HOUSING CONDITION IN INDIA With special focus …nirdpr.org.in/nird_docs/srsc/srsc-pub-020517-2.pdfHOUSING CONDITION IN INDIA With special focus on Rural Areas and Socially Disadvantaged

HOUSING CONDITION IN INDIA

With special focus on Rural Areas and Socially

Disadvantaged Sections

Volume I

Study sponsored by the SR Sankaran Chair, National Institute of Rural Development

Hyderabad

Laurie Baker Centre for Habitat Studies Vilappilsala, Trivandrum 695573

Kerala, India December 2014

Preface

This study on Housing Condition in India is part of a larger collaborative project

between the SR Sankaran Chair on Rural Labour Studies, National Institute of Rural

Development, Hyderabad and the Laurie Baker Centre for Habitat Studies,

Thiruvananthapuram. The main objective of the collaborative effort is to analyse the

condition of housing and related living amenities for the poor in the country with

special focus on rural areas as well as the socially disadvantaged sections of the

population. As a first step, this study examines the housing condition and related

living amenities in the country and presents quantitative estimates based on data from

the two Population Censuses viz., 2001 and 2011 as well as the National Sample

Survey 65th

Round (2008-09). While certain indicators are similar for both sources,

the latter allows for a detailed computation of several additional indicators relating to

housing and related living amenities.

This study report has taken care to examine the condition of housing in rural areas in

the constituent states of India and place it in relation to the situation in urban areas. In

addition it has also focused on the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes separately

to examine their position in relation to other sections of the population. The resulted

are summarized in the introductory chapter.

The study team consisted of K.P. Kannan (Team leader), G. Raveendran (Statistical

Adviser), Neethi P. Menon and Soumya Maria (Research Associates) and S. Dhanya

(Research Assistant. The study team would like to place on record the cooperation,

support and advice received from Professor D. Narasimha Reddy, the first SR

Sankaran Chair Professor at the NIRD as well as his successor Professor Kailas Sarap.

The team also would like to thank their colleagues at the LBC especially P.B. Sajan,

Member Secretary, V.K. Anilkumar, Chief Administrative and Programme Manager

for their administrative support.

K. P. Kannan

On behalf of the LBC Study Team

31 December 2014

Contents

Volume I

1 Introduction and Summary of Findings

2 Housing Condition in India: An Overview

3 Housing Condition: A State Level Analysis

4 Housing Condition in Rural Areas

5 Social Dimension of Housing Condition:

Unequal Access to ST and SC Households

6 Concluding Remarks

Appendix to Chapter 2

Volume II: Appendix Tables

Chapter 1

Introduction and Summary of Findings

“Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being

of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and

necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment,

sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances

beyond his control.”

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 25.1)

1. Introduction

Housing is a basic requirement of human well-being. Along with the requirement of

shelter, other facilities in the micro environment of housing such as type of dwelling

unit, drinking water, sanitation, drainage, etc., constitute housing condition of the

people that forms a vital component of their overall quality of life.

Housing is one of the basic needs of every individual as besides providing shelter and

security, it also enables easy access to the credit market by working as collateral

comfort / security.

Inadequate and inappropriate housing is a manifestation of deprivation and is

important both as a factor in enhancing human development that would not only

contribute to enhancing productivity and efficiency but also enhance social dignity.

If housing is to be considered as a basic deprivation, then the state in a democratic

polity has a primary obligation to ensure that it is not just alleviated but eradicated

altogether. However, studies focusing on this basic deprivation in India is far and few

although periodic collection of information relating to housing and related aspects are

collected nationally by the Registrar of Census Operations through its decennial

population census as well as by the National Sample Survey Organization for selected

years. It is also equally important to note that while struggles for other basic

entitlements such as food security, employment, social security, basic education and

basic health care have a long history and are continuing, such broad-based and

prolonged struggle and advocacy for housing are relatively absent. This is not to

underestimate the importance of the struggles in specific locations and for specific

groups such slum dwellers in many of the cities. As we shall see in this report, the

condition of housing in rural areas is quite appalling and requirement exceeds that of

urban areas.

Going by several indicators, more than half the households in India i.e. covering more

than half the population want and need better housing. Families in poverty seize every

available opportunity to own a quality home. Indians take pride in their homes,

patching them up after they crumble every monsoon by scavenging bricks and

building their homes a wall at a time. The problem, however, is that a quality house is

getting further and further out of reach for the common man and woman with bricks,

mortar and labor costs up over fifty percent in many areas across India in recent years.

A severe lack of financing for the rural poor without land title makes quality housing

difficult to attain.

1.1 Rationale for research study on housing for the poor

There are currently no available studies documenting the status of housing for

different segments of the population such as those in rural an urban areas in a

comparative inter-state perspective. This is important because it is the state-level

government which is responsible for implementation of housing schemes and

programmes to the designated sections of the people. As mentioned above, there is a

need here to differentiate between rural and urban areas. But such a spatial approach

is not sufficient to get a more nuanced understanding of the more deprived sections.

As in the case of almost all human development and economic well-being indicators,

the two social groups who are at the bottom of the social and economic hierarchy are

those belonging to the Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC). It is

therefore quite important to focus on their housing condition in rural and urban areas

separately. The current study proposes to fill these gaps. It has two components; the

first one is a study focusing on the country as a whole including an inter-state

comparison and the other is a study focusing on Kerala that perhaps has a reasonably

successful experience in eliminating the extreme forms of housing deprivation and

securing decent housing and related amenities as part of its socio-economic

transformation as well as targeted state policies and schemes.

This first report deals with the housing condition in India.

3. Objectives of the research study

The specific objectives of the study are the following:

To understand the housing condition in India and prepare a national profile

based on selected but important aspects of housing between 2001 and 2011

supplemented by analysis of data from the NSS 2008-09 round on specific aspects;

To analyze the housing condition across Indian states and provide a

comparative profile on selected indicators;

To analyze the housing condition in rural areas; and

To analyze the housing condition in terms of social groups by focusing on SCs

and STs and comparing their condition with that of ‘Others’ as a category.

4. Methodology

Given the nature and coverage of the area of enquiry, this report is based on an

analysis of dta collected in two population censuses i.e. 2001 and 2011 as well as the

NSS 65th

Round on Housing Condition in India. While the tables on housing released

by the Registrar of Census Operations provide useful information the unit level data

are not available to the public. Hence the analysis is based on the census tables.

However, the availability of unit level data of NSS rounds has made it possible for

researchers to work with such data and process it to suit their questions and

requirements. We have therefore used the NSS data as an additional source of

information to go beyond the information provided by the census data. Since the latest

NSS data relates to 2008-09 this is close to the time period of 2011 census.

4. Summary of main findings

Given the large number of indicators used in both population censuses as well as in the

NSS round, we had to make a selection of the indicators that would give us a rounded

picture of the housing situation. Additional information collected is given in the

Appendix to each chapter in the form of detailed tables. The findings are summarized

in the following order.

Between 2001 and 2011 there has been an impressive growth of nearly 32 per cent

in the number of housing units – i.e. building units used as residence - in the country.

However the growth in urban areas at 52 per cent is far in excess of the growth in rural

areas at 24 per cent.

In terms of quality of housing based on ‘good’, ‘livable’ and ‘dilapidated’ housing,

the inequality between rural and urban areas has widened to the disadvantage of the

latter. While 68 per cent of urban housing is classified as ‘good’ the proportion in

rural areas in 2011 was only 46 per cent. In rural areas 6.5 per cent were found to be

in a ‘dilapidated’ condition while that proportion in urban areas was 2.9 per cent.

For finding out the quality of housing among the SC and ST segments viz-a-viz

Others, findings from the NSS 2008-09 survey revealed that the SC segment had the

highest share of ‘bad’ housing at 22 per cent followed by ST at 19 and others at 13 per

cent. In rural areas these were 24, 20 and 16 per cent respectively.

Availability of adequate space within a housing unit is perhaps crucial to judge the

housing condition. Going by this standard, the 2011 census revealed that 37 per cent of

all households in the country lived in just one-room housing units. Here it is important

to note the definition adopted by the census authorities. The definition was:

“A dwelling room would include living room, bedroom, dining room,

drawing room, study room, servant's room and other habitable rooms

provided they satisfy the criterion of their dimensions. Do not include

kitchen, bathroom, latrine, store room, passageway and veranda which are

not normally usable for living. A room, used for multipurpose such as

sleeping, sitting, dining, storing, cooking, etc., should be regarded as a

dwelling room.”

To this we should add another 32 per cent housing units which had only two-rooms.

This worked out to 69 per cent. We may recall here that the proportion of population

who did not have more than two PPP$ (in equivalent Indian Rupees for consumption

expenditure) was reported as 69 per cent earlier (see Kannan 2014:xx). This does not

mean that they all had a separate kitchen. Most of them did not have a separate

kitchen (see 4. 6)

According to the NSS, a room was defined as the above but with some minor

difference. This definition was:

A room with floor area (carpet area) of at least 4 square metres, a height of

at least 2 metres from the floor to the highest point in the ceiling and used

for living purposes was considered as a living room. Thus, rooms used as

bedroom, sitting room, prayer room, dining room, servant’s room - all

were considered as living rooms provided they satisfied the size criterion.

Kitchen, bathroom, latrine, store, garage etc. were not living rooms. A

room which was used in common for living purpose and as kitchen or

store was also considered as living room.

As per the NSS, 38 per cent of the households lived in with one room while another 36

per cent lived with just two rooms thus totalling 74 per cent i.e. 5 percentage points

higher than the census findings of 2011.

From a social group point of view, analysis of NSS data revealed that 49 per cent of

SC households lived in one-room housing units in 2008-09 where this proportion was

42 for ST and 35 for Others. Rural-urban difference in this respect was not pronounced

except that the proportion with one-room housing was a little higher in urban areas for

all groups.

Very few people would think of a house without a kitchen because it is so central to

the existence of the family. But that seems to be a luxury for a significant share of

Indian households. Half the households, as per the NSS, reported that they had no

separate kitchen. This means that a majority of those with one or two rooms totaling

74 per cent in 2008-09 had no separate kitchen. Contrary to what one would expect

rural area seems to be more deprived on this indicator than urban area. 55 per cent of

housing units reported no kitchen in rural India while this was 37 per cent in urban

India.

The social profile of not having a separate kitchen has disproportionately been on

the SC and ST communities. While 64 per cent of SC households did not have a

separate kitchen, the proportion was 60 for the ST and 44 for Others.

Of all the indicators, the one that impinges on human dignity is perhaps the

availability of a toilet. The state of affairs on this count is perhaps one of the most

shameful statistics on the condition of living. The 2001 reported that 64 per cent of

the households report no toilet facility but that share came down to 54 per cent in

2011, still quite high by any standard. In rural India the share came down from 78 to

69 per cent. The NSS also reported a similar picture but somewhat lower for 2008-09;

49 per cent reporting no latrine facility with 65 and 11 per cent in rural and urban areas

respectively.

The social group profile revealed, as per NSS, that the most deprived in this respect

are the ST segment with 69 per cent reporting no latrine facility followed by SC at 65

and Others at 42 per cent. Of course the rural situation was quite bad with an overall

deprivation of 65 per cent without any latrine facility as against 11 in urban areas.

Here the situation was worst for SC households with 76 per cent reporting no latrine

facility and 75 for ST and 60 per cent for Others.

Electrification of households as a source of lighting is something that had been

accorded a high priority in government development programmes. The census of 2011

however reported that only two-thirds of the households – 67 per cent – reported

electricity as a source of lighting with only 55 per cent in rural areas and 93 per cent in

urban areas. However, the NSS round of 2008-09 reported a higher percentage of 75

per cent overall with 66 per cent for rural and 96 per cent for urban areas.

As in other indicators, the most deprived in this respect are the SC and ST

households. While 61 per cent of ST households reported as having electricity for

domestic use, 66 per cent of SC reported the same. It was 79 per cent for Others.

Here again rural areas lag behind urban areas with 57 per cent for ST, 60 and 70 per

cent for SC and Others.

An inter-state comparison of the housing situation reveals a scenario that are not

surprising going by the overall human development indicators of various states. At the

top are five states – Delhi, Kerala, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh – that have

achieved reasonable levels of housing conditions. At the bottom are the states that are

at the lower end of human development indicators as well as overall economic

performance such as Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand

and Odisha. The remaining 19 states occupy a position between these two groups. In

general the smaller states have performed reasonably well although not as good as

those at the top level.

According to the NSS Round 2008-09, there were only three states, among the

larger states, where a majority of the households lived in housing units with more than

two rooms i.e. three rooms and above. These are Kerala (72 per cent), Jammu and

Kashmir (64 per cent) and Assam (51 per cent). All the other larger states, the

majority lived in housing units with either one or two rooms. At the bottom were

Andhra Pradesh (currently Andhra Pradesh and Telangana) (12 per cent), Tamil Nadu

(14 per cent), Maharashtra (14 per cent), West Bengal (15 per cent), Odisha (16 per

cent), Gujarat (18 per cent) and Delhi (21 per cent). This should come as a surprise as

these states, with the exception of Odisha, with very little space within the residence

are those with high per capita income, relatively high levels industrialization as well as

urbanization. High growth and high industrialization do not seem to have translated

into decent housing conditions for the overwhelming majority of the residents going

by the amount of space.

If the above seven states were the bottom seven states in terms of paucity of housing

space, a majority of houses (i.e. more than 50 per cent) in the states of Jharkhand,

Odisha, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh did not

have a latrine facility.

Similarly, a majority of households in the states of West

Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Assam and Uttar Pradesh did not have electricity

connection for lighting.

In sum, the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan,

Uttar Pradesh and Odisha emerges as the worst performers in terms of several

indicators of the housing condition.

By focusing on the rural areas (in Chapter 4), we get an idea of the rural-urban gap.

The overall picture is that rural India considerably lags behind urban India in terms of

both quality of housing as well as amenities that are basic to a decent and dignified

living.

There is also considerable variation of the housing condition in rural India across

states. Those states that lag behind are also the states mentioned in 4.14 with overall

poor performance. To this should be added the states of Assam and West Bengal

where the rural-urban differences seems to be quite significant with a larger gap for

rural areas than many other states.

Going by the NSS classification of ‘good’ housing, only two states from the larger

states category reported either half or a majority living in ‘good’ houses. These are

Delhi (52.5 per cent) and Kerala (49.8 per cent) closely followed by undivided Andhra

Pradesh Punjab (49.4 per cent) and Punjab (49.1 per cent). At the bottom were the

two states of Jharkhand (7.2. per cent) and Bihar (18.4 per cent).

While the definition of ‘good’ refers to housing units that do not require repairs,

there is another classification based on the type of materials. Thus NSS defines

‘pucca’ houses as those made of durable materials. Going by this definition two larger

states – Delhi (98.2 per cent), Uttarakhand (92.7 per cent) and Punjab (90.4 per cent) –

reported that 90 per cent or more houses in the rural areas in the pucca category.

Undivided Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Himachal Pradesh reported between 70 and 79

per cent. At the bottom were Assam (20.6 per cent), Chattisgarh (30 per cent), Odisha

(32.8 per cent), Jharkhand (34.2 per cent) and West Bengal (36.3 per cent).

If we go by space considerations by defining it as those who have to live with one

living room only, the best performing states in rural India are Kerala (7.4 per cent),

Assam (8.0 per cent), Jammu and Kashmir (10.8 per cent) where only less than 11 per

cent of the households had to live in such houses closely followed by rural Himachal

Pradesh (21.4 per cent). But at the bottom level are those mostly belonging to

relatively more industrialised, urbanized and high income states such as undivided

Andhra Pradesh (51.1 per cent), Maharashtra, West Bengal and Gujarat (around 47-48

per cent). It would appear that states such as Assam and Jharkhand which come low

on pucca housing and other amenities have somewhat more space – two rooms and

above – for the overwhelming majority in their rural areas.

Another critical indicator that we would like to highlight is the availability of a

separate kitchen. Rural India presents a sorry picture on this count too. A majority of

states that are a mix of both poorer and not so poor/better off states show that a

majority of the households in their rural areas do not have a separate kitchen. These

range from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Assam (exceeding 70 per cent) to Chattisgarh,

Bihar, Odisha and Gujarat (ranging from 52 to 59 per cent).

As we mentioned earlier, availability of latrine facility is something that directly

impinges on the dignity of an individual. In this respect too, rural India presents

distressing picture with most states reporting ‘no latrine facility’ for majority of

households. Only rural Kerala (5.3 per cent) and rural Delhi (7.5 per cent) report the

lowest percentage with no latrine facility. At the bottom are Odisha (88 per cent)

Madhya Pradesh 85 per cent), Jharkhand 84 per cent) Chattisgarh and Rajasthan (82

per cent), Bihar and UP (79 per cent) and Karnataka (75 per cent).

All in all, the basic deprivation in terms of housing condition is well above the

deprivation indicated by the poverty line estimates and close to the idea of poor and

vulnerable households with less than two PP dollars per capita per day. If we widen

the housing deprivation to a larger set of indicators, then the deprivation is closer to

the notion of multidimensional deprivation reported by the Human Development

Reports of the UNDP.

In the following chapters we give a detailed analysis of the housing situation. In

Chapter 2 the focus is on the all India scenario decomposed into rural and urban areas

as well as by the broad three social groups viz., ST, SC and Others. In Chapter 3 we

focus on an inter-state comparison of the housing condition. While doing so we have

categorized the states into (a) Larger States, and (b) Smaller States. The larger states

are those where the population is more than half-a-per cent of the all India total

population whereas the smaller states represent those with less than half-a-per cent of

the total population. It also includes the Union Territories. Our interpretation of

results are mostly based on the results obtained for the larger states which account for

xx per cent of the total population of the country in 2011. However, the results for all

states and Union Territories are given in the tables given in the Appendix to each

chapter given at the end of this report.

Chapter 2

Housing Condition in India

An Overview

Introduction

In this chapter we discuss the various aspects of housing at the national level. Our

analysis is based on the data provided by two most credible agencies namely, the

Census and the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO). The two most recent

data sets provided by these two agencies are the Population Census Reports released

by the Registrar General of Census and the 65th

round of NSSO’s comprehensive

survey on housing condition and amenities (June 2008-July 2009). The latest census

data pertain to 2011 while the NSS data relate to the situation in 2008-09. They can

therefore be treated as data for the recent period of 2009-11.

Census provides information based on complete enumeration of all households

unlike the sample survey of buildings and housing units by the NSS. But the advantage

of NSS is that while the population census provides us with processed data as tables,

NSSO provides unit level data which enable us to process and carry out analyses than

is possible with census data. NSSO’s comprehensive survey also provides us with

details on housing condition and amenities some of which are not available in the

population census.

In the first section in this chapter, we discuss housing characteristics such as the

condition and type of structure of the houses, number of rooms in the house/dwelling

unit, ventilation, type of kitchen, type of roof, wall and floor of the dwelling which are

indicators of the quality of dwelling.

In the second section we discuss basic amenities within the dwelling such as

drinking water, sanitation facilities such as bathing and toilet, type of lighting and

cooking fuel.

Finally the third section presents the discussion on households’ access to basic

facilities outside the dwelling such as drainage and garbage collection arrangements

and accessibility to road.

For each aspect of the housing situation, we first examine the all India scenario,

followed by rural and urban areas separately. We have also examined the social

dimension in relation to the condition of those belonging to the Scheduled Tribe (ST)

and Scheduled caste (SC) categories. We define a third group ‘Others’ as the residual

households obtained by deducting ST and SC households from total households. By

comparing the housing condition in 2001 and 2011 Censuses, we have also been able

to measure the improvements in the selected indicators for rural and urban areas.

Coverage of Houses, and their Various Uses

The 2011 Census covered 330.836 million housing (i.e. building) units which was

31.24 percent (73 million) more housing units than the previous Census of 2001. Of

the total, 306.163 million units were occupied for various purposes. These are shown

in Table 2.1. We can see that around 80 percent of the census houses were used as

residence including 2.8 percent which were used for residence cum other uses.

Table 2.1: Various uses of Occupied Census houses, 2011

All India percentage share

Total Number of Occupied Census Houses 30,61,62,799 100

Occupied Census Houses used as Residence 23,60,62,866 77.1

Residence cum Other Use 85,78,716 2.8

Shop/Office 1,76,72,786 5.8

School/College 21,06,530 0.7

Hotel/Lodge/Guest House etc. 7,20,806 0.2

Hospital/Dispensary etc. 6,83,202 0.2

Factory/Workshop/Workshed etc. 24,96,655 0.8

Place of Worship 30,13,140 1

Other Non Residential Use 3,35,47,747 11

Source: Census 2011

While there was a 52 percent growth in the occupied census houses used as

residence in urban areas, it was only 24 percent in rural areas (see Table 2.2). We can

also see that the rate of growth in all categories of census houses in urban areas was

considerably higher compared to rural areas. The most notable of these were ‘other

non-residential use’ and ‘hospital/dispensary/etc.

Table 2.2: Growth in the number of houses and their uses between 2001 and 2011

Growth (%)

Total Rural Urban

Total Number of Occupied Census Houses (building units) 31.2 23.2 52.1

Occupied Census Houses used as Residence 31.7 23.9 51.6

Residence cum Other Use 8.8 3.0 27.8

Shop/Office 32.0 25.3 36.7

School/College 40.2 38.5 48.0

Hotel/Lodge/Guest House/etc. 38.2 28.7 48.1

Hospital/Dispensary/etc. 13.1 5.8 22.5

Factory/Workshop/Workshed/etc. 12.9 1.3 22.3

Place of Worship 25.6 22.1 42.6

Other Non Residential Use 31.6 21.6 113.1

Source: Census 2001 and 2011

What the overall growth of 31 percent suggests is the boom in construction

industry that is heavily, if not only, concentrated in urban areas during the first decade

of the twenty-first century.

Section 1

Indicators of Housing Condition

In this section we discuss those aspects of housing which are indicators of the housing

condition some of which also measure the quality of the dwellings of households. We

first look at the condition of the structure of houses.

Condition of structure of houses

Condition of structure means the physical condition of the structure of the house. Both

the Census and NSSO classifies the condition of households by means of a three-fold

classification. While it is ‘good’, ‘livable’, and ‘dilapidated’ in the Census, it is ‘good’,

‘satisfactory’ and ‘bad’ in NSSO. But both give similar definition to the categories

(See Appendix to this chapter). The condition of the house was considered to be

‘good’ if the structure did not require any immediate repairs, ‘satisfactory’ if the

structure required immediate repairs but no major repairs and ‘bad’ if the structure

required immediate major repairs. We first present our analysis based on the Census

data.

Figure 1 shows that at the all India level majority of households (53%) lived in

houses/dwellings which were ‘good’ in condition. While 42 percent households lived

in ‘livable’ houses, 5 percent of households i.e., around 13 million households lived in

‘dilapidated’ houses.

Figure 1: Distribution of households by the condition of

Census Houses (all India)

Source: Census 2011 Note: All figures are in percentages

5.4

Good

41.5 53.1 Liveable

Dilapidated

Figures 2 and 3 show that the proportion of households living in ‘good’ condition

houses in rural areas (46%) is below the all-India proportion (53%), and far below the

proportion in urban areas (64%). Also, in rural areas, more households live in

“dilapidated” condition houses (6.5%) compared to the national level (5.4%), and

especially the urban level (3.6%). Most rural households appear to live in ‘livable’

houses, which hopefully, over time, will change towards ‘good’, just as in the all-India

and Urban cases.

