How can a city solve its traffic problem?

How can a city solve its traffic problem?

IQRA UNIVERSITY NORTH CAMPUS

ASSIGNMENT

Bachelors in Business Administration

Subject: Microeconomics

Final Report: How can a city solve its traffic problem?

Submitted by:

Muhammad Talha Khan (2848)

Fahad Mazhar (2849)

Muhammad Shoaib Iqbal (2712)

Adnan Sharif Awan (0867)

Muneeb Alam Qureshi (4042)

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Submitted to:

Sir Muhammad Amir Ansari

IndexS/No Topics Pages

1 Preface 3

2 Introduction 3-4

3 Lack of bridge/flyover 4-6

4 Lack of underpass 6-7

5 Signal system 8-9

6 Corruption in traffic department 9-11

7 Traffic jams 12-13

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PREFACEWe select the traffic problem for our final project. The mainpurpose of this report is to find out the problems of abovemention topic and give knowledge to all about its solution wehave already read this topic in our slides and discussed indetail is actually carried out in the real, practical world. Thisreport is based on Pakistan traffic problem

Finally, we acknowledge with pleasure the assistance of our allgroup members to give each other very precious information andtheir time to make us able to prepare the report and to presentthis report to our beloved teacher and in front of whole class.

We are looking forward for the precious feedback for this reportand for our hard work.

INTRODUCTION:

Traffic congestion in many cities around the world deeply. Onepossible solution to this problem is to impose heavy taxes onmotorists and use this money to make public transport better.This article will discuss the advantages and disadvantages ofsuch a measure. One of the first benefits of this procedure isthat heavy taxes would discourage motorists from using their carsbecause it will become too expensive to pay. This means that theywill begin to take advantage of public transportation instead,thus reducing traffic problems and pollution as well. Anotherbenefit that would be much more use would be made of publictransport if it is improved. It is often the case that publictransport in cities is very weak. For example, we often see the

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old buses and trains that people prefer not to use it. Those hightaxes generate enough money to make the necessary changes.

However, there are drawbacks to this solution. First andforemost, this would be a heavy burden on motorists. At present,taxes are already high for many people, and it will be more taxesonly mean less money at the end of the month for most people whohave no choice but to pay every day. In addition, it is likely tobe assigned this type of tax on a fixed amount. This means thatit will hit those with less money than more difficult, while therich could likely afford. Thus it is not a fair tax. Thissolution is worth considering improving the current situation,but there are advantages and disadvantages for the introductionof such a policy.

There are some causes of traffic problem which are as following:

Lack of bridge (Muhammad Talha khan) Lack of underpass (FahadMazhar) Signal system (MuneebAlamQureshi) Corruption (Adnan Sharif Awan) Traffic jams (ShoibIqbal Malik)

Lack of bridge/Flyover

Very useful to control the problem of Traffic Bridge according tothe opinion of economists there is one time cost in creating abridge / bridge loft but it gives a long-term benefit to theeconomy of the country. It can perform intersections flyoversroad test recently introduced by comparing before and afterconditions with respect to the overall use of the spatialparameters of expected accomplishments. Basically, the chargesincident, speed and travel time surveys can be used as the mainevaluation criteria to test this in a specific location. Bridgeat the intersection of the road helps to maintain a smooth and

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simultaneous flow of traffic. During the past decade in thedirection of building new flyovers increasingly popular inKarachi has also proven successful in reducing trafficcongestion, which is one of the major pre-occupation of thedecision-makers.

There are multiple issues as well as the benefits gained by thesite through this project. Was evaluated through the travel timedata, analysis and surveys of accidents and speed differencebefore and after the cases at the intersection.

