissions from domestic properties ....................................................... 34 Good practice in domestic properties ............................................................................. 36 Tools and resources for the home occupier.................................................................... 37

Schools....................................................................................................................................... 38 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 38 Schools energy use and carbon dioxide emissions........................................................ 39 Guidance for schools ...................................................................................................... 41 Measuring the energy consumption of schools............................................................... 43 What is an energy efficient school? ................................................................................ 45 Renewable Energy......................................................................................................... 46 Further information.......................................................................................................... 47

Offices48 Reducing the carbon footprint of offices ......................................................................... 48 Where is energy consumed in a typical office?............................................................... 49 A plan for reducing the carbon footprint .......................................................................... 50 Further links:.................................................................................................................... 52

Appendices ................................................................................................................................ 53 Reading a meter.............................................................................................................. 53 Replacement/Maintenance of plant and equipment in Cathedrals and Churches.......... 57

Table of Contents

Kilowatt hours A unit of energy equal to the work done by a power of 1000 watts operating for one hour. Kilowatt hours are used to measure the amount of gas or electric that we are billed by the Utility companies. Carbon dioxide (CO2) The most important greenhouse gas. CO2 emissions result from the combustion of fuel, from land use changes (agricultural processes, deforestation etc) and from some industrial processes. CO2 emissions are limited by the Kyoto protocol. Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases are those which contribute to the greenhouse effect when present in the atmosphere. Six greenhouse gases are regulated by the Kyoto Protocol, as they are emitted in significant quantities by human activities and contribute to climate change. The six regulated gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Emissions of greenhouse gases are commonly converted into carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) based on their 100 year global warming potential. This allows a single figure for the total impact of all emissions sources to be produced in one standard unit. Conversion factors of greenhouse gas to CO2e are calculated by the IPCC and Defra publish guidance on which set of conversion factors to use. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) There are six main greenhouse gases which cause climate change and are limited by the Kyoto protocol. Each gas has a different global warming potential. For simplicity of reporting, the mass of each gas emitted is commonly translated into a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) amount so that the total impact from all sources can be summed to one figure. Carbon footprint The total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual or organisation, event or product. It should be expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). What is green electricity? Green electricity is generated by renewable energy; sun, wind, water, the heat of the earth and well managed forests. Usually “green” electricity is supplied to our homes and other buildings using the national grid by a utility company that charge for a “green” tariff. Care should be taken when considering “green” tariffs as they will be supplied on the basis of part of the electricity being generated by renewable sources. Some tariffs may also have other environmental benefits and some “green” tariffs will supply electricity that has been generated from 100% renewable sources. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) has announced that the calculating of greenhouse gas emissions from “Green” tariffs should now use the same conversion factor as the normal grid supplied electricity. For more information see the DEFRA website. Emissions conversion factor When calculating emissions from energy use it is common to know what quantity of energy was used, either in kWh or by volume or mass of input material. Emissions factors enable a conversion to be made from the input measure of energy to the amount of carbon dioxide emissions that will result. UK conversion factors for energy to CO2 are published by DEFRA.

Glossary

Carbon Offset An emissions reduction, commonly resulting from a project undertaken in the developing world, which has been sold to compensate for emissions elsewhere. Offsets are commonly used to net off corporate emissions so that an organisation can claim to be carbon neutral. See The Carbon Trust three stage approach to developing a robust offsetting strategy. Carbon neutral Commonly accepted terminology for something having net zero emissions (for example, an organisation or product). As the organisation or product will typically have caused some greenhouse gas emissions, it is usually necessary to use carbon offsets to achieve neutrality. Carbon offsets are emissions reductions that have been made elsewhere and which are then sold to the entity that seeks to reduce its impact. In order to become carbon neutral it is important to have a very accurate calculation of the amount of emissions which need to be offset – requiring calculation of a carbon footprint. Good practice A term used in this document to indicate a building that has a low annual energy consumption per square metre of floor area (kWh/m²). This benchmark (kWh/m²) is commonly used to compare buildings energy consumption performance. Good practice is defined as the top 10% of a given category of buildings that were surveyed to produce the benchmark figure. TRVs Thermostatic radiator valves are fitted to radiators or heat emitters to limit the flow of heat into a room. They are set manually to a desired temperature and will automatically sense when that temperature is reached and limit the flow of heat. Lamps Lamps are light bulbs and they are used in luminaires (light fittings) to produce light from electrical energy. Efficacy This is the measure of the amount of light emitted per watt (lumens per watt or lm/W) of electrical power consumed by a lamp. Together with the life expectancy of the lamp figures for efficacy can provide and indication of the efficiency of the lamp. CFLs Compact fluorescent Lamps are commonly used as an energy efficient replacement for traditional Tungsten lamps. CFLs are now produced with a range of efficacies, power ratings and are suitable for a range of fittings and uses. The U-value Thermal transmittance (i.e. the U-value) is a measure of how much heat will pass through one square metre of a structure when the air temperatures on either side differ by one degree. U-values are expressed in units of Watts per square metre per degree of temperature difference (W/m

2 deg C).

Whole life cost When considering the purchase of a new energy consuming appliance, piece of equipment or plant the purchaser should consider the other factors rather than just the initial cost. The whole life cost considers the initial cost, the cost in use (energy consumption costs) for its lifespan, maybe maintenance costs and then perhaps the disposal costs. This enables a fuller picture of cost of the appliance, piece of equipment or plant across its lifespan

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Managing and reducing energy consumption can have significant benefits for everyone. Reducing energy consumption reduces costs, releases funds to be spent in other areas and helps to reduce the volume of harmful greenhouse gases being released into the atmosphere.

Climate change is the greatest environmental challenge facing the world today. Rising global temperatures will bring changes in weather patterns, rising sea levels and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather. The effects will be felt in the UK; internationally there may be severe problems for people in regions that are particularly vulnerable. Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences. The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that human activity is “very likely” the primary driver of the observed changes in climate. The Church of England has an ongoing commitment to reduce the energy being consumed and the greenhouse gas emissions that are produced. In June 2006 the Church launched Shrinking the Footprint, a national strategic campaign led by the Bishop of London. This project aims to challenge and support the whole Church to shrink its carbon environmental footprint to 40% of current levels by 2050. Within the Church of England each diocese and parish has, or is in the process of developing, their own approach to tackling the issues of our climatic impact. Centrally this ongoing commitment has so far delivered the following projects:

• “Measuring our Footprint” – It undertook a national energy audit, which gathered information on the energy consumed from churches from across the nation.

• In 2007 it undertook the Carbon Trust’s Carbon Management Programme

• During 2008 “Greening the Spires” completed church and cathedral energy surveys

• And also in 2008 with the support of the Energy Saving Trust (EST) the Parsonage Sustainable Energy Project was completed.

Introduction

It has been calculated that the Church of England emits approximately 330,656 tonnes of carbon dioxide

(tCO2) per year.

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Carbon Management Programme The Carbon Trust Carbon Management Programme investigates all the possible sources of carbon dioxide emissions or other greenhouse gases from an organisation. The programme then works with the organisation to identify key areas where reductions in emissions can be achieved.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Source

Palaces - Gas0.3%

Palaces - Electricity0.3%

Cathedral - Gas1.8%

Cathedral - Electricity1.4% Church - Other fuel

0.0%

Offices - Electricity1.1%

Offices - Gas0.9%

Parsonage houses - Electricity

13.5%

Parsonage houses - Gas16.4%

Church - Oil7.3%

Church - Electricity17.2%

Church - Gas39.7%

For the Church of England a Carbon Footprint has been estimated that covers the carbon dioxide emissions from the 16,200 churches, 43 cathedrals, around 100 offices, and roughly 13,000 clergy homes and many other buildings. In 2006 – 2007 it has been estimated that the Church of England emitted over 330,000 tCO2.

Greening the Spires This project utilised Carbon Trust funding to carry out energy surveys at 24 Churches and 6 Cathedrals from 7 dioceses. At each site the opportunities for energy savings were investigated and estimations of the potential energy, carbon and financial savings were reported. The energy savings found during these investigations have been supplemented by reference and guidance documents to produce the church and cathedral guidance sections for reducing carbon emissions.

Parsonage Sustainable Energy Project It is estimated that the 13,000 clergy homes emit just around 99,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year. After churches this makes them the second largest contributor to the overall emissions of the Church of England.

The Parsonage Sustainable Energy Project was an investigation into the possibilities for energy efficient refurbishment for clergy homes. The project was undertaken by Marches Energy Agency and run with the help of the Energy Saving Trust and some project sponsors. It investigated insulation, high efficiency boilers, renewable energy and behaviour change to create energy and carbon dioxide savings.

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This guidance document This guidance document is aimed at people that are responsible or want to be responsible for energy consumption, the carbon footprint and/or the environmental impacts of a building. The sections can be used independently; they each present essential information and provide a simple plan and actions to get you started. This guidance document is split into sections for each of the major building types within the Church of England.

• Churches

• Cathedrals

• Clergy Homes

• Schools

• Offices

• Appendices – references are made to the detail in this section by this information

mark. o Reading your meter o Technical guidance table - Replacement/Maintenance of plant and equipment

in Churches and Cathedrals

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How can we reduce the carbon emissions from our church?

Carbon dioxide emissions from churches arise from a limited number of activities. Mainly emissions come from energy used when heating and lighting a church but at larger sites other activities like hot water generation, kitchen and catering activities and office energy use will also contribute. It should be noted that using energy, whether it is electrical energy or fossil fuels like gas, oil or coal, will result in the release of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. This guidance document sets out information that is aimed to help each church reduce its carbon dioxide emissions;

• Where is energy used?

• Where do emissions come from?

• A plan to create a routine of energy saving

• What about renewable energy?

• And where you could find further information? This guidance document will link to some further information on carbon emissions and energy, reading meters and conducting energy walk rounds and guidance that include technical detail on replacement and refurbishment of energy saving appliances and plant, an information sign will indicate that further information is available. The next page shows a list of the most important actions that can be undertaken to save energy and carbon dioxide emissions. The table includes:

• An indication of cost.

• The expected range of energy savings as a percentage.

• The cost savings from an average church.

Churches

The 16,200 churches are responsible for 65% of the total carbon dioxide emissions of the Church of

England

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Top actions to reduce a typical church’s carbon footprint The table below shows the typical energy saving actions that a church could undertake and the potential savings that these could achieve. More information on these actions can be found in the Church and Cathedral Guidance Table – found in the appendix of this document.

Description of action Capital cost £

Typical energy saving as a % of

the annual heating, electric

or total bill

Typical cost saving from heating or

electrical bill

Begin a routine of energy saving Low or no cost 5-15% total £280 total

Improve boiler controls £1-5,000 5-10%heat £300-1000heat

Insulate hot water pipes £10-30 per metre 5%heat £200-350heat

Install draught proofing £200 -£5,000 2.5-10%heat £50-700heat

Reducing heat loss associated with windows £250 -£1,000 1%heat £0-100heat

Replace lighting installation <£100 to £4,000 3-50%electric £15-800electric

Replace boiler £2-15,000 15-25%heat £200-1000heat

total = this is a total energy saving

electric= this is a saving from the electricity consumption heat = this is a saving from the heat consumption

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How much energy does a church use and how much carbon dioxide does this emit? The energy consumption of a church varies with size, age, heating type, weekly occupancy and the community use of the buildings. It is possible to compare the energy consumptions of churches using the benchmarks. Benchmarks are defined by investigating the actual energy consumption of a range of sites. This information is then compiled to indicate the energy consumed as a Normalised Performance Indicator (NPI). Typically this is the annual energy consumption per square metre of floor area (kWh/ m2 per year) and will represent buildings that are average performers (Typical Practice), the top 10% of performers (Good Practice). The table below shows the benchmarks established by the Chartered Institute of Building Service Engineers (CIBSE). CIBSE have compiled energy consumption and floor areas from a number of sites to compare churches by the amount of fossil fuel (this is most commonly natural gas) and electrical energy. The information is presented in the volume of kilowatt hours (kWh) they consume per square metre (m²) of floor area, or kWh/m².

Good practice

Typical operation

Fossil Fuel 80 kWh/m² 150 kWh/m²

Electricity 10 kWh/m² 20 kWh/m²

The typical operation benchmark is the average consumption of the sampled buildings. The Good Practice figures indicate what could be achieved if the church that is being operated efficiently.