Figure 2: Distribution of households in Rural India (2011) Figure 3: Distribution of households in Urban India (2011)

Source: Census 2011 Note: All figures are in percentages

Let us note some changes over 2001 and 2011. During 2011, 53 percent of the

total households lived in “good” condition houses, which shows a 3 percentage point

increase than that of 2001. The proportion of households living in “livable” houses

was 42 percent which is a nearly 3 percentage point lower than 2001 Census. As far

as “dilapidated” houses go, it is to be noted that while the proportion of households

living in this was small (around 5%) during both 2011 and 2001, an alarming trend is

that there was a 25 percent growth in the absolute number of these houses in 2011

compared to 2001. The growth in the absolute number of households living in

“dilapidated” houses is less than that of “good” houses (36%), but outstrips that of

“livable” houses. Figure 4 illustrates the percentage point change in proportion of

good, livable, and dilapidated houses between 2001 and 2011.

6.5

Good

45.9 Liveable

Dilapidated

47.6

2.9

28.7

Good

Liveable

Dilapidated

68.4

Figure 4 Percentage Point Change in proportion of good, livable, and dilapidated

houses between 2001 and 2011


As for changes over time i.e., between 2001 and 2011 we can see from

Table 2.3 that the picture was rather gloomy with a nearly 27 percent growth in

“dilapidated” houses in rural areas, as against only a 25 percent growth in

“good” and 18 percent growth in “livable”. The urban scene was brighter, with

a high growth of 57 percent in households living in “good” houses, and a 31

and 18 percent growth in “livable” and “dilapidated” houses respectively.

Table 2.3: Growth in the absolute number of houses, by condition

Growth (%)

Total Rural Urban

Good 35.85 24.26 56.70

Liveable 20.60 18.04 30.63

Dilapidated 25.11 26.79 17.59


NSSO data that are only two years behind the 2011 Census gives a

rather conservative picture when it comes to the condition of the housing

structure.

Table 2.4 shows that 38 percent households in the country lived in

‘good’ houses. Major proportion of households (46.9%) lived in houses which

5 4.2

4

3 2.9

2 1.1

1 0.3

0

-0.1 -1 -0.7

-2 -1.3

-3 -2.8

-4

Total Rural

-3.5 Urban

Good Liveable Dilapidated

were “satisfactory” in condition while 15 percent of households lived in houses which

were ‘bad’ in condition.

When we compare households in rural and urban areas, majority of households

in rural India (50.8%) lived in houses which were “satisfactory” in condition whereas

majority of the urban households (54.2%) lived in “good” houses. Proportion of rural

households living in “good” houses (31%) was considerably lower than urban

households (54.2%). Also, rural area had higher proportion of households living in bad

houses (18.2%) than urban areas (8.4%).

Table 2.4: Classification of households by the condition of structure (in percentages), 2008-09

Social

Group

Good Satisfactory Bad

R+U Rural Urban R+U Rural Urban R+U Rural Urban

ST 26.6 23.4 52.8 54.1 56.4 35.3 19.2 20.2 11.9

SC 26.5 23.3 38.3 51.3 52.4 47.5 22.2 24.3 14.2

Others 42.6 35.0 57.0 44.7 49.3 35.8 12.8 15.7 7.2

Total 37.9 31.0 54.2 46.9 50.8 37.5 15.3 18.2 8.4

Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June2009)

Among the different social groups, SC had the highest proportion (22.2%) of

households living in bad condition, at the all India level. For each social group, the

proportion of households living in “good” houses was considerably higher in urban

areas than in rural areas. Similarly the proportion of households living in bad condition

was higher in rural areas. While the proportion of households belonging to SC and ST

had lower proportion of households living in good and satisfactory houses than the all

India level, ‘Others’ had higher proportion of households living in ‘good’ and

‘satisfactory’ houses than the all India level in both rural and urban areas.

The picture emerging from Table 2.4 shows that as a social group the condition

of the structure of dwelling of SC and ST households is worse in comparison to

‘Other’ social groups. On the whole it looks like STs are marginally better than SCs,

since the former live in isolated areas, have access to traditional land, whereas the

latter, being an asset-less or asset-poor category, has very little access to land as well

as housing.

Type of Structure of the Houses

Since the classification of households on the basis of the condition of structure is

subjective, a more appropriate and objective indicator is the type of structure of the

houses. NSSO classifies structure of houses as ‘pucca’, ‘semi-pucca’ and ‘katcha’ (see

Appendix to the chapter for definition). By their constructional characteristics ‘pucca’

houses were considered better than ‘semi- pucca’ houses, which are again better than

‘katcha’ houses.

Table 2.5 shows that major proportion of households at the all India level

(66.1%) lived in ‘pucca’ houses, followed by 21 per cent in ‘semi- pucca’ houses and

13 per cent in katcha houses. However there was a stark difference between rural and

urban areas. While 91.6 percent of urban households lived in ‘pucca’ houses only 55.4

percent of rural households lived in ‘pucca’ houses.

In the case of social groups there existed wide disparities not only between

social groups but also within social groups in urban and rural areas. While ‘Others’

had the highest proportion of households (71.8%) living in ‘pucca’ houses the ST

group had the lowest proportion of households (39.4%) living in ‘pucca’ houses.SC

had highest proportion of houses (18.7%) living in ‘katcha’ houses closely followed

by ST households (16.4%). Urban areas had higher proportion of ‘pucca’ houses than

rural areas across social groups.

Table 2.5: Classification of households by the type of structure of houses (in percentages), 2008-

09

Social group Pucca Semi –pucca Katcha


ST 39.4 34 83.5 44.2 48.3 11.5 16.4 17.8 5

SC 58 50.8 85.1 23.2 26.5 10.5 18.7 22.5 4.4

others 71.8 60.5 93.1 17.9 24.5 5.2 10.4 14.9 1.6

total 66.1 55.4 91.6 21.3 27.6 6.2 12.6 17 2.1


Number of Dwelling Rooms

In order to understand the quality of housing, the number of rooms in the dwelling is

very important as an indicator of the level of congestion in the house. First let us look

into the data provided by the Census. It can be seen from Figure 4 that both one-room

and two-room housing units formed the majority during the census years, for all

categories of household size.

While there is a 2 percentage point increase in two-room dwellings over

2001-11, there is a 1 percentage point decrease in the more than six room

dwellings during the same period.

Classifying the households by number of dwelling rooms and

household size, it can be seen that while around 60 percent of the households

with one member families live in one room dwellings in 2001, there is a 2

percentage point fall in this category during 2011. But one important aspect to

be noted is that around 33 percent of both five and six-eight member

households also live in two room dwellings, and there is a 1 percent point increase in

the six-eight member households living in just two-room dwellings, even in 2011.

Strangely, 25 percent of the households with >9 members live in houses with just two

rooms, with a 1 percent point increase in this category over 2001-11.

Figure 5 Households classified by Number of Dwelling Rooms and Household Size (Total, incl: Rural +

Urban)

45

All Households

38 37

30 32

14 15

7 7

3 4

No One Two Three Four

Exclusive Room Rooms Rooms Rooms

Room

2001 2011

70

60 58

11 8

No One Exclusive Room Rooms

One Member

22 19

6 7

2 3

Two Three Four Rooms Rooms Rooms

2001 2011

40 60 35

30

50

25 40 20

15

30

10

5

0

3 3 4 3 20

10

1

1

1

1

Five Six 0 Rooms Rooms Five Six

and

Above

Rooms Rooms and

Above

60

Two Members 55

51

26 27

4 5 9 10 3 4

No One Two Three Four

Exclusive Room Rooms Rooms Rooms

Rooms

2001 2011

60

4 4

No Exclusive Rooms

48 44

One Room

Three Members

29 31

11 13

5 5

Two Three Four

Rooms Rooms Rooms

2001 2011

50 50 40 40

30

20

10

0

1 1

1 1

30

20

10

1

2

2

1

Five Six 0 Rooms Rooms Five Six Rooms

and Rooms and Above

Above

45

Four Members 42

39

31 33

14 14

3 4 6 7

No One Room Two Three Four

Exclusive Rooms Rooms Rooms

Rooms

2001 2011

45

39 36

3 4

No One Room

Exclusive

Rooms

Five Members

32 34

14 15

7 7

Two Three Four

Rooms Rooms Rooms

2001 2011

40 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 5 2 2 2 2

10 5 2 2 2 2

0 0 Five Six Rooms Five Six Rooms

Rooms and Above Rooms and Above

NSSO uses the term ‘living room’ instead of ‘dwelling room’ used by Census.

There is close correspondence between the definitions of two terms. NSSO defines

‘living room’ as a room with a floor area of at least 4 square metres, a height of at least

2 metres from the floor to the highest point in the ceiling and used for living purposes.

A room which was used in common for living purposes and as kitchen or store was

also considered as living room.

Comparison of Figure 5 and Table 2.6 shows a close correspondence between

the data provided by Census and NSSO. From Table 2.6 we can see that highest

proportion of households (38.3%) in the country had only one living room. Only 28

percent of households have three or more rooms while 35.6per cent households had

two living rooms.

Compared to rural areas where 37.6 percent of households lived in houses with

single living room, urban India has a higher proportion of households (40.4%) with

only one living room. The proportion of households with dwellings which did not

satisfy the specification for living room was also higher in urban area (2.2%).

Among the social groups, SC households had the highest proportion of

households with single living room (48.6%), followed by ST households (42%). This

was true in the case of both rural and urban areas.

Table 2.6: Classification of households by the number of living rooms (in percentages)

No. of living

rooms

Rural+Urban Rural Urban

ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total ST SC Others Total

No exclusive

room

1.5

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.5

1.1

0.6

0.8

2.0

2.4

2.2

2.2

One room 42.0 48.6 35.1 38.3 41.3 47.9 33.2 37.6 45.5 51.7 38.2 40.4

Two rooms 36.6 35.4 35.6 35.6 36.8 36.5 37.3 37.2 33.5 31.1 32.0 31.9

Three rooms

and above

20.1

14.7

28.2

24.7

20.1

14.7

28.4

24.4

18.9

14.9

27.6

25.6


Six to Eight Members 40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

33 33 34 30

17 17

9 9

2 3 3 3 4 4

No Exclusive

Rooms

One Room Two Three Four Five Six Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms and Above

2001 2011

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

nine members or more

25 26

20 20

18 16 15 16 13 12

8 8

2 3

No Exclusive

Rooms

One Room Two Three Four Five Six Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms and Above

2001 2011

It is a matter of concern that 1.2 percent of households in the country live in

dwelling with no exclusive room which seems to suggest that their living space does

not meet the definition of a floor area of at least 4 square metres and a height of at

least 2 metres from the floor to the highest point in the ceiling. In this respect urban

areas were worse than rural areas. While only 0.8 percent of rural households lived in

houses with no exclusive room it was 2.25 in urban India. This suggests absolute lack

of housing and dependent on living in small make-shift places or in public spaces,

verandas of buildings and often sleeping in streets.

Ventilation of houses

Let us now examine ventilation of housing units that is an important indicator of the

quality of housing and living.

From Table 2.7 we can see that only 29.7 percent of households in India had

good ventilation. Nearly half the households in the country lived in houses with

satisfactory ventilation while 23.4 percent of households lived in houses with bad

ventilation.

The difference in the proportion of households with good ventilation in rural

and urban areas was starker. In rural India only 23.3 percent households lived in

houses with good ventilation whereas in urban area it is 44.7 percent. While 26.8

percent of rural households lived in houses with bad ventilation, it was only 15.1

percent in urban areas.

Among the social groups, SC households had the worst ventilation in both rural

and urban India. Within the social groups also there existed rural-urban disparities. In

urban areas, the difference in the proportion of houses having good ventilation

between ST and SC households was more pronounced. While 42.6 percent ST

households in urban India have good ventilation, only 30.9 percent of SC households

have good ventilation. Similarly SC households have a higher proportion (25.4%) of

households living in houses with bad ventilation while it is 17.6 percent for ST

households.

Cooking in houses with bad ventilation is a health hazard. The fact that 23

percent households had bad ventilation is matter of great concern as it has direct

relation with health condition of the dwellers.

Table 2.7: Distribution of households by ventilation (in percentages), 2008-09

All India

Ventilation Rural+Urban Rural Urban


Good 20.5 19.2 33.8 29.7 17.8 16.1 26.8 23.3 42.6 30.9 47.4 44.7

Satisfactory 48.6 49.0 46.4 47.3 49.7 50.4 50.1 49.9 39.9 43.7 39.6 40.1

Bad 31.0 31.9 20.0 23.4 32.7 33.7 23.7 26.8 17.6 25.4 13.2 15.1


Kitchen type

NSSO provides information on the type of kitchen in the households which is also an

important indicator of the quality of housing.

Table 2.8 shows that only 12.4 percent of households in the country had a

separate kitchen with water tap. While 38.2 percent households had a separate kitchen

without water tap, almost half the households (49.6%) in the country did not have a

separate kitchen.

The proportion of households in rural areas without a separate kitchen was

above the all India level (54.7%) while for urban India it was 37.3 percent. Rural-

urban disparity was more pronounced in the case of separate kitchen with water tap.

While only 4 percent of rural households had separate kitchen with water tap, 32

percent of urban households had separate kitchen with water tap.

Table 2.8: Classification of households by the type of kitchen, 2008-09

Social

Group

Separate kitchen No separate kitchen

with water tap without water tap


ST 3.5 1.2 22.5 37.0 38.0 29.7 59.6 60.8 47.8

SC 4.5 1.5 15.9 31.9 32.3 30.3 63.5 66.3 53.8

Others 15.7 5.4 35.4 39.9 44.9 30.6 44.3 49.7 34.2

Total 12.4 4.0 32.1 38.2 41.3 30.4 49.6 54.7 37.3


Across the social groups, ‘Others’ (16%) had higher proportion of households

with separate kitchen and with water taps. For ST and SC it was just 4 percent and 5

percent of households respectively. In rural India 66 percent of SC households did not

have separate kitchen while 60.8 percent of rural ST households had no separate

kitchen.

Predominant Material for Roofing

Distribution of households by predominant roof material based on Census data reveals

that while tiles remained as the predominant material in 2001 (32.5%), this has moved

to concrete (29 %) during 2011. Also, the proportion of houses with

grass/thatch/bamboo wall has declined (see Table 2.9).

Table 2.9: Distribution of households by roof type (in percentages)

Roof Material

2001 2011

Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Grass/Thatch/Bamboo/Wood/Mud etc.

21.9

27.7

7.0

15

20

4.6

Plastic/Polythene 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6

All Tiles 32.6 37.6 19.7 23.6 28.7 13.2

Burnt Brick 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.6 7.2 5.4

Slate and Stone** 7.5 7.3 7.8 8.6 8.9 7.9

G.I./Metal/Asbestos 11.6 9.8 16.1 15.9 15.9 15.9

Concrete 19.8 11.0 42.5 29.0 18.3 51.9

Any Other Material 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4


There has been an 89 percent growth in households reporting concrete and 76

percent growth in G.I/Metal/Asbestos category. In rural areas, while tiles remained as

the major category of roof (29%) in 2011, a sweeping shift can be seen by a more-

than-double growth in concrete and plastic/polythene, seconded by a 20 percent fall in

the use of tiles over the years. In urban areas however, concrete remained as the

predominant material of roof, with a huge 80 percent increase over the years.

Table 2.10: Growth in the number of houses by material of roof, and percentage point

difference in proportion of total

Material of Roof Growth (%) % Point Difference

Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

Grass/Thatch/Bamboo/Wood/Mud

etc. -11.79 -12.67 -2.77 -6.92 -7.73 -2.37

Plastic/Polythene 69.87 108.56 22.26 0.12 0.23 -0.17

All Tiles -

42.92 -40.73 -53.68

-

18.06 -19.26 -13.49

Burnt Brick 53.16 57.61 41.79 1.03 1.64 -0.21

Slate and Stone** 47.49 46.77 49.20 1.14 1.58 0.08

G.I./Metal/Asbestos 76.38 96.43 44.86 4.30 6.06 -0.22

Concrete 88.65 102.38 79.50 9.21 7.31 9.45

Any Other Material -21.65 -30.00 2.31 -0.22 -0.23 -0.17

Our analysis of NSSO data of 2008-09 on the type of materials used for roof

corresponds to that of Census data.

Classification of households by the type of material used for the construction

of roofs of their houses shows that highest proportion of households (35.1%) lived in

houses with cement/RBC/RCC roof. Tiles or slate was the predominant material of

roof for 20.9 percent of households while 14.2 percent households lived in houses with

iron or other metal sheet as the predominant material of roof.

In rural India only 24.7 percent of households lived in houses with

cement/RBC/RCC roof whereas in urban areas it is was high as 60 percent of the

households. In rural India timber was the second most predominant (24.5%) material

of roof (see Table 2.11).

Analysis across broad social groups reveal the predominance of concrete as the

roofing material among ‘Others’ in urban areas (close to 69 per cent) followed by ST

(49%) and then SC (45%). In rural India tile and concrete constitute half of all

housing roofs in which the share of concrete among ‘Others’ was about 28 per cent.

Table 2.11: Distribution of households by the type of roof (in percentages), 2008-09

All India

Roof type Rural+Urban Rural Urban


Grass/straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

15.3

18.4

10.4

12.4

16.7

21.9

14.9

16.6

4.0

5.4

0.9

2.4

Mud/unburnt brick 1.7 3.4 2.0 2.3 1.8 4.1 2.9 3.1 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.4

Canvas/cloth 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.3

Other katcha 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.6 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.3

Tiles/slate 39.7 20.4 18.7 20.9 43.0 22.2 23.5 25.4 13.4 13.4 6.3 10.4

Burnt brick/stone/

lime stone

7.6

13.9

12.4

12.3

7.8

14.0

13.6

13.0

5.6

13.8

9.5

10.5

Iron or other metal

sheet

19.5

14.0

13.6

14.2

18.9

12.4

13.6

13.9

25.1

19.8

13.6

14.9

Cement/RBC/RCC 13.7 26.4 40.3 35.1 9.3 21.7 28.3 24.7 49.4 44.5 68.5 60.1

Other pucca 1.0 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.7 1.5 1.5 0.6 1.4 0.7 0.8


Predominant Wall Material

The distribution of households living in census houses by predominant material of

wall in 2011 shows burnt brick as the predominant material, followed by mud/unburnt

brick (see Table 2.12).

While in rural areas in 2001, mud/unburnt brick formed the major category of

wall, by 2011 burnt brick category has become prominent. In urban areas, again, burnt

brick remains as the predominant material of wall in both periods.

In the case of predominant material of walls also our finding based on NSSO

data closely corresponds to Census data. From Table 13 we can see that predominant

material of wall in the country is burnt brick/stone/lime stone (59% of households had

their walls made of burnt brick or stone or lime stone). Next in line is mud or unburnt

brick (23% households) followed by cement/RBC/RCC (10%).

Table 2.12: Distribution of households by wall type

Wall Material

2001 2011


Total Number of Households 100 100 100 100 100 100

Grass/Thatch/Bamboo/Wood etc. 10.21 12.65 3.92 9 11.9 2.7

Plastic/Polythene 0.29 0.26 0.35 0.3 0.3 0.3

Mud/Unburnt Brick 32.19 39.72 12.78 23.7 30.5 9.3

Wood 0.92 0.93 0.88 0.7 0.8 0.5

Stone 9.41 10.46 6.73 3.4 3.6 2.7

Stone packed with Mortar n.a. n.a. n.a. 10.8 10 12.3

G.I./Metal/Asbestos 0.65 0.37 1.35 0.6 0.5 0.9

Burnt Brick 43.67 34.21 68.02 47.5 40 63.5

Concrete 2.44 1.16 5.72 3.5 1.7 7.2



Table 2.13: Distribution of households by the type of wall (in percentages)

All India

Wall type Rural+Urban Rural Urban

ST SC OTH Total ST SC OTH Total ST SC OTH Total

Grass /straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo, etc.

9.6

7.3

5.4

6.2

10.2

8.7

7.7

8.2

4.5

2.3

1.1

1.3

Mud/unburnt

brick

46.8

28.6

18.8

23.2

51.3

33.7

26.2

30.8

10.7

9.3

4.4

5.3

Canvas/cloth

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

Other katcha

1.8

1.1

0.6

0.8

1.9

1.3

0.8

1.0

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.3

Timber

1.2

0.2

0.4

0.4

1.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

2.1

0.3

0.5

0.5

Burnt brick/

stone/lime

stone

33.9

54.3

63.5

59.1

31.7

50.1

57.7

53.3

51.4

69.8

74.4

73.0

Iron or other

metal sheet

0.4

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.3

1.9

1.0

0.6

0.7

Cement/RBC/

RCC

5.7

7.9

10.4

9.5

3.1

5.5

6.2

5.7

27.0

16.5

18.5

18.5

Other pucca

0.6

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.2

0.3

0.3

2.0

0.2

0.1

0.2

Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June2009). Note: OTH- Other than SC and ST

In rural areas 53.3 percent households had their walls made of burnt

brick/stone/lime stone while in urban areas 73 percent of households lived in houses

with walls made of burnt brick/stone/lime stone.

Among the different social groups major proportion of ST households in rural

India (51.3%) lived in houses with walls made of mud/unburnt brick. For SC and other

households burnt brick or stone or lime stone was the predominant material of wall.

It is difficult to provide a value judgment as to what type of wall is to be

considered a better material from the point of view of health and environmental

compatibility. In a tropical country like India mud/unburnt brick is much favourable to

climate compared to cement which absorbs more heat. But since cement is used by

rich and for institutional building it has acquired a superior status in popular

perception. Often mud or unburnt brick is used by the poor as they cannot afford the

more costly burnt brick or granite.

Predominant Floor Material

From Census data we can see that while mud remains the predominant material of

floor during both census periods, there is a greater than 10 percentage point fall in this

category during 2011. In rural areas, while mud and cement form the major material of

floor, in urban areas it is cement and mosaic/floor-tiles that form the majority (see

Table 2.14).

Table 2.14: Distribution of households by floor type (in percentages)

Floor material

2001 2011


Mud 57.1 72.3 18 46.5 62.6 12.2

Wood/Bamboo 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.4

Burnt Bricks 2.3 2 3 2.3 2.3 2.4

Stone 5.8 4.5 9.1 8.1 6.2 12.2

Cement 26.5 18 48.3 31.1 24.2 45.8

Mosaic/Floor Tiles 7.3 2.2 20.5 10.8 3.7 25.9

Any Other Material 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.2 1


And just as in the all-India case, in rural areas we see that the proportion of

mud as a prominent material of wall has dropped around 10 percentage points in 2011,

and cement and mosaic/floor tiles have increased as a category (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Percentage point change between 2001 and 2011

Note: All figures are in percentage

In the case of the predominant material used by households for floor also our

findings based on NSSO data corresponds to Census data. Table 2.15 shows that major

proportion of households in the country (40.4%) lived in houses with mud floors.

While 37 percent households had cement floors, 11percent households had brick/lime

stone/stone floors and 10 percent of households had mosaic/tiles as the material of

floor.

Comparison of rural and urban areas shows that while 54 percent of

households lived in houses with mud floors in rural areas only 8 percent of households

in urban India had mud floors. While majority of households in urban India (53%) had

cement floors, only 31 percent households in rural India had cement floor.

Table 2.15: Distribution of households by floor type (in percentages)

All India

Floor Type Rural+Urban Rural Urban


Mud 65.7 53.4 33.7 40.4 71.6 63.2 48.3 54.1 16.3 16.4 6.2 8.0

Bamboo/log 1.7 0.3 0.2 0.4 1.8 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1

Wood/plank 1.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.8 0.3 0.4 0.5 3.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Brick/lime stone/stone

6.5

9.5

12.1

11.1

5.9

8.7

11.5

10.3

11.2

12.3

13.2

13.0

Cement 21.0 32.7 40.9 37.4 17.4 26.0 35.0 30.9 50.5 58.4 52.3 53.2

Mosaic/tiles 3.2 3.6 12.7 10.0 1.4 1.4 4.8 3.6 18.2 12.1 27.8 25.3

Others 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.4


8 6

6 5 5

4

2

0

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

-12

4 2

3

2 2

Total Rural Urban

-3

-6

-10 -11

Mud Stone Cement Mosaic/Floor Tiles

Among the social groups, ST had the highest proportion of households (65.7%)

with mud floors while 33.7 percent of other households lived in houses with mud

floors. Only 21 percent of ST households in the country had mud floors while 40.9

percent of other households lived in houses with cement floor. In the rural areas while

71.6 percent of ST households and 63.2 percent of SC households had mud floors,

48.3 percent of other households had mud floors.