It was noted that a sudden increase in speed and accidents on thebridge goes down. For obvious reasons I noticed is (a) the designof the blockage of the bridge on the approach, which blocked theoptical path of the user level (b) the lack of overtakingopportunities in heavy traffic as there is only one lane oftraffic in each direction. Also functional efficiency andactivity pattern land that really matter when the transportinfrastructure provision was not considered at all in this hugeproject use. Even regional traffic management, which wasconsidered the priority objectives of the project design as thebridge failure, as well as an underestimation of the media travelpriority did not materialize. The common cost for creatingbridge/flyover is about PRs 45263251.

As we all know that flyover makes an important role for trafficflow. In the Karachi there is so many bridges/flyover butconsequently or the other hand this problem does not reduce butwe see it increases day by day. By the traffic jam people sufferbadly and many problems arise. Every day Karachi loses Rs663million rupees by traffic jam. Now I would like to give the nameof those areas where traffic badly jams in Karachi: Sadder,Numaish, Chorangi, Gurumander, QaidaBaad, Tariq road etc.

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Nine different locations on the 20-kilometre stretch between StarGate on Sharea Faisal and Pakistan Steel Mill were selected foranalyses. The losses along the entire road network of the citywhich came to around 1,300 kilometers was extrapolated, the losswould amount to $2.5 billion per year. “If the situation isn’trectified now, then by the year 2024 the losses would amount to$7.85 billion dollars per year.

According to the study, 77 percent of the total trafficcongestion in the 20-kilometre stretch selected for the studyoccurred between Star Gate and Malir. With every person stuck inthe traffic jam, about Rs74 were wasted per hour per vehicle.

As an economist I suggest that government must build flyover andpedestrian bridges and they must have signal free corridor roadby these we control the traffic jam.

Approximately the cost of one bridge is PRs 4.5 billion and whenthe bridge is under construction the people faces lot of hurdles.But at the end the bridge make and it beneficial for economy,just like I am give some benefits: the fuel consumption is less,pollution is less, noise pollution is less, or people does notfeel lot of stress by their health is good.

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fit

Save

2.5


According to the above graph if government will make the flyover it cost is PRs.4.5 billion but on the other hand which is on the verticalaxis the benefit is to save 2.5 billion dollars per year.

Lack of underpass

Publish all underpass successful countries to control thetraffic problem, according to economists and the cost of buildingthe underpass is the cost that occurred, and thus, but give thebenefit of the long-term for people in the city, as well as thecountry's economy. Underpass can accommodate one or a group ofcars, SUVs. The underpass is designed to seat only cars, vehicleswith specific recommendations. There is a small differencebetween the high and the bike required distance is 2.5 meters orgreater. When building an underpass for your car, as well as theremoval of the minimum increase to a large extent also requires alarge truck at least the minimum area of about 6 meters. Driversrequire removal of the smallest and the bike path next to theroad can be higher than the path of the car and create a shallowsummit level.

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Cost4.5 billion


There are some advantages and disadvantages of the underpass,which helps to save time, and then over long distances in a shortdistance, on the other hand, the slope of the underpassautomatically creates caused a high-speed accident, anotherfeature of the underpass is the aesthetics on the other hand,there is the problem that there is a lack in planning for thewater to drain from the underpass. Shared costs for constructionof a underpass about the impact RS563276013.The can test recentlyintroduced intersections underpass by comparing before and afterconditions with respect to total expected accomplishments usingspatial parameters. Basically, the point of the accident, thespeed and travel time surveys can be used as the main criteriafor the evaluation of the test in this particular place. Inaddition, various forms of pattern of pedestrian traffic, can beused to influence the business activities and the pattern of theflow of vehicles after the implementation of the project toassess the level of impact on users and the site that is takeninto account barely in the perspective of traffic engineering andSri Lanka.There you have more questions, as well as the benefitsgained through the project site. Seen through the travel timedata analysis, and accident investigation and quickly differencesbefore and after the situation on the intersection. It should benoted that the sudden increase and decrease speed-relatedaccidents underpass.