An average church In 2008 a series of surveys were undertaken to outline the possible energy saving opportunities for the Church of England. The table below displays the average energy consumption, cost and carbon dioxide emissions, from the church energy surveys that were undertaken.

kWh Benchmark Cost £ Tonnes CO2

Fossil fuel 151,581 151 kWh/m² £4,244.27 29 tCO2

Electricity 17,339 35 kWh/m² £1,387.12 9 tCO2

Energy use within a church The charts below show the information collected during two of the energy surveys. Energy is consumed differently in each church and the charts show urban/suburban and rural church energy consumption. The rural church typically has lower energy consumption with the majority of energy used for heating and lighting the church and associated buildings. For the urban/suburban church the size, community centre, kitchen/café, office and longer hours of occupation mean the energy consumption is greater.

Fossil fuel energy used in churches, 43% of churches use natural gas and 21% use oil for heat energy.

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The averused by uapproximis approx

What arThe carbcreate a and urba

Comparinelectricity

Hea79

h

Heating62%

Hot Water7%
Rural churc
age energy consumption of all the rural churches surveyed is less than a tenth of that rban and suburban churches; the average energy consumption of a rural church is ately 13,000kWh and average energy consumption of an urban and suburban church imately 165,000kWh per year.

e the carbon dioxide emissions of a church? on dioxide emissions from the energy use of a building or site are usually combined to simple carbon footprint. Below are two example simple carbon footprints for the rural n/ suburban churches used above.

Lighting17%

ting%

Hot Water4% Lighting

20%

Heating53%

Hot Water6%

Kitchen8%

Small Power12%

Ventilation1%

h
Rural churc
g the charts we those on the pre contribute to a greater proportio

Lighting31%

Urban/Suburban church and community centre

vioun of

Urban/Suburban church and community centre

s page we can see that the activities using the carbon footprint of a building or site.

Lighting30%

Heating35%

Hot Water10%

Kitchen6%

Small Power18%

Ventilation1%

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The above chart showselectricity and gas use and creating footprints

The average carbon dioxide emissions from the surveyed churches

The average carbon dioxide emissions from the surveyed churches

Gas, 29tonnes

Electricity, 9tonnes

the proportion of carbon dioxide emissions that arise from the average of the churches surveyed. More information on carbon dioxide emissions can be found on page 14.

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Where do we start? Tackling the energy consumed in a building or series building requires lots of actions to be undertaken. The plan below shows these keys actions as a routine of energy saving.

More detail on these actions is contained on the following page.

A list of actions that will reduce emissions – actions could be

undertaken during housekeeping or part of an awareness campaign

Create awareness campaigns – ask others to help manage the way

energy is used, look for help to reduce emissions

Nominate someone to take responsibility of energy and CO2

Undertake energy walk-round – take meter reading

Work through energy checklist and identify …..

Create meter reading schedule and record book

Report on the progress made: • Newsletters. • To cathedral management. • Notice boards.

Create an energy policy - Integrate lower energy use and the quest to reduce emissions into the day to day running of the church

A low carbon replacement list - when will equipment be replaced

and would an energy efficient options cost extra?

Create carbon footprint and compare

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Putting a plan into action

• A routine of energy saving is a commitment to reducing energy consumption. Most likely you are already undertaking some if not lots of actions to manage and reduce energy consumption, i.e. using energy saving light bulbs, closing doors and turning things off. These actions should be incorporated into a plan that is carried out annually and incorporates elements that will tackle emissions from the building as a whole, see page 10. Below is some further information on the actions listed in the plan to help create a routine of energy saving.

• Nominate someone to be in charge of monitoring energy consumption and to take

responsibility of a programme of energy saving. This role may fit easily with the duties of the Church Warden or Parish Clergy but anyone that is interested could undertake this role. Once in place the first action that this person should undertake is to review the above plan undertake the actions.

• Meter reading schedule, meter readings should be undertaken regularly (monthly,

quarterly or at least annually) to monitor energy consumption, costs and help with emissions. Guidance on how to do this can be found in the appendix. Meter reading and recording energy consumption is an important part of Shrinking the Footprint. Energy information will help the Church of England measure its progress towards carbon dioxide emissions reduction.

• Create a carbon footprint, use meter readings to measure the amount of energy

(natural gas, electricity, oil, LPG etc) being used each year to construct a simple carbon footprint. Further guidance on how to create a carbon footprint see page 14.

• Energy walk-rounds are used to establish where energy is being used, to reduce wasteful practices and to establish which appliances, equipment or plant, will need replacing. An energy walk-round is a simple tour of inspection of a building or site. Armed with a checklist, you simply walk around the church and other buildings and make a systematic visual inspection of each room and circulation areas. An energy walk-round can be carried out as part of the Church’s Calendar or Care. The inspection should note down where:

• energy is being wasted (i.e. good housekeeping practices are not being followed)

• repair or maintenance work is needed (to reduce energy costs) • there is a need for capital investment (to improve energy efficiency)

By undertaking an energy walk round is possible to understand where energy is being used and how it can be reduced. The overall aim is to use this information to construct two separate lists:

• A list of actions that will reduce emissions (Good Housekeeping). • A low carbon replacement list (Repairs and Maintenance).

The energy walk-round checklist can be found on page 15 and 16.

A Good housekeeping list that will reduce emissions is a simple task list. The questions on the checklist will get you started. Once you have undertaken the energy

Each week 16,200 churches consume approximately £203,000 of electricity

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walk-round and completed the checklist you will be able to construct your Good Housekeeping list. A Low carbon replacement list, eventually it will be necessary to replace current appliances, equipment and plant (boilers, hot water heaters, air conditioning units). At this point the church should invest in new equipment, before doing this it should consider the energy efficiency and the longer term running costs of the equipment. Even if you have to pay more for the equipment the lower running costs usually payback on this extra investment. More information on these replacement options can be found in the appendix. Outcomes of the energy walk-rounds, including the good housekeeping and low carbon replacement lists, could be reviewed as part of the quinquennial inspections.

• Create awareness campaigns. Once you worked out how much energy you are using, where you are using energy and developed an action plan it is time to bring on board support. Creating energy awareness campaigns and other schemes will help you make progress and implement your action plan. Encourage others to take part and focus on the day to day things included in the checklist. Use the actions in the checklist to get you started but ask for people’s opinions and create awareness campaigns specific for your church.

The key to a good awareness campaign is to have a specific aim that you would like to achieve and to undertake the campaign for a fixed period of time, i.e. tackle heating during winter and reducing lighting during summer. Once complete replace the campaign and review your progress.

• Monitor success and report. Once your programme of energy saving is up and running it is important to keep track of your progress. Monitor meter readings and awareness campaigns and report on your progress;

• How effective is the awareness campaign? Do people like it? Has it achieved what was hoped? How effective have you been?

• How much energy are you using? • What are the emissions from this? • What is the cost?

A good place to do this would be on a notice board with a graphic display like a chart. A report could then be presented at the Annual Parish Meeting. For more information on monitoring, meter reading, and comparisons of performance look at See the appendix.

• Create an energy policy to integrate this focus on energy reduction and lower carbon dioxide emissions into the day to day running of the church.

The Church of England has committed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions to 40% of current levels by 2050. To achieve this it will require an ongoing commitment from all areas of the church. Integrating energy saving and managing your carbon dioxide emissions into the day to day working life of the church is key to encouraging ongoing progress. An ongoing commitment is normally set out in a policy or statement. Many churches and diocese already have these and there is more information available through the

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Shrinking the Footprint website, see links section on page 18. This policy or statement can then be displayed and referred to internally when decisions need to be made and externally by the public and other organisations.

Could you incorporate the themes of reducing energy consumption, reducing waste or pollution, global equality, social pressures due to changing environments into the weekly services? Could the parish be encouraged to think about their own carbon footprints? The goal would be to get the rest of the church involved and to help make the link between energy efficiency in the church, the carbon footprint, and the broader community. Perhaps you could begin this process by holding an extra PCC meeting or a special coffee morning to discuss the issues.

• Repeat Once completed repeat the cycle. Undertake another walk round and complete the checklist. Reflect on previous awareness campaigns and create new ones. Once you understand your energy consumption/carbon footprint and the options for energy saving perhaps you can set a target for energy reduction?

The following section gives further information on calculating a Carbon Footprint and contains an energy walk-round checklist to help get you started.

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How do I calculate carbon dioxide emissions? Once you know the amount of energy used, normally the annual consumption figures in kWh, calculating the carbon dioxide emissions is simple. Because carbon dioxide is released as fossil fuel is burnt it is possible to measure and calculate the volume of gas released for every kWh or litre of energy used. The table below shows a list of carbon dioxide levels, or conversion figures, for the main fuel types. These figures are revised regularly for government and posted on the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) website.

Calculating carbon dioxide emissions from your energy use, CO2 emissions by fuel type for the UK

kgCO2/kWh kgCO2/litre

Electricity 0.537 -

Natural Gas 0.185 -

Domestic Heating Oil 0.252 2.674

Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) 0.214 1.495

* conversion factors taken from DEFRA, 2008.

When considering action to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions it is important to consider the relative emissions from the different types of energy we use. Investigation has shown that approximately 43% of churches use Natural Gas and 21% use Domestic Heating Oil as their main heat source. If we compare the kgCO2 per kWh for these two fuel types we can see that the emissions per kWh of natural gas are roughly ¾ of the emissions of Domestic Heating Oil with emissions from electricity significantly higher then both of these.

Below is a worked example of calculating carbon dioxide emissions from typical energy consumption information.

Calculating carbon dioxide emissions from your energy use, a worked example

Units Energy consumed

multiplied by kgCO2/unit

*Total emission in

kgCO2

Electricity kWh 55,000 x 0.537 29,535

Natural Gas kWh 156,000 x 0.185 28,860

Heating Oil Litres 1500 x 2.674 4,011

Total 62,406

* for tonnes of carbon dioxide divide by 1000 The example shows that this site emits 62.4tCO2 per year. To confirm your carbon dioxide emission calculations you can visit the carbon trust carbon footprint calculating tool: www.carbontrust.co.uk/solutions/CarbonFootprinting/FootprintCalculators.htm When reading gas meters it is important to make a note of the unit of measurement on the meter. Some meters use cubic feet, others use cubic metres, conversion factors are listed on gas bills, more information on reading meters can be found in the appendix.

http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/solutions/CarbonFootprinting/FootprintCalculators.htm

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Energy walk-round checklist Date or Survey: Undertaken by: Begin by taking meter readings. Then move from room to room noting where energy saving actions are or are not being undertaken, make notes on the Good Housekeeping actions that could save energy.

Good housekeeping actions Yes? Church Other buildings Record meter readings (include units, kWh, litres, m³ etc)

List which building(s) the meter applies too

Lighting

Is lighting switched off when not required (subject to safety)?

Are time clocks for external lighting correct? Is outside lighting switched off whilst there is daylight?

Have windows and lights been cleaned?

Heat and Hot Water

Has the boiler or heating convectors or electric heaters been maintained/serviced?

Are curtains and blinds drawn at dusk? Are radiators (or other heat emitters) free from obstruction?

Is draught proofing intact and working? Are the time clock(s) on the heating controller set correctly?

Are electric hot water heaters switched off at the end of the day?

Is the hot water thermostat is set 60oC Are thermostats set to 16 to 18oC whilst the church is in use?

Is the church heating turned off or setback to 8oC whilst not in use?

Are radiator TRVs set correctly?

Kitchen actions

Are switch on/off times set correctly to minimise time unused?

Are fridge, freezer and dishwasher temperatures monitored?

Is electrical equipment switched off at the end of the day?

General actions

Is all electrical equipment switched off at the end of the day?

Are computers and I.T. appliances switched off when not in use?

Now construct your list of Good Housekeeping actions.

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Date or Survey: Undertaken by: Whilst looking at the Good Housekeeping actions that could save energy you should consider the appliances and plant and their replacement or maintenance. Are they low energy? How can low energy consumption be maintained? Could they be replaced with lower energy consuming versions?

Replacement/Maintenance Estimated

replacement date

Church Other buildings

Heating, check - • Boiler performance/reliability • Install/repair/replace boiler

controls • Install/repair/replace thermostats • Air filters on convection heaters • Install/replace pipe insulation •

Lighting, check - • Lighting levels, is it dull or bright,

are you using daylight? • Types of fittings and lamps, are

there any efficient versions available?