Section 2

Basic Amenities within Dwelling

The different characteristics of the structure of the dwelling, examined in earlier

paragraphs, though important are only one element of the housing condition. Without

amenities like drinking water facility, sanitation, electricity and other basic amenities

in a household cannot function as a useful one. In this section we discuss basic

amenities within the dwelling.

Drinking Water

This is one of the most important aspects of housing. We can see from our analysis of

Census data that tap water, hand pump and well are generally the three major sources

among households. While nearly 37 percent of households depended on tap-water in

2001, this proportion increased to nearly 44 percent in 2011. Second was hand pump,

with nearly 34 percent of households depending on this during 2011, almost the same

as in 2001. But dependence on wells has fallen from 18 percent in 2001 to 11 percent

in 2011 at an all-India level (see Appendix Table). The fall in the dependence on hand

pump and well can be attributed to tap water; conversely, it can be proposed that

dependence on tap water has increased as more traditional sources such as a well have

decreased.

NSSO also provides data on these as well as few other sources of drinking

water the results of which are presented in Table 2.16.

Classification of households on the basis of their first major source of drinking

water i.e., the source of drinking water which was used most by the household shows

that households in the country depend on two major sources namely tap water and tube

well/hand pump. While 43.6 percent households had tube well/hand pump as the first

major source of drinking water 43 percent of households had tap water as their major

source of drinking water. The third major source of drinking water was well- both

protected and unprotected.

Table 2.16 Major source of drinking water

All India

Drinking Water Source



Bottled water 0.5 0.6 1.4 1.2 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.5 3.0 1.1 2.9 2.7

Tap 24.1 38.5 46.9 43.1 18.6 30.1 31.9 30.1 68.5 70 75.5 74.2

Tube well/hand pump

52.3

51.4

40.5

43.6

56.2

59.1

53.1

54.7

20.4

23

16.4

17.5

Protected well 6.9 3.0 4.6 4.4 7.5 3.4 5.8 5.5 2.5 1.4 2.2 2.1

Unprotected well

11.0

4.1

4.2

4.8

12.0

4.9

5.8

6.3

2.8

1.4

1.2

1.2

Tank/pond 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2

Other tank/pond

0.4

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.0

0.1

0.1

River/canal/lake 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0

Spring 2.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 2.8 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.1

Harvested rainwater

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

Others 0.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 2.9 1.8 1.9

Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June 2009)

In the rural areas 54.7 percent of households depended on tube well/ hand

pump while 30 percent of households had tap water as their first major source. Almost

12 percent of rural households depended on well as their major source of drinking

water. In urban areas 74 percent households had tap water as their major source of

drinking water and 17.5 percent households depended on tube well/hand pump.

Among the social groups, ST and SC households depended on tube well/ hand

pump as the main source of drinking water (52% and 51% respectively) while for

‘Others’ tap was the major source of drinking water with 47 percent of households

depending on tap water as their first major source. In the rural areas across social

groups’ tube well/hand pump is the major source of drinking water. In rural India ST

had the lowest proportion of households (18.6%) with tap water as the major source

while SC and others had almost same proportion (30%) of households depending on

tap water.

Nature of access to source of drinking water

An examination of the access to drinking water shows that a major proportion

of households in the country (46.7%) depended on community use i.e. for use of

households in the locality. 35.7 percent of households in the country had their source

of drinking water for the exclusive use of households. The details are given in Table

2.17.

In urban area 47 percent of households had their drinking water source for

exclusive use of the households while in rural India 57 percent reported community

use of water source was more common.

Among the social groups majority of ST (72.7%) and SC (61.5%) households

depended on drinking water facility common for the use of households in the

locality/community. In the case of others 42 percent of households had drinking water

facility for exclusive use of the households. Only 15.7 percent ST and 23.3 percent of

SC households had drinking water facility for exclusive use of the households.

Table 2.17classification of households by drinking water facility (in percentages), 2008-09

All India

Drinking Water

Facility



Hhs' exclusive use 15.7 23.3 42.0 35.7 13.5 21.0 37.6 31.1 33.5 31.9 50.2 47.0

Common use of Hhs

in the building

8.4

11.1

14.3

13.1

5.7

7.7

8.9

8.3

30.3

23.8

24.7

24.7

Community use 72.2 61.5 39.4 46.7 77.3 68.0 49.6 56.8 31.3 37.9 20.0 22.9

Others 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.3 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.8 4.8 6.4 5.2 5.4

Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June2009). Note: OTH means Others.

In rural areas though community drinking water facility was predominant

across all social groups, ST (77.3%) and SC (68%) households had higher proportion

of households compared to other households (49.6%) depending on community

drinking water facility. Other households had the highest proportion of households

with drinking water facility for exclusive use of households (37.6%) and ST

households had the lowest proportion (13.5%).

While in urban areas major proportion of households belonging to ‘Others’

(50.2%) and ST (33.5%) had drinking water facility for exclusive use of the

household, majority of SC households (37.9%) depended on community facility.

Distance to the source of drinking water

The Census data on drinking water provide not only the major sources but also the

distance at which it is available. And the distance is assessing at three levels – within

the premises, near the premises and away from the premises. A close look at these

distance indicators gives certain interesting insights. While tap water remains the

major source of drinking water within the premises, hand pumps remain the

predominant source both near the premises and away.

Figure 7a: Households by Main Source of Drinking Water (Total, incl: Rural +

Urban)

The rural-urban divide is rather extreme. In rural areas while the hand pump

is the major source of drinking water, while tap water and wells are secondary

sources, in urban areas the major source at all locations is the tap, i.e. public piped

water supply.

Total Households 50

45 44

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

37 36 33

18

11 8

6 4 4

Tap Water Well Handpump Tubewell/Borehole Other Sources

2001 2011

Within Premises 70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

53 58

29 25

13 9

4 8

Tap Water Well Handpump Tubewell/Borehole

2001 2011

Near Premises 50

43 40

40 37

29 30

20

18

11 10 6

8

0


2001 2011

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Awayfrom Premises 41

33 29

17 19 19

9 10


2001 2011

Figure 7b: Households by Main Source of Drinking Water (Rural)

50

31

24

Tap Water

Total Households

43 44

22

13

Well Handpump

2001 2011

45

40

33

Tap Water

Within Premises 43 41

19

11

Well Handpump

2001 2011

8

4

Tubewell/Borehole

40

40 35

30 30

25

20 20

15

10 6

8 10

5

0 0

Tubewell/Borehole

50

31

24

Tap Water

Near Premises 47 46

20

12

Well

Handpump

2001 2011

50

16

13

Tap Water

Awayfrom Premises

44 35

32

20

Well Handpump

2001 2011

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 6 8

10 8 10

0 0

Tubewell/Borehole Tubewell/Borehole

In rural areas, the proportions of households having a hand pump facility away

from the premises have increased from 35 percent to 44 percent, from 2001 to 2011.

Another notable change is the fall in the proportion of households depending on the

well as a source of drinking water from 22 percent to 13 percent over this period.

During the 2011 census, an extra classification under tap water, i.e., tap water

from treated and untreated sources has been added to measure the quality of drinking

water. While the proportion of households using tap water from treated sources is

nearly 32 percent, it is 61 percent in urban areas and only 18 percent in rural areas (see

Appendix Table).

Figure 7c: Households by Main Source of Drinking Water (Urban)

80

70

69 71

All Households

16 12

8 6

Well Handpump

2001 2011

80

70

76 76

Within Premises

13

7 6 9

Well Handpump

2001 2011

9

4

Tubewell/Borehole

60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30

20

10

5 9

20

10

0 0 Tap Water Tubewell/Borehole Tap Water

70

64

60

Tap Water

Near Premises

23 17

8 5

Well Handpump

2001 2011

45

42 41

Awayfrom premises

22 23

14

9

Well Handpump

2001 2011

12

9

Tubewell/Borehole

60 40 50 35

30

40 25 30 20

20

10

5 8

15

10

5

0 0 Tubewell/Borehole Tap Water

NSSO also provides data for the distance to households’ major source of

drinking water but not in as much detail as the Census. The findings are given in Table

2.18.

Classification of households by their distance to the source of drinking water

shows that major proportion of households in the country had their source of drinking

water within a distance of 200 metres from their dwelling. While 24.7 percent of

households in the country had their source of drinking water within dwelling, 26

percent households had drinking water source within the premises and 7 percent

households had their drinking water source at a distance of 0.2-05 km.

When we compare rural and urban areas majority of urban households (46.2%)

had drinking water source within dwellings while in rural areas it was only 15.6

percent of households. Major proportion of rural households (48.1%) had drinking

water source within a distance of 200m from their dwellings.

Majority of households across social groups had their drinking water facility

within 200m of dwelling. ‘Others’ had highest proportion of households (29.6%) with

drinking water facility within dwelling while ST had the lowest proportion (6.9%),

followed by SC households (15%).

Both in rural and urban areas social group ‘others’ had the highest proportion

of households with drinking water source within dwelling.

Table 2.18: Classification of households by the distance to drinking water source (in percentages)

All India



Within

dwelling 6.9 15.0 29.6 24.7 3.6 10.5 19.4 15.6 33.7 31.9 49.3 46.2

Outside

dwelling but

within premises

17.2

21.3

28.3

26.0

15.2

20.1

28.2

24.9

33.9

25.5

28.6

28.3

Less than

0.2km

57.6

53.2

34.9

40.7

61.4

57.1

42.8

48.1

28.4

38.3

19.9

22.7

0.2 - 0.5km 14.8 8.9 5.6 7.1 16.2 10.4 7.6 9.2 3.2 3.4 1.7 2.0

0.5- 1km 2.6 1.3 1.0 1.2 2.9 1.5 1.3 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4

1.0- 1.5 km 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2

1.5km or more 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1


Adequacy of drinking water

Information was collected on whether availability of drinking water was sufficient

throughout the year from the first major source of drinking water. Table 2.19 shows

that 87.6% of households in the country had sufficient drinking water from their first

major source.

Adequacy of drinking water in urban areas at 91 percent was higher than the all

India level while in the rural areas it was lower than the national level at 86 percent.

Table 2.19: Classification of households by the availability of adequate

drinking water from 1st major source (in percentages), 2008-09

All India

Social group

Yes No

R+U Rural Urban R+U Rural Urban

ST 77.2 76.3 84.3 22.8 23.7 15.7

SC 87.4 86.9 89.3 12.6 13.1 10.7

Others 89.0 87.6 91.7 11.0 12.4 8.3

Total 87.6 86.2 91.1 12.4 13.8 8.9


Among the social groups, ST households experienced the worst in terms of

sufficiency of drinking water from first source. At the all India level close to 23

percent did not get sufficient drinking water from first source while in rural areas 24

percent households did not have sufficient drinking water throughout the year.

Total (2001)

36

Bathroom

No Bathr

64

Availability of Bathing Facility

Our analysis of Census data shows that the proportion of households having a bathing

facility has increased considerably during the decade 2001 to 2011. It can be seen that

at an all-India level while the proportion of households having no bathrooms were a

huge 64 percent in 2001, this has been greatly reduced to 41 percent in 2011. The fall

has been the greatest in rural areas where households having no bathroom facilities

stand at 55 percent in 2011, when they were around 77 percent in 2001. In urban areas

also, this fall has been significant, from nearly 30 percent to around 13 percent.

Figure 8: Households by Availability of Bathing Facility, and percentage point

change 2001-11

Note: All figures are in percentage.

However, it must be noted that the proportion of households having

bathing facility alone is more compared to households having a latrine facility.

Rural (2001)

23

Bathroom

No Bathroom

77

oom

Total (2011)

Bathroom

42 42

Enclosures Without Roof

No Bathroom

16

Rural (2011)

25

Bathroom

55

Enclosures Without Roof

No Bathroom

20

NSSO in addition to providing information on the availability of bathroom also

gives information on whether bathroom is attached or detached. The details are given

in Table 20.

From the Table 2.18 we can see that at the all India level nearly 52 percent of

households had no facility of bathroom. Only 23% of households had attached

bathrooms. In rural areas while 65 percent of households had no bathroom facility

only 22 percent of households in urban areas were without bathroom facility.

Among the social groups ST households had the highest proportion of

households (69.2%) without bathroom facility closely followed by SC households

(68.6%). Only ‘Other’ households had lower proportion of households(44.7%) without

bathroom facility than that for all India.

Table 2.20: Classification of households by bathroom facility (in percentages)

All India

Bathroom

facility



Attached 9.3 11.6 28.0 22.9 5.7 6.6 15.7 12.5 38.9 30.3 51.5 48.0

Detached 21.7 20.0 27.3 25.2 20.3 16.6 25.8 23.2 33.5 32.6 30.1 30.6

no bathroom 69.2 68.6 44.7 51.6 74.4 76.9 58.5 64.6 27.6 37.1 18.5 21.5


Both in rural and urban areas SC households had the highest proportion of

households (77% in rural areas and 37% in urban areas) without bathroom facility.

Availability of Latrine Facility

According to Census 2001, nearly 64 percent of households did not have access to

latrine facility within their premises, but this proportion has reduced by nearly 10

percentage point, to 53 percent, by 2011. There has been data collected separately for

households having a “latrine facility within the premises”, which is around 47 percent.

The proportion of households having a water closet has nearly doubled.

As for rural-urban difference it can be seen that in rural areas while 78 percent

of households did not have a latrine facility in 2001, this figure is now 69 percent. The

corresponding decrease in urban areas is from 28 percent to 18 percent.

Figure 9: Households by Type of Latrine Facility, and percentage point change

between 2001-11

Total (2011)

47 53

Latrine Facility Within the

Premises

Water Closet

Pit Latrine

1 Other Latrine

9 36

Total (2001)

18

Water Closet

Pit Latrine

12

Other Latrine

64 7 No Latrine within

the Premises

Rural (2001)

7

10 Water Closet

5 Pit Latrine

Other Latrine

No Latrine within

the Premises

78

Rural (2011)

31 Latrine Facility Within the Premises

Water Closet

Pit Latrine

69

19 Other Latrine

No Latrine within

the Premises

1 11

Urban (2001)

26 Water Closet

Pit Latrine

46

Other Latrine

13 No Latrine within

the Premises

15

Urban (2011)

19

2 7

Latrine Facility Within the

Premises

Water Closet

81

Pit Latrine

73 Other Latrine

Figure 10: Percentage point change in bathroom facility, 2001-2011

Note: All figures are in percentage

The situation with regard to the type of latrine shows that the proportion of

water closet, compared to pit latrine or other latrine, was much higher. Interestingly, in

rural areas pit latrines were the prominent type during 2001 (with 10.3% of households

using one), but this has now been taken over by the water closet, the proportion of

which has more than doubled in rural areas. In urban areas, where the proportion of the

water closets is nearly 73%, this has been a doubling since 2001.

Thus one thing which is to be noted in this context is that, though the

proportion of households that do not have access to latrine facility is still very high in

both rural and urban areas, for those who do have latrine facilities, the quality of

facility has improved during the decade 2001 to 2011.

To understand the access to latrine facility across social groups we have used

the data provided by NSSO.

Classification of households by their access to latrine facility shows that nearly

half the households in the country (49.3%) had no latrine facility in 2008-09. Only

36.8 percent of households in the country had latrine for exclusive use of households.

While only 11.3 percent of households in urban area had no latrine facility 65.2% of

rural households had no latrine facility (see Table 2.21).

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

27

18

12

Total Rural Urban

-8

-11 -9

Water Closet No Latrine within the Premises

Table 2.21: Classification of households by latrine facility (in percentages), 2008-09

All India

latrine facility Rural+Urban Rural Urban


Exclusive use of

Hhs 20.8 22.9 42.9 36.8 17.7 17.7 33.1 28.0 44.9 41.9 61.5 58.1

Shared with other

Hhs 8.4 9.0 12.1 11.1 5.7 4.9 5.9 5.7 29.5 24.6 23.9 24.1

Public/community

latrine 1.9

3.2

2.8

2.8

1.5

1.1

1.2

1.2

4.5

10.8

5.8

6.5

No latrine 69.2 65.1 42.3 49.3 74.6 76.3 59.8 65.2 21.1 22.7 8.9 11.3

Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June 2009). Note: OTH means Others.

Among social groups ST households had the highest proportion of households

(69.2%) with no latrine facility, followed by ST households (65.1%). Comparison of

rural and urban areas shows that there is huge disparity within and between social

groups. While 59.8% ‘other’ households in rural area had no latrine facility, in urban

areas only 8.9% of ‘other’ households had no access to latrine facility.

Lighting

Our analysis of Census data shows that electricity remains the major source of

lighting, with a proportion of 67 percent of total census households in India in 2011,

which is a 11.4 percentage point increase from 2001. After electricity, kerosene is the

most important source of lighting. While the proportion of kerosene as a source of

lighting has decreased from 43 percent in 2001 to 31 percent in 2011 at an all-India

level, the growth in the number of households reporting electricity as the major source

of lighting has increased nearly by 55 percent. The use of kerosene has been nearly

replaced by the use of electricity (see Table 2.22).

Table 2.22: Distribution of households by source of lighting

Source of lighting 2001 2011


Electricity 55.8 43.5 87.6 67.2 55.3 92.7

Kerosene 43.3 55.6 11.6 31.4 43.2 6.5

Solar Energy 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.2

Other Oil 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1

Any Other 0.2 0.2 0.14 0.2 0.2 0.2

No Lighting 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3

Source: Census 2001 and Census 2011

If we look at the rural-urban divide it can be seen that in rural areas kerosene

was the major source of lighting in 2001 with nearly 55 percent of the household

depending on it and electricity only second. During 2011 this trend has swapped. In

urban areas nearly 93 percent of the households depend on electricity as the major

source of lighting, an improvement from 87 percent in 2001. The rural-urban divide,

however, is still stark.

Though the proportion of solar energy as a source of lighting among

households is very small, the growth in the use of this has doubled over the years,

which is, very interestingly, greater among rural than in urban households.

But it is startling to note that the proportion of households not having any

source of lighting at all, though meagre, has actually increased over the years, even

doubling in rural areas (from 0.3% to 0.5%) during 2011 compared to 2001. This fact

is unpleasant especially when we understand that the number of houses with no

lighting at all has very drastically increased in both rural and urban areas (from 4.26

lakhs to nearly 9 lakhs in rural areas; from 1.88 lakhs to 2.66 lakhs in urban areas)!

Figure 11: Percentage point change in source of lighting, 2001-2011

Note:All figures are in percentage

NSSO, unlike Census, provides information only on the availability of

electricity for domestic use of the households.

The situation as presented in Table 2.23 shows huge disparity between rural

and urban areas. While 96.2 percent of households in urban areas had electricity for

domestic use, only 65.8 percent of households in rural areas had electricity for

domestic use.

tal ral ban

15 11 12

10

5 5

0

To Ru Ur

-5 -5

-10

-15

-12 -12

Electricity Kerosene

Table 2.23: Distribution of households by the availability of

electricity for domestic use (in percentages)

All India

Social group

Yes No

R+U Rural Urban R+U Rural Urban

ST 61.1 57.1 91.5 39.0 42.5 8.5

SC 66.4 59.6 92.5 33.6 40.7 7.5

Others 79.1 69.8 97.1 20.9 30.2 3.0

Total 74.7 65.8 96.2 25.0 34.0 3.9


Among the social groups ST households had the highest proportion of

households (39%) without electricity, followed by SC households (33.6%) and the

proportion was lowest for ‘other’ households (20.9%). Data also shows disparity

between social groups in rural and urban areas. While 91.5 percent of ST households

in urban areas had electricity for domestic use only 61 percent of ST households in

rural area had electricity for domestic use. This is reflected in the case of ‘Other’ social

groups as well. While 97 percent of ‘Other’ households in urban areas had electricity

only 79 percent households in rural areas had electricity.

Cooking Fuel

The findings on the distribution of households by fuel used for cooking shown in

Table 2.24 indicate firewood as still the predominant source of fuel, with nearly 50

percent of households depending on this even in 2011 (despite a 4 percentage point

fall). Second is LPG/PNG (28.5%), though dependence on this source of fuel has

doubled over the years in India.

The rural-urban divide is very large. In rural areas, the major sources of

fuel are firewood, crop residue and the cow dung cake. Though the use of

LPG/PNG has increased dramatically in rural areas, the three above sources

still remain predominant.

In urban areas on the other hand, LPG/PNG remained as the major

source of fuel in 2011, nearly a 20 percent point increase than 2001. Here,

kerosene is the second most used source of fuel; but the interesting fact is that

over the years, while LPG/PNG has shown a nearly 20 percentage point

increase, kerosene shows a more than 10 percentage point decrease.

Table 2.24: Distribution of Households by Source of Cooking Fuel

Source of cooking fuel 2001 2011


Firewood 52.5 64.1 22.7 49.0 62.5 20.1

Crop Residue 10.0 13.1 2.1 8.9 12.3 1.4

Cow Dung Cake 9.8 12.8 2.0 7.9 10.9 1.7

Coal/Lignite/Charcoal 2.1 1.1 4.6 1.4 0.8 2.9

Kerosene 6.5 1.6 19.2 2.9 0.7 7.5

LPG/PNG 17.5 5.7 48.0 28.5 11.4 65.0

Electricity 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1

Biogas 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Any Other 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.2

No Cooking 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.5

Source: Census 2001 and 2011 Note: All figures are in percentage

Section 3

Access to Basic Facilities outside the Dwelling

Access to basic facilities outside the dwelling like distance to the place of work,

garbage and drainage facilities, access to road, etc is also an important indicator of the

quality of life.

Access to road

The results from the NSS data (Table 2.25) show that for the country as a whole, only

27.6 percent of the households had direct opening to motorable road with street light.

Highest proportion of households in the country (32.7%) had access only to roads or

constructed path other than motorable road without street light. 14.1 percent of

households had no direct opening to roads or lanes or constructed path.

The difference in the accessibility to roads between urban and rural India is

more striking. While in rural India only 15.7 percent of the households had direct

opening to motorable road with street light, 56 percent of the urban households had

direct opening to motorable road with street light. Only 5.5 percent of the urban

households were without direct opening to road or constructed path compared to 17.7

percent households in rural India.

Table 2.25: Classification of households by their access to road (in percentages), 2008-09

Access to road



direct opening to

motorable road with

street light

12.7

21.1

31.4

27.6

8.5

14.9

17.2

15.7

47.0

44.6

58.3

56.0

direct opening to

motorable road

without street light

16.8

15.7

16.2

16.2

17.4

16.5

19.5

18.6

11.9

12.9

9.8

10.3

other road/lane with

street light

7.8

9.0

9.7

9.4

6.6

7.4

7.8

7.6

17.6

15.1

13.3

13.7

other road/lane


39.4

38.2

30.4

32.7

42.3

42.7

39.2

40.4

16.1

21.2

13.3

14.6

no direct opening to

road/lane/constructed

path

23.3

16.0

12.4

14.1

25.2

18.5

16.2

17.7

7.5

6.3

5.2

5.5

Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June2009). Note: OTH means Others

Among the different social groups also there existed disparities in their access

to roads. ST households were the worst in their road accessibility followed by the SC

households. Only 12.7 percent of ST households in the country had direct access to

motorable roads with street light while 23.3 percent of ST households did not have

direct opening to roads or constructed path. ‘Other’ households had the highest

proportion of households (31.4%) with direct opening to motorable road with street

light.

Within the social groups also there exists significant rural-urban disparity.

While 44.6 percent of SC households in urban areas had direct opening to motorable

road with street light, it was only 14.9 percent of households in rural India. Though

‘Other’ households enjoy better accessibility to roads compared to ST and SC

households, only 17.2 percent of ‘Other’ households in rural areas had access to

motorable road with street light compared to 58.3 percent in urban areas.