For obvious reasons, are considered (a) the design of underpassblockage at the level of access that users blocked optical path(b) lack of overtaking possibilities in heavy traffic becausethere is only one lane of traffic in each direction. Alsofunctional efficiency and land use pattern of activity, which isreally important when the transport infrastructure in theprovision had not been taken into account in this huge project.Even regional traffic management, which is a project priorityobjectives underpass as a failure of design and fault modestravel priority did not materialize. In order to cope withincreased traffic congestion has become necessary to build moreunderpass, bridges, underpass, roads, and free parking baysvehicles in Karachi signal. An underpass or a bridge is a bridgeat a high level, which passes over the highway loop or

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intersection. Underpass at the crossroads helps maintain smoothmovement and simultaneous passage. In the past ten years to buildnew bridges trend became popular in Karachi, and also provedsuccessful in reducing traffic congestion, which is one of themajor concerns for decision makers and urban. Cities and trafficand put hand in hand from the nearest large human settlements.The same forces that assemble residents pull in large urban areaslead to intolerable levels at times of traffic congestion on thestreets and roads in the city. Effective management of urbanareas requires a delicate balance between the advantages anddisadvantages of the bloc excessive congestion. In this sense,policymakers Karachi has more underpass offers the best solutionto ease the congestion of the road. Length of the underpass rampcommon is about 1070 meters which is good enough for the journeyon the other side of the project cost him about 2.8 billion andgive the benefit of about 3.2 billion.

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Benefi

t3.2

Billio

n


Cost 2.8 Billion

The above graph shows that the cost of underpass is one time costwhich is constant but this one time cost give benefit day by day.

Signal System:In Karachi, and the work of the traffic lights is very regular.Even during the peak hours of the day, and traffic signals formany of the main roads in the city and often do not work, eitherbecause of a power outage or because they are out of order. Atnight, too, and traffic signals to stop working after 23:00.Moreover, on many occasions, no traffic police or guards trafficin the city that can take responsibility for the situation andcontrol the traffic there. This leads to some unpleasantscenarios, and the traffic jams and accidents. Of course, whenthere will be no red lights to stop the traffic coming, then onecannot be bound to stop and wait for their turn and everyonewants to cross the road first. When that happens, motorists fromall sides of the intersection of moving one at a time in order tocross the road, but stumble in the end. In a hasty attempt firstto pass through the intersection to be, they become the cause ofconfusion and inconvenience to others as well as themselves. Italso caused accidents mostly in the absence of a properregulatory traffic system. When the signals are not working, andmotorists of all aspects of the road comes at the same timetoward the crossing, and there is a big chance of them to collidewith each other, causing the accident. These accidents caused byviolation of traffic rules, or because of the traffic lightssystem can be even fatal. Traffic signals are installed on allroads and intersection to facilitate the smooth flow of vehiclesand prevent traffic jams. But to achieve this purpose, they mustalso work properly throughout the day and night. Especially in acity like Karachi, where there are vehicles on the road twenty-four hours a day, stopping function of traffic lights can notonly be made available.

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Studies have estimated that on a daily basis most of trafficcongestion is because of the traffics light system. Andadditional waste of time for public as a result of trafficcongestion. The most of the congestion occur during early in themorning and late afternoon. Because the students and employersare going to their works and Universities so they also be late attraffic light spot. As the number of road users constantlyincreases, and resources provided by current infrastructures arelimited, intelligent control of traffic will become a veryimportant issue in the future. Avoiding traffic jams for exampleis thought to be beneficial to both environment and economy.

Our smart traffic light and congestion control system is designedto solve the traffic congestion problem in metropolitan cities ofthe country which will result in minimizing the economic andphysiology cost associated with the traffic congestion problem interms of the waste of energy (fuel) and time .As acountry(Pakistan) whose GDP is 2.5% and whose most of the foreignreserves are spend on the importing the oil, can’t afford towaste such an important resources , there is a need to manage thethings so that we can utilize our resources in a proper mannereffective and efficient , so that we can save our people moneyand time and let them use it in a fruitful manner.

