-
Houthi insurgency in Yemen
The Houthi insurgency in Yemen,[63][64] also known asthe Houthi
rebellion, Sa'dah War, or Sa'dah conflict,is a civil war that
originated in Northern Yemen.[65] It be-gan in June 2004 when
dissident cleric Hussein Badred-din al-Houthi, head of the Zaidi
Shia sect, launched anuprising against the Yemeni government. Most
of thefighting has taken place in Sa'dah Governorate in
north-western Yemen although some of the fighting spread
toneighbouring governorates Hajjah, 'Amran, al-Jawf andthe Saudi
province of Jizan.The Yemeni government alleged that the Houthis
wereseeking to overthrow it and to implement Sha religiouslaw. The
rebels counter that they are defendingtheir community against
discrimination and governmentaggression.[66] The Yemeni government
has accused Iranof directing and financing the insurgency.[67]
In August 2009, the Yemeni Army launched a freshoffensive
against the Houthis in the northern Sa'adaprovince. Hundreds of
thousands of people were dis-placed by the fighting. The conflict
took on an in-ternational dimension on 4 November 2009 as
clashesbroke out between the northern rebels and Saudi secu-rity
forces along the two countries common border andSaudis launched an
anti-Houthi offensive. The rebels ac-cuse Saudi Arabia of
supporting the Yemeni governmentin attacks against them. The Saudi
government deniedthis.[68] Houthi leaders claim that United States
involve-ment in the war started on 14 December 2009 when theUS
launched 28 air raids.[22]
General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar commanded the Yemenisecurity forces
during the conflict and led all the govern-ment offensives from
2004 until 2011, when he resignedhis post to defend protesters
during the Yemeni Revolu-tion.[69]
A Houthi power grab in Sana'a escalated on 20 January2015, the
rebels attacked the presidents residence andswept into the
presidential palace. President Abed RabboMansour Hadi was inside
the residence as it came underheavy shelling for a half-hour, but
he was unharmedand protected by guards, according to Information
Min-ister Nadia al-Sakkaf. Presidential guards surrenderedthe
residence after being assured that Hadi could safelyevacuate. The
U.N. Security Council called an emer-gency meeting about the
unfolding events. United Na-tions Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon
expressed concernover the deteriorating situation in Yemen and
urged allsides to cease hostilities.[70][71] On 22 January,
PresidentAbed Rabbo Mansour Hadi and Prime Minister Khaled
Bahah tendered their resignations to parliament, whichreportedly
refused to accept them.[72]
1 Background
In 1962, a revolution in North Yemen ended over 1,000years of
rule by Zaidi Imams, a branch of Shia Islam, whoclaimed descent
from the Islamic prophet Muhammadpeace be upon him. Sa'dah, in the
north, was their mainstronghold and since their fall from power the
regionwas largely ignored economically and remains underde-veloped.
The Yemeni government has little authority inSaada.[73]
During Yemens 1994 civil war, the wahhabis, an Islamicgroup
adhering to a strict version of Sunni Islam foundin neighboring
Saudi Arabia, helped the government inits fight against the
secessionist south. Zaidis complainthe government has subsequently
allowed the wahhabistoo strong a voice in Yemen. Saudi Arabia, for
its part,worries that strife instigated by the Shia sect so close
toYemens border with Saudi Arabia could stir up groups inSaudi
itself.[73]
Although it has received little international coverage,
theconflict essentially pits Yemens Sunni-majority govern-ment
against Shia fighters, a conflict that has added signif-icance for
many Arab countries worried about the risinginfluence of Iran, a
Shia majority country.[73] It is must toconsidering that Yemen is a
country riven with resourcedriven conflict and regional
factionalism above and be-yond any notion of Sunni and Shia
divisions.These aresome problems that is seen in Yemen. So this
conflict didnot start as a sectarian struggle between Saudi Arabia
andIran.[74]
The conflict were sparked in 2004 by the governmentsattempt to
arrest Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, a Zaidisreligious leader of the
Houthis and a former parliamentar-ian on whose head the government
had placed a $55,000bounty.[73]
2 Motives and objectives
When armed conflict for the first time erupted back in2004
between the Yemenis government and Houthis, thethen Yemenis
president accused Houthis and other Is-lamic opposition parties of
trying to overthrow the gov-ernment and the republican system.