Garbage collection arrangement

Garbage collection arrangement is also an important indicator of the quality of life of

households. The information collected on this item relates to the agency that currently

collects the garbage. If there is no arrangement for garbage collection, that has also

been recorded. Table 26 gives the details.

Majority of the households i.e., three-fifth of households in the country

(59.6%) did not have any formal mechanism for collection of garbage. In urban areas

public bodies- municipality/corporation collected garbage from majority of households

(62.0%). Participation of residents in the collection and disposal of garbage was lower

in urban areas (13.1%) compared to rural area (17.2%).

Among the social groups ‘Others’ had better access to formal garbage

collection facilities (24.4%) than SC (13.9%) and ST (6.4%) households. Urban areas

had better access to garbage collection arrangements than rural area With 64 percent of

households in ‘Others’ enjoying public collection while it was 554 and 47 per cent for

SC and ST respectively.

Rural+Urban

Availability of Drainage Facilities

This facility is also an important one from the point of sanitation and its link with the

health status of the people living in a locality. Table 27 shows that nearly 49 percent of

total households in India did not have any drainage facility in 2011, a figure that was

54 percent during 2001. Thus, the improvement has been very marginal. This has been

the case in both urban as well as rural areas with 63 percent and 18 percent

respectively during 2011, which is again only a marginal increase as compared to

2001.

Table 2.27: Distribution of households by type of drainage (in percentages)

Type of drainage

2001 2011

T R U T R U Closed Drainage

12.5

3.9

34.5

18.1

5.7

44.5

Open Drainage

33.9

30.3

43.4

33

31

37

No Drainage

53.6

65.8

22.1

48.9

63.2

18.2 Source: Census 2001 and 2011. Note:All figures are in percentage

Table 2.26: Classification of households by garbage collection arrangement (in percentages), 2008-09

garbage collection

Rural Urban

ST

SC

OTH Tota

l

ST

SC

OTH

Total

ST

SC

OTH

Total

panchayat/municip

ality/corporation

6.4

13.9

24.4

20.7

1.4

3.2

3.7

3.3

47.4

54.1

64.0

62.0

by residents 18.1 17.7 17.0 17.2 18.2 19.1 19.1 19.0 16.8 12.7 13.0 13.1

No arrangement 74.0 66.2 55.9 59.6 79.4 75.8 74.9 75.7 30.3 29.9 19.5 21.4

By others 1.5 2.2 2.7 2.5 1.0 1.8 2.3 2.0 5.6 3.4 3.5 3.6

Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June 2009). Note: OTH means Others.

As for drainage connectivity, we can see the prevalence of open-

drainage compared to closed. The proportion of open-drainage is more or less

the same (33%) during 2001 and 2011, with a slight reduction only in urban

areas. However, comparing rural to urban, we see a very significant gap in the

presence of closed drainage facility – while in urban areas this was 45 percent

in 2011, in rural areas this remains a very meagre 6 percent. The large gap is

seen even in the presence of no drainage facility.

Animal shed

Table 2.21 shows that 63.8 percent of households had no animal shed within 100 feet

of the house. But close to one-tenth percent of households had animal shed attached to

the house while 26.6 percent of households had animal shed detached from the

building. In rural areas 30.8 percentof households had animal shed detached to the

houses while 12.8 percent households had animal shed attached to the building.

Among social groups ST had the highest proportion of households with attached

animal shed (14.8%). In rural area 16.5 percent of ST households had attached animal

shed while 11.3 percent of SC households had attached animal shed.

Table 2.28: Classification of households by the proximity of house to animal shed (in percentages)

animal

shed



attached

to the

building

14.8

9.4

9.0

9.6

16.5

11.3

12.8

12.9

1.5

1.9

1.7

1.7

detached

from the

building

31.5

25.5

26.3

26.6

34.6

30.8

37.2

35.4

6.9

5.7

5.6

5.7

no

animal

shed

53.6

65.1

64.6

63.8

48.9

57.9

50.0

51.7

91.6

92.4

92.7

92.6

Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June 2009). Note: OTH mean Others

Experience of flood

Majority of households in the country (85.3%) had no experience of flood during the

five years prior to the survey. Rural India had a greater experience of flood than urban

India. The major cause of flood in the country was excessive rains. ST households had

the highest proportion of households with no experience of flood in both the urban and

rural sectors. SC and others had almost same proportion of houses with experience of

flood.

Table 2.29: Distribution of households by their experience of flood (in percentages), 2008-09

Experience of

Flood



From

excessive rain

4.8

10.2

9.4

9.2

4.5

10.3

9.1

8.9

7.4

9.9

10.0

9.9

From

river,sea,etc

4.6

6.2

5.9

5.8

4.6

7.3

8.0

7.4

4.9

2.0

2.0

2.1

No experience 90.9 83.7 84.9 85.3 90.9 82.5 83.4 83.5 87.6 88.1 87.9 88.0


Chapter 3

Housing Condition: A State level Analysis

Introduction

An analysis of the housing condition and amenities at the national level is of limited

help to understand the inter-state disparities in a large country like India. Policies and

schemes at the national level are no doubt important; but they have to be sensitive to

the huge inter-state disparities in order to make an impact. As such, this chapter is

devoted to an analysis of the regional disparities based on an inter-state comparison.

For our analysis we have classified the states/UTs into ‘larger’ and ‘smaller’

states based on their share in the total population of the country. States with a share of

population greater than 0.5 percent of the all-India total are defined as larger states and

the remaining as smaller states. Table 1 presents the population distribution and

average household size across states. Of the 35 states and Union Territories (UTs) 21

including the national capital territory Delhi falls under larger states.

Since it is difficult to make comparisons between states with huge disparities in

population (it varies between UP which has a population share of 20.1 percent and

Lakshadweep whose share in the total population is just 0.01 percent) in our

discussion we present tables and graphs for the larger states only. Detailed tables for

all states and UTs are given in the appendix.

This chapter is divided into four sections. In the first section we discuss the

physical characteristics of houses which are indicators of the quality of housing. In the

second section we focus on basic amenities within the dwelling and the third section

presents a discussion on access to basic facilities outside the dwelling followed by

conclusion. Our analysis is based on the data provided by the population of census of

2011 and the 65th

round of NSSO on housing condition and amenities (June 2008-July

2009).

Table 3.1: Population Distribution Across States (All figures in lakhs)

Sl.No

States

Population Census houses

(building units)

Occupied census

houses

(residences)

Household

size

Larger States

1 Uttar Pradesh (UP) 1995.81 451.72 326.67 6.1

2 Maharashtra (MH) 1123.73 335.70 237.19 4.7

3 Bihar (BH) 1038.05 234.15 184.61 5.6

4 West Bengal (WB) 913.48 253.44 199.32 4.6

5 Andhra Pradesh (AP) 846.66 255.95 208.12 4.1

6 Madhya Pradesh (MP) 725.98 184.99 148.54 4.9

7 Tamil Nadu (TN) 721.39 231.67 184.68 3.9

8 Rajasthan (RAJ) 686.21 180.71 125.02 5.5

9 Karnataka (KAR) 611.31 179.99 131.13 4.7

10 Gujarat (GUJ) 603.84 175.24 121.46 5.0

11 Odisha (ODS) 419.47 127.59 94.45 4.4

12 Kerala (KER) 333.88 112.18 77.04 4.3

13 Jharkhand (JHK) 329.66 77.96 61.39 5.4

14 Assam (ASM) 311.69 90.75 63.52 4.9

15 Punjab (PNJB) 277.04 78.47 53.97 5.1

16 Chattisgarh (CHT) 255.40 68.00 55.52 4.6

17 Haryana (HRYN) 253.53 70.88 47.07 5.4

18 Delhi (DEL) 167.53 46.06 33.14 5.1

18

Jammu&Kashmir

(J&K)

125.49

36.04

19.21

6.5

20 Uttaranchal (UTKHD) 101.17 33.83 19.91 5.1

21 Himachal Pradesh

(HP)

68.57

29.34

14.74

4.7

Smaller States and Union Territories (UTs)

1 Tripura 36.71 10.67 8.40 4.4

2 Meghalaya 29.64 7.21 5.36 5.5

3 Manipur 27.22 6.10 5.01 5.4

4 Nagaland 19.81 5.34 3.99 5.0

5 Goa 14.58 5.77 3.20 4.6

6 Arunachal Pradesh 13.83 3.76 2.60 5.3

7 Pondicherry 12.44 3.88 2.96 4.2

8 Mizoram 10.91 2.69 2.21 4.9

9 Chandigarh 10.55 2.98 2.35 4.5

10 Sikkim 6.08 1.69 1.28 4.7

11 A&N Island 3.80 1.42 0.93 4.1

12 D&N Haveli 3.43 1.09 0.73 4.7

13 Daman&Diu 2.43 0.90 0.60 4.0

14 Lakshadweep 0.64 0.21 0.11 6.0

All INDIA 12101.93 3308.36 2446.42 4.9

Source: Census of India 2011

Section 1

Quality of Housing

In this section we discuss the quality of dwelling units with respect to condition and

type of the structure of houses in which households live, number of living rooms in the

dwelling, predominant material used for construction of roof, wall and floorand,

kitchen facility.

Condition of the structure of houses

Our analysis based on the census data shows that the highest proportion of households

living in houses which were ‘good’ in condition was in Himachal Pradesh (72 percent)

followed by Tamil Nadu (70 percent), Andhra Pradesh (70 percent), Gujarat (67

percent) and Kerala (66 percent). The bottom level was occupied first by Odisha (30

percent) followed by Assam (33 percent), Bihar(36 percent), West Bengal (41

percent) and UP (43 percent). We may recall here that the definition of ‘good

condition’ refers to those houding units which do not require any repair and is in good

condition at the time of the investigation.

Figure 3.1: Proportion of households living in ‘good’ condition houses

Source: Census 2011. Note: Names of states are given in abbreviated form. Full

names indicating abbreviations are given in Table 3.1.

Under the next category of ‘livable houses’ defined as those houses which

requires minor repairs Odisha comes first with 62 percent followed by Bihar (57

percent), Assam (56 percent), Jharkhand (52 percent) and UP (51 percent).

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

HP

TN

AP

GU

J

UTK

HD

KER

DEL

MH

KA

R

J&K

HR

YN

ALL

-IN

DIA

MP

RA

J

PN

JB

CH

T

JHK

UP

WB

BH

ASM

OD

S

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

bad

satisfactory

Good

Figure 3.2: Proportion of households living in ‘livable’ houses

Source: Census 2011

The share of dilapidated houses was very less in most states, but two states -

Assam and West Bengal - showed a proportion of around 10 percent to 11 percent.

Analysis of the condition of houses based on NSSO data shows a slightly

different picture both in terms of the ranking of states as well as the percentage share

of households in the different categories.

Figure 3.3: Distribution of households by the condition of structure

Source: NSSO 65th round (July 2008-June 2009)

NSSO gives a more conservative figure in terms of the proportion of

households living in ‘good’ houses. Among the larger states only five states had more

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

OD

S

BH

ASM

JHK

UP

CH

T

WB

RA

J

MP

PN

JB

J&K

HR

YN

ALL

-IN

DIA

KA

R

MH

DEL

GU

J

UTK

HD

KER

TN

AP

HP

AP

PN

JB

GU

J

KER

DEL

KA

R

TN

HP

MH

HR

YN

UTK

HD

RA

J

ALL

IND

IA

J&K

UP

MP

WB

OD

S

CH

T

ASM

BH

JHK

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

katcha

semi pucca

pucca

than 50 percent of households living in houses which were ‘good’ in condition.

Andhra Pradesh (55percent) had the highest proportion of households living in ‘good’

houses followed by Punjab (54percent), Gujarat (53percent), Kerala (52percent) and

Delhi (50percent). In Jharkhand only 11 percent of households lived in ‘good’ houses.

Bihar (20percent), Assam (24percent), Chattisgarh (24percent), Odisha (25percent)

and West Bengal (26percent) also had very low proportion of its households living in

‘good’ houses. For most of the states in the country, major proportion of households

lived in houses which were satisfactory in condition. Chattisgarh (66percent) had the

highest proportion of households living in houses which were ‘satisfactory’ in

condition followed by Assam (59percent), Bihar (56percent) and UP

(51percent).Jharkhand had the highest proportion of households living in bad

condition (38percent) followed by Odisha (25.7 percent), West Bengal (25.6percent),

Bihar (24percent) and UP (21percent).

Type of structure of houses

Classification of households by the type of structure of the houses shows that in

majority of states more than 50 percent of the households lived in houses which were

pucca, the exception being Assam (27percent), Chattisgarh (39percent), Odisha

(40percent), Jharkhand (43percent) and Bihar (48percent). A comparison between

Figures 3.3 and 3.4 show that though a higher proportion of households in the country

lived in pucca structures, they were not necessarily in ‘good’ condition. However we

can also see that those states which had a higher proportion of houses in ‘good’

condition had higher proportion of pucca houses as well. While Chattisgarh had the

highest proportion of households living in semi pucca houses (around 60percent),

Odisha (35percent) and Bihar (33percent) had the highest proportion of households

living in katcha houses.

Figure 3.4: Distribution of households on the basis of the type of structure of houses


HR

YN

DEL

UTK

HD

PN

JB

HP

KER

MH

AP

GU

J

RA

J

TN

J&K

UP

ALL

IND

IA

KA

R

MP

WB

BH

JHK

OD

S

CH

T

ASM

Number of living rooms in the dwelling

Both the subjective indicator (condition of structure) and objective indicator (type of

structure of house) need to be viewed critically as they take into consideration only the

urgency of repair and the materials used in the construction of the house respectively

and not the comfort. Hence to get a better picture of housing condition we look in to

the number of living rooms in the dwelling which should be deemed as an indicator of

the level of congestion in the house.

Figure3.5: Distribution of households by the number of living rooms in the dwelling


Classification of households on the basis of number of living rooms reveals

considerable interstate disparities. While in Kerala (72percent), Jammu& Kashmir,

(64percent) and Assam (51percent) majority of households lived in houses with three

or more living rooms, in West Bengal and Odisha only around 15percent of

households had three or more rooms. In Tamil Nadu 55percent of households lived in

houses with one living room followed by Andhra Pradesh (54percent) and

Maharashtra (52percent). Himachal Pradesh had the highest proportion of households

with no exclusive rooms (6percent), followed by Andhra Pradesh (4percent),

Maharahtra (3percent) and Kerala (2percent). It is a matter of concern that most of the

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

no exclusive room/one room

two room

three rooms and above

KER

J&

K

ASM

HP

JHK

UTK

HD

PN

JB

CH

T

HR

YN

RA

J

KA

R

UP

BH

MP

All

IND

IA

DEL

GU

J

OD

S

WB

MH

TN

AP

states in the country had major proportion of its households living in houses with just

one room or two rooms (including kitchen) showing a high degree of

congestion/overcrowding in the houses.

Ventilation

Classification of households on the basis of the ventilation of dwellings, which is an

important indicator of healthy/comfortable housing shows that major proportion of

households across states had only ‘satisfactory’ ventilation (see Appendix Table).

Type of Kitchen

Figure3.6 shows that Kerala had the highest proportion of households with separate

kitchen and water tap (39percent). In Bihar only 3 percent of households had separate

kitchen with water tap. States of Assam, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya

Pradesh, UP and West Bengal had less than 10 percent of their households with

separate kitchen and water tap. Bihar (71percent) had the highest proportion of

households with no separate kitchen followed by UP (69percent) and Jharkhand

(67percent). States of Andhra Pradesh (58percent), Rajasthan (54percent), Gujarat

(44percent), Madhya Pradesh (58percent) and Maharashtra (53percent) also had high

proportion of households with no separate kitchen.

Figure 3.6: Distribution of households by the type of kitchen


In the case of households living in houses with no separate kitchen if cooking

is done inside the house, smoke fills the entire house during cooking which in the

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

no separate kitchen

separate kitchen without water tap

separate kitchen with water tap

DEL

K

ER

PN

JB

J&K

GU

J

HP

TN

MH

UTK

HD

HR

YN

KA

R

All

IND

IA

RA

J

AP

WB

UP

MP

OD

S

JHK

CH

T

ASM

absence of good ventilation can cause serious health problems. Hence the huge gap in

many states of households without a separate kitchen is a matter of concern.

Type of roof

Table 3.2 shows wide disparity among the states in the materials used for roof. In

Chandigarh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab cement/RBC/RCC was

the most predominant material of roof while in Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya

Pradesh and Kerala tile (or slate) was also a predominant material of roof. In

Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, UP, Haryana and Punjab burnt brick/stone/lime stone was

also a prominent material used as roofing material along with cement/RBC/RCC. Iron,

zinc or other metal sheets or asbestos sheet was the predominant material of roof in the

north eastern states as well as in the states of Assam (61.6percent), Maharashtra

(41percent) and Jammu & Kashmir (52percent). In Odisha and Bihar 35percent

households lived in houses which had grass/straw/leaves/ reeds/bamboo, etc as

Table 3.2: Distribution of households by the type of roof (in percentages)

States

Cement/RBC /RCC

Tile/ slate

Asbestos or other metal sheet

Grass/straw/ leaves/

reeds/ bamboo, etc.

Delhi 81.8 0.7 2.8 1.9

Uttarakhand 64.0 3.2 6.5 2.9

Andhra Pradesh 52.4 15.6 10.3 13.4

Punjab 51.7 3.3 0.2 3.5

Tamil Nadu 47.4 29.7 4.9 13.5

Kerala 46.8 40.8 8.1 2.3

Gujarat 45.3 25.9 15.0 4.1

Himachal Pradesh 43.7 33.9 13.6 0.4

Uttar Pradesh 39.2 8.8 1.8 13.8

Haryana 37.3 6.2 0.9 2.4

Bihar 33.8 16.4 7.1 35.0

Maharashtra 32.8 16.4 41.3 2.5

Karnataka 31.1 34.9 15.6 4.0

Jammu & Kashmir 29.0 0.1 51.7 7.8

West Bengal 26.6 24.2 26.7 17.9

Odisha 24.9 24.1 10.8 34.6

Jharkhand 22.7 50.0 4.8 11.3

Madhya Pradesh 17.3 39.9 7.8 4.3

Chattisgarh 16.9 65.2 2.9 1.0

Rajasthan 13.3 12.3 2.7 11.0

Assam 5.0 0.0 61.6 32.6

All INDIA 35.1 20.9 14.2 12.4


material of roof. In West Bengal (18percent), Andhra Pradesh (13percent) and Tamil

Nadu (14percent) also a significant proportion of households lived in houses with roof

made of grass/straw/leaves/ reeds/bamboo, etc.

Asbestos and other metal roof sheets, though classified as permanent material

may not protect the dwellers from weather related and other health hazards. Safety and

sustainability of houses with grass, straw, reeds, bamboo, leaves, etc is also a matter of

concern.

Type of wall

As per NSS (Table 3.3) we can see that in a majority of the states major proportion of

households had their dwellings made of burnt brick or stone or lime stone, followed by

mud or unburnt brick. While Haryana (85percent) had the highest proportion of houses

with walls made of brick or stone or lime stone Chattisgarh (55percent) had the

highest proportion of house with walls made of mud or unburnt brick. Among other

materials use of grass, straw, leaves, bamboo, etc was most common in Assam

(44percent), followed by Bihar (27percent) and West Bengal (16percent).

Table 3.3: Distribution of households by the type wall (in percentages)

States

Burnt brick/

stone/lime stone

Mud/unburnt

brick

Cement/RBC/RCC

Other

materials

Haryana 85.4 1.7 11.6 1.3

Uttarakhand 80.4 3.1 14.6 1.8

Punjab 80.1 2.2 16.9 0.8

Rajasthan 73.7 19.9 2.3 3.8


Maharashtra 71.6 14.5 6.7 7.1

Kerala 71.0 17.1 7.8 4.0

Andhra Pradesh 70.2 14.4 10.8 4.7

Uttar Pradesh 67.7 20.5 7.9 3.9

Jammu &Kashmir 67.3 25.4 3.8 3.6

Tamil Nadu 65.3 21.0 10.6 2.9

Gujarat 64.4 19.1 11.3 5.4

Madhya pradesh 55.4 35.9 4.2 4.3

Karnataka 55.2 26.3 14.8 3.4

Bihar 45.3 19.8 7.7 26.9

Delhi 42.2 3.3 53.1 1.4

Jharkhand 37.9 51.9 6.2 4.0

Chattisgarh 37.7 55.3 1.5 5.5

West Bengal 37.0 35.5 11.2 16.2

Odisha 36.7 52.1 6.3 4.9

Assam 14.3 30.7 11.3 43.7

All INDIA 59.1 23.2 9.5 8.2


Type of floor

There was considerable variation across the states in the material used for floor as is

evident from Table 3.4. While cement was the predominant material of floor in Delhi,

Tamil Nadu, Kerala with around 70 percent of households living in houses with

cement floor, mud was the prominent material of floor in Madhya Pradesh

(70percent), Bihar (69percent), West Bengal (55percent), Chattisgarh (71percent),

Assam (72percent), Jharkhand (68percent), UP (63percent) and Orissa (57percent). In

Gujarat 34 percent and Maharashtra 29 percent of households lived in houses with

mosaic/tile as the material of floor. Wood/plank and bamboo/log was the prominent

material used for floor in north eastern states.

Table 3.4: Distribution of households by type of floor (in percentages), 2008-09

States

Mud

Cement

Brick/lime stone/ston e

Others

Uttar Pradesh 63.3 26.4 6.9 3.3

Maharashtra 29.6 25.1 15.8 29.3

Bihar 68.8 20.9 8.3 1.8

West Bengal 55.2 37.6 3.8 3.2

Andhra Pradesh 17.9 40.0 33.6 8.7


Tamil Nadu 12.5 69.9 2.2 15.3

Rajasthan 34.6 41.4 17.2 6.5

Karnataka 17.4 44.2 20.2 18.0

Gujarat 28.7 30.6 6.2 34.6

Odisha 56.4 40.5 1.6 1.5

Kerala 7.5 69.5 2.0 21.0

Jharkhand 67.6 26.8 4.4 1.3

Assam 71.6 22.0 2.8 3.6

Punjab 22.0 56.8 16.4 4.8

Chattisgarh 70.6 18.5 6.9 4.0

Haryana 22.3 57.2 16.7 3.8

Delhi 1.0 72.4 12.4 14.2

Jammu &Kashmir 40.0 52.6 4.8 2.6

Uttarakhand 26.4 44.6 13.6 15.4


All INDIA 40.4 37.4 11.1 11.0


Section 2

Basic Amenities within Dwelling

Characteristics of the structure of the dwelling, though important is only one element

of housing. Without amenities like drinking water facility, sanitation, electricity, etc a

household cannot function as a useful one. In this section we discuss basic amenities

within the dwelling across states.

Major Source of drinking water

Census 2011 records data on four major categories of drinking water sources – tap

water, handpump, well, and other sources. NSSO gives data on all these as well as

bottled water, tank/pond, river/canal, spring and harvested rainwater. First we look

into the data provided by the census. At an all-India level, tap water was the major

source of drinking water with nearly 44 percent of the households depending on this

source.

Figure 3.7: Distribution of households with tap water as the major source of drinking

water, 2011

Source: Census 2011

Among the states we see that Himachal Pradesh had the maximum proportion

of households dependent on tap water, at nearly 89 percent, and Bihar the lowest at 4.4

percent, followed by Assam with 10.5 percent. Conversely, the use of a handpump is

the highest among households in Bihar, with 90 percent of the households depending

upon this source, and Sikkim the lowest with just 0.1 percent of the households

dependence on this source (see Appendix table).