We have defined three different conditions and based of theseconditions the Microcontroller will provide delay to thetraffic signal.

Density ofNumber of Vehicle

Time Interval

Time Interval

Time Interval

Vehicles(in Seconds)

(in Seconds)

(in Seconds)

Red Yellow GreenLow 10 30 05 30

Medium 20 20 05 40

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High 30 10 05 50

Corruption In Traffic Department Effective traffic enforcement is the most important requirementfor road safety. We can have the best Rules of the Road, but ifthese are not enforced effectively, we will continue to have anincrease in fatal accidents on our roads. Traffic enforcement isthreatened by the crime of corruption, and it is important tounderstand the nature of such corruptions and the strategies tofight this evil.What is corruption?Corruption or bribery is described in legal terms as the practiceof tendering [and accepting] a private advantage for theperformance of a duty. This has also been described as the abuseof entrusted power for private benefit and basically entails anofficial doing, or not doing, something for some sort of gain.Where the levels of corruption are high it is indicative of lowlevels of respect for the law.The impact of corruption increases risk of unsafe conditions onboth our roads and transport systems. On a grand scale, moneyintended for maintenance of roads or service provision and theupgrading or provision of facilities is diverted for privategain. On an immediate level, unqualified drivers and roadworthyvehicles are granted licenses.This is clearly illustrated by the revelation from the RoadAccident Fund that up to an estimated Rs50 million per annum thatcould be used to compensate claimants was in fact lost to fraudand corruption. The Road Accident Fund has since investedmillions in the fight against fraud and corruption as amanagement tool.Corruption and Traffic EnforcementThe effect of corruption is not only a loss of state revenue.When corrupt officials allow motorists who speed, or who are

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driving vehicles that are not roadworthy, to proceed with theirjourney, the consequences for other road users are potentiallydisastrous. A breakdown in public trust of the integrity oftraffic officials is also likely to result in an increase inlawlessness among road users.

How does corruption manifest in the field of traffic enforcementand road safety?

Bribes are often demanded in situations where road usershave committed an offence such as speeding, overloading, ordriving unlicensed or roadworthy vehicles. Bribery in theseinstances may be used to ensure that the offender escapes astiffer penalty (i.e. Rs100 bribe is requested when thealternative is to pay a legitimate fine of double thatamount).

The most commonly paid bribe was for traffic fines, drivertesting and licensing irregularities.

Certificates of roadworthiness are issued without the saidvehicles undergoing the necessary roadworthy tests.

Money is received in return for assisting applicants forlearner’s license tests to cheat in their exams.

Car sellers often attempt to bribe examiners to overlook acertain component or else to push through a marginal case.

Car sellers often try to buy “paper’ certificates. That is,a certificate provided without testing or examining thevehicle at all.

Car sellers will sometimes put testing stations underpressure if they do not pass their vehicle then they willtake the business elsewhere.

If a vehicle fails a roadworthy test, the client often takesthe vehicle to another testing station where they know thetest is less strict. .

Each vehicle examiner has an examiner's code that appears onthe examination sheet. Unscrupulous examiners will sometimesuse another examiners code and name when passing non-roadworthy vehicles.

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Government and Strategies to Prevent Corruption Government has acknowledged the existence of corruption and thethreat that this pose towards road safety. The Road to SafetyStrategy puts a high priority on co-ordinated action in all thekey areas of road safety: law compliance, driver fitness andtraining, vehicle condition, fleet regulation, overload control,pedestrian education, direct community road safety participationand active passengers and public empowerment.Vehicle testing and safety has also become a top priority forGovernment, as demonstrated by the Operation Juggernaut and othercampaigns. This should include the screening of vehicles, issuingof fines and removal of roadworthy vehicles. Sweeping amendmentsto the Road Traffic Act are also considered that will prevent aperson who fraudulently obtains his or her driving or learner'slicense from re-applying for such license for a certain period oftime. The Minister of Transport should state that the SpecialInvestigation Unit’s visibility when auditing files andinstituting action against corrupt officials has resulted inheightened awareness – among both officials and the public – ofthe consequences awaiting those who involve themselves infraudulent and corrupt practices..