However, Houthi
1
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2 3 TIMELINE
leaders for their part rejected the accusation by sayingthat
they had never rejected the president or the repub-lican system but
were only defending themselves againstgovernment attacks on their
community.[75]
According to a February 2015 Newsweek report, Houthisare
fighting for things that all Yemenis crave: govern-ment
accountability, the end to corruption, regular utili-ties, fair
fuel prices, job opportunities for ordinary Yeme-nis and the end of
Western influence.[76]
In an interview with Yemen Times, Hussein Al-Bukhari,a Houthi
insider said that Houthis preferable political sys-tem is a
republic with elections where women can alsohold political
positions, and that they do not seek to forma Shia cleric-led
government after the model of IslamicRepublic of Iran for we cannot
apply this system inYemen because the followers of the Shafi
[Sunni] doc-trine are bigger in number than the Zaydis
[Shia].[77]
3 Timeline
Further information: Timeline of the Yemeni
conflict(2011present)
3.1 Round 1: JuneSeptember 2004
From June to August 2004, government troops battledsupporters of
al-Houthi in the north.[78] Estimates of thedead range from 500 to
1,000.[52] On September 10,Yemeni forces killed al-Houthi.[79]
Since then, the rebel-lion has been led by one of his brothers,
Abdul-Malik al-Houthi.[75] His father, Badr Eddin al-Houthi, took
overthe position as the groups spiritual leader.[80]
3.2 Round 2: MarchMay 2005
Between March and April 2005, some 1,500 people werekilled in a
resurgence of fighting between governmentforces and supporters of
the slain cleric.[52]
In May 2005, the rebels rejected an offer of a
presidentialpardon by President Ali Abdullah Saleh after their
con-ditions for surrender were refused by the government andminor
clashes continued. OnMay 21, the government re-leased estimates of
the impact of the rebellion, announc-ing that it was responsible
for 552 deaths, 2,708 injures,and over USD 270 million in economic
damages.[75]
On, 23 June 2005, the rebels military commanderAbdullah
al-Ruzami surrendered to Yemeni authori-ties. after tribal
mediators worked out a deal with thegovernment.[80]
3.3 Round 3: November 2005 early 2006
A third round of fighting broke out from November 2005until
early 2006. During this round, the pro-governmentHamdan tribe, led
by Sheikh Abdullah al-Awjari battledwith pro-Houthi tribes and
Houthis tried to assassinatea Ministry of Justice official in
Dhamar. The fightingended before the Presidential elections that
year[81] andin March 2006, the Yemeni government freed more than600
captured Sha fighters.[82] There was no data withregards to
casualties in 2006, but they were said to be sig-nificantly lower
than those of the previous year.[52]
3.4 Round 4: JanuaryJune 2007
A new spate of fighting broke out on January 28, 2007,when
militants attacked multiple government installa-tions, killing six
soldiers and injuring 20 more.[83][84]
Further attacks on January 31, left six more soldiers deadand 10
wounded.[85] A further ten soldiers died and 20were wounded in an
attack on an army roadblock nearthe Saudi Arabian border on
February 1.[86] Though therewas no official confirmation of
militant casualties in theattacks, government sources claim three
rebel fighterswere killed in a security operation following the
January31 attacks.[87]
In February, the government launched a major offensiveagainst
the rebels involving 30,000 troops.[41] By Febru-ary 19, almost 200
members of the security forces andover 100 rebels had died in the
fighting.[88] A further160 rebels were killed in the subsequent two
weeks.[89]A French student was also killed.[90]
A ceasefire agreement was reached on June 16, 2007.The rebel
leaders agreed to lay down arms and go intoexile in Qatar (by whom
the agreement had been medi-ated), while the government agreed to
release rebel pris-oners, help pay for reconstruction and assist
with IDPs re-turning home.[91] In total some 1,500 people were
killedby the conflict in 2007, including 800 government troops,600
rebels and 100 civilians.[52]
3.5 Round 5: MarchJuly 2008
Armed incidents resumed in April 2008, when sevenYemeni soldiers
died in a rebel ambush on April 29.[92]OnMay 2, 15 worshippers were
killed and 55 wounded ina bombing at the Bin SalmanMosque in Sa'dah
as crowdsof people left Friday prayers. The government blamed
therebels for the bombing, but Houthis group denied
beingresponsible.[66][93] Shortly after the attack, three
soldiersand four rebels died in overnight skirmishes.[94]
On May 12, clashes between Yemeni soldiers and rebelsnear the
border with Saudi Arabia killed 13 soldiers and26 rebels.[95]
During fighting in May 2008, a total of1,000 government forces were
killed and 3,000 injured.