• Install/rearrange/reposition lighting controls

•

Other Electrical, check energy ratings of - • Computers • Printers • Photocopiers • Fridges • Freezers • Hot water urns •

General building: • Maintain door closing

mechanisms • Install/repair/replace draught

proofing • Install/top up insulation in

appropriate roof spaces • Repair dripping taps •

Other: • • • • • •

Once completed create a list of appliances and plant that need replacing and maintaining and investigate lower energy consuming options. For more information on replacement and maintenance see the appendix

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What about renewable energy? The renewable energy sources are:

• The Sun

• Wind

• Well managed forests (i.e. wood)

• Intrinsic heat of the Earth

• And movement of water

These resources can be harnessed by the following technologies:

• Solar photovoltaic panels for electricity and solar flat plate panels or evacuated tubes for heat collection

• Wind turbines at range of scales

• Burning wood in boilers for heat (i.e. biomass heat)

• Hydro turbines at a range of scales

• Ground source heat pumps for heating and cooling generation

The energy output from renewable technologies is dependant on the availability of renewable resources (e.g. sun, wind) and can be impacted by site specific constraints such as overshading, ground condition and building design. Because of this, it is not possible to find a single renewable technology solution that can be applied to all sites. Therefore selecting the appropriate renewable technology can be very complex. More information on the types of renewable energy and how to select the appropriate renewable technology can be found in the Renewable Energy Appraisal document. This report highlights the issues that need to be considered when assessing the technologies that are most suitable for any given site. The aim is to provide guidance to individual parishes that wish to install renewable energy technologies on their church so that they can make an informed decision and obtain the best cost benefits balance. It should be noted that energy efficiency improvements should be implemented before considering renewable energy technologies. Energy efficiency improvements in most instances provide a more cost effective way of saving CO2, and money than the renewable technologies

This diagram illustrates the amount of energy that can be saved by different types of action and the decreasing ease with which this energy can e saved. The top of the diagram displays the easy action of turning things off, the middle section looks to use energy more efficiently which may require some investment, the final section reflects the resources required to utilise renewable energy (RE) for the remaining energy or CO2 savings.

For more information on the use of renewable energy please see the links below.

Figure 0 Energy hierarchy

Reduce

Efficiency

RE

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Further information

Documents The Cathedral and Church Buildings Division hold two further supporting documents:

• Renewable Energy Appraisal • Research Report on Grant Funding Availability

Technical documents for places of worship:

• New Work in Historic Places of Worship, English Heritage, 2003. • Energy conservation in traditional buildings, English Heritage, 2008 • Heating your church, Bordass, W. and Bemrose, C. Church Care, 1996

- although this is focused on Parish Churches the description of heating systems and heat and humidity are useful when considering the appropriate systems for Cathedral.

Christians tackling environmental issues:

• How Many Light bulbs Does it Take To Change a Christian? Foster, C. and Shreeve, D Church House Publishing, 2007.

• Don't Stop at the Lights: Leading your church through a changing climate, Foster, C. and Shreeve, D. Church House Publishing, 2008.

Websites

Church Care website www.churchcare.co.uk Church maintenance and repair, Calendar of Care http://www.churchcare.co.uk/calendar.php Shrinking the Footprint To keep up to date on the developments with the Church of England’s progress towards reducing its carbon footprint www.shrinkingthefootprint.cofe.anglican.org/church40.php There are also a list of links and resources available on the following page www.shrinkingthefootprint.cofe.anglican.org/link_res.php Conversion factors for carbon dioxide emissions, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/envrp/conversion-factors.htm The Carbon Trust, publications page www.carbontrust.co.uk/publications

http://www.churchcare.co.uk/

Faber Maunsell 19

Introduction Energy, environmental issues and renewable energy are growing areas of concern and interest for us all. This includes those working to operate, maintain and protect cathedrals, as reflected in the Cathedral Fabric Commission’s Annual Report 2007. Cathedrals, although limited in the scope of refurbishment work that can be undertaken, represent a significant opportunity for saving energy and carbon dioxide emissions.

This document has been constructed to support cathedral staff that wish to begin a structured programme of energy saving. This guidance document aims to help you establish a plan to reduce the carbon footprint of the cathedral and give you some ideas about how you will go about it. This document consists of the following sections:

• Energy and carbon dioxide emissions from cathedral’s

• Creating an energy saving routine

• How do I calculate carbon dioxide emissions?

• Energy walk-round checklist

• Renewable energy

• Further information

This guidance document also links into further information on reading meters and technical information on the replacement of energy using equipment that may be useful when working to create a greater awareness with other cathedral staff.

The next page shows a list of the most important actions that can be undertaken to save energy and carbon dioxide emissions. The table includes:

• An indication of the capital cost.

• The expected range of energy savings as a percentage.

• An indication of the cost and carbon dioxide savings.

• And the years that the investment may take to pay back.

Cathedrals

In total the 43 cathedrals in the Church of England are estimated to emit over 10,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide (tCO2) a year. This is equivalent to the annual carbon dioxide emissions from over 1,800 average homes.

Faber Maunsell 20

The information contained in the table is based upon 6 cathedral energy surveys carried out in 2008. The cost and carbon dioxide savings are calculated using the average of the energy consumed at each of the sites visited.

Description Capital cost

Energy saving

%

Average annual cost

saving £

Average annual CO2

saving (tonnes)

Begin routine of energy saving^ None 5% total £1,850 total 12.5 total

Insulate hot water pipes

£10-30 per metre 3% heat £900 - £1,800 heat 4.2 heat

Install draught proofing £400-£1,500 2-9% heat £300 - £1700 heat 3 - 13 heat

Upgrade lighting controls Approx £1,000 1.5 – 30%

electric £250 – £5,700 electric 33 electric

Install efficient boiler controls £1,500-£4,000 5 – 10%

heat £900 - £1,800 heat 7 – 14 heat

Install energy efficient lighting

£1,500 - £100,000

5 – 50%

electric £950 - £9,500 electric 5.5 - 66 electric

Upgrade Boiler £10,000 - £100,000 10-15% heat £1,800 - £2,760 heat 14-21 heat

total = this is a total energy saving

electric= this is a saving from the electricity consumption heat = this is a saving from the heat consumption

Faber Maunsell 21

Energy and carbon dioxide emissions from cathedrals The energy consumption of different cathedrals can not be directly compared due to the variation in the size, heating systems, occupancy, lighting systems and the events held throughout the year. Therefore it is important for cathedral staff to record fossil fuel (generally natural gas) and electricity consumption monthly so that they can check performance against previous years. In 2008 a series of surveys were undertaken to outline the possible energy saving opportunities for the Church of England. The table below displays the average energy consumption, cost and carbon dioxide emissions from the cathedrals surveyed.

kWh Cost £ Tonnes CO2 Fossil fuel 740,000 £18,400 140 tCO2

Electricity 255,000 £19,000 110 tCO2

If lighting efficiency is improved at a cathedral as part of the scheduled lighting refurbishment it could create a

saving of over £3,500 a year with little or no extra initial financial outlay.

Carbon dioxide emissions from a cathedral The chart below shows an approximate breakdown of the carbon dioxide emissions from a cathedral. Although actual emissions may be different at each cathedral this chart gives an indication of the relative importance of each area of energy consumption.
The approximate split carbon dioxide emissions from a cathedral
Lighting31%

Heating36%

Hot Water9%

Kitchen6%

Small Power17%

Ventilation1%

Faber Maunsell 22

Creating an energy saving routine Tackling the energy consumed in a building or series building requires lots of actions to be undertaken. The plan below shows these keys actions as a routine of energy saving.

Putting a plan into action

• A routine of energy saving is a commitment to reducing energy consumption. Most likely you are already undertaking some if not lots of actions to manage and reduce energy consumption. These actions should be incorporated into a plan that is carried out annually. Below is some further information on the actions listed above.

• Nominate someone to be in charge of monitoring energy consumption and to take

responsibility of a programme of energy saving. • Meter reading schedule, meter readings should be undertaken regularly (monthly,

quarterly or at least annually) to monitor energy consumption, costs and help with emissions. Guidance on how to do this can be found in the appendix. Meter reading

A list of actions that will reduce emissions


Undertake energy walk-round – take meter reading and create…


Create awareness campaigns


Create an energy policy

A low carbon replacement list

Create carbon footprint

Faber Maunsell 23

and recording energy consumption is an important part of Shrinking the Footprint. Recording energy information will help the cathedral and the Church of England measure its progress towards carbon dioxide emissions reduction.

• Create carbon footprint, use meter readings to measure the amount of energy

(natural gas, electricity, oil, LPG etc) being used each year to construct a simple carbon footprint. Further guidance on how to create a carbon footprint is on page 25.

• Energy walk-rounds can be carried out as part of the normal cathedral maintenance programme. The energy walk-round checklist is an outline of the actions that need to be considered and can be used to inform any maintenance programmes already in operation. The inspection should consider the following principles where:

• energy is being wasted (i.e. good housekeeping practices are not being followed)

• repair or maintenance work is needed (to reduce energy costs) • there is a need for capital investment (to improve energy efficiency)

By incorporating the above energy saving criteria into your inspection work you can create an ongoing focus on the energy saving performance of the building. The overall aim of an energy focused inspection or walk-round is to construct two separate lists:

• A list of actions that will reduce emissions (Good Housekeeping). • A low carbon replacement list (Repairs and Maintenance).

The energy walk-round checklist is included on page 26.

A Good housekeeping list will help to you to create awareness raising campaigns that can be used to involve cathedral staff and visitors. The questions on the checklist on page XX will get you started. A Low carbon replacement list will help you plan investment to create energy savings and carbon dioxide emission reductions. When considering new appliances and plant it is important to consider the whole life cost (the annual energy consumption in use multiplied by the life span) as well as the initial investment. Studies into whole life costing have shown that higher capital investment for better performance usually produces long term energy savings. More information on replacement options, whole life costs and payback periods can be found in the appendix. It is especially important to consider the energy consumption performance of new appliances or plant before undertaking any programmes of works to the cathedral. Rewiring, installing new audio-visual systems and conducting lighting replacements are very important opportunities for reducing the energy consumption of a cathedral. Outcomes of the energy walk-rounds, including the good housekeeping and low carbon replacement lists, could be reviewed as part of the quinquennial inspections.

• Create awareness campaigns. Creating energy awareness campaigns and other schemes will help you gain support for your work. Commonly, the outcomes of awareness campaigns are shared with building users alongside key energy consumption costs or carbon dioxide emissions to demonstrate the importance of day

It is possible to make a 25% saving by creating a routine of energy saving and merely specifying the right energy

efficient equipment upon replacement

Faber Maunsell 24

to day actions like switching off lights in areas with adequate daylight. The actions on the energy walk-round checklist are a great place to start.

• Monitor success and report. Once your routine of energy saving is up and running it is important to keep track of your progress. Monitor meter readings and awareness campaigns and report on your progress;

• How effective is the awareness campaign? Do people like it? Has it achieved what was hoped? How effective have you been?

• How much energy are you using? • What are the emissions from this? • What is the cost?

• Create an energy policy to integrate energy and lower carbon dioxide emissions into the day to day running of the cathedral.

The Church of England has committed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions to 40% of current levels by 2050. To achieve this it will require an ongoing commitment from all areas of the Church. Integrating energy saving and managing carbon dioxide emissions into the day to day working life of the cathedral is key to encouraging ongoing progress. An ongoing commitment should be set out in a policy or statement that is agreed and endorsed by the staff and clergy involved with managing the cathedral. At this stage it may be useful to ask for comments from relevant cathedral stakeholders or outside consultants or architects. This policy or statement can then be displayed and referred to internally when decisions need to be made and externally by the public and other organisations.

• Repeat, once completed repeat the cycle. Undertake another walk round and complete the checklist. Reflect on previous awareness campaigns and create new ones. Once energy consumption and the carbon footprint of the cathedral is accepted and understood then consider setting a target for energy reduction?

The following section gives further information on calculating a Carbon Footprint and contains the Energy Walk-Round Checklist.

Faber Maunsell 25

How do I calculate carbon dioxide emissions? Use the annual energy consumption figures in kWh to calculate the carbon dioxide of the cathedral. Carbon dioxide is released as fossil fuel is burnt and it is possible to measure and calculate the volume of gas released for every kWh or litre of energy used. The table below shows a list of carbon dioxide levels, or conversion figures, for the main fuel types. These figures are revised regularly for government and posted on the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) website.


kgCO2/kWh kgCO2/kWh

Electricity 0.537 -

Natural Gas 0.185 -

Domestic Heating Oil 0.252 2.674



When considering actions to reduce carbon dioxide emissions it is important to consider the relative emissions from the different types of energy we use. If we compare the kgCO2 per kWh for natural gas and domestic heating oil we can see that the emissions per kWh of natural gas are roughly ¾ of the emissions of domestic heating oil, emissions from electricity are significantly higher then both of these.