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

HP

DEL

TN

AP

GU

J

HR

YN

UTK

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R

J&K

PN

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ALL

-IN

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RA

J

KER

UP

WB

MP

CH

T

OD

S

JHK

ASM

Compared to the other two sources, the proportion of households using well as

a source of drinking water is very low, with a general decline from 2001 in all states in

India. Interestingly, Kerala remains an exception in this regard with 62 percent of

households depending upon a well.

Data on the major source of drinking water provided by the NSSO gives a

similar picture as that of the population census. Tap water was the predominant source

of drinking water in majority of the states, closely followed by tube well/hand pump. It

is interesting to note that in Tamil Nadu 4 percent of households depended on bottled

water as a major source of drinking water.

Nature of Access to Drinking water

NSS data reveals disparities among households across states in the nature of their

access to drinking water source. While in states of Kerala (66 percent), Punjab (61

percent) and Delhi (61percent) major proportion of households had drinking water

facility for the exclusive use of households, majority of households in the states of

Odisha (77percent), Jharkhand (76percent), MP (73percent), Chattisgarh (70percent),

West Bengal (64percent), TN (58percent) and Andhra Pradesh (53percent) depended

on community provision of drinking water.

States where more than 50 percent of Hhs had exclusive access to drinking water source

States where more than 50 percent of Hhs depended on a community source of drinking water

Figure 3.8: Distribution of households by their nature of access to drinking water

source, 2008-09


From Table 3.5 we can see that Odisha (20percent), Jharkhand (22percent),

Chattisgarh (25percent) and MP (26percent), had the lowest proportion of households

with drinking water facility within premises. Across the states major proportion of

households had their drinking water source outside premises but within a distance of

200 metres. Manipur (22percent) had the highest proportion of households which had

to travel a distance of 0.2-0.5km to their source of drinking water followed by Odisha

(20percent), Rajasthan (18percent) and Jharkhand (17percent). In Himachal Pradesh

and Mizoram 3 percent and 2 percent respectively of the households had to travel a

distance of 1.5km or more to reach their source of drinking water(see Table in

Appendix to this chapter).

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

community use

exclusive use

ODS JHK MP CHT WB TN AP KAR

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

exclusive use

community use

Table 3.5: Distribution of households by their distance to the source of drinking water

States Within premises 0.2 to 1km 1 km or more

Punjab 86.5 13.3 0.3

Delhi 85.1 14.8 0.0

Kerala 76.5 23.3 0.2

Haryana 68.3 31.0 0.7

Assam 67.1 32.9 0.1

Jammu&Kashmir 64.8 34.5 0.7

Gujarat 64.7 34.9 0.6

Bihar 62.5 37.4 0.0

Uttar Pradesh 62.0 37.9 0.3

Maharashtra 56.4 42.9 0.5

Uttarakhand 56.2 42.9 1.0

Himachal Pradesh 55.3 41.6 3.1

All INDIA 50.7 48.9 0.5

Karnataka 45.7 53.5 0.6

Andhra Pradesh 44.9 54.8 0.5

Rajasthan 42.8 53.9 3.0

Tamil Nadu 40.9 58.6 0.3

West Bengal 34.6 65.0 0.3

Madhya Pradesh 25.7 73.3 0.9

Chattisgarh 24.7 75.0 0.3

Jharkhand 21.8 78.2 0.0

Odisha 20.5 79.3 0.2


Sufficiency of drinking water

Figure3.9: Distribution of households by their sufficiency of drinking water

throughout the year, 2008-09

Source: NSSO 65

th round (July 2008-June 2009)

Bihar had the highest proportion of households with sufficient drinking water

throughout the year followed by Assam and UP. Mizoram had the lowest proportion of

households with sufficient drinking water (25percent), followed by Nagaland

(44percent). In Rajasthan drinking water was not sufficient for 30 percent of

households. It is interesting to note that in Kerala where the housing condition and

amenities are one of the top among states, 15 percent of households reported that

drinking water availability was not sufficient for their use.

Latrine Facility

Our analysis of latrine facility on the basis of census data shows that at the state level

Jharkhand and Odisha had the highest proportion of households (78percent) without

latrine facility and Kerala had the lowest proportion of households (<5percent). In

fact, the all-India figure for households without a latrine facility was also on the higher

side, which is a worrisome statistic. The findings are given in Figure 3.10.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

BH

ASM

UP

TN

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T

HR

YN

KER

OD

S

KA

R

J&K

MH

HP

UTK

HD

MP

JHK

RA

J

Figure 3.10: Distribution of households without latrine facility across states

Source: Census 2011

Data provided by NSSO on the availability of latrine also shows a similar

pattern. Odisha had the highest proportion of households without latrine facility

followed by Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Bihar, UP and MP (see Table in Appendix to this

chapter).

In addition to information on the availability of latrine, NSSO also provides

information on the facility of latrine. Figure 3.11 shows that Kerala along with north

eastern states had the highest proportion of households with latrine facility for the

exclusive of households. Odisha had the lowest proportion of households with latrine

facility for the exclusive use of the households followed by Jharkhand, Chattisgarh,

Bihar, MP, UP and Rajasthan. We can also see that in the states of Tripura

(30percent), Chandigarh (29percent), Delhi (26percent), West Bengal (21percent) and

Punjab (20percent) the practise of sharing latrines with other households was quite

common.

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

JHK

OD

S

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CH

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MP

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All-

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AP

J&K

KA

R

MH

GU

J

WB

ASM

UTK

HD

HR

YN

HP

PN

JB

DEL

KER

Figure 3.11: Distribution of households with latrine facility for their exclusive use,

2008-09


Type of Latrine

Census provides data on three types of latrine namely water closet, pit latrine, and

other latrine type. The all-India data shows a welcoming trend of a shift from pit

latrine to water closet over the last ten years. This was mirrored also at the state level,

with the exception of a few north-eastern states such as Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura

and Meghalaya where pit latrines still dominate with over 60 percent of households

having one(see Table in Appendix to this chapter).

Figure 3.12: Proportion of households with water closet

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

90

80

70

60

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40

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DEL

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ASM

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KER

ASM

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HP

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All-

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ia

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UP

MP

BH

CH

T

JHK

OD

S

Source: Census 2011

The proportion of households with a water closet was highest in Chandigarh

(87percent) and Delhi (86percent). However, the all-India average is on the lower end

of the spectrum, which is brought down mainly by states such as Bihar and Odisha

where only a mere 15-20 percent of households had water closets. Figure 3.13 shows

that these two states also recorded the lowest change in proportion of households with

water closet over the decade.

Figure 3.13: Percentage point change over 2001-11 in proportion of households with

water closet

Source: Census 2011

Bathroom facility

NSSO provides information on both availability and type of bathroom (whether

attached or detached). We can understand from Figure 3.15 that Kerala (85percent)

had the highest proportion of households with bathroom followed by, Delhi

(84percent), Haryana (73percent) and Punjab (72percent). Odisha (16percent) had the

lowest proportion of households with bathroom facility.

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

HP

DEL

HR

YN

PN

JB

UTK

HD

ALL

-IN

DIA

AP

J&K

UP

MH

GU

J

KA

R

TN

RA

J

MP

ASM

BH

CH

T

WB

JHK

OD

S

KER

Figure: 3.14: Distribution of households across states with bathroom facility, 2008-09


Source of Lighting

The Census records data on three basic sources of lighting: kerosene, electricity and

other sources, besides recording information on households that have no lighting

facilities. A look at the proportion of households having no source of lighting shows

that among larger states, in Jammu and Kashmir 2 percent of households had no

source of lighting.For smaller states, Arunachal Pradesh reports 10.5 percent, with no

source of lighting. The all-India figure for this is extremely low, which is a good sign

overall.

Electricity remains as the major source of lighting in households in India, with

the proportion of households using electricity exceeding 90 percent in twelve states.

The highest in this category is Delhi with 99 percent households, whereas Bihar stands

at a stark low with only 16.4 percent of households reporting electricity as their major

source of lighting.

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

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KER

DEL

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UTK

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GU

J

AP

MH

All

IND

IA

RA

J

WB

MP

UP

JHK

BH

CH

T

Figure 3.15: Distribution of households by their major source of lighting, 2011

Source: Census 2011

As for changes in the percentage of households reporting electricity as their

major source of lighting between 2001 and 2011, among the larger states all except

Madhya Pradesh showed an increase in the proportion of households with electricity

over the decade.

Figure 3.16: Percentage point change over 2001-11 in the proportion of households

with electricity as major source of lighting

Source: Census 2011

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

30

25

20

15

10

5

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-5 MP

HP

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All-

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All-

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ASM

UP

As for to sources of lighting other than electricity, Census data show that

though there is a welcome reduction in the use of kerosene as a major source of

lighting across India, Bihar is again an exception with more than 82 percent of

households still depended on kerosene, followed by UP and Assam with nearly 62

percent. Figures 3.16 and 3.17 show these extreme differences in electricity and

kerosene use across states.

Figure 3.17: Proportion of households with kerosene as the major of lighting

Source: Census 2011

Cooking Fuel

Census provides information on four sources of cooking fuel: firewood, crop-residue,

kerosene and LPG/PNG. Taking firewood, it can be seen that the proportion of

households using firewood as the major source of fuel was highest in Chhattisgarh

with a proportion more than 80 percent, while in Delhi this proportion was less than 5

percent. This contrast can be seen in Figure 3.18.

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

BH

UP

ASM

OD

S

JHK

WB

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ALL

-IN

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RA

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CH

T

MH

UTK

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KA

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YN

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J

AP

TN

KER

HP

PN

JB

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 3.18: Proportion of households with firewood as the major source of fuel, 2011

Source: Census 2011

The all India picture shows that LPG/PNG was next in line after firewood, with

the state having highest proportion of households depending on this source being

Delhi with nearly 90 percent , which was then followed by Punjab (54 per cent) among

the larger states.

Figure 3.19: Proportion of households with LPG/PNG as the major source of fuel,

2011

Source: Census 2011

While dependence on crop-residue as a source of fuel was low, we see that

only Bihar with nearly 33 percent and West Bengal with nearly 26 percent depended

on this source. Also, the share of kerosene as a source of fuel was very meagre at the

all India level.

90

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Section 3

Access to Basic Facilities outside the Dwelling

Access to basic facilities outside the dwelling such as distance to the place of work,

garbage and drainage facilities and access to road are also an important indicators of

the quality of life.

Distance to the place of work

Table 3.6 shows that for majority of households across the states, the earning member

of the family had to travel a distance less than 5km to reach their place of work.

Among the larger states Himachal Pradesh reported the highest percentage (53percent)

of households where the earning member(s) did not have to travel more than one

kilometres for work while Odishawith26 percent reported the least.

Table 3.6: Distribution of households by the distance to the place of work of the earning member (in percentages)

States

less than 1 km

1 -5km

5-10km

10-15km

15-30

30km or

more

Uttar Pradesh 44.0 36.7 10.8 4.2 2.3 2.1

Maharashtra 31.6 39.6 13.1 6.6 4.7 4.5

Bihar 36.1 44.4 12.0 5.2 1.5 0.6

West Bengal 35.7 37.4 13.3 5.8 3.6 4.3

Andhra Pradesh 31.9 45.4 13.5 3.7 3.0 2.7

Madhya Pradesh 35.1 46.8 12.3 3.6 1.1 1.3

Tamil Nadu 35.1 37.3 15.6 6.0 3.7 2.2

Rajusthan 31.2 40.6 14.9 5.7 3.2 4.1

Karnataka 28.5 49.0 12.2 6.0 2.9 1.2

Gujarat 34.4 38.5 13.3 6.6 3.8 3.6

Odisha 26.3 48.7 16.8 4.7 1.3 2.4

Kerala 38.6 29.1 14.5 6.8 6.4 4.7

Jharkhand 31.6 41.6 17.0 6.2 2.2 1.3

Assam 46.5 35.3 13.2 3.0 1.2 0.8

Punjab 38.4 32.9 14.3 5.6 4.8 4.0

Chattisgarh 26.5 52.0 14.2 4.8 1.5 1.1

Haryana 41.0 32.1 13.7 5.9 3.9 3.4

Delhi 27.0 27.8 26.1 12.7 5.2 1.2

Jammu &Kashmir 42.0 24.3 15.3 7.4 7.0 4.0

Uttarakhand 30.5 42.8 15.8 6.9 2.2 1.7

Himachal Pradesh

53.3

25.8

11.5

4.7

2.5

2.1


Garbage collection

We can understand from Table 3.7 that across the states only a small proportion of

households had access to any form of garbage collection whether by the local

government bodies or by other arrangements. A major proportion of households in all

states except Delhi did not have any arrangement for garbage collection. Bihar

(87percent) had the highest proportion of households with no garbage collection

arrangement followed by Kerala (86percent) and West Bengal (79percent). Kerala’s

disappointing performance despite being a high achiever in many other respects is a

pointer to the government’s failure in providing this basic public function. Among

the larger states Delhi (12 percent) and Tamil Nadu (33percent) had the lowest

proportion of households without any arrangement for garbage collection followed by

Maharashtra (35 percent)

Table 3.7: Distribution of households by garbage collection facility (in

percentages)

States Panchayat/Municipality/

corporation

By

residents

By

others No

arrangement

Bihar 4.0 8.2 1.3 86.5

Kerala 6.0 5.9 2.4 85.7

West Bengal 16.4 4.0 0.9 78.7

Jammu &Kashmir 16.5 3.9 1.3 78.3


Odisha 7.6 15.6 1.1 75.7

Jharkhand 3.5 19.4 1.5 75.7

Uttarakhand 13.5 14.6 2.2 69.8

Rajasthan 17.0 17.1 1.5 64.4

Andhra Pradesh 28.0 6.9 1.0 64.0

Assam 3.9 27.3 5.1 63.8

Madhya Pradesh 14.1 21.5 1.3 63.1

All INDIA 20.7 17.2 2.5 59.6

Karnataka 27.5 12.2 1.1 59.2

Uttar Pradesh 14.4 22.0 6.7 56.9

Chattisgarh 14.0 25.1 5.5 55.3

Gujarat 25.9 22.2 0.6 51.3

Punjab 20.8 28.4 0.7 50.0

Haryana 12.3 40.4 1.4 45.8

Maharashtra 39.8 24.7 1.0 34.5

Tamil Nadu 42.3 21.5 2.8 33.4

Delhi 53.2 24.6 10.3 11.9


Drainage Facility

Our analysis based on census data on the proportion of households with drainage and

the types of drainage indicate that Odisha had the highest proportion of households

having no drainage facility at 81percent, with Assam second in line, with nearly 80

percent.

As for the types of drainage, there are mainly two categories, closed and open.

A worrisome state of affairs is that most states in India show a high proportion of

households having open drainage, while this is not the case with the proportion having

closed drainage. This can clearly be seen in Figure 3.20. The proportion of households

having closed drainage was the highest in Delhi with 59 percent. However the nearby

state of Haryana was on top with the highest share of open drainage at 65 percent.

Figure 3.20: Proportion of households with open drainage

Source: Census 2011

NSSO also provides data on the facility and type of drainage. Comparison of

NSSO and census data shows that while Kerala has shown a reduction in the

proportion of households without drainage, there has not been any significant

improvement in the case of Odisha, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

NSSO classifies type of drainage in terms of four types namely,(a)

underground, (b) covered pucca, (c) open pucca and (d) open katcha. Delhi, followed

by Gujarat, Punjab and Maharashtra have the highest proportion of households with

underground drainage. But in these states also with the exception of Delhi open pucca

and open katcha drainage was more predominant.

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

HR

YN

PN

JB

UP

UTK

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Access to Road

The Table 3.8 shows that among the larger states Tamil Nadu (61percent) and Andhra

Pradesh (60percent) had the highest proportion of households with direct opening to

motorable road with street light. In Maharashtra only 43 percent of households had

direct opening to motorable road with street light while in Kerala it was only 38

percent of households. Jammu & Kashmir (4 percent) had the lowest proportion of

households with direct opening followed by Bihar (5 percent) and Assam (5 percent).

Sikkim (38 percent), Himachal Pradesh (37 percent) and Jammu & Kashmir

(35 percent) had the highest proportion of households with no direct opening to road.

In Assam (57 percent), Bihar (55 percent), UP (51 percent), West Bengal (50 percent),

Jharkhand (43 percent), Odisha (42 percent) and north eastern states major proportion

of households had direct opening to other roads/lane with no street light.

Table 3.8: Distribution of households by their access to road (in percentages) , 2008-09

States

direct opening to

No direct opening

Motorable road Other road/lane

With street light

Without street light

With street light

Without street light

Himachal Pradesh 7.5 10.2 5.1 40.7 36.5

Jammu and Kashmir 4.1 20.8 2.2 37.6 35.3

Uttarakhand 14.8 14.7 4.5 35.1 30.9

Jharkhand 5.8 20.4 2.5 42.8 28.6

Bihar 4.5 16.1 1.4 54.6 23.3

Rajasthan 16.4 20.9 4.5 36.0 22.2

Madhya Pradesh 14.5 22.1 6.2 37.2 20.1

West Bengal 13.2 12.0 8.0 49.8 16.9

Uttar Pradesh 9.9 17.7 5.0 50.6 16.9

Assam 4.5 20.6 1.9 56.9 16.0

Kerala 38.2 17.2 5.0 23.9 15.7

Gujarat 27.0 20.4 14.6 24.6 13.4

Chattisgarh 14.5 14.3 12.1 47.0 12.1

Maharashtra 43.3 11.9 17.2 16.6 11.0

Odisha 10.3 33.3 3.0 42.4 11.0

Haryana 9.8 41.3 4.6 34.6 9.7

Andhra Pradesh 59.5 8.9 14.7 10.6 6.3

Tamil Nadu 61.2 5.6 20.1 7.1 5.9

Karnataka 55.6 9.6 16.2 13.8 4.8

Punjab 24.0 30.2 4.1 37.3 4.3

Delhi 64.0 8.6 8.9 16.2 2.3


Chapter 4

Housing Condition in Rural Areas

Introduction

A study on housing condition and amenities in India is incomplete without an analysis

of the rural sector, as majority of the population (69 percent) live in rural areas. This

also necessitates a comparison between rural and urban areas on their relative

performance in various aspects of housing. Hence in this chapter we analyse housing

condition across the states with particular reference to rural areas, followed by an

analysis of rural-urban gap.

Table 4.1 presents the population distribution and average household size

across states in rural and urban India. Uttar Pradesh has the largest rural population

while Maharashtra has the largest urban population. However this does not indicate the

level of urbanization for which we need to examine the share of urban population in

total population as given in Table 4.2. This shows that the states of Delhi, Tamil

Nadu and Kerala have the three most urbanised population in the country in 2011.

This chapter is divided into two sections. In the first section we discuss the

physical characteristics of houses, basic amenities within the dwelling and households’

access to basic facilities outside the dwelling. In the second section we present our

analysis on rural-urban gap. Our analysis is based on the data provided by Census of

2011 and the 65th

round of NSSO on housing condition and amenities (June 2008-July

2009).

Sl

No

Table 4.1: Population distribution across states

States

Rural

States

Urban

Population (in lakhs)

Total no. Of hhs

Average hh size

Population (in lakhs)

Total no. Of hhs

Average hh size

1 UP 1551.1 254.8 6.1 MH 508.3 108.1 4.7

2 BH 920.8 169.3 5.4 UP 444.7 74.5 6.0

3 WB 622.1 137.2 4.5 TN 349.5 89.3 3.9

4 MH 615.5 130.2 4.7 WB 291.3 63.5 4.6

5 AP 563.1 142.5 4.0 AP 283.5 67.8 4.2

6 MP 525.4 111.2 4.7 GUJ 257.1 54.2 4.7

7 RAJ 515.4 94.9 5.4 KAR 235.8 53.2 4.4

8 KAR 375.5 78.6 4.8 MP 200.6 38.5 5.2

9 TN 371.9 95.6 3.9 RAJ 170.8 30.9 5.5

10 ODS 349.5 81.4 4.3 DEL 163.3 32.6 5.0

11 GUJ 346.7 67.7 5.1 KER 159.3 36.2 4.4

12 ASM 267.8 53.7 5.0 BH 117.3 20.1 5.8

13 JHK 250.4 46.9 5.3 PNJB 103.9 20.9 5.0

14 CHT 196.0 43.8 4.5 HRYN 88.2 17.5 5.0

15 KER 174.6 41.0 4.3 JHK 79.3 15.0 5.3

16 PNJB 173.2 33.2 5.2 ODS 70.0 15.2 4.6

17 HRYN 165.3 29.7 5.6 CHT 59.4 12.4 4.8

18 J&K 91.3 15.0 6.1 ASM 43.9 9.9 4.4

19 UTKHD 70.3 14.0 5.0 J&K 34.1 5.2 6.6

20 HP 61.7 13.1 4.7 UTKHD 30.9 5.9 5.2

21 TRP 27.1 6.1 4.5 CHND 10.3 2.3 4.5

22 MGH 23.7 4.2 5.6 TRP 9.6 2.4 4.1

23 MAN 19.0 3.4 5.7 GOA 9.1 2.0 4.6

24 NAG 14.1 2.8 4.9 PONDY 8.5 2.1 4.1

25 ARNP 10.7 2.0 5.5 MAN 8.2 1.7 4.8

26 GOA 5.5 1.2 4.4 HP 6.9 1.7 4.1

27 MIZ 5.3 1.0 5.0 MGH 6.0 1.2 5.1

28 SIKM 4.6 0.9 4.9 NAG 5.7 1.2 5.0

29 DEL 4.2 0.8 5.3 MIZ 5.6 1.2 4.8

30 PONDY 3.9 1.0 4.1 ARNP 3.1 0.7 4.8

31 A&N 2.4 0.6 4.1 D&D 1.8 0.5 3.8

32 D&NH 1.8 0.4 5.2 D&NH 1.6 0.4 4.2

33 D&D 0.6 0.1 4.7 SIKM 1.5 0.4 4.2

34 CHND 0.3 0.1 4.3 A&N 1.4 0.3 3.9

35 LKSH 0.1 0.0 5.6 LKSH 0.5 0.1 6.2 All

INDIA

8330.9

1678.3

5.0 All INDIA

3771.1

788.7

4.8

Table 4.2: Share of rural and urban population in Indian states

Sl.No

States

Total

Population

(lakhs)

Rural

Urban

Share of Rural Popn

Share of Urban Popn

Larger States

1 Uttar Pradesh (UP) 1995.81 1551.1 444.7 77.72 22.28

2 Maharashtra (MH) 1123.73 615.5 508.3 54.77 45.23

3 Bihar (BH) 1038.05 920.8 117.3 88.70 11.30

4 West Bengal (WB) 913.48 622.1 291.3 68.10 31.89

5 Andhra Pradesh (AP) 846.66 563.1 283.5 66.51 33.48

6 Madhya Pradesh (MP) 725.98 525.4 200.6 72.37 27.63

7 Tamil Nadu (TN) 721.39 371.9 349.5 51.55 48.45

8 Rajasthan (RAJ) 686.21 515.4 170.8 75.11 24.89

9 Karnataka (KAR) 611.31 375.5 235.8 61.43 38.57

10 Gujarat (GUJ) 603.84 346.7 257.1 57.42 42.58

11 Odisha (ODS) 419.47 349.5 70 83.32 16.69

12 Kerala (KER) 333.88 174.6 159.3 52.29 47.71

13 Jharkhand (JHK) 329.66 250.4 79.3 75.96 24.06

14 Assam (ASM) 311.69 267.8 43.9 85.92 14.08

15 Punjab (PNJB) 277.04 173.2 103.9 62.52 37.50

16 Chattisgarh (CHT) 255.4 196 59.4 76.74 23.26

17 Haryana (HRYN) 253.53 165.3 88.2 65.20 34.79

18 Delhi (DEL) 167.53 4.2 163.3 2.51 97.48

18 Jammu&Kashmir (J&K) 125.49 91.3 34.1 72.75 27.17

20 Uttaranchal (UTKHD) 101.17 70.3 30.9 69.49 30.54

21 Himachal Pradesh (HP) 68.57 61.7 6.9 89.98 10.06

Smaller States and Union Territories (UTs)

1 Tripura 36.71 27.1 9.6 73.82 26.15

2 Meghalaya 29.64 23.7 6 79.96 20.24

3 Manipur 27.22 19 8.2 69.80 30.12

4 Nagaland 19.81 14.1 5.7 71.18 28.77

5 Goa 14.58 5.5 9.1 37.72 62.41

6 Arunachal Pradesh 13.83 10.7 3.1 77.37 22.42

7 Pondicherry 12.44 3.9 8.5 31.35 68.33

8 Mizoram 10.91 5.3 5.6 48.58 51.33

9 Chandigarh 10.55 0.3 10.3 2.84 97.63

10 Sikkim 6.08 4.6 1.5 75.66 24.67

11 A&N Island 3.8 2.4 1.4 63.16 36.84

12 D&N Haveli 3.43 1.8 1.6 52.48 46.65

13 Daman&Diu 2.43 0.6 1.8 24.69 74.07

14 Lakshadweep 0.64 0.1 0.5 15.63 78.13

All INDIA 12101.93 8330.9 3771.1 68.84 31.16

Source: Census of India 2011

Section 1 Housing Condition and Amenities at Rural Level

In this section we discuss the physical characteristics of houses, basic amenities within

the dwelling and households’ access to basic facilities outside the dwelling.