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3.6 Round 6: August 2009 February 2010 3
Some 70,000 people were displaced by the fighting.[52]President
Saleh declared an end to fighting in the north-ern Sadah
governorate on July 17, 2008.[96]
3.6 Round 6: August 2009 February2010
Main article: Operation Scorched EarthYemeni troops, backed by
tanks and fighter aircraft,
Saudi army in Jizan before war against the Houthis,
November2009
launched a major offensive, code-named OperationScorched
Earth,[97] against the rebel stronghold in north-ern Yemen on
August 11, 2009, after the governmentpromised to use an iron fist
against the rebels. OnSeptember 17, more than 80 people were killed
in anair raid on a camp for displaced people in
northernYemen.[98]
The conflict took on an international dimension late in
themonth. Clashes were reported between the Houthis andSaudi
security forces near the border.[99] Also, Yemeniofficials captured
a boat in the Red Sea that was trans-porting anti-tank shells and,
according to some reports,five Iranian instructors sent to help the
Houthis.[100]Various official Iranian sources responded, calling
thisclaim a politically motivated fabrication, and stating thatthe
ship was traveling for business activities carrying
noconsignment.[101] In early November the rebels statedthat Saudi
Arabia was permitting Yemeni army units tolaunch attacks from
across the border at a base in Jabalal-Dukhan, charges which were
denied by the Yemenigovernment.[102] In late October, heavy clashes
in thearea of Razih led to the Houthis capturing two mili-tary
headquarters and killing Yemeni commander Gen-eral Amr Ali Mousa
Al-Uuzali[36] In early November,General Ali Salem al-Ameri and
regional security chiefAhmed Bawazeir were killed in a Houthi
ambush as theywere returning from Saudi Arabia.[37]
The conflict spilled into neighbouring Saudi Arabia forthe first
time since erupting in 2009 on November 4when rebels shot dead a
Saudi security officer in a cross-border attack. The rebels took
control of a mountain-ous section inside Saudi Arabia, in the
border regionof Jabal al-Dukhan[99] and occupied two villages
insideSaudi territory.[103][104] Saudi Arabias news agency said
that rebels had entered Saudi territory and attacked pa-trols,
and that a second soldier later died from woundssustained in the
same clash.[105][106] On November 5,Saudi Arabia responded by
launching heavy air strikes onrebels in northern Yemen, and moved
troops nearer theborder. Saudi government officials said only that
the airforce had bombed Yemeni rebels who had seized a borderarea
inside the kingdom, which they said had now beenrecaptured. The
officials said at least 40 rebels had beenkilled in the fighting.
The Saudi government adviser saidno decision had yet been taken to
send troops across theborder, but made clear Riyadh was no longer
prepared totolerate the Yemeni rebels.[105] The Saudi assault
contin-ued the following day, as Saudi residents near the south-ern
border of Jizan Province were evacuated.[107] At thesame time, a
Houthi spokesman reported to the mediathat they had captured Saudi
troops.[108] On 16 Novem-ber, Yemen killed two Houthi commanders,
Abbas Aaidaand Abu Haider. On 19 November, Yemeni forces
tookcontrol of al-Malaheez, killing the local commander
Alial-Qatwani.[109]
Houthi leaders claim that U.S. involvement started on 14December
when the U.S. launched 28 air raids.[22] Atleast 120 people were
killed and 44 injured by the al-leged US air raids on the regions
of Amran, Hajjah andSa'dah in North Yemen. Houthis claimed air
raids on18 December killed 63 civilians, including 28 childrenand
injured at least 90 people.[110] U.S. President BarackObama claimed
he had authorised the strikes against al-Qaeda.[111] On 20
December, Saudi air strike killed somecivilians. According to a
spokesman for the Houthis, aSaudi attack killed 54 people in the
town of Al Nad-heer in the northern province of Sa'dah. The group
alsoclaimed that Saudi forces were advancing on the nearbytown of
Zawa, also in Sa'dah, and had fired more than200 shells.[112]
On December 22, the Houthis stated that they have man-aged to
repulse Saudi Arabian forces trying to infiltrateinto the province
of Sa'dah, killing an unspecified num-ber of Saudi soldiers in a
battle in the border region.[113]
The fighting between Yemeni and Saudi forces andHouthis killed
at least 119 Yemeni government forces,263 Houthis, 277 civilians
and 7 foreign civilians.[52]Saudi casualties were confirmed at 82
at the time.[114]With more soldiers killed in subsequent clashes
and miss-ing soldiers being found dead, however, the casualtiesrose
to 133 killed by January 23, 2010. The number ofmissing was put at
six.[56]
In early January 2010, the Houthis chose the Iraqi clericGrand
Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani to mediate in their politi-cal standoff
with the Yemeni government and to find a so-lution to the conflict.
This choice was criticized by Saudicleric Mohammad al-Arifi, a
preacher at Riyadhs cen-tral mosque, who dismissed al-Sistani as an
infidel anddebauched. The remarks by the Saudi cleric were
con-sidered extremely insulting by Shias around the world,
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4 3 TIMELINE
causing major outrage in some Shi'a populated countrieslike
Iraq, Iran and Lebanon.[115][116]
On January 13, 2010, Operation Blow to the Head waslaunched in
an attempt by the government to capture thecity of Sa'adah.