Below is a worked example of calculating carbon dioxide emissions from typical energy consumption information.




*Total emission in

kgCO2


Natural Gas kWh 156,000 x 0.185 28,860


Total 62,406

* for tonnes of carbon dioxide divide by 1000 The example shows that this site emits 62.4tCO2 per year. To confirm your carbon dioxide emission calculations you can visit the carbon trust carbon footprint calculating tool: www.carbontrust.co.uk/solutions/CarbonFootprinting/FootprintCalculators.htm


Faber Maunsell 26

Energy walk-round checklist

Date or Survey: Undertaken by: Begin by taking meter readings. Then move from room to room noting where energy saving actions are or are not being undertaken. Make notes on the Good Housekeeping actions that could save energy.

Good Housekeeping actions Yes? Cathedral Other buildings Record meter readings (include units, kWh, litres, m³ etc)

List which building(s) the meter applies too

Lighting

Is lighting switched off when not required (subject to safety)?

Are time clocks for external lighting correct? Is outside lighting switched off whilst there is daylight?

Have windows and lights been cleaned?

Heat and Hot Water

Has the boiler or heating convectors or electric heaters been maintained/serviced?

Are curtains and blinds drawn at dusk? Are radiators (or other heat emitters) free from obstruction?

Is draught proofing intact and working? Are the time clock(s) on the heating controller set correctly?

Are electric hot water heaters switched off at the end of the day?

Is the hot water thermostat is set 60oC Are thermostats set to 16 to 18oC whilst the church is in use?

Is the church heating turned off or setback to 8oC whilst not in use?

Are radiator TRVs set correctly?

Kitchen actions

Are switch on/off times set correctly to minimise time unused?

Are fridge, freezer and dishwasher temperatures monitored?

Is electrical equipment switched off at the end of the day?

General actions

Is all electrical equipment switched off at the end of the day?

Are computers and I.T. appliances switched off when not in use?

Now construct your list of Good Housekeeping actions.

Faber Maunsell 27

Date or Survey: Undertaken by: Whilst looking at Good Housekeeping actions consider the appliances and plant and their replacement or maintenance. Are they low energy? How can low energy consumption be maintained? Could they be replaced with lower energy consuming versions?

Replacement/Maintenance Estimated

replacement date

Cathedral Other buildings

Heating, check - • Boiler performance/reliability • Install/repair/replace boiler

controls • Install/repair/replace thermostats • Air filters on convection heaters • Install/replace pipe insulation •

Lighting, check - • Lighting levels, are there areas

that could use better daylight? • Types of fittings and lamps, are

there any efficient versions available?

• Install/rearrange/reposition lighting controls

•

Other Electrical, check energy ratings of - • Computers • Printers • Photocopiers • Air conditioning systems • Over door heaters •

General building: • Maintain door closing

mechanisms • Install/repair/replace draught

proofing • Install/top up insulation in

appropriate roof spaces • Repair dripping taps •

Other: • Fridges • Freezers • Other kitchen equipment • Hot water urns • • •

Once completed create a list of appliances and plant that need replacing and maintaining and investigate lower energy consuming options. For more information on replacement and maintenance see the appendix

Faber Maunsell 28

Renewable energy The renewable energy sources are:

• The Sun

• Wind










The energy output from renewable technologies is dependant on the availability of renewable resources (e.g. sun, wind) and can be impacted by site specific constraints such as overshading, ground condition and building design. Because of this, it is not possible to find a single renewable technology solution that can be applied to all sites. Therefore selecting the appropriate renewable technology can be very complex. More information on the types of renewable energy and how to select the appropriate renewable technology can be found in the Renewable Energy Appraisal document. This report highlights the issues that need to be considered when assessing the technologies that are most suitable for any given site. The aim is to provide guidance to individual parishes that wish to install renewable energy technologies on their church so that they can make an informed decision and obtain the best cost benefits balance. It should be noted that energy efficiency improvements should be implemented before considering renewable energy technologies. Energy efficiency improvements in most instances provide a more cost effective way of saving CO2 and money than renewable technologies. Cathedrals, although historic buildings, may still be able to utilise renewable energy technologies but you should always consult the appropriate statutory bodies. For more information on the use of renewable energy please refer to the Renewable Energy Appraisal document, see below.

Faber Maunsell 29

Further information

Documents The Cathedral and Church Buildings Division hold two further supporting documents:


Technical documents for places of worship:

• New Work in Historic Places of Worship, English Heritage, 2003. • Energy conservation in traditional buildings, English Heritage, 2008 • Heating your church, Bordass, W. and Bemrose, C. Church Care, 1996

- although this is focused on Parish Churches the description of heating systems and heat and humidity are useful when considering the appropriate systems for Cathedral.




Websites Care of Cathedrals Rules 2006 www.cofe.anglican.org/about/cathandchurchbuild/cathedralsguidance English Cathedrals www.englishcathedrals.co.uk Church Care website – although not directly focused at Cathedrals there are some useful links and information available www.churchcare.co.uk Shrinking the Footprint To keep up to date on the developments with the Church of England’s progress towards reducing its carbon footprint www.shrinkingthefootprint.cofe.anglican.org/church40.php There are also a list of links and resources available on the following page www.shrinkingthefootprint.cofe.anglican.org/link_res.php Conversion factors for carbon dioxide emissions, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/envrp/conversion-factors.htm The Carbon Trust, publications page www.carbontrust.co.uk/publications

http://www.churchcare.co.uk/

Faber Maunsell 30

Introduction Clergy homes are estimated to contribute to almost a third of the total carbon footprint of the Church of England. The 13,000 homes emit around 100,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year.

The average household could save around 1.5 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) a year by making their home

energy efficient

Every year diocese surveyors inspect Clergy homes and implement renewal and refurbishment programmes. These programmes include filling cavity walls and insulating lofts, installing thermostats and thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs), and installing new boilers and double or secondary glazing as and when they can. Every five years Diocese surveyors are required to undertake a quinquennial inspection of church buildings. With changing energy efficiency requirements in sold, rented and bought properties surveyors are beginning to look at energy consumption more closely. Earlier in 2008 the Church of England worked in collaboration with the Energy Saving Trust, Marches Energy Agency and two dioceses to undertake a programme that would identify the potential energy savings that can be achieved through refurbishment of a range of types of clergy homes. This project was called the Parsonages Sustainable Energy Project.

This document This document provides information on energy saving actions for clergy homes aims. It is recognised that across the dioceses there is a lot of knowledge of such issues and that considerable work has already been undertaken. This document is aiming to draw together useful information for surveyors and the incumbent clergy living in them. It contains a guidance section that;

• covers the typical energy consumption in a home,

• covers the carbon dioxide emissions from a home,

• gives a summary of the Parsonages Sustainable Energy Project,

• lists the cost and carbon dioxide savings from a range of energy efficiency,

• and provides sources of information and links for the home occupier, Clergy and diocese surveyors.

Clergy Homes

Faber Maunsell 31

Energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions from a home Greenhouse gas emissions from a domestic building (home) arise from heating, hot water, lighting and other electrical consumption, see below. The total emissions from a household will be somewhere in the range of 4-8 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year, with the lower value being a home most likely built after 1995.

This chart scarbon footptypes of enecoal, petrol,– the UK getable belowtypes used

The rela

Electricity

Natural Ga

Gas/Diese

Liquid Pet

When consconsider thekgCO2 per kWh of natuelectricity si
Energy consumption of an average home built circa 1975 Cooking, 6%
Space heating, 44%

Water heating, 25%

Lights and appliances, 25%

hows where energy is used within a home. When we begin thinking about the rint of a building it is important to realise that we are considering the amount and rgy we use. Carbon dioxide is released from burning the fossil fuels (natural gas,

diesel, LPG etc) required to supply us with the heat, electrical and transport energy nerated 4.7% of its electricity from renewable sources in 2006, DEFRA 2008. The

show the relative carbon dioxide intensities of each of the most common energy in a home.

tive carbon dioxide emissions from each unit/volume of energy

kgCO2/kWh kgCO2/kWh

0.537 -

s 0.185 -

l oil 0.252 2.674

roleum Gas (LPG) 0.214 1.495


idering action to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions it is important to relative emissions from the different types of energy we use. If we compare the

kWh of Natural Gas and Domestic Heating Oil we can see that the emissions per ral gas are roughly ¾ of the emissions of Domestic Heating Oil with emissions from gnificantly higher then both of these.

In 2006 27% (149 million tonnes) of emissions came from the energy we use to heat, light and power our

homes.

Faber Maunsell 32

Below is a worked example of calculating carbon dioxide emissions from typical energy home.



multiplied by

kgCO2/unit

*Total emission in

kgCO2


Natural Gas kWh 30,000 x 0.185 5,550

Total 8,235

* for tonnes of carbon dioxide divide by 1000 The example shows that this site emits 8.2tCO2 per year. To confirm your carbon dioxide emission calculations you can visit the carbon trust carbon footprint calculating tool: http://actonco2.direct.gov.uk/index.html When reading gas meters it is important to make a note of the unit of measurement on the meter. Some meters use cubic feet, others use cubic metres, conversion factors are listed on gas bills, more information on reading meters can be found in the appendix. To confirm your carbon dioxide emission calculations you can visit the carbon trust carbon footprint calculating tool.

http://actonco2.direct.gov.uk/index.html

Faber Maunsell 33

Parsonage Sustainable Energy Project This project provided action focused achievable examples of how the Church of England can deliver low-carbon parsonages in a practical and cost effective manner. There is a great potential to improve the clergy housing stock and this project demonstrated, through a series of case studies, what is achievable around sustainable energy in the different types of parsonage housing and how it can be achieved.

The emissions caused by passenger cars, buses and mopeds and motorcycles accounted for a 16% (87 million

tonnes) of CO2 emissions in 2006

The project looked at the property types in 2 dioceses and selected 8 properties from 5 housing categories; post war housing, Hard to Treat, Inter-war, Post 1996 and one for an Eco-house upgrade. Below is a list of the outcomes of the project.

Outcomes • Six out of eight properties required loft insulation,

• Four required cavity walls to be filled

• Two required solid wall insulation.

• Heating controls were specified as well as draught proofing and new boilers.

• Energy efficient light bulbs were fitted throughout the properties.

• Post war properties have the greatest potential for energy and emissions saving at the least cost.

• Supplying information and guidance on energy efficiency and carbon dioxide reduction could help incumbents to reduce heating bills.

• There is an opportunity for recognised training on carbon dioxide emissions and climate change to be delivered to raise knowledge levels.

• There is a potential to review the procedures for the quinquennial survey to make them more rigorous with regard to managing carbon dioxide emissions from Clergy homes

• There is funding available from energy supplies and manufacturers for insulation, boilers and light bulbs. Using a bulk purchasing approach will help to attract this funding.

• The Parsonage Design Guide should be reviewed More information can be obtained by contacting the Cathedrals and Church Buildings Division, Church House.

Faber Maunsell 34

How to reduce emissions from domestic properties Reducing emissions from domestic properties is relatively simple. There are many no cost actions that should be undertaken initially to reduce energy consumption and then many easily available capital investments that can provide on going savings.

