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HOUSING HIGHLIGHTS
FROM THE 2014 ACS
Jed Kolko
Senior Fellow
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Housing highlights from the 2014 ACS 3
1. Homeownership and household formation
2. Housing costs
3. Vacancy rates
4. Appendix: ACS vs HVS
5. About the data
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The homeownership rate continues to
slide
4
66.9%67.3% 67.2%
66.6%
65.9%
65.4%
64.6%
63.9%63.5%
63.1%
61%
62%
63%
64%
65%
66%
67%
68%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Homeownership rate
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Homeownership higher in Midwest, lower
in big coastal metros
5
Homeownership rate, 2014, large metrosHIGHEST
1 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 69.9%
2 Pittsburgh, PA 69.3%
3 St. Louis, MO-IL 68.7%
4 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 68.0%
5 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 67.5%
LOWEST
1 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 48.3%
2 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 50.3%3 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 50.7%
4 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 52.2%
5 San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA 53.2%
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All growth in occupied housing units
since 2006 has been in rentals
6
SEPTEMBER, 2015T E R N E R C E N T E R F O R H O U S I N G I N N O V A T I O N U C B E R K E L E Y
2006
(millions)
2014
(millions)
Change,
2006-2014
(millions)
Change,
2006-2014
(%)
Single-family owner-occupied 65.5 65.2 -0.3 -0.4%
Single-family renter-occupied 11.3 15.2 +3.9 +34%
Multi-unit owner-occupied 4.2 4.0 -0.2 -6%
Multi-unit renter-occupied 23.4 26.1 +2.7 +12%
All occupied housing units
(includes other housing types)
111.6 117.3 +5.6 +5%
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In past year, more of all housing types;
but single-family rentals still lead
7
0.3%
0.8%
1.8%
2.1%
0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5%
Single-family, owned
Multi-unit, owned
Multi-unit, rented
Single-family, rented
Change in occupied housing units, by type
2013-2014
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No slowdown in single-family rentals 8
13.2% 13.1%13.4%
14.0%
14.8%15.1%
15.7%
16.4%16.7%
17.0%
12.0%
13.0%
14.0%
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Rental share of occupied single-family detachedhomes
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Finally, after several years, an increase in
owner-occupied single-family homes
9
64.7
65.5
66.0 66.0
65.6
65.8
65.365.2
65.165.2
64.0
64.5
65.0
65.5
66.0
66.5
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Owner-occupied single-family homes (millions)
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Household formation volatile but remains
consistently below 1.2m normal level
10
527
761 723
515
951
424
978
321
968
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Household formation(change in # of occupied housing units, 000s)
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Housing highlights from the 2014 ACS 11
1. Homeownership and household formation
2. Housing costs3. Vacancy rates
4. Appendix: ACS vs HVS
5. About the data
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Overall housing cost burden at post-
bubble low
12
35.0%
36.3% 36.3%
36.7%
37.3%
38.1% 37.9%
36.0%
34.8% 34.6%
32%
33%
34%
35%
36%
37%
38%
39%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
% of all households spending 30% or more of
income on housing
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Almost half of LA & Miami households are
cost-burdened
13
% of households spending 30%+ of income on housing, 2014, large metros
HIGHEST
1 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 48.4%
2 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL 47.0%
3 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 45.8%
4 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 45.8%
5 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 44.6%
LOWEST
1 Pittsburgh, PA 26.8%
2 Oklahoma City, OK 28.4%3 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 29.0%
4 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 29.4%
5 Kansas City, MO-KS 29.8%
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Lower mortgage rates have made owning
less burdensome
14
47.3% 47.6% 47.2% 47.9%49.6%
51.1% 51.6% 50.3% 49.9% 50.1%
34.9%37.3% 37.9% 38.0% 37.9% 38.3% 37.2%
34.2%32.1% 31.2%
16.2% 17.0% 16.0% 16.3% 16.4% 16.6% 17.0% 16.0% 15.4% 15.8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
% of households spending 30% or more of income onhousing, by tenure & mortgage status
Renters
Owners with
mortgage
Owners without
mortgage
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Housing highlights from the 2014 ACS 15
1. Homeownership and household formation
2. Housing costs3. Vacancy rates
4. Appendix: ACS vs HVS
5. About the data
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Despite below-normal construction
activity, vacancy rate holds steady
16
7.6%
8.3%
8.6%8.8%
8.9%9.1%
9.0%
8.5%
8.4% 8.4%
6.5%
7.0%
7.5%
8.0%
8.5%
9.0%
9.5%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Vacancy rate(excl. seasonal; % of all housing units)
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Vacancy rate high in slow-growing Detroit
and fast-growing Vegas
17