Condition of the structure of Houses

Figure: 4.1 Distribution of households by the condition of structure of houses


In rural India, among the larger states only Delhi (53 percent) and Kerala (50

percent) had a major proportion of their households living in houses which were

‘good’ in condition. For the rest of the states majority of households lived in houses

which were ‘satisfactory’ in condition. A ranking of states on the basis of the

proportion of ‘good’ houses shows that the pattern in rural area reflects the pattern at

the state level. The states of Jharkhand (7 percent), Bihar (18 percent), West Bengal

(21 percent) and Chattisgarh (21 percent) had the lowest proportion of households

living in ‘good’ houses and these states also had the highest proportion of households

living in houses which were ‘bad’ in condition.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Bad

Satisfactory

Good

DEL

K

ER

AP

P

NJB

H

P

GU

J H

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AR

TN

U

TKH

D

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J&

K

RA

J A

LL IN

DIA

U

P

OD

S M

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ASM

C

HT

WB

B

H

JHK

Type of structure of houses

Figure 4.2: Distribution of households by the type of structure of houses

Source: NSSO 65th

round (July 2008-June 2009)

Classification of households by the condition of the structure of houses shows

that the states of Haryana (93 percent), Uttarakhand (93 percent) and Punjab (91

percent) had the highest proportion of rural households living in pucca houses. In rural

Assam, Chattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand and West Bengal less than 35 percent of

households lived in pucca houses, with Assam having the lowest proportion (21

percent). While Chattisgarh (68 percent) had the highest proportion of rural

households living in semi-pucca houses, Odisha (41 percent) had the highest

proportion of rural households living in katcha houses.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

katcha

semi pucca

pucca

DEL

HR

YN

UTK

HD

PN

JB

HP

KER

AP

MH

RA

J

GU

J

TN

J&K

UP

All

IND

IA

KA

R

MP

BH

WB

JHK

OD

S

CH

T

ASM

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

no exclusive room/one room

two rooms

three or more rooms

No of living rooms

Figure 4.3: Distribution of households by the number of dwelling rooms in the house


Figure 4.3 reveals that there was widespread disparity among the states in terms of the

availability of living rooms, which throws light on the extent of congestion in the

dwellings of households. While states of Kerala (73 percent) and Jammu & Kashmir

(69 percent) had majority of their households in rural areas living in houses with three

or more rooms, Tamil Nadu (59 percent) and Andhra Pradesh (54 percent) had major

proportion of their rural households living in houses with just one living room or no

exclusive room.

Ventilation

Classification of households in rural areas on the basis of the ventilation of

houses shows that Kerala (45 percent) had the highest proportion of households living

in houses with ‘good’ ventilation, followed by Tamil Nadu (41 percent) and Gujarat

(40 percent). Odisha had the highest proportion of households living in houses with

‘bad’ ventilation(48 percent), followed by and Jharkhand (47 percent) and West

Bengal (35 percent). (see Table ... in Appendix to this chapter).

KER

J&

K

ASM

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P

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LL IN

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EL

RA

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AR

B

H

UP

M

P

OD

S M

H

GU

J W

B

TN

Type of kitchen

Figure 4.4: Distribution of household by type of kitchen

Source: NSSO 65th

round (July 2008-June 2009)

From figure 4.4 we can see that majority of the states in the country had major

proportion of their households with a separate kitchen but without water tap. Kerala

had the highest proportion of rural households with a separate kitchen and water tap

(36 percent) while Jharkhand with just 0.3 percent had the lowest proportion.

Himachal Pradesh (59 percent) had the highest proportion of households with separate

kitchen but no water tap and UP with only 23 percent of households having a separate

kitchen had the lowest proportion. Major proportion of rural households in 9 large

states such as UP (75 percent), Bihar (74 percent), Jharkhand (72 percent) and Madhya

Pradesh (64 percent) had no separate kitchen.

Type of wall

Table 4.2 shows that there was strong disparity among states on the type of material

used for wall. The two most prominent material of wall in rural India were burnt

brick/stone/lime stone and mud/unburnt brick. While burnt brick/stone/lime stone was

the prominent material of wall in Haryana (88 percent), Punjab (84 percent),

Uttaranchal (82 percent), Andhra Pradesh (70 percent) and Kerala (68 percent);

mud/unburnt brick was the prominent material used for wall in Chattisgarh (64

percent), Jharkhand (60 percent), Odisha (59 percent), and West Bengal (46 percent).

Among the rural households in north eastern states grass/straw/leaves/reeds/bamboo,

etc was the most prominent material of wall (see Appendix Table ). In Bihar 28

percent of rural households lived in houses with grass/straw/leaves/reeds/bamboo as

the predominant material of wall.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

no separate kitchen

separate kitchen without water tap

separate kitchen with water tap

KER

D

EL

HP

J&

K

PN

JB

UTK

HD

H

RYN

G

UJ

TN

MH

A

P

KA

R

RA

J O

DS

UP

A

SM

WB

B

H

MP

C

HT

JHK

Table 4.2: Distribution of households by type wall (in percentages)

States

Burnt brick/stone/lime stone

Mud/unburnt brick

Cement/RBC/RCC

Other Materials

Haryana 87.6 2.4 9.1 0.9

Punjab 84.0 3.4 11.6 1.0

Uttaranchal 82.4 3.8 11.4 2.4

Delhi 73.9 0.3 25.8 0.0

Himachal Pradesh

72.2

19.1

5.8

3.0


Kerala 68.5 20.0 7.0 4.5

Rajasthan 67.6 26.7 0.9 4.8

UP 64.4 25.5 5.3 4.7

Maharashtra 61.3 23.8 5.6 9.4

Jammu&Kashmir 60.9 31.4 4.1 3.6

Gujrat 58.7 29.8 4.4 7.1

Tamil Nadu 55.6 31.6 8.8 4.0

Karnataka 53.8 37.1 4.7 4.4

ALL INDIA 53.3 30.8 5.7 10.3


Bihar 42.1 21.4 7.4 29.0

Orissa 32.0 59.3 3.3 5.5

Jharkhand 31.6 60.0 3.9 4.5

Chattisgarh 29.2 64.0 0.7 6.1

West Bengal 26.4 46.1 7.7 19.7

Assam 12.0 33.3 7.2 47.4


Type of roof

Type of material used for roof also reveals diversity in the rural areas across the states

(Table 4.3). While in rural Uttarakhand (66 percent) and Andhra Pradesh (59 percent),

cement/RBC/RCC was the predominant material of roof, in rural Chattisgarh (73

percent), Jharkhand (55 percent), Madhya Pradesh (48 percent), Karnataka (46

percent) and Kerala (44 percent), tile/slate was the prominent material of roof. In

Odisha (40 percent) and Bihar (38 percent) major proportion of rural households’ had

grass/straw/leaves/reeds as the predominant material of roof.

Table 4.3: Distribution of households by the type of roof (in percentages)

States

cement/RBC/RCC

tile/slate

asbestos or other metal sheet

grass/straw/ leaves/reeds/ bamboo,etc

Delhi 65.8 0.5 2.4 0.0

Uttarakhand 59.1 4.1 6.5 3.5

Andhra Pradesh 43.6 20.4 8.1 17.6

Kerala 42.2 44.3 8.9 2.8

Himachal Pradesh

39.0

37.7

13.5

0.5

Punjab 38.9 4.8 0.2 4.8

Tamil Nadu 34.0 36.5 4.4 20.8

UP 32.1 10.7 1.5 17.0

Bihar 30.3 17.2 7.0 37.9

Haryana 27.6 6.5 0.9 3.2

Gujrat 27.0 38.2 15.8 6.3

All INDIA 24.7 25.4 13.9 16.6

Jammu&Kashmir 22.7 0.1 54.2 9.3

Odisha 19.4 26.2 9.0 39.6

Maharashtra 18.4 25.3 43.5 3.9

West Bengal 16.7 24.9 30.6 23.7

Jharkhand 15.7 55.4 3.3 13.3

Karnataka 13.3 46.4 15.0 6.0

Chattisgarh 10.2 73.0 1.3 0.9


Rajasthan 5.3 16.4 2.9 14.5

Assam 1.6 0.0 61.0 36.5


It is also important to note that in the states of Jammu & Kashmir (54 percent),

Maharashtra (44 percent) and West Bengal (31 percent) major proportion of rural

households lived in houses with roof made of asbestos or other metal sheet, which are

not considered healthy material of roofing.

Type of floor

Table 4.4 shows that cement and mud were the two predominant material of floor.

While states like Tamil Nadu (73 percent), Kerala (72 percent), Haryana (52 percent)

and Punjab (49 percent) had a higher proportion of their rural houses living in houses

with cement floor in Assam (78 percent), UP (77 percent), Jharkhand (76 percent),

Madhya Pradesh (75 percent), Bihar (74 percent), West Bengal (70 percent) and

Maharashtra (50 percent) major proportion of rural households lived in houses with

mud flooring.

Table 4.4 : Distribution of households by the type of floor (in percentages)

States

Cement

Mud

Brick/limestone/stone

Others

Delhi 73.6 0.7 6.8 18.9

Tamil Nadu 73.1 20.4 1.3 5.3

Kerala 72.3 9.0 1.7 17.0

Haryana 52.2 29.6 15.8 2.4

Punjab 49.4 33.3 14.9 2.4


Jammu&Kashmir 47.0 47.6 2.8 2.6

Karnataka 44.0 25.6 23.5 6.8

Uttaranchal 39.4 32.7 15.3 12.6

Andhra Pradesh 38.8 24.0 33.8 3.5

Rajasthan 38.7 45.8 14.0 1.6

Orissa 33.5 64.3 1.7 0.5

Gujrat 32.5 45.5 4.7 17.3

All INDIA 30.9 54.1 10.3 4.8

West Bengal 24.3 70.4 3.9 1.2

Maharashtra 21.4 49.9 15.8 13.0

Jharkhand 17.7 76.4 5.1 0.8

UP 16.8 76.9 5.5 0.8

Bihar 16.8 73.7 8.4 1.1

Assam 16.2 77.7 2.6 3.5


Chattisgarh 10.2 82.4 5.5 1.8


100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Major source of drinking water

Our analysis of the census data shows that hand pump was the major source of

drinking water in rural India with a proportion of nearly 44 percent households

depending on hand pump as the major source of drinking water. This was followed by

tap water with 31 percent, well with 13.3 percent and tube well/borehole with 8

percent. Analysis of state level data shows disparities among states on the major

source of drinking water. Bihar had the highest proportion (89 percent) of rural

households depending hand pumps, followed by UP (73 percent), Chattisgarh (70

percent) and West Bengal (63 percent) [Figure 4.5].

Figure 4.5:Proportion of households with hand pump as the major source of drinking

water

Source: Census 2011

Analysis of data on households depending on tap water shows Himachal

Pradesh (89 percent), Tamil Nadu (79 percent) , Uttarakhand (64 percent) had the

highest proportion of households depending on tap water as the major source of

drinking water. Bihar with just 3 percent had the lowest proportion of households

depending on tap water, closely followed by Jharkhand (7 percent), Assam (7 percent)

and Odisha (7 percent) [Figure 4.6].

BH

UP

CH

T

WB

MP

ASM

JHK

OD

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ALL

-IN

DIA

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JB

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UTK

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AP

MH

DEL

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YN

J&K

KA

R

TN

HP

KER

Figure 4.6: Proportion of households with tap water as major source of drinking

water

Census also provides information on whether the tap water was treated or non-

treated. Of the 31 percent households depending on tap water as their major source of

drinking water, 18 percent (58 percent of households depending on tap water) had

access to treated tap water. Among the states with a greater dependence on tap water in

Gujarat 39 percent of the rural households (which is 70 percent of rural households

depending on tap water) depended on untreated tap water.

Figure 4.7: Proportion of households depending on treated and non-treated tap water

Source: Census 2011

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

non-treated

treated tap

HP

TN

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-IN

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The dependence on well as a major source of drinking water has come down

significantly compared to 2001. Notably, Kerala was the only state which had a higher

share of households (64.8 percent) depending upon wells for drinking water, though

this also has decline considerably since 2001. Open well water is not considered as a

safe drinking water. However, the social culture is to drink mainly boiled water which

is also supplied in hotels and restaurants. Theis perhaps explain the low incidence of

water-borne diseases compared to other states.

NSSO data on the major source of drinking water for rural India shows a close

correspondence to the findings based on census data. Tap and hand pump/ tube well

were the two most prominent sources of drinking water for rural households. While in

the states of Tamil Nadu (87 percent), Karnataka (70 percent), Jammu & Kashmir (66

percent), Andhra Pradesh (64 percent), Gujarat (58 percent) and Maharashtra

(57percent) major proportion of rural households depended on tap water, in Bihar

(94percent), UP (93 percent), West Bengal (85percent), Chattisgarh (81percent),

Madhya Pradesh (74percent) and Orissa (73percent), tube well/hand pump was the

major source of drinking water (see Appendix Table).

Nature of access to drinking water

Figure 4.8: Distribution of households by the nature of access to drinking water

source, 2011

Source: Census 2011

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

community use

exclusive use

KER

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A

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U

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D

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M

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AR

A

P

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TN

C

HT

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O

DS

JHK

When we look at the nature of access to the major source of drinking water we can see

that highest proportion of households in the country (47 percent) depended on

community drinking water facility. But there was considerable disparity between the

states which is evident from Figure 4.8. While in the states of Kerala, Punjab and

Assam major proportion of rural households had drinking water facility for the

exclusive use of households, in Jharkhand, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and

West Bengal, community use was predominant. When compared to such other lagging

states as MP, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh Bihar (44 percent) had a higher proportion

of rural households with exclusive use of the water source.


Figure 4.9: Distribution of households by the distance to source of drinking water


From Figure 4.9 we can see that distance to the source of drinking water also shows

disparities among states. Among the larger states Punjab (81 percent) had the highest

proportion of rural households with drinking water within premises followed by

Kerala (75 percent) and Assam (64 percent). In Jharkhand and Odisha 86 percent of

rural households had to travel a distance between 0.2-1 km to their major source of

drinking water. In Rajasthan 4 percent of rural households had to travel a distance of

more than 1 percent to their major source of drinking water.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1 km or more

0.2 to 1 km

within premises

PN

JB

KER

D

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ASM

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B

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U

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G

UJ

UTK

HD

A

ll In

dia

M

H

AP

K

AR

W

B

RA

J TN

C

HT

MP

O

DS

JHK


Figure 4.10: Distribution of households by the sufficiency of drinking water, 2008-09


Figure 4.10 shows that Bihar (97 percent) had the highest proportion of rural

households with sufficient drinking water throughout the year followed by UP (95

percent), Assam (95 percent) and Tamil Nadu (94 percent). In Maharashtra only 75

percent households had sufficient drinking water and in Rajasthan it was only 65

percent.

Latrine Facility

Our analysis of the census data shows that nearly 70 percent rural households in the

country had no latrine facility. However, it is to be noted that there was a nearly 10

percent fall in this proportion at all India level for rural households. This is a good

sign, but there is still a long way to go.

It is seen that Jharkhand (92.4 percent) had the highest proportion of rural

households without a latrine facility, followed by Madhya Pradesh (86.9 percent).

During 2001, it was Chhattisgarh (94.8 percent), followed by Jharkhand (93.4

percent). Even after 10 years Jharkhand has not shown much improvement.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

BH

UP

ASM

TN

PN

JB

AP

CH

T

GU

J

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All

IND

IA

HR

YN

OD

S

KER

J&K

HP

DEL

KA

R

MP

UTK

HD

MH

JHK

RA

J

10 5

0 -5

-10 -15

-20 -25

-30 -35

-40 -45

Figure 4.11: Proportion of households with no latrine within premises, 2011

Source: Census 2011

It is evident from Figure 4.12 that in all the states, with the exception of Jammu

and Kashmir and Assam, there has been a fall in the proportion of rural households not

having latrine facility (in the former it has increased by more than 3 percentage points

while in the latter it has remained stagnant over ten years). Remarkable progress in

reducing this basic deprivation has been recorded by Himachal Pradesh followed by

Punjab and Haryana. These states – Uttarakhand, West Bengal and Maharashtra – can

also claim some credit in this respect. Kerala, of course, had already a good record in

2001 which has been further improved although five per cent of its households reputed

‘no latrine’ in 2011.

Figure 4.12: Change in the proportion of households with no latrine facility between

2001-2011


no latrines 100

80

60

40

20

-

J&K

ASM

JHK

UP

BH

MP

RA

J

OD

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-IN

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MH

J&K

WB

UTK

HD

HR

YN

ASM

HP

PN

JB

DEL

KER

As for the types of latrine, the all India data for 2011 shows a more than 12

percent increase in the proportion of rural households with water closet compared to

that of 2001 (Appendix table). The state level data also shows a similar trend with all

the states showing an increase in the proportion of rural households having a water

closet.

Figure 4.13: Proportion of households with flush/pour flush latrine, 2011

Source: Census 2011

The state with the highest proportion of flush/pour flush latrine in rural

households was Kerala (59 percent) followed by Himachal Pradesh (57 percent) and

Punjab (43 percent). Jharkhand (6.2 percent) remained as the state with the lowest

proportion of rural households with flush/pour flush latrine followed by Odisha,

Chattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh (10 percent).

Figure 4.14: Distribution of households with latrine facility for the exclusive use of

households


80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

100 90

80 70 60 50

40 30 20

10 0

DEL

KER

HP

PN

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UTK

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AP

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J&K

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UP

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MP

OD

S

NSSO provides data on whether latrine facility is available for the exclusive

use of households. From Figure 4.14 we can see that in rural India only 28 percent of

households had latrines for the exclusive use of households. Kerala (90 percent) had

the highest proportion of rural households with latrine facility for the exclusive use of

the households. while Odisha had only 9 percent of rural households had latrine

facility for the exclusive use of households.

Bathroom facility

Our analysis of the census data shows that the share of rural households not having

bathing facility stood at 55 percent, and it was highest in Chhattisgarh with 93.2

percent. This was then followed by Odisha and Jharkhand with more than 88 percent.

Here too, vast differences across states exist, seen Figure 4.15.

Figure 4.15: Proportion of households with no bathroom facility

Source: Census 2011

Our analysis of the NSSO data on the availability of bathroom facility

corresponds to the findings based on census data. NSSO data shows that only a small

proportion (12 percent) of rural households in the country had attached bathroom.

Lighting Facility

Our analysis of census data shows that electricity was the major source of lighting in

rural areas in 2011 with 55 percent of households reporting electricity as the major

source of lighting, a shift from kerosene as the major source of lighting in 2001. We

can see from Figure 4.16 that Delhi (98 percent) had the highest share of rural

households having electricity, followed by Himachal Pradesh (97 percent). We can

also see that Punjab, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu had a proportion of more than 90

percent of rural households having electricity as their major source of lighting.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

-

CH

T

JHK

OD

S

WB

BH

ASM

MP

RA

J

TN

All

IND

IA

UP

GU

J

J&K

AP

UTK

HD

HP

HR

YN

MH

KA

R

KER

DEL

PN

JB

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 4.16: Proportion of households with electricity as the major source of lighting,

2011

Source: Census 2011

Our analysis shows that 43 percent of rural households still depend on

kerosene as the major source of lighting.

Figure 4.17: Proportion of households with kerosene as the major source of lighting,

2011

Source: Census 2011

Bihar had the highest proportion of rural households depending on kerosene

(88.4 percent) as the major source of lighting, followed by Uttar Pradesh (75 percent)

and Assam (70.4 percent).

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

BH

UP

ASM

JHK

OD

S

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ALL

-IN

DIA

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CH

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J

J&K

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UTK

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J&K

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MP

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ALL

-IN

DIA

WB

OD

S

JHK

ASM

UP

BH

Figure 4.18: Change in the proportion of households with electricity as the major

source of lighting between 2001-2011

Source: Census 2001 and Census 2011

We can see from Figure 4.18 that Uttarakhand registered the highest change (33

percentage points), Madhya Pradesh showed a reduction in the proportion of

households with electricity as the major source of lighting because it showed a

negative four per cent change.

Cooking Fuel

Our analysis of census data shows firewood as the major source of fuel among rural

households (63 percent), followed by crop-residue (12 percent), LPG/PNG (11

percent) and cow dung cake (11 percent). Very interestingly, kerosene has the least

share with less than 1 percent households depending on it as major source of fuel.

We can see from Figure 4.19 that Chhattisgarh (92 percent) had the highest

proportion of rural households depending on firewood as the major source of fuel for

cooking followed by Karnataka (82 percent) and Assam (81 percent).

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

UTK

HD

AP

KER

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UP

HP

MP

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 4.19: Proportion of households with firewood as the major source

of fuel for cooking, 2011

Source: Census 2011

While Delhi had the highest proportion of rural households (75 percent)

depending on LPG/PNG, Chhattisgarh (2 percent) has the lowest share of households

depending on this.

Figure 4.19: Proportion of households with LPG/PNG as the major

source of cooking fuel, 2011

Source: Census 2011

DEL

PN

JB

HP

UTK

HD

TN

KER

HR

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MH

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-IN

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-IN

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DEL

In Bihar and West Bengal more than 35 percent of rural households depended

on crop residue as a source of cooking fuel.

It is interesting to note that in the country, in rural areas around 83 percent of

households cook inside the house which also shows that around 16 percent of

households cook outside the house. Of households that cook inside, around 45.5

percent ( 63.6 million) households do not have a kitchen (which is 37.9 percent of total

rural households). Of the total households cooking outside, 55. 4 percent (14.2 million

) do not have a kitchen.

This is to be understood keeping in mind that 61. 7 percent of households

which do not have kitchen and cooking inside the house use firewood as the major

source of cooking fuel while 16.3 percent use cow dung cake as the major source of

coking fuel. This can have severe health hazards.

Garbage collection and Drainage

Across the states in rural India major proportion of households do not have any

arrangement for garbage collection. Among the larger states Tamil Nadu (13 percent)

and Andhra Pradesh (12 percent) had the highest proportion of households with the

panchayat collecting the garbage (Table 4.5).