Security forces claimed they killed 34and arrested at least 25
Houthis, as well as killing al-Qaeda in Yemen leader Abdullah
al-Mehdar within thenext two weeks of fighting.[117]
On January 25, 2010, the Houthis offered a truce[118]and
withdrew from 46 positions which they held in Sauditerritory.
Houthi leader Abdul Malek al-Houthi saidthey would stop fighting to
prevent further civilian ca-sualties and the withdrawal was a
gesture for peace,[119]but warned that if the Saudis were to
continue fightingthe Houthis would go over into open warfare. A
Saudigeneral announced that the Houthis had stopped fight-ing and
were not on Saudi land anymore and that in re-sponse the Saudis
also stopped fighting saying, The bat-tle has ended by Gods will.
But the Saudi king deniedthe Houthis had withdrawn saying they were
forced out,and declared military victory for the end of their
conflictwith the Houthis.[120] There have however been allega-tions
that the Saudis launched new air raids on January29, thus breaking
the truce.[121]
On January 1 the Yemeni government offered a con-ditional
cease-fire. The cease-fire had five conditionswhich were the
re-establishment of safe passage on roads,the surrender of mountain
strongholds, a full withdrawalfrom all local authority property,
the return of all militaryand public equipment seized during
hostilities and the re-lease of all the detained civilians and
soldiers. On January30, Abdel-Malek al-Houthi released a video
wherein heblamed the government for the recent round of fightingbut
said that: Nevertheless, and for the fourth time, I an-nounce our
acceptance of the [governments] five condi-tions [for an end to the
conflict] after the aggression stops... the ball is now in the
other partys court.[122] After thetruce was accepted on January 30,
however, there werestill some clashes between theHouthis and both
Saudi andYemeni forces.[123] Therefore, on January 31 the
Yemenigovernment rejected the truce and launched a new roundof
attacks, killing 24 people.[124]
3.7 2010 conflict with pro-governmenttribes
In April, Houthi spokesmanMohammed Abdulsalam de-clared that
rebels had captured the Manaba district inSa'dah, with little
government resistance. Governmenttroops declared they had killed 30
Houthis who had triedto penetrate into Harf Sufyan District.On July
17, 2010, the Houthis warned on their websitethat the government
was preparing for another offensiveagainst the Houthis. They said
the government had beendigging trenches from the Sana'a to Sa'ada.
They claimedthe army was trying to amass servicemen in villages
and
that soldiers in Amshia Bsfian region were creating anarmy
stronghold on Mount Guide. The report came asthe Yemeni government
blamed Houthi fighters for re-cent ethnic clashes which had killed
11 people, includingtwo soldiers, and for the kidnapping of two
people in amarket. The Houthis have denied these allegations
andhave claimed that it was the work of the government.[125]
On July 20, 2010, clashes broke out between Houthis andmembers
of an army-backed tribe, led by Sheikh SagheerAziz, in the region
of Souffian. A Houthi commander de-clared that the clashes had
broken out because of YemeniArmy attacks on Houthis and local
pro-Houthi tribes.Forty-nine people were reported killed in the
clashes, in-cluding 20 tribal and 10 Houthi fighters. The
Houthisalso managed to surround the Yemeni military bases inthe
region.[126] Over the following days the Yemeni armyand
pro-government Bin Aziz tribes continued to clashwith the Houthis.
The government claimed that in the fol-lowing two days, 20 fighters
were killed on each side. AHouthi spokesman denied these claims,
stating only threeHouthi fighters had been killed in the clashes.