Ways to reduce energy consumption – no cost actions It is not possible to save when you are unsure how much you use – sounds obvious but very few people or organisations know how much energy they use and if that is more or less than the previous year. Therefore regularly reading meters is very important. Simply reading meters and keeping track of the amount of energy being consumed can help save money. If the occupier is conscious of the amount of energy being consumed they invariably become interested in undertaking actions to reduce energy use. Reading meters is also essential to build on the success of “measuring the footprint”. More information on reading meters can be found in the appendix. As the Church of England develops the Shrinking the Footprint it will depend upon the collection of energy consumption information from a variety of building types including Clergy homes to construct an ongoing picture of the emissions arising from the Church’s operations.. No cost actions for saving energy at home are well documented. From switching off lights to filling the kettle with enough water to make the tea or coffee required. The Energy Saving Trust 10 ways to save energy and help prevent climate change. is a good resource, see this link www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/what_can_i_do_today/getting_started

More guidance and information on how to save energy at home refer to the Marches Energy Agency Parsonages Sustainable Energy Project

Ways to reduce energy consumption – capital investment Within the Church of England replacement and refurbishment of Clergy homes will be undertaken by the Diocese. Previous work has shown that there is an opportunity to standardise the best options for replacement and refurbishment of clergy homes and also to continue sharing the knowledge gained from pervious work in each of the Dioceses. The Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT) - which came into effect on 1 April 2008 and will run until 2011 - is an obligation on energy suppliers to achieve targets for promoting reductions in carbon emissions in the household sector. Practically promotion means funding reduced price insulation and other energy saving measures. These can be purchased directly through Utility companies or indirectly through larger Council and Utility run energy efficiency schemes such as the British Gas Council Tax scheme. This and other national or regional funding scheme may help to support the work undertaken by the Dioceses to improve the energy performance of Clergy homes. Options to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from homes The table on the following page displays a list of the potential no cost actions and replacement and refurbishment options from homes. Beside each option the table displays the potential annual saving in terms of cost and carbon dioxide, these figures are calculated using the average figures from a three bedroom detached gas central heated property unless otherwise indicated. The table also give an indication of the potential cost of implementing each option. Please refer to the table to the right which explains the cost savings from different options.

Cost

No £0 Low <£100 Medium £100 - £1,000 High £1,000 - £5,000 Very high £5,000 - £12,500 very very high >£12,500

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/what_can_i_do_today/getting_started

Faber Maunsell 35

Table displaying the options to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from home

Savings £s kg CO2 Cost Wall insulation *

Install cavity wall insulation 70 464 Medium Install solid wall insulation (internal) 200 1376 High Install solid wall insulation (external) 220 1464 High

Loft insulation * Install loft insulation to 270mm 210 1419 Medium Top up your loft insulation to 270mm 60 389 Medium

Double glazing Install double glazing 40 265 High

Draught proofing * Fit draught proofing 10 97 Low

Floor insulation * Install floor insulation 30 173 Medium - High

Tanks and pipe insulation * Fit a hot water tank jacket 30 195 Low Insulate your primary pipe work 10 64 Low

Buy Energy saving recommended products Fridge freezer 30 142 Medium Upright/chest freezer 20 85 Medium Refrigerator 10 48 Medium Washing machines 10 45 Medium Dishwasher 20 90 Medium Integrated Digital Television 10 45 Medium Lo

w if

pur

chas

ed a

t re

plac

emen

t dat

e

Heating * Install a condensing boiler 80 562 High Install heating controls 90 619 Low

Fit energy saving light bulbs Fit energy saving light bulbs in your home 40 172 Low

Simple tips * Turn down your thermostat by 1°C 30 187 No Turn appliances off and avoid standby 30 133 No Wash your laundry at 30°C 10 45 No Only boil as much water as you need 10 29 No Always turn off your lights when you leave a room 10 23 No

Generate your own energy Install biomass * 180** 2880 Very high Ground source heat pumps ** 90** 1386 Very high Install a wind turbine 200 860 High - very high Install solar photovoltaics*** 400 1720 Very very high Install solar water heating**** 24 146 High

Assumptions * If replacing Gas central heating, savings will be higher if system is replacing electric or oil ** assuming a gas central heating consumption of 18,000kWh/year *** assuming a 5kWp system is installed **** assuming 2 m² of installed solar thermal area

Information taken from the Energy Saving Trust Checklist saving assumptions and the Church of England Renewable Energy Appraisal

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/











http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/calculator/assumptions/1

Faber Maunsell 36

Good practice in domestic properties

This is an Energy Saving Trust diagram that demonstrates the areas of energy loss and the areas for potential energy savings. Figures are indicative of the potential savings. The savings generated from individual energy saving measures will vary with property type, construction, heating fuel, occupancy and the energy saving measures already installed.

Faber Maunsell 37

Tools and resources for the home occupier

Energy Saving Trust website has lots of useful information • What can I do and how much would it save?

www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/calculator/checklist • Grants and Offers for the home occupier

www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/what_can_i_do_today/energy_saving_grants_and_offer

• What can I do today? www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/what_can_i_do_today




Information and links for surveyors The Cathedral and Church Buildings Division hold two further supporting documents:


More on government funding

• Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT) www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/household/supplier/

Technical documents:

• Energy conservation in traditional buildings, English Heritage, 2008 • Document - GPG 171 Domestic Energy Efficiency Primer. Provides a

useful breakdown of housing types and gives detailed descriptions of the potential energy efficiency measures that can be installed.

Websites Shrinking the Footprint To keep up to date on the developments with the Church of England’s progress towards reducing its carbon footprint www.shrinkingthefootprint.cofe.anglican.org/church40.php There are also a list of links and resources available on the following page www.shrinkingthefootprint.cofe.anglican.org/link_res.php Conversion factors for carbon dioxide emissions, Department for environment, food and rural affairs (DEFRA) www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/envrp/conversion-factors.htm

http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/household/supplier/

Faber Maunsell 38

Introduction

“Reducing energy use has many advantages for schools – it saves money, reduces carbon emissions (helping to combat climate change), improves the learning environment and can enhance a school’s reputation.” Carbon Trust, CTV019. The Church of England is involved in the operation of over 4,000 primary schools (25%) and 200 secondary schools (6%). Although the involvement for the Church of England varies between each school it is acknowledged that under Shrinking the Footprint the Church of England should begin to engage with schools on the issue of reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

UK schools release up to four million tonnes of carbon dioxide (tCO2) a year. 7% or 300,000 tonnes of these emissions could be saved through effective

energy management. An average English home uses approximately 5.3 tC02.

The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) discusses energy savings as a component of the push towards sustainable schools. A sustainable school is one that is considering more than just the carbon dioxide emissions and has a wider focus on trying to manage its overall environmental impact. The DCSF state that a sustainable school has the following characteristics:

• It conserves energy and water • It avoids the use of pollutants and potential pollutants • It takes steps to minimise the production of waste • It enhances and protects plants and wildlife • It meets local needs while respecting people and their environment.

The first and most important step towards becoming a sustainable school is managing the energy consumption of the school. This document is intended to provide staff at the Church of England with a higher level view of the issues of energy management and reducing carbon dioxide emissions from a school. Its aim is to give a summary of the information and tools that the Church of England may require to communicate with schools. This document outlines the following:

• Schools energy use and carbon dioxide emissions.

• The guidance available for schools.

• Measuring the energy consumption of schools?

• What is an energy efficient school?

• Renewable energy.

• Further information.

Schools

Faber Maunsell 39

Schools energy use and carbon dioxide emissions

Energy use in schools Energy consumption will vary from school to school. Size, age, hours of occupancy, pupil numbers and the presence of sporting facilities will all affect energy consumption. This chart displays where energy is consumed in an average school.

Chart taken from the Carbon Trust report CTV019

The chart shows that the main use of energy in schools is firstly for heating and then secondly for hot water.

Below is a table of benchmarks published by the Carbon Trust (GPG343, Good Practice Guide 2005). These benchmarks demonstrate the energy consumption of primary and secondary school, with or without a swimming pool. Benchmarks are defined by investigating the actual energy consumption of a range of sites. This information is then compiled to indicate the energy consumed as a Normalised Performance Indicator (NPI). This NPI compares a school’s energy consumption by floor area (kWh/ m2 per year).

Energy benchmarks (kWh/m²) for good, typical and poorly performing schools

Primary school

(no pool) Secondary school (no

pool) Secondary school (with

pool)

Fossil Fuel Electricity Fossil Fuel Electricity Fossil Fuel Electricity

Good Practice 110 25 114 28 142 29

Typical Practice 157 34 160 36 187 36

Poor Practice 209 47 207 45 233 41

For more information on benchmarks and how to use them, see page 43

Carbon dioxide emissions from schools Calculating the amount of carbon dioxide emissions being released from energy consumption is relatively easy. Carbon dioxide is released as fossil fuel is burnt to produce heat or electrical energy. Therefore it is possible to calculate the volume of

Faber Maunsell 40

gas released for every kWh or litre of energy used. The table below shows a list of weights of carbon dioxide emission, or conversion figures, for the main fuel types. These figures are revised regularly for government and displayed on the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs website – www.defra.gov.uk.


kgCO2/kWh kgCO2/litre

Electricity 0.537 -

Natural Gas 0.185 -

Gas/Diesel oil 0.252 2.674


* conversion factors taken from DEFRA, 2008. Below is a worked example calculating the carbon dioxide emissions from typical energy consumption information.




*Total emission in

kgCO2


Natural Gas kWh 156,000 x 0.185 28,860


Total 62,406

* for tonnes of carbon dioxide divide by 1000 The example shows that this site emits 62.4tCO2 per year. To confirm your carbon dioxide emission calculations you can visit the carbon trust carbon footprint calculating tool: www.carbontrust.co.uk/solutions/CarbonFootprinting/FootprintCalculators.htm

http://www.defra.gov.uk/


Faber Maunsell 41

Guidance for schools There are a lot of publications and guidance documents that have been produced to help schools reduce emissions and energy consumption. This document focuses upon two documents, one produced by the Carbon Trust that focuses on energy management in a school, and another produced by the Department for Children, Schools and Families, this document outlines actions that should be undertaken to make a school sustainable.

• CTV037: A whole School Approach – Management Guide. Carbon Trust, 2008. • A bursar’s guide to sustainable school operations, DfES 2007.

These documents are not exhaustive. But it is possible for a school to gain most of the information they need to implement a simple energy/carbon management programme whilst gaining a basic understanding of the technical issues associated. Further links and information can be found on page 47.

Diagram displaying the basic elements of energy/carbon management programme

Above is a flow diagram showing the input of information into a school and the basic elements of energy/carbon management that a school should have in place. For the Church of England to continue making progress towards its goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions it will

Church of England

Policy – energy, climate change etc

School – energy champion

Create awareness campaigns

Have an energy efficient replacement and maintenance programme in place


Read meters and undertake energy efficient actions

Circulate guidance from Carbon Trust and DFCS

Faber Maunsell 42

require communication with schools to understand their emissions and the work that they are undertaking to reduce them. To enable this to happen the schools must have undertaken the following initial steps.

Initial steps for schools and the Church of England Communication The Church of England must initially set up communication channels with schools to discuss energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Energy Champions The Church of England must encourage the schools to nominate an energy champion. The energy champion will oversee the monitoring of energy consumption and take responsibility for a routine of energy saving. This role may fit easily with the duties of the Facilities Manager or Head Teacher or interested Governor. Collecting good (actual) energy information The schools should be encouraged to begin meter reading and recording energy consumption as an important foundation action. Energy information will also help the Church of England communicate with schools about carbon dioxide emissions reductions. Schools should begin by creating a Meter Reading Schedule, meter readings should be undertaken regularly (monthly, quarterly or at least annually) and energy consumption should be discussed regularly to monitor energy consumption, costs and help with emissions. Guidance on how to do this can be found in the appendix. Circulate guidance information Once contact has been made with schools it should be possible to establish which have already undertaken work and which need some guidance. Circulate guidance documents to the Energy Champions and encourage them to communicate back. Once the above actions have been put in place and reliable energy information is being collected it is possible to communicate with schools about energy consumption. Lots of schools will have many examples of the work that they have been undertaking and this will compliment the energy information and calculated carbon dioxide emissions that they are collecting.

Faber Maunsell 43

Measuring the energy consumption of schools How can a school reduce its energy consumption and resultant carbon dioxide emissions? How do you compare their performance and is the school performing well, bad or somewhere in the middle? Comparing the energy performance and emissions from schools should be undertaken via a variety of methods by an energy management professional. This section outlines some of the basic principles used in the Carbon Trust document CTV037: A whole School Approach – Management Guide. Note: Trends in energy consumption can fluctuate greatly over a year and from one year to the next. Care should be taken when considering the energy consumption information from a site.

Benchmarks As seen previously benchmarks are defined by investigating the actual energy consumption of a range of sites. This information is then compiled to indicate the energy consumed as a Normalised Performance Indicator (NPI). Typically this is the annual energy consumption per square metre of floor area (kWh/ m2 per year) and will represent buildings that are average performers (Typical Practice), the top 10% or performers (Good Practice) and those using too much energy (Poor Practice). Other NPIs can use energy costs or energy consumption per pupil per year. Below is a table of benchmarks published by the Carbon Trust (GPG343, Good Practice Guide 2005). These benchmarks were chosen because they split between primary and secondary school with or without swimming pool. Other benchmarks have also been published by organisations such as the Charted Institute of Building Service Engineers (CIBSE). Comparing a school’s energy consumption by floor area (kWh/ m2 per year) to the benchmark is a quick way to establish the potential energy savings available if energy saving good practice was undertaken.

