Housing Rehabilitation and Services in Post-Conflict ...

Housing Rehabilitation and Services in Post-Conflict & Post-Disaster

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Charles A. Setchell,Shelter,

Settlements, and Hazard Mitigation

Advisor, USAID/OFDA

SHELTER and SETTLEMENTSActivities in

Post-Conflict & Post-Disaster

Settings

Charles A. Setchell,Shelter,

Settlements, and Hazard Mitigation

Advisor, USAID/OFDA

• Overview of USAID/OFDA • NOT Housing, but Shelter• “S&S” Approach• Focus on Links Among “S&S,”

DRR, and other Sectors• Q&A

SESSION AGENDA

If You Don’t Think Shelter Is Important…

OFDA: Lead USG Agency for Int’l Disaster Assistance Since 1964*

1963, Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica

1963, Skopje EQ, Former Yugoslavia

*: Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, Sec. 491-493.

USAID/OFDA Mandate

Save Lives

Reduce Suffering

Reduce the Economic and Social Impacts of Disasters (OFDA’s “Third Phrase”)

OFDA Criteria for Response

Host country must ask for, or be willing to accept, USG assistance

The disaster is of such magnitude that it is beyond the host country’s ability to respond adequately, and

It is in the interest of the USG to provide assistance.

Quick Review of OFDA Activities

• In FY ’08, spent about $550M • 81 “declared disasters,” the most

in years (1 every 4.5 days), and• Spent funds on 99 different

disasters

• FY’09 was busier, with budget over $600M

• FY’10 request higher than FY’09

Some of OFDA’s Operational Partners

g

25%

65%

10%

UN Agencies NGOs/PVOs Int'l Orgs

Not an Atypical Pattern of Recent OFDA Grant Funding to

Implementing Partners…

NGOs

ICRCOTHER UN

AGENCIES IN COUNTRY

USAID

Other Nation Military

HOST NATION

SECURITYFORCES

EU/ECHO

US Military

NGOs

NGOsNGOs

OTHERDONORSUSAID

UNHCR

UNOCHA

UNJLCUNDP

WFP

A Challenging Work Environment:The Fog of Relief

IOM

That Said, OFDA Does NOTEngage in Housing

Reconstruction or Development, But Rather Humanitarian Shelter

Assistance

3.5 - 4.5 m2

THE BASIC

METRIC OF

SHELTER

3.5 sq. m. per person is NOTbased on comfort, but is considered “minimallyadequate” to promote health,privacy, andhuman dignity

A = ± 3.5 m2/p

3.5 sq. m. per person is alsoabout 40% of what peoplehad, on average,before the disaster/crisis.

• World Bank Ave. forDev. Countries = 9.0 sq. m./

• UN Habitat “slum”Indicator = 5.0 sq. m./

A = ± 3.5 m2/p

SETTLEMENTS, the “Where?” of “Our” Mandate

Where Settlements are located,How they have developed,How rapidly they grow,How strong their economies are, andHow well they are managed, esp. in times of crisis…

Will largely determine whether they become the sites of future disasters -- and possible USG responses

The TRENDS Affecting Settlements Are Many, and Include…

• The Future Is Urban. Global population will increase from 6.2 billion to 8.3 billion, ’03-’30; equiv. of 100% located in the cities of developing countries, increasing pop. from 2 to 4 billion!

• Persistent Poverty. Over three billion people -- nearly half of humanity -- survive on per capita incomes of no more than $2.50/day, up from 2.5 billion in 1987. Millions more earn only slightly more.

• Increasing Strains on Basic Social Services and Institutions

• Growing Environmental Decline, Coupled with Limited Economic Growth

• HIV/AIDS, Bird Flu, Swine Flu, Pandemic Influenza, etc. increasingly a feature of settlements

AN EXAMPLE: ANYONE SEE

• Conditions depicted are experiencedby nearly 1 of every 6 human beings

• By 2030, nearly 1 of every 4!!!

SETTLEMENTSat the Center of Climate Change and Environmental Degradation Debate

URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECTS

• Context: 2X urban pop., 3X urban land; LOTS of issues with growth

• Chronic and acute needs are merging more and more every day

• Disasters/crises accelerate and exacerbate the urbanization process, and

• How to address urban displacement?

Implications for OUR Work…

Kabul, Since 2000: 3X Pop., 4X

Area

Some Qs, Then…

• Are tomorrow’s disasters being incorporated into today’s development processes?

• Development policies affect humanitarian work. Should “HA” and “DA” workers be talking more?

The Biz of Humanitariansis… Displacement

“Displaced people”:* Are displaced from???* Want to go back to???* Satisfy their needs in???* Are a primary reason for

humanitarian responses,

SO… It’s NEVER, EVER too early to start focusing on shelter.