Both sideshave blamed each other for starting the clashes.[127]
TheUN expressed great concern about the situation in
NorthYemen.[128]
On July 23, Houthi spokesman Vayf-Allah al-Shami saidcalm had
returned to the region and that a governmentcommittee was trying to
mediate a cease-fire between theHouthis and the BinAziz tribes in
the Souffian region.[129]
On July 27, Houthis seized a military post at al-Zaalain Harf
Sufyan, capturing 200 soldiers of the armysRepublican Guard. Tribal
sources claimed they had in-flicted 200 fatalities on the Houthis
in al-Amsheya whilesuffering only 30 dead themselves. Houthi
spokesmanAbdul Salam denied the high number of killed and saidthe
claims were highly exaggerated. Houthis said they re-covered the
bodies of 17 of their fighters, including that ofrebel commander
Abu Haidar, near the house of SheikhSaghir Aziz in Al-Maqam, near
Al-Zaala.[130]
On July 29, the Houthis released the 200 soldiers they
hadcaptured as a goodwill gesture. In total some 70 peoplehad died
since the clashes started.[131]
On November 22, one soldier was killed and twowounded in a
roadside bombing. The next day 23 Houthifighters and supporters
were killed and 30 injured by acar bomb targeting a Shi'a religious
procession in al-Jawfprovince.[132][133] On November 26, two Shi'a
mourn-ers were killed and eight injured by a bomb while ontheir way
to Sa'adah city to attend Badreddin al-Houthi'sfuneral.[133]
In total, between 195 and 281 people were killed duringthis
round violence, with the majority of the casualties onthe Houthi
side.[134]
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3.9 PostSaleh (20122015) 5
3.8 2011 Yemeni Revolution
Main article: Yemeni Revolution
A major demonstration by over 16,000 protestors tookplace in
Sana'a on 27 January.[135] On 2 February, Pres-ident Saleh
announced he would not run for reelectionin 2013 and that he would
not pass power to his son.On 3 February, 20,000 people protested
against the gov-ernment in Sana'a,[136][137] and others in
Aden,[138] in aDay of Rage called for by Tawakel Karman.[139] On
thesame day, soldiers, armed members of the General Peo-ples
Congress and many others held a pro-governmentcounter-demonstration
in Sana'a.[140]
On February 27, Abdul Malik al-Houthi announced sup-port for the
pro-democracy protests and the effort toeffect regime change, as
had happened in Tunisia andEgypt. Following these statements, large
crowds ofHouthis joined in protests across Northern Yemen.[141]
Houthi fighters entered Sa'ada on March 19,[142] engag-ing in a
drawn out battle with the pro-government forcesof Sheikh Uthman
Mujalli.[143] They seized control ofthe city on March 24,[1] after
destroying Sheikh Mujallishouse[143] and forcing the local governor
to flee.[2] TheHouthis established military checkpoints at the
entrancesto the city[143] after police deserted their posts and
wererelocated to army camps elsewhere.[3]
OnMarch 26, Houthi rebels declared the creation of theirown
administration in Saada Governorate, independentfrom Yemeni
authorities. A former arms dealer was ap-pointed governor by the
Houthis, the previous governorhaving fled to Sanaa.[2][3]
On July 8, 23 people were killed in fighting between theHouthis
and the opposition Islah party in al-Jawf gover-norate. The
fighting erupted after the governor of al-Jawffled, opposition
tribes took control of the governorate,and the Houthis refused to
hand over a Yemeni militarybase which they had seized several
months earlier.[144]Fighting continued until July 11, with more
than 30 peo-ple killed.[145] The Houthis claimed that some
elementsof the pro-Islah militias had links to al-Qaeda.[146]
On July 28, over 120 people were killed as the Houthislaunched
an offensive to take over government build-ings in al-Jawf.[147]
Fighting in Jawf lasted for fourmonths, in which time Sunni tribes
claimed to have killed470 Houthis, while acknowledging 85
casualties of theirown.[148] The Houthis eventually took control of
al-Jawfgovernorate.[149]
In August a car-bombing killed 14 Houthis in al-Jawf.[150]
Although the Houthis initially blamed the US andIsrael for the
bombing, al-Qaeda eventually claimedresponsibility,[151] the
organization having declared a holywar against the Houthis earlier
that year.[152] In earlyNovember clashes erupted between Houthis
and a Salafigroup in Sa'dah, leaving one Salafist dead.[153]
On November 9, after several days of heavy fighting, theHouthis
managed to break through defense lines of thepro-government Kashir
and Aahm tribes in Hajjah Gov-ernorate, seizing control of the
Kuhlan Ash Sharaf Dis-trict and advancing towards the port of Midi,
therebygaining access to the sea. Through Hajjah, the Houthiswould
be able to launch an assault on the Yemeni capi-tal Sana'a.[154] By
taking Kuhlan Ash Sharaf, the Houthismanaged to gain control over a
highway linking San'a tothe sea.[149]
On November 15, clashes between Houthis and Islahparty militia
restarted in al-Jawf, after an Islah partymember tried to blow
himself up during the al-Ghadeerfestival, in Al Maton District but
was captured and killedby the Houthis. A total of 10 people died in
the ensuingfighting.[155]
On December 19, Houthis stormed a Sunni Islamistschool in the
Shaharah District of 'Amran governorate,injuring one teacher and
expelling all teachers and stu-dents from the school. Houthis then
took up positionsinside the school.[156]
On 23 November, Saleh signed a power-transfer agree-ment
brokered by the Gulf Cooperation Council inRiyadh, under which he
would transfer his power tohis Vice-President within 30 days and
leave his post aspresident by February 2012, in exchange for
immunityfrom prosecution.[157][158] Although the GCC deal
wasaccepted by the JMP, it was rejected by many of theprotesters
and the Houthis.[159][160]
A presidential election was held in Yemen on 21 Febru-ary 2012.