Table 4.5: Distribution of households by garbage collection facility (in percentages), 2008- 09

States

panchayat/municipality/corporation

by residents

by others

no arrangement

Delhi 22.3 39.9 31.9 5.8

Tamil Nadu 13.3 33.8 0.5 52.4


Maharashtra 7.1 38.6 1.6 52.7

Haryana 4.2 43.8 1.1 50.9

Gujrat 3.6 22.9 0.0 73.5


Karnataka 1.8 12.4 1.1 84.7

Chattisgarh 1.7 29.7 5.1 63.6

UP 1.5 23.6 6.6 68.3 Himachal Pradesh

1.4

6.6

8.3

83.7

Punjab 1.4 29.1 0.6 68.9

Uttaranchal 1.2 14.5 0.7 83.6

Jammu&Kashmir 1.1 4.4 1.2 93.2

Rajasthan 0.6 18.5 0.3 80.6

Assam 0.6 27.2 4.3 68.0

Bihar 0.2 7.3 1.3 91.3

West Bengal 0.1 3.7 0.5 95.7

Kerala 0.1 5.6 1.9 92.4

Orissa 0.0 16.8 0.3 82.9

Jharkhand 0.0 17.3 0.3 82.4


Our analysis of the census data shows that all India share of rural households not

having drainage facility was quite high with more than 63 percent. Among the states,

the highest proportion of rural households not having drainage facility was in Odisha

and Chhattisgarh, with more than 88 percent of rural households not having any

drainage facility. As is evident from Figure 4.20 in most of the states with the

exception of Himachal Pradesh and Haryana, major proportion of households had no

drainage facility.

Figure 4.20: Distribution of households by the type of drainage facility, 2011

Source: Census 2011

As for the type of the drainage, we have two categories, closed and open, and

all India picture shows the proportion of households with open drainages is a

staggering six times more than the proportion with closed drainage. Hence, drainage is

a very worrying attribute among rural households.

Access to road

From Table 4.6 we can see that Tamil Nadu (55 percent) had the highest proportion of

households with houses having direct opening to motorable road with street light while

Jammu & Kashmir had just 0.04 percent of the rural households having direct opening

to road. Assam (0.9 percent), Jharkhand (1.3 percent), Bihar (1.9 percent), West

Bengal (2.3percent) and UP (2.5 percent) also had very small proportion of households

with direct opening to motorable road. In these states major proportion of the rural

households had direct opening to other road/lane without street light. Proportion of

households with no direct opening to road was the highest for Sikkim (43.4 percent),

followed by Jammu & Kashmir (42 percent) and Himachal Pradesh (40 percent).

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

no drainage

open

closed

HP

K

ER

DEL

G

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UTK

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M

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IA

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AR

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B

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C

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A

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OD

S

Table 4.6: Distribution of households by their access to road (in percentages)

States

direct opening to

no direct opening

motorable road other road/lane

with street light


with street light


Tamil Nadu 54.9 7.9 23.3 8.8 5.1

Andhra Pradesh 51.1 11.9 16.5 13.3 7.3

Karnataka 40.3 13.4 20.4 19.4 6.5

Delhi 36.7 16.8 0.1 44.7 1.7

Kerala 32.2 20.4 4.4 25.3 17.7

Maharashtra 30.2 13.2 22.7 19.5 14.6

Gujrat 11.1 25.9 11.2 33.1 18.6

Chattisgarh 8.3 16.6 6.8 55.1 13.2

Uttaranchal 7.9 13.9 1.8 39.1 37.3


Punjab 4.7 39.2 0.6 49.0 6.4

Madhya Pradesh 3.7 24.3 3.6 43.8 24.6

Orissa 3.0 35.8 1.1 47.6 12.6

UP 2.5 19.1 1.5 56.7 20.2

Rajasthan 2.4 22.6 1.7 44.0 29.2

West Bengal 2.3 14.0 3.2 60.4 20.2

Bihar 1.9 14.5 1.0 57.2 25.4

Haryana 1.6 46.5 0.7 40.0 11.1

Jharkhand 1.3 20.7 1.9 44.7 31.5

Assam 0.9 19.3 0.9 61.3 17.6

Jammu&Kashmir 0.04 18.5 0.1 39.0 42.3

All INDIA 15.7 18.6 7.6 40.4 17.7


Section 2 Rural-Urban Gap

In this section we discuss the rural-urban gap at the state level for various aspects of

housing and amenities. We define rural-urban gap for a particular indicator as the ratio

of the proportion of households in the urban and rural areas possessing that attribute.

For example the rural urban gap for the availability of electricity is given by dividing

the percentage of households with electricity in urban area divided by the percentage

of households with electricity in rural area. A value greater than 1 implies that urban

area is better than rural area for that particular aspect. A value of 1 shows that both

rural and urban areas are at the same level. A value less than 1 implies that urban area

lags the rural area.

This ratio is also an indicator of rural-urban inequality in the spatial sense. The

findings bring out the unequal access and/or achievement in almost all indicators with

rural areas falling significantly behind urban areas. Moreover, there is also the inter-

state inequality across states. The urban-rural inequality is considerably higher in

states that have a poor overall record in many indicators of the housing condtion. This

suggests the neglect or low priority given to rural housing condition.

Condition of structure

Figure 4.21: Rural-urban gap in terms of households living in ‘good’ houses

Source: Calculated from NSSO 65th round (July 2008-June 2009)

To understand rural urban gap in the condition of structure we consider the proportion

of good houses. The rural-urban gap for the condition of the structure of houses shows

that the gap between rural and urban areas was the highest for Jharkhand, followed by

5.00

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00

JHK

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IND

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DEL

Tripura, Assam and Madhya Pradesh. In Delhi and Arunachal Pradesh rural areas are

slightly better than urban areas in terms of the availability of ‘good’ houses.

Type of structure

Figure 4.22: Rural-urban gap in terms of the proportion of households living in pucca

houses


To understand the rural-urban gap in the type of structure we consider the proportion

of households living in pucca houses. Our analysis shows that Tripura, Assam,

Chattisgarh and Jharkhand had a higher rural urban gap. In states like Kerala and

Punjab rural-urban gap was very low.

Electricity

Figure 4.23: Rural-urban gap in terms of proportion of households with electricity as

major source of lighting, 2008-09


Our analysis shows that in Bihar, UP, Assam and Jharkhand there was enormous rural-

urban gap in the availability of electricity. The four southern states along with the

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

ASM

C

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A l l I N D I A

UP

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contigeous north-west region of India consisting of Haryana, Delhi, Punjab, Himachal

Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir showed the lowest gap.

Distance to the Source of drinking water (within premises)

Figure 4.24: Rural-urban gap in terms of households’ availability of drinking water

within premises, 2008-09


The gap between rural and urban areas in terms of the availability of drinking water

within premises shows that in the states of Jharkhand, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh

rural areas are in much adverse condition than the urban areas. The gap was lowest in

Lakshadweep, Chandigarh and Kerala.

To obtain the rural urban gap in the availability of latrine facility we calculated the

ratio of rural households and urban households with no latrine facility (R/U). Our

analysis shows that Uttarakhand, , Assam, Maharashtra, Gujarat and West Bengal had

very high values implying that in these states the rural areas are much worse than

urban areas in terms of availability of latrine.

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

JHK

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KER

Latrine facility

Figure 4.25: Rural-urban gap in terms of non-availability of latrine facility


Source of drinking water

We have calculated the rural-urban gap in terms of the availability/access to tap water

as major source of drinking water. It shows that in Bihar, UP, Jharkhand, Orissa and

West Bengal there exists enormous rural-urban gap.

17.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 10.0

9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0

UTK

HD

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KER

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J&K

BH

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T

Figure 4.26: Rural-urban gap in terms of households’ access to tap water


Kitchen Facility

To understand the rural urban gap in the availability of kitchen we calculated the ratio

of the proportion of rural households with no separate kitchen and the proportion of

urban households with no separate kitchen. Our analysis shows that Uttarakhand had

the highest gap followed by Rajasthan and Jharkhand. In most other states also rural

households are worse off but the extent of gap was smaller, the only exception being

Kerala where rural area was better off than urban area in this respect.

28.0 27.0 26.0 25.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 19.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 10.0

9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0

BH

UP

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KER

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J&K

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UTK

HD

AP

HP

TN

Figure 4.27: Rural-urban gap in terms of households’ with separate kitchen


Ventilation

Figure 4.28: Rural-urban gap in terms of ‘good’ ventilation, 2008-09


To understand the rural-urban gap in ventilation we calculated the ratio of proportion

of houses with ‘good’ ventilation in urban areas to the proportion of households with

‘good’ ventilation in rural area. Rural-urban gap was very high for Jharkhand. For the

rest of the states also rural areas lagged behind urban areas but the gap was not as high

as that of Jharkhand.

2.5 2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

8.0

7.0

6.0

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Drainage

To understand the rural-urban gap in the availability of drainage facility we calculated

the ratio of the proportion of rural households with ‘no’ drainage to the proportion of

urban households with ‘no’ drainage. The rural-urban gap was very high for Gujarat,

Uttaranchal, Rajasthan and UP.

Figure 4.29: Rural-urban gap in terms of households with no drainage facility, 2008-

09


Fuel

Figure 4.20 shows that there exists huge gap between rural and urban areas with

respect to the availability of LPG/PNG as the major source of cooking fuel.

Chattisgarh had the highest gap followed by Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.

Kerala, Punjab and Tamil Nadu had comparatively lower gap between rural and urban

areas.

9.0

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

GU

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Figure 4.20: Rural-urban gap in terms of availability of LPG/PNG as the major source

of cooking fuel


30.0 29.0 28.0 27.0 26.0 25.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 19.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 10.0

9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0

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Chapter 5

Social Dimension of Housing Condition

Unequal Access to ST and SC Households

Introduction

In this chapter we analyse the housing condition and amenities in terms of social

groups with particular reference to STs and SCs across the states. These two social

groups have been historically disadvantaged and were at the margins of society. Over

the past decades successive governments have launched several programmes and

schemes aimed at improving the housing condition of STs and SCs. Our preliminary

analysis of housing condition and amenities at the all-India level showed that as a

social group ST and SC households performed the worst in all the aspects we

analysed.

Through the analysis of NSSO’s 65th

Round data on housing condition and

amenities, we study the achievement ratio in the various aspects of housing condition

and amenities between ST-SC households viz-a-viz ‘Other’ households. For our

analysis we have selected fifteen aspects which are considered to be desirable like

‘good’ condition houses, availability of electricity for domestic use, availability of

drinking water within premises, latrine facility, separate kitchen with water tap, etc.

In this chapter we present our analysis for the larger states only. Detailed

tables on all states and UTs are given in the appendix.

Calculation of the Achievement Rate between ST-SC and ‘Other’ households

The achievement rate can be expressed as:

𝐴𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑣�𝑒�𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝐴𝑅) = (�� 𝑜� �𝐶

) ∗ 100 ′𝑂�ℎ𝑒��′

100- AR gives us the gap to be covered.

Where AR represents the distance covered by ST/SC households as compared

to ‘Other’ households. A value of AR lower than 100 percent for a particular aspect

indicates that ST/SC households are worse in that particular aspect and a value of AR

higher than 100 percent indicate ST/SC households are better than ‘Other’ households.

A value of AR equal to 100 indicates that no gap exists between ST/SC and ‘Others’

households. Closer the value of AR to 100, lower the disparity between ST/SC and

‘Others’ and vice versa.

Distribution of Households across Social Groups

Before moving into detailed discussion we present the distribution of ST, SC and

‘Other’ households across states in Table 5.1. There are 11 major states where the

share of SC population is 20 per cent or above of the total population. These are

Punjab and Haryana have 36 and 30 percent respectively followed by West Bengal

(27%), UP (26%). The remaining seven states of Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil

Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Uttarakhand vary from 20 to 23 per cent. Among

smaller states/UT’s Tripura and Chandigarh have above 20 per cent.As for the share of

ST population, there are only four larger states with a share of 20 or more percent.

These are Chattisgarh (37%), Jharkhand (27%), Odisha (27%) and MP (21%).

However, in a number of smaller states and UT’s, the ST population constitute an

overwhelming majority that are also distinguished for higher human development

indicators. These are Mizoram (98%), Meghalaya (90%), Lakshadweep (85%),

If we combine the two socially most disadvantaged and often excluded population –

ST and SC- Chattisgarh emerges as the only one among the larger states with a major

share (53%) ….. there are three others – Jharkhand, Odhisha and MP – minimum share

of more than forty per cent share of the population. Another nine states – Punjab,

West Bengal, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana and Andhra Pradesh – have a share between

30 and 37 percent. Another four have a share of close to 25 and 29 percent.

Table 5.1 Distribution of households by social groups (as percentage of the respective total)

Sl.No

States Rural Urban Rural+Urban

ST SC Others ST SC Others ST SC Others

Larger States

1 UP 0.7 29.3 70.0 1.3 15.8 82.8 0.8 26.4 72.8

2 Maharashtra 14.5 15.7 69.8 2.7 14.3 83.1 9.2 15.0 75.8

3 Bihar 1.1 22.8 76.1 1.2 11.9 87.0 1.1 21.6 77.3

4 West Bengal 6.9 30.5 62.6 2.1 18.2 79.7 5.7 27.3 67.0

5 Andhra Pradesh 7.0 23.5 69.5 3.5 14.3 82.3 5.9 20.6 73.4

6 Madhya Pradesh 26.7 19.5 53.8 5.2 17.8 77.0 21.4 19.1 59.5

7 Tamil Nadu 1.9 31.7 66.5 0.5 12.9 86.7 1.2 22.8 75.9

8 Rajasthan 16.9 19.6 63.5 2.2 13.4 84.4 13.0 17.9 69.2

9 Karnataka 7.9 21.5 70.5 3.7 11.6 84.7 6.4 17.8 75.9

10 Gujrat 25.7 12.5 61.8 7.4 9.2 83.4 18.5 11.2 70.3

11 Orissa 25.7 21.8 52.5 11.5 17.8 70.7 23.4 21.2 55.4

12 Kerala 2.6 9.2 88.1 0.8 7.7 91.5 2.2 8.8 89.0

13 Jharkhand 30.7 16.0 53.3 9.3 10.5 80.1 27.4 15.1 57.6

14 Assam 20.5 8.2 71.4 9.2 15.5 75.4 19.2 9.0 71.8

15 Punjab 0.6 44.8 54.7 0.5 22.9 76.6 0.5 36.2 63.2

16 Chattisgarh 42.6 15.1 42.3 12.0 13.2 74.8 36.9 14.8 48.3

17 Haryana 0.1 34.3 65.6 0.3 19.4 80.3 0.2 29.6 70.2

18 Delhi 1.7 15.7 82.6 1.4 21.4 77.2 1.5 21.0 77.6

19 Jammu&Kashmir 3.6 13.1 83.3 2.0 8.0 90.0 3.2 12.0 84.8

20 Uttarakhand 2.0 23.0 75.0 4.7 8.8 86.6 2.6 19.9 77.5

21 Himachal Pradesh 8.5 22.2 69.4 1.2 16.6 82.3 7.7 21.6 70.8 Smaller states and Union Territories (UTs)

22 Tripura 34.2 24.7 41.1 9.8 22.9 67.3 29.7 24.3 45.9

23 Meghalaya 93.7 1.1 5.2 73.4 1.4 25.2 89.8 1.2 9.0

24 Manipur 41.8 2.3 55.9 4.9 4.9 90.3 31.2 3.1 65.8

25 Nagaland 97.2 1.9 0.9 77.9 5.6 16.6 91.7 3.0 5.3

26 Goa 14.4 5.9 79.7 0.3 5.5 94.2 7.4 5.7 86.9

27 Arunachal Pradesh 71.6 1.0 27.4 47.0 7.1 45.9 66.3 2.3 31.4

28 Pondicherry * 40.5 59.5 0.3 7.4 92.3 0.2 17.2 82.6

29 Mizoram 99.1 0.0 0.9 97.4 1.4 1.2 98.3 0.6 1.0

30 Chandigarh 2.2 20.8 77.0 0.2 20.0 79.8 0.5 20.1 79.5

31 Sikkim 40.6 7.2 52.3 23.0 8.8 68.2 37.9 7.4 54.7

32 A&N Island 18.0 * 82.0 2.0 * 98.0 12.7 * 87.3

33 D&N Haveli 75.9 7.6 16.6 17.4 1.7 80.9 61.6 6.1 32.3

34 Daman&Diu 11.7 5.8 82.5 0.5 1.0 98.5 7.8 4.2 88.1

35 Lakshadweep 77.5 * 22.5 95.8 * 4.2 85.0 * 15.0 All India 11.2 22.7 66.1 3.3 14.4 82.3 8.8 20.2 71.0

Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June2009). Note: * means nil or negligible.

Condition of houses

To understand the gap in terms of the condition of houses in which the households

belonging to ST and SC social groups live, we have considered the proportion of

households living in ‘good’ condition houses.

Figure 5.1: Gap between ST/SC households and ‘Other’ households in terms of 'good’

houses (Rural+ Urban)

Source: NSSO 65th

Round (July 2008-June 2009). Note : * ST Population less than two

percent of total

From Figure 5.1 we can see that with the exception of Uttarakhand and UP in

all other states ST households were worse than ‘Others’ in terms of the proportion of

households living in ‘good’ houses. Both these were states with a low proportion of ST

housesholds – 2.6 and 0.8 percent of the total – only and hence this ‘impressive’ AR.

Rajasthan had the highest gap with the proportion of ST households living in ‘good’

houses being only 35 percent of the proportion of ‘Other’ households living in ‘good’

condition houses. Rajasthan was closely followed by Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand,

two states with significant proportion of ST households. In Chattisgarh which had the

highest proportion of ST households (37 percent) the gap was comparatively low.

ST

RAJ PNJB

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0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0

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0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0

Analysis of the gapbetween SC and ‘Other’ households show that Uttarakhand

(which had a proportion of 20 percent SC households) had the highest gap with only

45 percent of SC households living in ‘good’ houses as a proportion of ‘Other’

households i.e, a gap of 55 per cent

Type of structure

To analyse the gap in terms of the structure of house, we have considered the

proportion of households living in ‘Pucca’ houses. ‘Pucca’ houses are made of

permanent material which can better withstand natural calamities and adverse climatic

conditions.

Figure 5.2: AR of households living in ‘Pucca’ houses (Rural+Urban)

Source: NSSO 65th

Round. Note * indicates states where ST population is less than

two per cent of total.

ST

J&K WB

CHT

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ODS

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0 20 40 60 80 100 120

SC

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0 20 40 60 80 100 120

From Figure 5.2 we can see that states with a sizeable proportion of ST

households namely Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Odisha had the lowest AR.

This is not surprising as major proportion of ST households in these states live in

forest areas. Compared to ST households SC households had lower gap across states.

Roof Type

To analyse the AR in terms of roof type we have taken ‘concrete’ roof as desirable.

We can see from Figure 5.3 the gap among STs were higher than that of SCs.

Figure 5.3: AR of households living in houses with concrete roof (Rural+Urban)

In this case also states with a sizable proportion of ST households had the

highest gap. For instance in Odisha the proportion of ST households with concrete

roof was only 20 percent of ‘Other’ households with concrete roof.

The condition of SCs though better than STs, was considerably worse than

‘Others’. In Madhya Pradesh which had the highest gap, the proportion of SC

ST

WB ODS RAJ JHK MP

CHT PNJB

HP GUJ

ASM MH J&K KAR BH AP UP KER

UTKHD DEL TN HRYN

0 50 100 150 200

SC

MP KAR

RAJ

WB

HRYN

CHT

KER

PNJB

MH

ODS

GUJ

JHK

UP

UTKHD

TN

AP

DEL

BH

HP

ASM

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0

households with concrete roof was only 36 percent of ‘Other’ households with

concrete roof.

Floor

The material used for the floor of the house is very important from the point of view of

health and hygiene. For our analysis we have considered cement floor as desirable.

Figure 5.4: AR of households living houses with cement floor (Rural+Urban)

Our analysis shows that there exist huge disparities in the case of both STs and

SCs. We can see from Figure 5.4 that the states like MP, Chattisgarh and Bengal

ST

MP

CHT

WB

JHK RAJ

PNJB

ODS

UTKHD

BH

GU

J

HP

J&K

ASM

MH

KAR

KER

UP

AP TN

HRYN

DEL

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

SC

MP

BH

UP CHT

WB

UTKHD

JHK

ODS

HRYN

PNJB

J&K

AP

ASM

RAJ

HP

KER

TN

KAR

DEL

GUJ

MH

0 50 100 150

which had the highest gap for STs also had the highest gaps for SCs. The condition of

SC households in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu was better

than ‘Other’ households.

Number of living rooms

The number of living rooms a house has is an indicator of the level of congestion and

comfort of the house. To understand the gap in this regard we have considered three or

more living rooms as the desirable attribute. A three room house would indicate a

separate kitchen, living room and a bed-room for an average family size of five

members.

Figure 5.5: AR of households living in houses with three or more living rooms

(Rural+Urban)

While in Assam, Bihar and Chattisgarh STs were better than ‘Others’ in terms

of having three or more living rooms, in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Odisha and

Maharashtra they were worse off with huge gap.

ST

PNJB AP

RAJ

HRYN

TN

GUJ

KER

ODS

MH

MP

DEL

KAR

UP

WB

HP

J&K

JHK

UTKHD

CHT BH

ASM

0 50 100 150

SC

HRYN TN

AP DEL

UTKHD MP

PNJB UP

GUJ RAJ BH

KAR MH WB

ODS KER J&K

CHT HP JHK ASM

0 50 100 150

In the case of SCs Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Delhi had the

highest gap.

Ventilation

Ventilation is also an important indicator of the quality of housing. Houses with poor

ventilation can have adverse health impacts. We have considered proportion of

households with ‘good’ ventilation for our analysis.

Figure 5.6: AR of households living in houses with good ventilation

HP

GUJ

TN

CHT

AP

ASM

In terms of good ventilation for STs the gap was highest for Rajasthan, Bihar,

Jharkhand and West Bengal. In the states of Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir,

Chattisgarh and Assam, STs were better than ‘Others’.

ST

SC

RAJ HRYN

PNJB

MP BH

PNJB

HRYN

UTKHD JHK

BH

WB

ODS

JHK

UP

WB

KAR KER

ODS DEL

DEL

KAR

MP

RAJ

MH

J&K

AP

MH

UP

GUJ

KER

TN

ASM HP

CHT

J&K

UTKHD

0 50 100 150 200

0 20 40 60 80 100

KAR

JHK

HP

DEL

0 50 100 150

SC

UTKHD JHK

HRYN KAR

UP MP WB RAJ

PNJB BH

ODS GUJ KER TN

MH J&K

AP DEL CHT HP ASM

0 50 100 150

As for SCs they were better than ‘Others’ in none of the states. While Assam

and Andhra Pradesh had smaller gap in comparison to other states, Haryana, Madhya

Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand and Bihar had huge gap.

Kitchen Type

To study the gap in this aspect we have considered the proportion of households with

separate kitchen and water tap.

Figure 5.7: AR of households with separate kitchen and water tap

ST

HRYN

BH

WB

KER

TN

ODS

GUJ

J&K

MP

MH

RAJ

PNJB

ASM

AP

CHT

We can see from figure 5.7 that there exist huge gap between ST-SC and

‘Other’households across states. In Bihar, West Bengal and Kerala as a proportion of

‘Other’ households with separate kitchen and water tap,the AR was only 9 percent, 10

percent and 11 percent respectively for the ST households That shows a huge

disparity between the ST and Others. In the case of SCs, with the exception of Assam

in all other states there existed huge gap (more than 50 percent). Uttarakhand had the

highest gap followed by Jharkhand, Haryana, Karnataka and UP.

Drainage Facility

The presence of proper drainage facility is very important for the health and hygiene of

dwellers. To understand the gap between social groups in this respect we consider the

proportion of households with underground/closed pucca drainage.

Figure 5.8: AR of households with underground/closed pucca drainage (rural+Urban)

From Figure 5.8 we can see that for both STs and SCs, in majority of the states

there existed a gap of more than 50 percent.

In the case of STs the gap was highest for Tamil Nadu, followed by Punjab,

West Bengal, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha. STs were better off than

‘Others’ in Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, UP and Delhi.