Energy benchmarks (kWh/m²) for good, typical and poorly performing schools

Primary school (no

pool) Secondary school

(no pool) Secondary school

(with pool)

Fossil Fuel Electricity Fossil Fuel Electricity Fossil Fuel Electricity

Good Practice 110 25 114 28 142 29

Typical Practice 157 34 160 36 187 36

Poor Practice 209 47 207 45 233 41

The benchmarks for schools and industrial buildings are currently being reviewed as part of the government’s implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive.

Reasons for fluctuations in energy consumption If the school’s energy performance differs greatly from the benchmarks, don’t become too alarmed. Many factors can cause differences to the levels of recorded energy consumption, See below: • Occupancy levels

When comparing schools by kWh/pupil, in general, the more efficiently a school utilises its space, the lower its energy costs per pupil.

• Additional facilities. Additional facilities such as swimming pools, sports halls, and on site catering and media centres can result in a significant increase in energy consumption.

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• Age of school The influence of age is less pronounced. Older schools aren’t always higher energy consumers. However, a higher than average proportion of the better energy performers are newer schools.

• Hours of use Extending the hours of use will increase energy consumption. Two hours a day of extra use is likely to increase annual energy costs by about 10%.

• Size of school It has been shown that larger schools tend to be more energy-efficient per square metre or per pupil.

Performance Matrix Tool Once an organisation or site is aware how much energy is consumed, the next step is to discover how they can improve their efficiency. The Carbon Trust has developed a Performance Matrix tool which can help assess the strengths and weaknesses across six main areas of energy management, these six areas should be considered to be key pillars for building a strong sustainable school: • Policy – what commitments has the school made? • Organisation – whose job is it to manage energy at the school? • Training – are staff aware of the issues and their role in tackling them? • Performance measurement – what systems are in place to give you the data needed? • Communication – are staff, pupils, parents and the Board interested in reducing the school’s

carbon footprint? Do they know what to do? What has been achieved? • Investment – spending money on energy saving programmes and equipment can pay back.

Does the school make the most of investments? This is a very subjective tool that can be filled out quite simply be someone that has experience of energy management. It could be used by schools to give them an overview of the systems and mechanisms that they may already have in place or that they may want to try and implement.

Figure 1 Example of completed Energy Management Matrix For more information see the Carbon Trust report, CTV037: A whole School Approach – Management Guide

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What is an energy efficient school?

An energy efficient school….

Shows Responsibility and Commitment by.. 1. Creating an Energy Policy 2. Undertaking Regular Energy Walk-Rounds 3. Recording and Reporting collected information 4. Monitors occupancy, heating times and lighting 5. Having a policy of low carbon and energy

efficient purchasing

Uses heat efficiently, it…. 1. Delivers heat only when it is needed 2. Checks thermostats and time clocks

regularly 3. Keeps all ventilation and heating

systems clear and unobstructed 4. Maintains boilers and insulates hot

water pipes 5. Has an efficient boiler

Keeps heat in/out of the building by…

1. Checking and maintaining insulation 2. Using improved glazing to stop heat transfer 3. Drawing blinds each evening 4. Regularly checking the building for damp

Reduces energy from lighting by… 1. Replacing failing lamps with energy

efficient versions 2. Labelling light switches so that lights

not needed can be easily switched off 3. Having a culture of switching off

when not needed 4. Installing automated lighting

controls in common areas

Managing energy consumed in swimming pools by…

1. Using a pool cover 2. Scheduled backwashes 3. Maintaining correct pool and air temperatures 4. Using heat recovery of ventilation air 5. Potentially using solar water heating or combined

heat and power boiler For a full list of good practice energy and other sustainability actions see: “A bursar’s guide to sustainable school operations, DfES 2007”. It can be accessed from the Department for Children, Schools and Families www.dcsf.gov.uk

http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/

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Renewable Energy The renewable energy sources are:

• The Sun

• Wind










The energy output from renewable technologies is dependant on the availability of renewable resources (e.g. sun, wind) and can be impacted by site specific constraints such as over shading, ground condition and building design. Because of this, it is not possible to find a single renewable technology solution that can be applied to all sites. Therefore selecting the appropriate renewable technology can be very complex. More information on the types of renewable energy and how to select the appropriate renewable technology can be found in the Renewable Energy Appraisal document. This report is aimed at churches but is useful for highlighting the issues that need to be considered when assessing the technologies that are most suitable for any given site. It should be noted that energy efficiency improvements should be implemented before considering renewable energy technologies. Energy efficiency improvements in most instances provide a more cost effective way of saving CO2, and money than the renewable technologies

Faber Maunsell 47

Further information

The Church and Cathedral buildings division hold two further supporting documents:


“A bursar’s guide to sustainable school operations, DfES 2007”. The Department for Children, Schools and Families has lots of information and links on Sustainable Schools. www.dcsf.gov.uk Carbon Trust and good practice guidance documents

• CTV037: A whole School Approach – Management Guide • GPG343, Good Practice Guide 2005

Carbon Trust carbon footprinting page could help to establish the basic footprint of a school www.carbontrust.co.uk/solutions/CarbonFootprinting/FootprintCalculators.htm Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs The DEFRA website has lots of link and information about climate change and carbon dioxide emissions as well as other sustainability issues www.defra.gov.uk

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Reducing the carbon footprint of offices When we begin thinking about our carbon footprints it is important to realise that we are considering the amount and types of energy we use. Carbon dioxide is released from burning the fossil fuels (natural gas, coal, petrol, diesel, LPG etc) required to supply us with the heat, electrical and transport energy that we require. Energy use is one of the main controllable overheads in office buildings. By utilising simple and cost effective measures it is possible for an office to reduce energy bills by as much as 20%. In order to put such measures into practice it is important to:

• Know where energy is currently being used on site.

• Understand where best to focus energy saving attention.

• Know what can be done internally.

• Understand when it will be necessary to seek outside technical assistance.

Top actions for energy saving

Action Completed? Savings

Install daylight sensors (photocell controls) to switch off lighting near windows on brighter days.

20% of lighting costs

Replacement tungsten lamps and old Fluorescent tubes with energy efficient lamps to reduce energy and maintenance costs. Switch to Compact Fluorescent Lamps and T5 fluorescent tubes.

75% of tungsten

lighting costs

Set a ‘dead band’ between heating and air conditioning control temperatures to avoid them operating at the same time.

• Heat to 19oC and cool to 24oC. • Regularly ensure that thermostats are set correctly.

10% of heating

and cooling costs

Turn off unnecessary equipment during the day and especially out of hours to reduce heat build-up and unnecessary electrical costs.

5% of energy costs

Check insulation levels and increase wherever practical to reduce heating and cooling requirements.

5% of energy costs

Complete a regular walk round of your office and complete energy saving checklist - check time, temperature settings and switch things off.

5% of heating costs

Create an ongoing regular energy saving routine – see plan below

This will help to achieve those listed above.

Offices

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Where is energy consumed in a typical office? Energy use in an office is typically expended upon heating, lighting, office equipment, air conditioning and hot water. The following chart offers an example of an energy use breakdown within a typical naturally ventilated (non air conditioned) office.

Energy Consumption from a Type 2 Good Practice Office

Lighting17%

Catering electricity2%

Other electricity3%

Computer Room0%

Fans, pumps and controls

3%

Humidif ication0%

Catering Gas0%Cooling

1%

Gas/oil heating and hot water59%

Office Equipment15%

The chart above shows the energy consumption of a naturally ventilated 2 office

In general the main areas of energy consumption in an office are:

1. Air Conditioning – greatest energy requirement (where an office has air conditioning) 2. Heating – 2nd greatest energy requirement in an air conditioned office space 3. Office equipment – Computers, printers, photocopiers, personal small power 4. Lighting – roughly the same as office equipment, depends on office. 5. Hot Water – smallest energy requirement

Comparing the energy consumed in an office Benchmarks are defined by investigating the actual energy consumption of a range of sites. This information is then compiled to indicate the energy consumed as a Normalised Performance Indicator (NPI). Typically this is the annual energy consumption per square metre of floor area (kWh/m2 per year) and will represent buildings that are average performers (Typical Practice), the top 10% or performers (Good Practice) and those using too much energy (Poor Practice). The table below shows the energy benchmarks for the four types of office building.

Energy benchmarks (kWh/m²) for good and typical performing offices by type

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4

Fossil Fuel Electricity Fossil

Fuel Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity

Good Practice 79 33 79 54 97 128 114 234

Typical Practice 151 54 151 85 178 226 210 358

Table 1 Good practice and typical energy use indices examples for the four office types

Faber Maunsell 50

When considering if an office’s energy consumption and costs are reasonable the aim should be to meet an energy consumption per treated floor area (kWh/m2) figure that is equivalent too (or even better than) the good practice figure for your office type. For more information on benchmarks and office types see ECG019, this document is listed in the Further Links section at the end of the document. ECG019 is due for updating and may underestimate the contribution of I.T. equipment to the overall energy consumption. This should be kept in mind when using this document for reference.

A plan for reducing the carbon footprint Managing the emissions from an office may focus more on how energy is used rather than how energy efficient the equipment is. Offices generally function as part of or perhaps the whole of a building and are heated, have hot water supplied, cooled and lit by central systems that may be more difficult to change. The aim of this section is to help you establish a plan for an energy saving routine to reduce the carbon footprint of the office. Implementing a plan and making progress will be dependent on the following actions being undertaken:

• Nominating someone to be an energy champion

• Understanding the energy consumption of the office – recording energy consumption, monthly, quarterly or annually. There may be problems doing this as the office may be a part of a larger building with other tenants. In this case you will need to work with the landlord or facilities managers to try and work out your energy consumption. Actual meter readings are best. For more information on reading meters please see appendix.

• Creating a carbon footprint

• Undertaking regular energy walk-rounds of the office

• Creating awareness campaigns to engage staff

• And reporting progress to engage senior management and maintain support

Understand the energy saving opportunities A successful programme to reduce the carbon footprint of an office needs to focus on the five main categories of energy consumption listed in the above section and it should consider the following energy saving opportunities for each:

• Maintenance – Proper maintenance of equipment can ensure efficient operation maximising the output of the energy consumed

• Control - Switching off equipment when not in use, • Replacement/Refurbishment – Energy saving systems should be considered

whenever a system is replaced or a building is being refurbished, there may be an alternative for the same cost or for a small extra investment that will produce noticeable energy savings.

The following page has an example of what an energy saving routine would look like.

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An example plan Below is a flow chart illustrating a potential plan for how you can begin a process of identifying and tackling energy saving opportunities.

Energy saving work in offices is well documented with many supporting documents provided. This document has taken the basic structure of implementing an energy saving routine whilst giving some background information on where energy is consumed in an office. Development of an energy saving routine can use build on this information and utilise the links, documents and resources listed in the next section.

A list of actions that will reduce emissions – actions could be

undertaken during housekeeping or part of an awareness campaign

Create awareness campaigns – encourage others to help manage

the way energy is used.


Create an energy policy – Set a target for reduction of energy

consumption or to increase energy saving behaviour


Undertake energy walk-round – take meter reading


A low carbon replacement list - when will equipment be replaced

and would an energy efficient options cost extra?

Create Carbon Footprint and compare

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Further links:

Useful reference documents

• CTV007: Office Based companies – Maximising energy savings in an office environment

• CTG001: Creating an awareness campaign – Energy awareness in your business

• GG256 - Green Officiency: Running a cost effective environmentally aware office

• ECG019: Energy use in offices

Websites

• www.carbontrust.co.uk • www.envirowise.gov.uk • www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bulk_purchasing.bus_purchasing#co

mapp - Energy Star website is a U.S. government based standard with lots of information on office equipment

• www.sust-it.net – This is an independent site covering the energy consumption and other details of I.T. equipment

http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/

http://www.envirowise.gov.uk/

Faber Maunsell 53

Reading a meter

Frequency of meter readings and data collection Keeping an accurate record of Meter Readings is an important part of managing energy consumption. It is recommended that meter readings should be taken at intervals (monthly, quarterly or annually at least) by everyone, incumbent clergy in their home, church wardens, office managers and anyone else responsible for a building. This information is going to be required to continue the progression of Shrinking the Footprint. The following tables are an example of how meter data can be collated. Energy champions are encouraged to develop tables based on their own data collection needs:

This example table shows how you can collect the energy consumption from several meters on the same sheet. By subtracting the present from the previous you can establish the difference or the energy consumption from that period. It is recommended that gas and electric readings are kept separate.