With a reported 65 percent turnout, Abd Rab-buh Mansur al-Hadi won
99.8% of the vote, and tookthe oath of office in Yemens parliament
on 25 Febru-ary 2012. Saleh returned home the same day to at-tend
Hadis presidential inauguration.[161] After monthsof protests,
Saleh had resigned from the presidency andformally transferred
power to his successor, marking theend of his 33-year
rule.[162]
Throughout the year, some 200 people were killed inclashes
between Houthis and Salafi militias in Sa'dahprovince.[163]
3.9 PostSaleh (20122015)
On February 26, 2012, heavy fighting occurred in Haj-jah
governorate as Houthis fought Sunni tribesmen loyalto the Al-Islah
party. At least seven fighters from the Ho-jjor tribe were killed
and nine others injured, while in theAhem area nine bodies were
found, belonging to Houthifighters. Houthis launched an assault
backed by artilleryon al-Jarabi area, al-Hazan village, al-Moshaba
moun-tain, and Ahem police station to take control of the
al-Moshaba mountain. Parts of the Kushar District were putunder
siege[164] since clashes erupted in that province be-tween Houthis
and the al-Zakari tribe in November.[165]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%2527ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakel_Karmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_People%2527s_Congress_(Yemen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_People%2527s_Congress_(Yemen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saada_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajjah_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajjah_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhlan_Ash_Sharaf_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhlan_Ash_Sharaf_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midi_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Maton_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaharah_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_presidential_election,_2012https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushar_District
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6 3 TIMELINE
In early February, over 55 people had been killed
duringsectarian violence in Kushar.[166] During February andMarch
some 27 people were killed and 36 injured due tomines in Hajjah. A
total of 600 were killed in clashes inHajjah between November 2011
and April 2012, mainlyin Kushar and Mustaba Districts.[167]
On March 8, a high-ranking military commander and sixof his
bodyguards were killed by Houthi gunmen in thenorthern province of
Amran[168]
On March 23, a suicide bomber targeted a Houthi marchin Sa'dah,
no casualties were reported.[169] On March25, some 14 people were
killed and three injured in acar bombing in al-Hazm of al-Jawf
province, targetinga Shi'a gathering near a school.[170] Another 8
Houthiswere killed in an attack by Salafis on April 21.[171]
FromJune 2 to June 4, Houthis clashed with Salafi militias inKataf
districtm leaving several dead.[172] Houthis claimto have taken
over three Salafi positions and confiscatedSaudi weapons during the
clash.[173]
On August 21, clashes broke out between Houthis andtribes in Ash
Shahil District of Hajjah after Houthis al-legedly shot two women
in the district. As the fightingbroke out, Houthis retreated from
al-Amroor area andretreated to the mountains between Janeb al-Sham
andJaneb al-Yemen. Houthis were said to control severalmountains in
the region including mount Azzan and thegovernorate center that
overlooks al-Mahabishah, QaflShamer and Ku'aydinah Districts. A
truce was signed be-tween the two sides on August 30.[174] Clashes
reignitedon September 6 and Houthis managed to seize controlof five
schools, a medical center and a police station.Some 30 people were
killed in the battles.[175] After-wards Houthis claimed civilian
areas were being shelledby al-Islah, while MP Ali al-Ma'amari
accused Houthisof killing a worker from Taiz.[176]
In September and October, Houthis led may protestsin Sana'a as
part of the 2012 Anti-US protests causedby the release of Innocence
of Muslims. Houthi slo-gans were hung all across the old city of
Sana'a andShi'a majority areas during the protests.[177] This
hasled to Houthis expanding their control in Sana'a Gov-ernorate
and other areas around the capital, particu-larly Khwlan and Sanhan
Districts and the town ShibamKawkaban in al-Mahwit.[178] Al-Juraf
district was alsonamed as a Houthi stronghold, where they had large
num-bers of weapons stationed. Sunni sources have allegedthat
Houthis have used the protests to smuggle weaponsand fighters from
areas surrounding Sana'a into Sana'acity itself, mainly in the old
city.[179]
During one of the protests, in Raydah, Amran, clashesbroke out
between Houthis and Islahi gunmen after theIslahi gunmen
interrupted a Houthi mass rally, denounc-ing Innocence of Muslims
and the US government, onSeptember 21. Two people were killed
during the clashand three Islahi gunmen were captured.[176]
Fighting con-tinued until September 23, leaving 16 fighters dead
and
36 Islah men captured by the Houthis. After a cease-fire was
agreed on, Houthis withdrew from the town andreleased the prisoners
they had taken.[163] A group ofHouthis remained in Owaidan
mosque.[180]
3.10 201415: Toppling the Yemeni Gov-ernment
A Houthi official declares the dissolution of parliament in
Sana'aon 6 February 2015.