FEATURES OF SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMMING

• Shelter-led • Multi-sectoral, reflecting multi-faceted

character of context (i.e., settlements)

• Opportunistic with regard to livelihood promotion and DRR (e.g., rubble removal)

• Cognizant of gender, environment, local organizations, and social relations

• Transitional, by linking relief and developmental concerns, and

• Accountable to local governing structures

ECONOMIC IMPACTSOF SHELTER

• Greater Than Anticipated• Primary Means of

Implementing OFDA Mandate’s “Third Phrase”

• Can “Jump-Start” Affected Settlements

• Can Lead Transitionto Reconstruction

Shelter as a Survival & Production Platform

“Extreme Linkage”:Growing Onions INSIDE a Tent,

Afghanistan

KEY POINTS

• Shelter Provision is a Major Tool in Reducing the Economic & Social Impacts of Disasters (Remember OFDA’s “Third Phrase”)

• Livelihoods are not only Rural, or Ag, or Low-end, and

• If Designed in Context, Shelter Activities are Livelihood Magnets.

Transitional Shelter…

• More than a tent, less than a house

• Jump-starts and re-engages affected populations in the incremental, longer-term process of housing development

• Now SOP of Shelter Sector Globally

• Vehicle for DRR and Livelihood Promotion, and

• Unlike other sectors, no handoff to development. With programmatic vacuum, all the more reason to emphasize TRANSITION and CONTEXT.

TransitionalShelter,

Indonesia

T-Shelter, Indonesia

T-Shelter, Peru

T-Shelter, Goma, DRC

T-Shelter, Sri Lanka

T-Shelter, Zimbabwe

TS: Platforms for DRR (at 18% per sq. m. Less than Conventional)

BRICKS -- and More BRICKS --as Shelter-Livelihood Link

“TS” Not New; Rooted, in part, in “Earthquake Shacks,”

San Francisco, 1906

On the Move…

And Still Around…

HOSTING: “STEALTH” SHELTER

• Primarily socially defined, based on family, friends, neighbors, etc.

• Commences before humanitarians arrive on the scene, i.e., self-selected

• Cost-effective, flexible means of sheltering

• Buys time for longer-term solutions to emerge, and

• Often transitions to permanent shelter.

HOSTING: “STEALTH” SHELTER

Two Basic Forms

• Socially defined, based on family,friends, neighbors, etc., and

• Economically defined, often amongstrangers, i.e., market-based rentsupport.

Converting Storage to

Shelter

Converting Sheds to Shelter

’02-Present, Afghanistan:A Case Study in OFDA “S&S”

Efforts

Pre-Intervention Shelter

Living Rough…

Tent Occupants, Kabul, Every Winter

A Response: Seismic-

Resistant T-Shelter

DRR by Design

DRRin

Action

Stone Foundation!!Training in Block Making and Construction

Significant Livelihood Generation

Settlements Components

• Afghanistan is one of world’s most seismically active regions

• Asia’s fastest growing cities during the 90s

• One of the world’s most rapidly urbanizing countries at present

• Kabul is currently perhaps the world’s fastest growing city; pop. is approx. 4.5 million, up from 1.5 million in late ’01; regional cities are also growing fast

• Urban pop. will at least triple in size by 2020; recent events will likely accelerate rate, and

• Current S&S needs adding to backlog of needs

Why Is This Important?

Current & Foreseeable OFDA S&S Efforts

• Reliance on Local Materials & Markets

• Emphasis on Sphere Project Guidelines

• Linking Shelter to Livelihoods

• Incorporating DRR

• “R & D”

Next Steps in S&S DRR

• Even greater emphasis on incorporating DRR into S&S projects, where appropriate

• Greater emphasis on building supply and demand for DRR through training and outreach

• Focusing on Settlements through risk-based land use planning and capacity building.

Common DRR Objectives…For both the “HA” & “DA” communities, key objectives could be:

1. Jointly identifying “Harm’s Way” in at-risk, disaster- and crisis-prone settlements

2. Creating mechanisms and incentives to reduce or prevent occupancy of “Harm’s Way”

3. Reducing risk for those unable to move out of “Harm’s Way”

4. Responding to those affected by disasters and crises in “Harm’s Way” in a creative, appropriate, and cost-effective manner that reduces risk over time, and

5. Incorporating this focus into larger urban sector strategies.

Lessons RE-LEARNED- We respond to displacement, but

displacement from what??

- Context, context, context! Adopting Market Approach is criticalto understanding context

- “S&S” is “foundational” to response,recovery, AND other sectors

- Need to include S&S in initial strategy-makingand response, and

- Increased training and outreach for multipleaudiences (e.g., DOD, AMCHAM, State, WB)

In Summary, We…

• Discussed OFDA Basics• Established that OFDA is NOT

Involved in Housing, but VERYInvolved in “S&S”, and

• Examined Links Among “S&S,” DRR, & other Sectors

Finally, If You Still Don’t Think Shelter Is Important…

THANK YOU FOR YOURTIME AND PATIENCE

[email protected]