Community InvolvementGovernment and Road Safety Authorities can welcomed mediainstitutions or anyone else who wishes to help stamp outcorruption and have offered to cooperate and give assistance tothem to fight the common enemy of corruption.Strategies to include the community in the fight againstcorruption include:

The whistle-blowing facility, managed independently of theRoad Accident Fund.

The National Traffic Call Centre Managed by the Road TrafficManagement.

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The identification of project teams to ensure that the Roadto Safety Strategy is implemented, including one for Fraudand Corruption

By the help of graph we can easily see that how hascorruption fared in the country in2013

Conclusion:

As long as there is no respect for the rule of the laws of theroad, the road will be an unsafe place. It is important for allroad users to be aware of the dangers of corruption and not toendorse corruption through their own conduct. Corruption not onlyis to be found in the actions of the official who asks for orreceives the bribe or benefit but also on the part of him whooffers the bribe.The Arrive Alive Road Safety website would like to support allefforts aimed at combating corruption and would like to offerassistance in facilitating communication from the public to blowthe whistle on these offenders.

Traffic jamsPage | 15


As we all know very well that traffic jams is one of the biggestthreats of any country. Because traffic jams consumes lots of timewhich can create direct impact on any country trades.

Now we are talking about Karachi traffic. As we know that Karachi isthe trade city of Pakistan. and it's create 70% revenue of Pakistanthat's why i discussed above that traffic jams can create directly onPakistan trade. Because there is famous proverb about time that “ifyou can't take value of time, so time will also never give you valueas well". Actually time is most important thing for every human.

Chinches and busses are playing big role in Karachi's traffic jams.Because they stop their vehicles at any points that's why traffic arejammed. Traffic police must be solving this problem first if they wantto see Karachi free from traffic jams. They increase in theirresources making bridges, underpasses, traffic signals and properstands for these vehicles that's means these vehicles only stop ontheir stops only.

If we see this scenario as an economist, we can describe thissituation in production possibility frontier (PPF). We are control 2types of traffic. 1) Personal vehicles and 2) public vehicles andlet's suppose these traffic are our output. In Karachi we don't haveto enough resources to control this heavy traffic from traffic jams.We discuss this problem in diagram which is given below:

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If we see this diagram, where Pakistan government or traffic policetrying to control traffic at point ‘A’. Which is feasible or easilyattainable point for Karachi traffic police? But this is not efficientpoint that's why they can't control this traffic in proper manners. ifthey give lots of efforts to control traffic jams so traffic policeshould be shift from point 'B' to point 'A'. When they reach at point'A' so they will control Karachi traffic efficiently. At that timeKarachi police can't shift at point 'C' because they don't have enoughresources to solve the traffic jams problem completely.

If we see another aspect of Karachi traffic jams so bikes and cars isalso play role to jam Karachi traffic. As an economist our demand isless as compare to supply. we look street of shahrah-e-faisal streetit is one of the biggest industrial area street, on job timing thisstreet always become a victim of traffic because if we see on roadthere are lots of cars or bike or street which jams traffic. We aredescribe this situation in diagram which is easily understandable forus,

This diagram shown that our street demand and supply on car. As wediscuss about shahrah-e-faisal street. It is one of the biggestindustrial streets in Karachi. After or before Job timing it is most

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busy way to get back our destiny. Personal traffic consumes lots ofspaces on road that's why traffic is jam. We see in every car andbikes where minimum 1 or maximum 3 people sit or that's why theyconsume lots of spaces of road. Company has responsibility to givepick and drop services to their employee if company wants to playvital role in society. We see diagram that's shown above anequilibrium point there is surplus. This surplus shows that suppliesof cars or bikes are more than demand of cars and bike in Karachi.

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How can a city solve its traffic problem?

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