Main articles: Battle of Sana'a (2014) and 201415Yemeni coup
d'tat
On 18August 2014, the Houthis began a series of demon-strations
in Sana'a against increased fuel prices. On 21September, the
Houthis took control of Sana'a, afterwhich Prime Minister Mohammed
Basindawa resignedand the Houthis signed a deal for a new unity
governmentwith other political parties. The protests were markedby
clashes between the Houthis and the government andalso clashes
between theHouthis and al-Qaeda in theAra-bian Peninsula.[181] At
least 340 people were killed on theoutskirts of the Yemeni capital
in one week of fightingbetween the Shiite rebels and Sunni
militiamen beforethe city fell.[182] The new government was sworn
in on9 November, although the Houthis and General PeoplesCongress
announced they would not take part[183]
A spokesman for the Houthi group has accused YemensPresident
Hadi of arming members of Al-Qaeda in theMarib province, east of
the country, in order to create anew security crisis.[184]
The crisis intensified as Houthi militants attacked
thepresidential palace and private residence in January
2015,quickly seizing control of both. On 22 January, PresidentAbd
RabbuhMansur Hadi and his ministers resigned.[185]The Houthis
declared themselves in full control of thegovernment on 6 February,
dissolving parliament andputting a Revolutionary Committee led by
MohammedAli al-Houthi in charge of the country.[186]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustaba_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hazm_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Shahil_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Mahabishah_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qafl_Shamer_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qafl_Shamer_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%2527aydinah_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taizhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslimshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocence_of_Muslimshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%2527a_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%2527a_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwlan_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhan_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam_Kawkaban_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam_Kawkaban_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Mahwit_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raydah_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%2527ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sana%2527a_(2014)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Yemeni_coup_d%2527%C3%A9tathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Yemeni_coup_d%2527%C3%A9tathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sana%2527a_(2014)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Basindawahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_People%2527s_Congress_(Yemen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_People%2527s_Congress_(Yemen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Rabbuh_Mansur_Hadihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_(Yemen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_al-Houthihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_al-Houthi
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4.2 United States 7
3.11 2015: Saudi-led intervention (Opera-tion Decisive
Storm)
Main article: Operation Decisive Storm
On March 26, 2015, Saudi Arabia and a coalition ofregional
states launched airstrikes against Houthi posi-tions in Yemen in an
operation called Operation Deci-sive Storm.[187] The military
coalition included the UnitedStates who was helping with the
planning of airstrikes,as well as logistical and intelligence
(spying) support.[188]Other coalition states included Egypt, United
Arab Emi-rates, Bahrain, Morocco, Pakistan, Jordan, and Sudanwho
provided direct military support (airplanes).[189] Ini-tial strikes
left 18 civilians dead and 24 other wounded,including women and
children.[189]
Initial reactions from Houthi spokesman Mohammed AlBukhaiti
called the military action a declaration of war onYemen.[189]
Iranian foreign minister Mohammad JavadZarif demanded immediate
halt of the attacks, sayingMilitary action from outside of Yemen
against its ter-ritorial integrity and its people will have no
other resultthan more bloodshed and more deaths.[189] Some
ana-lysts saw it in a broader context as a proxy war betweenIran
and Saudi Arabia.[189]
4 Alleged foreign involvement
4.1 Iran and Hezbollah
There have been a number of alleged Iranian involve-ments in the
insurgency to aid the Houthis, including:
The Saudi and Yemeni governments both accuseIran of helping the
Houthis. Iran, they say, has se-cretly landed arms on the Red Sea
coast. In October,2009, Yemens government said its navy
interceptedan arms-carrying Iranian vessel. Yemens state-controlled
press claims Houthi rebels have beentrained in an Iranian-run camp
across the Red Seain Eritrea. Yemens president, Ali Abdullah
Saleh,says members of Lebanons Iran-backed Hezbollahmilitia are
teaching them. The Yemeni authoritiesalso darkly note that the
Houthis long-time leader,Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, who died in
battle in2004, used to visit Qom, one of Shia Islams
holiestplaces.[190] None of these accusations have yet beenborne
out by independent observers and the Iraniansdeny any
involvement.
Saudi-owned Al Arabiya claimed that well-informed sources are
saying that the presidentof the former South Yemen (Ali Salim
al-Bidh)conducted a secret visit to the Lebanese capitalBeirut last
October (2009), and tried to contactfigures close to Hezbollah
aiming to win its support
for the Houthi rebels, and for South (Yemens)secession. The
sources added that those Hezbollah-allied figures informed al-Bidh
that the partys topofficials do not want to meet with him and that
theydo not approve the attribution of Hezbollahs namewith what is
happening in Yemen, or to appear assupporting to any rebellion.