This table demonstrates how you can compile the energy consumption figures from a given period. Meter numbers 1 – 5 relates to the table above. In this table you will insert the energy consumption figures for each meter.

Other useful information to be recorded

Appendices

Gas conversion factor

Week 1

Meter 1Meter 2Meter 3Meter 4Meter 5

Repeat above table as needed

Total

Weekly Electricity/Gas Meter ReadingsMonth

Present Previous Diferrence

SiteLocationMonth

Meter 1 kwh

Meter 2 kwh

Meter 3 kwh

Meter 4 kwh

Meter 5 kwh

Monthly Consumption Data

Total Electricity/Gas Consumption

p/kWhcost

Faber Maunsell 54

Reading energy meters It is important to be able to identify the different types of energy meters to ensure that accurate readings are taken. Below the meters are split into their types and guidance on how to read them is given. N.B. all meters will have a unique identity that should appear on your bill. This is usually a ten digit number located on the meter. This number is different for gas and electricity meters. Gas = Meter Point Reference Number (MPRN) Electricity = Meter Point Administration Number (MPAN) Electricity meters The type of meters used will vary from premise to premise. The meter will either be analogue of digital and will generally fall into one of three categories of electricity metering;

• Standard meters, • Variable rate meters, • Prepayment meters.

Electricity analogue (single and dual rate)

• To read an analogue single or dual rate meter, simply write down the numbers shown from left to right.

• On a dial meter (see blue diagram) the dials rotate anti clockwise and clockwise. Therefore you should the numbers on each dial and read in the appropriate direction.

• Make sure to write down any zeros, including any at the start of the reading. Ignore any red figures or the red dial.

• Make a note of the two sets of numbers and observe the meter for rate 1 or rate 2.

• To find out how many units you have used since your last reading, subtract the previous reading from the new one.

NOTE: refer to you bill for the cost per kWh charged.

Faber Maunsell 55

Electricity digital (single and dual rate)

• To read a single or dual rate digital meter, simply write down the numbers shown from left to right as they appear. The digital display may require you to press a button to activate or the display may cycle through a series of numbers automatically.

• Make sure you write down any zeros, including any at the start of the reading. Ignore any red figures.

• A dual rate metre will normally give an indication, something like “R1 or R2”, of which rate is being displayed.

• To find out how many units you have used since your last reading, subtract the previous reading(s) from the new one – for dual rate meters add both figures together to get the total.


N.B. Definition, kilowatt-hour (kWh): The amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over the period of one hour

Faber Maunsell 56

Gas meter types The type of meters used will vary from premise to premise. The meter will either be analogue of digital and will generally fall into one of two categories of gas metering;

• Credit meters • Prepayment meters

The following table explains the key differences between both: Gas analogue

• To read an analogue meter, simply write down the numbers shown from left to right.

• Make sure you write down any zeros, including any at the start of the reading. Ignore any red figures.

• Note the units of measurement used by the meter – cubic feet (ft3) or cubic metres (m3)

• To find out how many units you have used since your last reading, subtract the previous reading(s) from the new one

• Convert units into kWh by using the information printed on your gas bill or gas supplier website.


Gas digital

• To read an analogue meter, simply write down the numbers shown from left to right.

• Make sure you write down any zeros, including any at the start of the reading. Ignore any red figures or any figures after a decimal point.

• Note the units of measurement used by the meter – cubic feet (ft3) or cubic metres (m3)

• To find out how many units you have used since your last reading, subtract the previous reading(s) from the new one

• Convert units into kWh by using the information printed on your gas bill or gas supplier website.


For further information on reading a meter please contact your energy supplier or visit their website.

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Replacement/Maintenance of plant and equipment in Cathedrals and Churches Continuing to make progress on energy and carbon saving requires a move towards energy efficient or low carbon equipment and plant. The aim of this document is to reduce carbon emissions through enabling lower carbon options to be selected as part of the replacement/maintenance process. This document lists;

• the principles of purchasing,

• Organisations providing information on buildings, energy using plant and efficient operation

• Replacement/Maintenance Options – table of guidance

Guidance on principles of purchasing Below are a set of questions that everyone should ask before deciding to buy a product or service. What do we buy and how much carbon does it emit? We need to think about the things that we buy and generally how much energy or fuel they use and therefore the carbon they are responsible for emitting. If we are uncertain about this we need to start to look into where we might find information about this. What can suppliers provide in terms of information about carbon emissions and running costs? We need to start the process of asking suppliers to provide details of the energy use and carbon emissions of equipment and services. We also need to think about how we might start the process of making this a requirement in the future for those who supply us. In terms of carbon efficiency, what does good practice look like? We need to begin to identify where information about good practice in terms of energy or carbon efficiency can be found. For example the Government’s Enhanced Capital Allowance Scheme (ECA) website provides criteria for good carbon performance for a range of plant and equipment. We need to aim to be able to compare our buying options with good practice. What factors do we currently consider when making our buying choice? Once we have the key information, we need to start to take energy use in operation and associated running costs into account as part of the buying decision. We might want to establish for example a payback period of 3 or 5 years whereby the lower carbon option could be chosen. We might want to consider also establishing criteria which will aim to only procure equipment or services that performs well compared with good practice, if costs are comparable.

Faber Maunsell 58

Organisations providing information on buildings, energy using plant and energy/carbon efficient operation In order for this to be done the individual or organisation wishing to replace/maintain plat or equipment must be able to identify what is most efficient. There are several organisations working within the UK, Europe and internationally that provide updated lists of products and other tools to evaluate the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of purchases. The following list has been compiled to provide you with further sources of information on energy efficiency. It contains reliable links to organisations that offer further information on energy efficiency, energy efficient suppliers and the latest energy saving ideas: General advice on energy reduction and carbon dioxide emission The Carbon Trust – www.carbontrust.co.uk The Carbon Trust is a government funded not for profit organisation that via the website or a free phone number can provide guidance and resources to help reduce energy and carbon emissions. It will help business, the public sector and charitable organisations on all aspects of carbon management and energy reduction. Historic buildings. English Heritage – www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.18525 This link takes to a section of the English Heritage website that provides links to advice on climate change and the historic environment and on the implications of adaptive responses and mitigation, including policies on renewable and low carbon energy. Products for the office and other commercial buildings – includes boilers, air conditioning, catering and lighting Enhanced Capital Allowance – www.eca.gov.uk/etl When thinking about purchasing energy consuming equipment the first place to look is the Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) website. This web site has been produced by the Carbon Trust, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the Inland Revenue, to provide information about energy efficient products. The ECA Scheme enables businesses to claim 100% first year capital allowances on investments in energy saving technologies and products and provides the Energy Technology List that provides detailed information on the products that meet those eligibility criteria. Eurovent Certification scheme – www.eurovent-certification.com Eurovent Certification tests and confirms the performance ratings of air-conditioning and refrigeration products according to European and International Standards. The objective is to build up customer confidence by levelling the competitive playing field for all manufacturers and by increasing the integrity and accuracy of the industrial performance ratings The certification programme covers products that provide; air conditioning, refrigeration for air, refrigeration for products, warming for air. Seasonal Efficiency Database United Kingdom (SEDBUK) - www.sedbuk.com SEDBUK was developed under the Government's Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme with the co-operation of boiler manufacturers, and provides a basis for fair comparison of the energy performance of different boilers.

http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/

http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.18525

http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl

http://www.eurovent-certification.com/

http://www.sedbuk.com/

Faber Maunsell 59

Products for the home, kitchen, office and other commercial buildings.

Energy Star – www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bulk_purchasing.bus_purchasing#comapp ENERGY STAR is a joint program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy that awards the Energy Star rating to products that perform to specific energy consumption criteria. The Energy Star website product and purchasing page has a range of commercial and residential product categories including Commercial Appliances, Commercial Food Service, Commercial Heating & Cooling, Construction Products, Electronics, Office Products, Residential Appliances, Residential Heating & Cooling and Residential Lighting. The site has approved product lists for each product category and also some tools to help calculate potential savings - this is a US tool so it can only be used as a guide to the energy efficient option.

Standards for building fabric and operational efficiency – Commercial and Domestic.

Building Regulations – www.communities.gov.uk/planningandbuilding/buildingregulations The Communities and Local Government website publishes the most up to date versions of the building regulations. Part L2A and 2B refer to the conservation of fuel and power in non domestic dwellings and provide a minimum standard for the building fabric. Significant developments have been made in this area over recent years with improvement now certain to be driven by the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). Best Practice is currently closely linked to the Building Regulations and the criteria set out in the BRE environmental assessment method. This may change as the EPBD comes begins to be implemented.

Domestic Buildings. – guidance for making your home energy efficient

English Heritage – www.climatechangeandyourhome.org.uk/live/ Climate Change and Your Home is an interactive web portal designed specifically to help those who own or manage houses built of traditional construction understand more about the potential impacts of climate change and ways to save energy. It is sponsored by Eon. Energy Saving Trust – www.energysavingtrust.org.uk The Energy Saving Trust is a non-profit organisation that provides free impartial advice tailored to the home owner. The site includes information about how to save energy in the home and community and also from purchasing energy saving products.

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bulk_purchasing.bus_purchasing#comapp

http://www.communities.gov.uk/planningandbuilding/buildingregulations

http://www.climatechangeandyourhome.org.uk/live/


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Replacement/Maintenance of plant and equipment in Cathedrals and Churches – technical guidance table The tables on the following pages go into more detail on the technical issues around some of the key replacement/maintenance areas to ensure lower carbon operation of a church or cathedral.

replace/maintain Energy Saving Action Why? How? More information

A routine of energy saving

/ Temperature monitoring

Having the church heated to the correct temperature can protect against damp ingression as well as reduce energy wastage and emissions. Where a church is in frequent use requiring areas to be heated to a level suitable for occupation then it may be more efficient to keep the church heated to a lower temperature which is increased when due to be occupied.

Use thermostatic controls to keep the church heated to a lower temperature of 8-10oC, increase to 16-18oC when due to be occupied.

NOTE These are the suggested temperatures for a larger church that takes time to heat up and is in frequent use. Guidance documents • New Work in Places of Worship, English

Heritage, 2003. Available from website. • Heating your Church, Council for the Care of

Churches, 1996. Church House Publishing.

/ Energy Management

Managing energy consumption allows you to do the following: • Understand where and how energy is being used • Identify areas where you can reduce energy consumption and save money • Confirm whether energy-saving measures are working

• Nominate a person responsible for energy

and carbon dioxide emissions • Read meters • Collect information • Undertake energy walk rounds • Report on performance

Guidance documents • CTV023 Practical Energy Management,

Carbon Trust, 2007. Available from website. • Heating your Church, Council for the Care of


Heating


/ Insulate hot water pipes, include valves and joints

Insulating pipes can reduce heat energy loss from the pipe by 70%. This can save around 5% of the heating bill, depending on the pipe length involved

Wrap hot/cold pipes and joints in insulating sleeves. Pipe insulation is cheap and easy to fit. But professional help may be required for larger pipe runs and difficult to reach areas.

Costs Insulating will cost between £10 and £40 per meter.

/ Improve glazing thermal performance

Windows transfer heat from surface to surface well. This means that during the winter heat will pass out of a building

Below are a list of ways to reduce the heat loss from a window with the rating for heat transferral (U Value) The lower the figure the

Technical The use of double glazing or secondary glazing will not be appropriate for many historic

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quicker through a window than through a wall. This leads to heat loss, condensation and draughts. Energy savings will vary depending on the type of window and the action taken to improve the thermal performance.

• Single glazed windows are rated at 4.8 W/m2/ oC

• Double glazed windows are rated at ~ 2.8 W/m2/ oC

better the insulation properties. At dusk close:

• Shutters - ~ 3.0 W/m2/oC • Curtains – 3.6 W/m2/ oC

Install: • Thermally lined curtains – unknown

but better (lower) than above • Secondary Glazing (where

appropriate) ~2.9-3.4 W/m2/ oC • Double Glazed low emissivity (where

appropriate) 2.0 W/m2/ oC

buildings. The will affect the appearance, have a high cost and produce low energy savings. It is also worth noting that English Heritage states “No historic window can reach the U-values recommended in Part L (i.e. 2.0 – 2.2 W/m

2 deg C)”.