Vacancy rate, excluding seasonal, 2014, large metrosHIGHEST
1 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 12.1%
2 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 11.9%
3 New Orleans-Metairie, LA 11.9%
4 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 11.3%
5 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 10.9%
LOWEST
1 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 3.8%
2 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 4.1%
3 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 4.3%
4 Salt Lake City, UT 4.3%
5 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 4.3%
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Active vacant inventory is low, while
inactive vacant inventory remains high
18
4.6% 4.9%5.1% 5.1% 5.2% 5.1% 4.8%
4.4% 4.3% 4.3%
6.1%
6.7%7.1% 7.3%
7.4%8.0% 8.3% 8.0% 8.2% 8.2%
0.0%
1.0%2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%7.0%
8.0%
9.0%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Vacancy rate(% of all housing units)
Active inventory (for
sale/rent, sold, rented)
Inactive inventory (off marketincl. seasonal)
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Single-family vacancies are elevated and
inching upward
19
8.6%
9.4%
9.9%
10.2% 10.3%
10.8%11.0%
10.6% 10.7%10.7%
8.0%
8.5%
9.0%
9.5%
10.0%
10.5%
11.0%
11.5%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Vacancy rate, single-family homes(all vacancy reasons, incl. seasonal)
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Multi-unit vacancies down below 2006
level
20
14.5%
15.6%
16.0%16.2%
16.7%
17.2%
16.6%
15.4%15.1%
14.9%
13.0%
13.5%
14.0%
14.5%
15.0%
15.5%16.0%
16.5%
17.0%
17.5%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Vacancy rate, multi-unit buildings(all vacancy reasons, incl. seasonal)
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Housing highlights from the 2014 ACS 21
1. Homeownership and household formation
2. Housing costs3. Vacancy rates
4. Appendix: ACS vs HVS
5. About the data
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ACS reports lower homeownership than
HVS, but similar trend
22
66.9%67.3% 67.2%
66.6%
65.9%65.4%
64.6%63.9%
63.5%63.1%
68.9% 68.8%68.1%
67.8%67.4%
66.8%
66.1% 65.4%65.1%
64.5%
60%
61%62%
63%
64%
65%
66%67%
68%
69%
70%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Homeownership rate
ACS
HVS
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ACS and HVS both showed 2014
household formation of ~1m
23
9681,025
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Household formation(change in # of occupied housing units, 000s)
ACS
HVS
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ACS reports much lower vacancy than
HVS, but similar trend
24
7.6%
8.3%8.6% 8.8%
8.9%9.1% 9.0%
8.5% 8.4% 8.4%
9.6% 9.9%
10.4%10.7% 10.9%
10.9% 10.8%10.4% 10.3%
10.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
9.0%
10.0%
11.0%
12.0%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Vacancy rate(excl. seasonal; % of all housing units)
ACSHVS
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Housing highlights from the 2014 ACS 25
1. Homeownership and household formation
2. Housing costs3. Vacancy rates
4. Appendix: ACS vs HVS
5. About the data
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About the American Community Survey 26
Annually produced by the Census Bureau
Most detailed and comprehensive regular source of housing
data for the U.S. and local areas
Superior to quarterly Homeownership and Vacancy Survey (HVS), though
less current
9/17/15 release: 1-year published tables. Still to come:
1-year microdata (PUMS) for customized analysis: Oct 15
5-year published tables, for data on smaller geographic areas: Dec 15
5-year PUMS: Jan 16
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ACS issues 27
These slides are based on the published ACS tables, whichprovide less detail than the microdata (PUMS) that will be
published in October. Estimates from published tables often
differ from estimates based on microdata.
Metropolitan areas are Core Based Statistical Areas
(CBSAs). Metro-ranking slides are based on the 51 CBSA
with 2010 Census population of one million or more.
Despite the large sample size of the ACS, differences
between metro areas and differences over time for a
single metro area might not be statistically significant.
Many ACS published tables provide margin-of-error
estimates for calculating statistical significance.
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Table reference guide 28
ACS data
Homeownership and household formation: B25002, B25003
Single-family vs multi-unit homes: B25024, B25032
Housing cost burden: B25101, B25106
Our calculations differ from those published in table DP04. We include zero/negative
income households as cost-burdened, and include no-cash-rent renters as not cost-
burdened. Table DP04 excludes both of those groups and collectively counts them asnot computed.
Vacancies: B25002, B25004
Our calculations differ from the homeowner and renter vacancy rates published in
table DP04. Those rates omit vacant units that are held off market / non-transacting,
which are a large and growing component of vacancy.
All slides based on ACS 1-year tables
HVS data
All data: 7a (annual estimates of housing inventory)
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Contact 29
www.jedkolko.com (website and email)
@jedkolko (Twitter)
SEPTEMBER, 2015T E R N E R C E N T E R F O R H O U S I N G I N N O V A T I O N U C B E R K E L E Y