Ibrahim al-Mussawi,Head of Hezbollahs Media Unit, told
Alarabiya.netthat his party denies the report about an
allegedsecret visit.[191]
High-ranking officials from the Iranian Revolution-ary Guard
were said to have secretly met withHouthi rebels and Hezbollah in
Yemen to coordi-nate joint military operations against Saudi
positionsalong the border. Pan-Arab Asharq al-Awsat dailysaid Arab
and Egyptian sources uncovered that anumber of intelligence
services in the region havelearned of the three-way meeting which
also aimedat developing a plan to escalate the military
situationalong the Saudi-Yemeni border. It said the high-level
meeting which took place in November, 2009was the most prominent
evidence of direct Iranianinvolvement in the support of Houthi
rebels finan-cially, militarily and logistically.[192]
Yemeni Foreign Minister Abu Bakr al-Qirbi on 13December 2009
urged Iran to crack down on Ira-nian groups he accused of aiding
Houthi rebelsin northern Yemen and held Irans governmentpartly to
blame. He said: Religious (Shiite) cir-cles and groups in Iran are
providing aid to theHuthis, However, Iran has repeatedly denied
suchaccusations.[193]
On 25 May, Iran first deployed warships to the Gulfof Aden to
combat piracy in Somalia.[194] On 20January 2010, On 18 November, a
second groupof Iranian warships came to the Gulf of Aden, atthe
same time as Saudi Arabia imposed a blockadeon Houthi-controlled
coasts and launched a crack-down on Houthi ships delivering weapons
to theHouthis.[194] Iran dispatched its 5th fleet to the Gulfof
Aden.[195] Some have alleged that the IranianNavy is operating
there to help supply the Houthiswith weapons and counter the Saudi
naval power inthe area rather than to fight Somali
pirates.[194]
4.2 United States
On December 2009, According to The New York Times,the United
States has provided weapons and logisticalsupport to Yemeni
government strikes against suspectedhide-outs of Al Qaeda within
its borders. The officialssaid that the American support was
approved by Pres-ident Obama and came at the request of the
Yemenigovernment.[196] Houthis claimed in a statement that theU.S.
has used modern fighter jets and bombers in its of-fensive against
the Yemen fighters.[22]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_military_intervention_in_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_military_intervention_in_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_military_intervention_in_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Zarifhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Zarifhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Salim_al-Beidhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiruthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionary_Guardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionary_Guardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharq_al-Awsathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Qirbihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Adenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Adenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_Somaliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Navyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Navy
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8 7 REFERENCES
Houthi leaders however claim that US involvementstarted on 14
December when the US launched 28 airraids.[22] At least 120 people
were killed and 44 injuredby the alleged US air raids on the
regions of Amran, Ha-jjah and Sa'ada in North Yemen, a Houthi
leader wasquoted as saying: The US air force perpetrated an
ap-palling massacre against citizens in the north of Yemen asit
launched air raids on various populated areas, markets,refugee
camps and villages along with Saudi warplanes,The savage crime
committed by the US air force showsthe real face of the United
States. It cancels out muchtouted American claims of human rights
protection, pro-motion of freedoms of citizens as well as
democracy.[197]The Houthi claimed that new air raids on 18
Decemberkilled 63 civilians, including 28 children and injured
atleast 90 people.[110]
On June 17, 2011, following Friday prayers, tens of thou-sands
of protestors rallied in Sa'dah against US interfer-ence in
Yemen.[198]
The Houthis blamed US intelligence forces of carryingout a
bombing in August 2011 which killed 14 Houthifighters.[199]
4.3 Other
Jordan: It has been alleged that Jordan de-ployed commandos to
fight alongside the Saudis dur-ing their offensive in Northern
Mount Al-Dukhanand that Saudis sent the Jordanian commandos tofight
in Northern Yemen. They also sent auxiliaryunits to support Saudi
forces.[17] By December 2009it was alleged that over 2,000
Jordanian soldierswere fighting at the front.[19]
Morocco: It was alleged that Morocco havesent hundreds of elite
fighters, mainly para-trooperstrained for counter-insurgency
operations, to aid the20092010 Saudi offensive.[19]
Pakistan: It was alleged in Pakistani news me-dia and newspapers
that the Pakistan governmenthad sent contingent of special forces
to join Yemenicounter insurgency operations in Sa'dah.[200]
5 Humanitarian effects
In April 2008, the United Nations High Commissionerfor Refugees
estimated that the conflict had created77,000 internally displaced
persons (IDPs) in Sa'dahGovernorate.[201] By order of then king
Abdullah ofSaudi Arabia, the Saudis were to shelter and build
10,000new homes for the war-displaced people.[202][203][204]
5.1 Use of child soldiers
See also: Military use of children
UNICEF and Islamic Relief were reported as con-demning both the
Yemeni military and Houthi rebelsfor abusing children by forcing
them to fight for theircause.[205][206][207] In November 2009, over
400 childrenwalked to the UNDP office in Sana'a, to protest
againstthe alleged Houthi abuse of childrens rights.[208]
6 See also Human rights in Yemen
List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
Military of Yemen
South Yemen insurgency
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