Guidance documents • Energy Efficiency in Traditional Buildings,

English Heritage, 2008. Available from website.

• CTV014 - Building fabric technology overview, Carbon Trust, 2007. Available from website.

• Heating your Church, Council for the Care of Churches, 1996. Church House Publishing

Boiler controls

Install/Improve boiler controls

Correct control of heat delivery can reduce the energy use by 5 – 25% per year. Controls can only produce savings when the user understands them and is confident in their use.

Speak with your boiler/heating engineer during its next service. • Does it have controls already fitted? • Are they used? • If there are no controls could you building

benefit from better controls for the boiler? Ask about installing the following options: • Internal temperature controls allow the

correct temperature in each room. • External temperature compensation could

be installed to ensure the boiler is regulated according to external temperatures (more heat on colder days and less when milder).

• Boiler sequence controllers ensure that the boilers are operating at optimum efficiency.

• Optimum start/stop controllers. These controls ensure that the boilers are switched on for the minimum amount of time before and after the building is occupied ensuring that the building is at the right temperature.

Guidance documents • CTG02 - Heating control technology guide,

Carbon Trust, 2006. Available from website. • GIL124 - Heating Fact Sheet, Carbon Trust,

2005. Available from website • Heating your Church, Council for the Care of


In efficient or poorly operating

Replace Boiler

New boilers typically achieve efficiencies of 80%. Condensing gas and oil boilers can exceed 90%. It is likely that a boiler over 15 years old is not very efficient and is due for replacement. Savings of between 5 and 20% could be achieved

Speak with boiler/heating engineer and assess performance of current boiler. If over 15 years old consider it as a priority for near future – ear mark funds. Replace when appropriate If the boiler is regularly failing and needing constant attention then it may be cost effective to replace.

Technical Ensure that quotes contain information that describes the size of the boiler to be installed, the efficiency of the boiler, warranty details, boiler controls, thermostatic controls, potential servicing costs and details of how the contractor has tried to reduce the energy consumption required. More information on boilers can be found at the

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boilers If boiler needs replacing ensure that a high efficiency boiler is specified. Ask three professional boiler/heating engineers to provide a quote.

• Enhanced Capital Allowance website. See Energy Technology List

• SEDBUK website Guidance documents • Heating your Church, Council for the Care

of Churches, 1996. Church House Publishing. P 95 and 98-p99

• GPG381 - Energy efficient boilers and heat distribution systems, choosing the best for your site, Carbon Trust, 2005. Available from website

• New Work in Places of Worship, English Heritage, 2003. Available from website.

/ Consider zoning the heating system

Installing zone control valves to reduce the heat used in unoccupied areas can produce savings if 5 – 10%

Zoning of central heating systems will allow for better control of heat delivery. Creating zones allow only the specific areas of the building to be heated as it is required.

NOTE This is of particular use to large sites that are centrally heated with areas used at different times (i.e. cathedrals and churches with halls or offices attached).

Insulation

Insulate your roof, walls or floors

Insulation acts as a blanket, trapping heat within a building. Savings of up to 20% could be achieved in some buildings.

Insulation in a church building may not be straight forward or even appropriate. Buildings built after 1930 will most likely fall into the easier to insulate category but advice should always be sought before undertaking any work. Insulation is relatively simple work.

• It can be simply laid over the floor of the loft, between and then over the joists if they are visible.

• It can be pumped in between the cavities in the appropriate walls.

• It can be laid in sheets against walls or ceilings with a new wall covering overlaid.

A professional installer should undertake work unless otherwise agreed.

NOTE Insulation work can attract funding from various different areas. Contract your local council, Utility company, or even ask the insulation installer. You may be able to dramatically reduce the cost of insulation work by utilising Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT). If undertaking this work you should also consider lagging your pipes at the same time for optimum efficiency and to prevent freezing. Guidance documents • Energy Efficiency in Traditional Buildings,

English Heritage, 2008. Available from website.

• CTV014 - Building fabric technology overview, Carbon Trust, 2007. Available from website.

• Heating your Church, Council for the Care of Churches, 1996. Church House Publishing.

Heating is on room or building is

Destratification fans

Fans can help to distribute heat to the appropriate areas especially in high ceiling buildings like churches. Convection Savings can be as much as 20% depending on each site.

Speak with boiler/heating engineer and assess current performance of heating system. Try to assess potential areas where heat may be directed and also areas that may suffer from draughts.

NOTE Care should be given to the noise created by a fan convector. Guidance documents • Heating your Church, Council for the Care

of Churches 1996 Church House

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still cold Publishing. P 95 and 98-p99

• GPG381 - Energy efficient boilers and heat distribution systems, choosing the best for your site, Carbon Trust, 2005. Available from website

• New Work in Places of Worship, English Heritage, 2003. Available from website.

Lighting


Light switch labels

Ensure the light switches are correctly labelled

Very often, individual lights are controlled from banks of switches. Correctly labelled switches allow the user to ensure that only the correct lighting is utilised and switch off lighting when there is sufficient daylight or the area is not longer being occupied

Trial and error, try the switches and label them in common language that will be understood

NOTE This is a simple not cost action. Labels do get damaged and need replacing so these should be checked as part of a walk-round or maintenance programme.

Improve control

Install new switches to ensure lights can be controlled properly

To keep installation costs low a single switch may often operate banks of lights – this means that working spaces are often lit on an “all or nothing” basis.

Install pull cord or other switches to enable improved control of individual light fittings or groups of light fittings

Costs Less than £99 per individual switch Guidance documents • CTV021 – Technology Overview Lighting • GIL154 – How to refurbish your lighting • Additionally information can be found on

the English Heritage website on

Install automatic

control

Use photocell or occupancy detectors to

automatically switch lights

Little thought is given to areas that are used regularly and for short periods of time (corridors, locker rooms, toilets etc). Also people may not consider turning off lights when there is adequate daylight

Fit photocells to switch off interior lights when daylight is adequate. Fit passive, infrared presence detectors to allow automatic control in areas that are not in permanent use.

Technical Seek professional advice – consideration should be given to the typical occupation of an area and the potential savings that can be made NOTE Consider Health and Safety and avoid dark entrances or exits. Costs Less than £1,000

External control

Ensure outside lights are controlled properly

External lights frequently operate on a time clock over night as a security feature. Commonly time clocks do not get adjusted and lights operate during daylight hours.

Check outside light time clocks, ensure they are correct. Using automatic controls like infrared presence detectors or photocells will ensure lights are only operating at night and when there is someone in the area.

NOTE This is a simple not cost action, check time clocks routinely. Technical Occupancy detectors could be a better security feature then leaving a night on all night. Assess need on a site by site basis.

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Costs Less than £1,000

Tungsten lamps

Install compact fluorescent light bulbs

(CFLs)

Compact Fluorescent Lamps are 3-4 times more efficient than traditional tungsten filament lamps and they last eight times longer and reduce maintenance costs due to less frequent replacement. Tungsten have an Efficacy of 12 lumens/Watt and a standard life of 1,000 hours.

Assess lighting and lamps during energy walk round or as part of Calendar of Care. Purchase new lamps to replace Tungsten bulbs upon failure.

Technical • Lamps should provide a minimum Efficacy of

50 lumens per watt, maximum will be around 85

• Lamps should have an economic life of around 8,000 hours but 12,000 hours is not uncommon

• CFLs have a lower Colour Rendering Index than Tungsten lamps and emit a slightly different colour light.

Costs Less than £5 per individual lamp (bulb)

Tungsten Halogen Dichroic spot light

Upon failure, install Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), CFLs or at least replace

with Energy Saving Tungsten Halogen

alternatives.

Tungsten Halogen lamps have a low Efficacy (18 lumens/Watt) and comparatively low economic life (2,000 – 8,000 hours). LEDs are about 90% more energy-efficient than the standard incandescent bulb, and about twice as efficient as Compact Fluorescent Light bulbs. It is now possible to purchase Tungsten Halogen spots with longer economic life spans and higher Efficacy.

Assess lighting and lamps during energy walk round or as part of Calendar of Care. Consider modern lighting alternatives throughout the church. Professional guidance maybe required when replacing lamp fitting to accommodate newer more efficient lamps. Work could be undertaken as part of a lighting refit. If LEDs or too expensive then CFLs should be considered. At the least new Energy Saving Tungsten Halogen lamps should be specified upon failure.



• Lamps have an economic life of between 50 and 100,000 hours. Care should be taken when purchasing cheaper LEDs as the equipment used to drive (light) the LEDs may be of a lower quality therefore reducing the economic life.

• LEDs have a Colour Rendering Index of ~ 85, roughly the same as CFLs.

• LEDs can have a superior quality of light. This is dictated by the quality of the lamp and the driver (control gear).

• Tungsten Halogen energy savers will have a longer economic life and higher light output in lumens.

Internal Tungsten Halogen

Floodlight

Replace internal Tungsten Halogen Floodlights with Metal Halide or compact

fluorescent lamps

Tungsten Halogen Floodlights are very expensive to run. They have an Efficacy generally < 20 lumens/Watt and a life span of around 2,000 hours. Some alternatives lamps can use the same light fitting helping to reduce replacement costs. Metal Halide discharge lamps have a superior quality of light and use 1/3 to ¼ of the energy of an equivalent Tungsten Halogen lamp.

Assess lighting and lamps during energy walk round or as part of Calendar of Care. Check whether Tungsten Halogen lighting is switched on for long periods of time. Budget to replace Tungsten Halogen lighting with Metal Halide lamps and fittings. Obtain quotes from contractors and gain approval before undertaking work.



• Lamps have an economic life of between 8,000 and 40,000 hours.

• They have a Colour Rendering Index of ~ 65 – 85 and a colour appearance of 3,000 – 6,000K

Professional Guidance should be sought before larger light refits are undertaken

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bloom/actions/energysavingbulbs.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bloom/actions/energysavingbulbs.shtml

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NOTE Tungsten Halogen flood lighting are ideally suited to intermittent use (e.g. security lighting controlled by presence detectors.) Care should be taken to reduce the running hours of these lamps

Fluorescent lamps

Replace fluorescent lamps new slim line lamps and fittings

New slim line high frequency controlled fluorescent lamps with triphosphor coatings are approximately 35% more efficient

Assess lighting and lamps during energy walk round or as part of Calendar of Care. Plan to replace all older Fluorescent tubes (T12 andT8) with switch start ballasts with new T5 tubes with High Frequency electronic starters. Replacement will require new lamps and fittings and therefore a qualified electrical or lighting contractor.

Technical • Lamps should be able to provide a minimum

Efficacy of 80 lumens per watt • Lamps have an economic life of 8,000 to

16,000 hours NOTE There may be a high cost when replacing fittings and lamps. Payback on this investment will depend on the number of lamps and fittings and how many hours a week the lighting is in use.

External Tungsten Halogen

Floodlight

Replace External Tungsten Halogen

Floodlights with Metal Halide or High Pressure

Sodium

Tungsten Halogen Floodlights are very expensive to run. They have an Efficacy generally < 20 lumens/Watt and a life span of around 2,000 hours. Some alternatives lamps can use the same light fitting helping to reduce replacement costs. Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium discharge lamps have a superior quality of light and use 1/3 to ¼ of the energy of an equivalent Tungsten Halogen lamp.

Tungsten Halogen flood lighting are ideally suited to intermittent use (e.g. security lighting controlled by presence detectors.) Check whether Tungsten Halogen lighting is switched on for long periods of time. Replace lamps that are not used for security lighting to Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium discharge lamps. Replacement will require new lamps and fittings and therefore a qualified electrical or lighting contractor.

Technical, High Pressure Sodium • Lamps should provide a minimum Efficacy of

80 lumens per watt. • Lamps have an economic life of between

12,000 and 50,000 hours. • They have lower quality of light with a Colour

Rendering Index of ~ 65 and a colour appearance of around 2,000K

Guidance documents • CTV021 – Technology Overview Lighting • GIL154 – How to refurbish your lighting • Additionally information can be found on

the English Heritage website on NOTE Tungsten Halogen flood lighting are ideally suited to intermittent use (e.g. security lighting controlled by presence detectors.) Care should be taken to reduce the running hours of these lamps