ST

TN

PNJB

WB

RAJ

ODS

MP

CHT

KAR

BH

MH

JHK

KER

HRYN

GUJ

AP

HP

ASM

DEL

UP

UTKHD

J&K

0 50 100 150 200

SC

JHK

UTKHD

WB

PNJB

MP

KAR

ODS

AP

TN

KER

HRYN

RAJ

UP

BH

HP

GUJ

MH

CHT

J&K

DEL

ASM

0 50 100 150 200

In the case of SCs too Punjab, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha had

huge gaps. It is interesting to note that in Uttarakhand while STs were better off than

‘Others’, SCs were worse off than ‘Others’.

Tap Water

Figure 5.9: AR of households with tap water as major source of drinking water

(Rural+ Urban)

CHT

0

From Figure 5.9 we can see that for both STs and SCs, the gap was highest in

the states of Bihar, Rajasthan, Odisha and Chattisgarh. We can also see that across the

states the gap was higher for STs compared to SCs.

It is interesting to note that in Kerala for both STs and SCs, the dependence on

tap water was more than that of ‘Others’. It is not surprising given the fact that Kerala

is a state where well the prominent source of drinking water is the open well. The

higher dependence of STs and SCs on tap water may imply their greater reliance on

publicly provided drinking water and location of houses with less water availability or

access to land (especially for SC) and/or economic capacity to construct a well.

ST

SC

BH BH

RAJ

ODS UP

CHT ODS

HRYN MP

JHK WB

ASM UTKHD

MP J&K

GUJ PNJB

J&K MH

WB RAJ

AP KAR

MH AP

PNJB GUJ

TN DEL

KAR HRYN

HP

HP

DEL TN

UTKHD JHK

UP KER

KER

ASM

50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200

Nature of access to drinking water

To understand the gap in the nature of access to major source of drinking water, we

consider the proportion of households with exclusive access to drinking water source.

Figure 5.10: AR of households with exclusive access to drinking water (Rural+Urban)

SC

MP ODS KAR JHK TN BH AP UP MH

UTKHD KER

HRYN CHT RAJ WB GUJ DEL

PNJB J&K HP

ASM

0 20 40 60 80 100

ST

AP MP

ODS J&K

RAJ PNJB GUJ JHK MH KER BH KAR WB HP UP TN ASM DEL CHT HRYN

UTKHD

0 50 100 150

From Figure 5.10 we can see that with the exception of Chattisgarh and Assam

all other states with a sizable proportion of ST households such as MP, Odisha,

Gujarat and Rajasthan there existed huge gaps in terms of exclusive access to drinking

water source.

In the case of SCs, they were worse off than ‘Others’ across the states. Figure

also reveals that in the states of Kerala, Gujarat, Punjab, West Bengal and

Rajasthan, SCs were better off than STs whereas in Chattisgarh, Haryana and

Uttarakhand STs were better off than SCs.


Distance to the source of drinking water is also an important aspect of housing. To

understand the gap we considered the proportion of households with drinking water

source within premises.

Figure 5.11: AR of households with drinking water within premises (Rural+ Urban)

We can see from Figure 5.11 that in majority of the states STs were worse off

than ‘Others’. The gap was highest in the case of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and

Odisha. Like many other indicators in this also STs were better off than ‘Others’ in

ST

RAJ MP

ODS PNJB

TN GUJ JHK AP

MH J&K

WB KAR BH HP KER CHT UP ASM DEL HRYN

UTKHD

0 50 100 150

SC

MP TN

JHK KAR ODS

BH UTKHD

UP AP

KER WB MH CHT RAJ

HRYN J&K

PNJB HP

DEL GUJ

ASM

0 50 100 150

Uttarakhand and Haryana. For SCs also there existed significant gap across the states.

They were however better off compared to STs.


Figure 5.12: AR of households with sufficient drinking water throughout the year

(Rural+Urban)

J&K

HRYN

KER

0

Figure 5.12 shows that for STs the gap was highest in the case of Jammu &

Kashmir

Latrine Facility

To analyse the gap in the avilability of latrine facility we considered the proportion of

households with latrine facility for the exclusive use of households.

ST

SC

J&K JHK

RAJ GUJ

UTKHD

ODS KAR

WB

AP HP

JHK MH

UP ODS

MP

ASM MP

BH RAJ

TN

TN KAR

GUJ

MH WB

HRYN

CHT

KER

BH

DEL PNJB

PNJB UP

UTKHD ASM

CHT HP

DEL AP

20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Figure 5.13: AR of households with latrine facility for exclusive use of households

(Rural+ Urban)

From figure 5.13 we can see that there exist significant gap between ST-SC

households and ‘Other’ households in this very important indicator of the quality of

housing.

For STs the gap was highest in Rajasthan followed by Odisha, Punjab and

Madhya Pradesh. In the case of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Kerala, the gap was higher

than Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal and UP. In the case of Tamil Nadu and

Uttarakhand, STs were better off than ‘Others’.

For SCs the gap was highest in Madhya Pradesh followed by Bihar, Tamil

Nadu, Odisha and UP.

ST

RAJ ODS

PNJB MP AP

JHK GUJ MH KER BH HP

KAR WB CHT

HRYN DEL J&K UP

ASM TN

UTKHD

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

SC

MP

BH

TN

ODS

UP

UTKHD

KAR

J&K

RAJ

AP

GUJ

JHK

HRYN

MH

PNJB

DEL

WB

CHT

HP

KER

ASM

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Electricity

Availability of electricity of domestic use is a very important indicator of the quality

of living.

Figure 5.14: AR of households having electricity for domestic use (Rural+Urban)

ST

BH

ODS

WB

JHK

RAJ

ASM

KER

MH

MP

CHT

AP

TN

GUJ

UP

KAR

PNJB

HP

J&

K DEL

HRYN

UTKHD

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

SC

BH UP

ODS

JHK

WB

RAJ

UTKHD

MH

KER

HRYN

KAR

MP

TN

PNJB

AP

CHT

HP

ASM

GUJ

DEL

J&K

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

From Figure 5.14 we can see that for both SCs and STs the gap was highest in the

states of Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Rajasthan. Kerala had a higher

gap compared to other states for both SCs and STs. In all these stats SCs were better

off than STs, the only exception being Uttarakhand.

Chapter 6

Concluding Remarks

In the introductory chapter, we have already summarized the major findings of this

study. The main purpose of this concluding chapter is to comment on the overall

situation of housing and related amenities in the country as well as to point out the

regional and social differences.

At the outset, it must be pointed out that the housing condition captured by

both the Population Censuses as well as by the National Sample Survey closely

resemble each other thereby confirming the overall situation. While some progress in

the quality of housing (revealed by such indicators as the proportion of pucca houses,

durability of materials used for wall and roof, etc.) as well as living amenities such as

having a private latrine, access to drinking water, and electrification of houses have

registered some progress between 2001 and 2011, the country as a whole still faces

significant gaps in assuring a minimum of quality housing and related amenities to its

people. Indeed, in terms of such basic amenities as the availability of floor space,

access to a private toilet facility and access to safe drinking water, India continues to

face a housing question that should be seen as part of its larger social question of many

dimensions.

Drinking water being a major constraint there is need for fresh thinking on the

subject. Given the size and varied climatic conditions, piped water is unlikely to be an

effective answer to this problem. There is need to explore the decentralized

development route which could develop the multiple sources of drinking water with

local management and local level resources. Rain water harvesting and storing as well

as protection and development of wells will have to be considered more seriously than

before. Equally urgent is the need to provide a private toilet facility to all the currently

deprived households both in rural and urban areas.

This study has given a special focus on the situation in rural areas by

separating the progress in housing and related amenities into rural and urban. The

findings clearly point out to the fact that the rural areas of the country not only lag

behind the urban areas in every indicator but the gap is also widening. Of course, this

inequality is not confined to the housing condition only. From a basic economic point

of view, it is reflected in increasing income/consumption inequality as well as in the

quality of employment as well as wages and earnings. Of particular significance here

is the record of high growth rate of the Indian economy during the past three decades

that seems to have only inadequately benefitted the rural areas. This calls for renewed

efforts in rural development and transformation beginning with the further

development of agriculture and related activities assuring significant and gainful

employment generation than before. Increase in employment and income could

contribute to better housing conditions but the latter also could contribute to economic

development through better health, increased productivity as well as social dignity.

State Level Scenario

While the overall picture sums up the housing condition in the country as a whole, it is

important to examine the regional picture given the size of the country and the number

of states that are ultimately responsible for implementing various programmes and

schemes. We have divided the states and Union Territories into two major groups viz.,

(a) 21 Larger States where the total population of a given state is not below 0.5 per

cent of the country’s population, and (b) 14 Smaller States and Union Territories

where the population in each unit is less than 0.5 per cent of the country’s population.

Here there are 9 smaller states and 5 Union Territories.

In general, we find that the ranking of the Indian States in terms of human

development corresponds closely, if not wholly, to the ranking according the housing

condition and related amenities. We list below the first seven states in terms of best

achievements from among the 21 larger states in the country.

Table 6.1: First seven States in terms of best performance in core indicators of housing and related

amenities (Rural and Urban Combined)

HDI ranking ‘Good’

housing

‘Pucca’

housing

Three

rooms

and

above

Having

separate

kitchen

Drinking

water

within

premises

Private

latrine

facility

Electricity

as the

major

source of

lighting

1.Kerala (0.790) 1.HP 1.Haryana 1.Kerala 1.Kerala 1.Punjab 1.Kerala 1.Delhi

2.Delhi (0.750) 2.TN 2.Delhi 2.J& K 2.Assam 2.Delhi 2.Assam 2.HP

3.HP (0.652) 3.AP 3.UTKD 3.Assam, 3.HP 3.Kerala 3.Delhi 3.Punjab

4.Punjab (0.605) 4.Guj 4.Punjab 4.HP 4.GUJ 4.Haryana 4. J&K 4.Kerala

5.MAH (0.572) 5.UTKD 5.HP 5.JHKD 5. J& K 5.Assam 5.TN 5.TN

6.TN (0.570) 6.Kerala 6.Kerala 6.Punjab 6.TN 6. J&K 6.Haryana 6.AP

7.Haryana (0.552) 7.Delhi 7.MAH 7.CHTG 7.Haryana/

UTKD

7. GUJ 7.UTKD 7.Karnataka

8.J&K(0.529) Note: Column 1 as per the India Human Development Report 2011 (prepared by the

Institute of Applied Manpower Research, New Delhi); Column 2 on ‘Good’ housing as per

Census 2011; all other indicators as per NSS 2008-09.

The picture that emerges from Table 6.1 is worthy of some comments. First of

all, overall human development indicator is a good guide to gauge the housing and

related living condition. Except one state – Maharashtra - all the states that are in the

forefront of HDI also figure in the first seven states ranked in terms of the core

indicators of housing and living conditions selected in the table. Maharashtra, with

one of the highest per capita income as well as the highest rate of industrialization,

figures only in one indicator as a seventh rank holder under ‘pucca’ housing. This

should indeed be a food for thought for those who believe that maximization of per

capita income and industrialization will automatically lead to a better quality of life.

This shows the nature of exclusion, both regionally and socially, leading to a situation

of poor housing condition.

A similar surprise in the reverse direction is the case of Assam. Although

Assam does not figure prominently in terms of HDI, the state figures among the first

seven in four out of the seven core indicators. This calls for a nuanced understanding

of the different indicators of social/human development and be careful in using the

summary indicator of HDI only cautiously and not a synonym for social/human

development. Assam’s relative achievement in having a private toilet facility,

adequate space in the residence, having a separate kitchen and access to drinking water

call for a detailed understanding of the situation.

There is another state – Gujarat – which figures in two of the seven core

indicators but which do not figure among the first seven high HDI states. That means

in some aspects of housing condition, Gujarat seems to have done well from a

comparative perspective but not enough to emerge as a strong contender in a majority

of the indicators. That means it has a long way to go before claiming to be a leading

state let alone a ‘model’ that is sometimes touted around in the current development

discourse in the country.

Among the high human development states, Kerala which has been a front-

ranking one among all states for a considerable period of time is the only state that

figures in all the seven core indicators of housing and living conditions selected here.

That surely speaks of its comparative lead in several dimensions of social/human

development. Of course, as the earlier chapters have shown, Kerala has to continue its

efforts especially in meeting the deficit in housing and living conditions among its SC

and ST people and achieve a much higher rate of success that is certainly within its

reach.

Himachal Pradesh is the next best state as far as housing and living condition is

concerned. It figures in five out of the seven core indicators. Delhi is in a similar

position but it has certain inherent advantages being the national capital of the country.

On the whole the four states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh,

Punjab and Haryana are the leading states in providing a minimum of quality housing

and living amenities to the households.

What about Rural India?

When we examine rural India only what we are trying to find out is about the ‘urban

bias’ which seems to have strengthened since the early 1990s. Interestingly, most of

the states that figure in the first seven ranks also figure when the ranking is done only

for rural India. But there are some important drop outs that could be interpreted as

‘urban bias’ in achieving the relatively better overall performance. In terms of ‘good’

housing one state - Gujarat – drops out of the list in rural ranking and in its place

Punjab comes in the fourth position. As for ‘pucca’ housing, Maharashtra is absent in

the rural ranking and in its place the undivided Andhra Pradesh comes in. As for the

availability of adequate space within the residence (three rooms and above),

Chhattisgarh drops out and in its place Uttarakhand comes in. In terms of having a

separate kitchen, both Gujarat and Haryana drops out and in their place Karnataka and

Delhi enter the first seven states. Gujarat gets dropped out from the indicator of

‘access to drinking water’ and Bihar takes the place. In terms of having a private

latrine facility three states – Assam, Jammu and Kashmir and Tamil Nadu – get

dropped out and their places are taken by Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Gujarat. For

electricity as a source of lighting, Karnataka gives way to Uttarakhand.

While this is an interesting finding, that by itself cannot be counted as absence

of ‘urban bias’ because we are only ranking the states according to their performance

in housing condition in rural areas. As we have shown and discussed in Chapter 4, in

most states the housing condition in urban areas is considerably better than that in

rural areas. However, the gap is either negligible or low in six states that are

prominent in the first seven rank holders. These states are Delhi, Himachal Pradesh,

Kerala, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Even here, there are some glaring gaps in

a few basic indicators such as access to a private latrine facility and access to drinking

water.

At the other end, the highest rural-urban gap is largely, if not only, among

those states in eastern India which are also laggards in overall performance when rural

and urban areas are combined. This of course is a double disadvantage that the rural

households find them in.

Table 6.2: First seven States in terms of best performance in core indicators of housing and related

amenities ( Rural Only)

‘Good’

housing

‘Pucca’

housing

Three

rooms and

above

Having

separate

kitchen

Drinking

water within

premises

Private

latrine

facility

Electricity as the

major source of

lighting

1.Delhi 1.Delhi 1.Kerala 1.Kerala 1.Punjab 1.Delhi 1.Delhi

2.Kerala 2.Haryana 2.J&K 2. Assam 2.Kerala 2.Kerala 2.HP

3.AP 3.UTKD 3.Assam 3.HP 3.Delhi 3.HP 3.Punjab

4.Punjab 4.Punjab 4.HP 4.KAR 4.Assam 4.Punjab 4.Kerala

5.HP 5.HP 5.JHKD 5. J&K 5.Haryana 5.UTKD 5.TN

6.Gujarat 6.Kerala 6.Punjab 6.Delhi 6.Bihar 6. Haryana 6.AP

7.Haryana 7.AP 7.UTKD 7.TN 7.J&K 7.Gujarat 7.UTKD

Note: Column 1 on ‘Good’ housing as per Census 2011; all other indicators as per NSS 2008-09.

What about the Social Dimension?

While rural-urban divide in housing and living amenities is quite prominent, as in the

case of many other social and human development indicators, the social divide seems

to be a more prominent feature. Here we focus mainly on the plight of ST and SC

communities viz-a-viz Others who consist of the socially advantaged groups as well as

somewhat less advantages groups called the OBC and the Muslims.

First let us take the case of Scheduled Tribe households. The two states that

figure in the first seven among the Larger States are Uttarakhand and Tamil Nadu with

the former registering a much better performance. The next three states are Delhi,

Himachal Pradesh and Kerala. It must however be mentioned that the performance of

Kerala with regard to the coverage of ST population is quite low compared to its

coverage of the other segments viz. SC and Others.

It needs to be emphasized that of these five states, all but one are also the ones

with relatively high HDI. Therefore, their performance should also be viewed as part

of a larger process of human and social development.

Among the Smaller States the first three best performing ones (constituting

one-third of the total Small States) are those from the North East as far as coverage of

ST population is covered. That these states have a significant share of ST in their

population might have worked as a favourable factor.

As for the SC group is concerned, the best performing ones are Punjab and

Himachal Pradesh followed by Delhi. The other states that figure in the well

performing list are Haryana, Gujarat, Kerala, Assam, Uttarakhand, Tamil Nadu,

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharsshtra. This shows that the states with a better

record are quite scattered in the case of SC population than that of ST as well as

Others. The best performers are also the ones with a relatively high rank in HDI.

What is surprising is that Kerala figures quite low in two indicators and absent in

others. As in the case of ST, Kerala’s record in covering the SC population is in

contrast with its overall high performance in housing conditions as well as the HDI.

Among Smaller States the first three front runners are Goa, Pondicherry and

Sikkim as well as Meghalaya and Mizoram. That some of the North Eastern States

such as Meghalaya, Mizoram and Sikkim are sensitive to all segments of the

population is something that should be noted. Same is the case with the State of Goa

given its all round achievement in several indicators of human developments that are

reflected in the housing condition too.

In the case of social groups under ‘Others’, we must point out that this is quite

a varied group consisting of the traditionally socially advantaged groups of upper caste

Hindus, Jains, Christians and Sikhs and other religions as well as those who are

considered as intermediate groups such as OBC as well as Muslims. In this case only

Punjab and Delhi figure as front ranking ones in all core indicators. Others are quite

scattered including Kerala and Himachal Pradesh which are otherwise front ranking in

many indicators of human and social development.

Three main lessons that need to be drawn from this study need to be

emphasized. One, the overall scenario with regard to basic amenities of living

including housing is concerned, India has a huge deficit to fill. Two, the neglect of

rural India is quite prominent and that constitutes itself as a major challenge. Third,

there is a sharp divide in most states, if not all, with regard to the condition of ST and

SC households and Others. This social dimension calls for a special focus on these

two communities which together constitute about a quarter of the Indian people.

Table 6.3: First seven States among the Larger States and the first three States among the Smaller

States in terms of best performance in core indicators of housing and related amenities for ST, SC

and ‘Others’( Rural and Urban combined)

Good housing Pucca housing

ST SC Others ST SC Others

1.UTKD(55.5) 1.AP (45.0) 1.PNB (65.2) 1.DEL (100.0) 1.DEL (90.1) 1.HAR (97.6)

2.TN (47.7) 2.HP (43.1) 2.AP (58.5) 2.UTKD(86.2) 2.PNB (88.5) 2.PNB (96.4)

3.KER (46.2) 3.GUJ (42.4) 3.GUJ (57.7) 3. KER (73.3) 3.HAR (88.2) 3.UTKD(96.0)

4.AP (44.2) 4.J&K (36.3) 4.DEL (54.3) 4.TN (71.1) 4.UTKD(86.3) 4.DEL (95.8)

5.KAR (41.3) 5.KAR (35.9) 5.KER (53.9) 5. HP (60.0) 5.HP (79.4) 5.GUJ (83.9)

6.GUJ (40.8) 6.TN (35.9) 6.KAR (52.9) 6. AP (58.9) 6.MAH (74.6) 6.HP (83.2)

7.DEL(38.4) 7.PNB (34.8) 7.TN (52.2) 7. KAR (56.) 7.AP (72.4) 7.MAH (83.0)

Smaller States

1.MEG(58.3) 1.MEG(55.8) 1.MEG (68.3)

1.GOA (89.6) 1.GOA(67.0) 1.NAG (86.9)

2.SIKM (57.0) 2.MAN (48.3) 2.PON (66.7) 2.MIZO (67.3) 2.PON (50.3) 2.PON (84.8)

3.MIZO (53.2) 3.ARP (48.3) 3.SIK (63.9) 3.SIKM (62.2) 3.SIK (46.7) 3.MEG (66.1)

Source: All columns computed from unit level data from NSS 65th

Round (2008-09). Note: Those states

with less than one per cent of the total population in SC or ST categories are ignored in the ranking.

Electricity Private latrine facility Drinking water within premises

ST SC Others ST SC Others ST SC Others

Larger States

1.DEL(100) 1.J&K(98.2) 1.HP (99.2) 1.ASM (79.3) 1.ASM(79.7) 1.KER(91.1) 1.DEL(92.4) 1.DEL (79.4) 1.PNB (92.4)

2.HP (97.9) 2.DEL(98.2) 2.PNB(98.6) 2.UTKD(47.5) 2.KER (77.5) 2.ASM

(80.3)

2.UTKD

(68.3)

2.PNB (72.5) 2.DEL (86.1)

3.J&K(96.4) 3.HP(7.4) 3.DEL(98.5) 3.J&K (47.5 3.DEL (49.9) 3.DEL (64.9)

3.ASM (63.7) 3.ASM(59.5) 3. KER (76.9)

4.UTKD

(94.2)

4.PNB(95.3) 4.KAR(97.0)) 4.KER (39.2) 4.PNB (41.4) 4.PNB

(63.2)

4.KER (31.0) 4.GUJ (49.3) 4.GUJ (73.8)

5.KAR(92.5) 5.GUJ(94.2) 5.TN (96.2) 5.TN (38.3) 5.WB (37.3) 5.J&K

(60.6)

5.TN (31.1) 5.KER (47.0) 5.HAR (73.5)

6.GUJ(87.4) 6.HAR

(89.8)

6.J&K (96.0) 6.WB (24.2) 6.HP (35.8) 6.HAR

(57.2)

6.CHT (30.9) 6.J&K (46.0) 6.BHR (69.0)

7.TN(86.0) 7.CHT(89.1) 7.AP (95.8) 7.HP (21.0) 7.HAR (35.7) 7.UTKD

(50.9)

7.HP (29.9) 7.HP (45.5) 7.ASM (^8.5)

Smaller States

1.GOA(100) 1.NAG(99.6) 1.NAG(100) 1.MIZ (96.5) 1.MEG(85.2) 1.MIZ (84.3) 1.SIK (64.9) 1.ARP (96.1) 1.GOA (92.4)

2.PON(100) 2.PON(98.7) 2.GOA(99.7) 2.MAN (92.2) 2.MAN(84.3) 2.MAN (81.3) 2.NAG (61.1) 2.GOA(87.4) 2.PON (86.3)

3.NAG(99.2) 3.MIZ(98.6) 3.MAN(98.4) 3.SIK (88.5) 3.MIZ (78.2) 3.SIK (79.7) 3.ARP (36.8) 3.PON (71.5) 3.SIK (72.0)

Source: Computed from unit level data from NSS 65th

Round (2008-09). Note: Those states with less than one per cent of the total population in SC or

ST categories are ignored in the ranking. Note: Drinking water within premises refer to access to water for ‘households exclusive use or common use

of the household in the building’.

131

Appendix to Chapter 2

Concepts and definitions

1. Census

Premises

Premises means building along with the land and/or common places in case of

apartments/ flats/multi-storey buildings attached to it. A building may not always have

a compound wall or fencing. In such cases, the land or the common place as the case

may be, that is available to the household may be treated as 'Premises'.

Building

'Building' is generally a single structure on the ground. Usually a structure will have

four walls and a roof. Sometimes it is made up of more than one component unit

which are used or likely to be used as dwellings (residences) or establishments such as

shops, business houses, offices, factories, workshops, work sheds, schools, places of

entertainment, places of worship, godowns, stores, etc. It is also possible that buildings

which have component units may be used for a combination of purposes such as

residence-cum-shop, residencecum- workshop, residence-cum-office, residence-cum-

doctor's clinic etc.

Census House

'Census House' is a building or part of a building used or recognized as a separate unit

because of having a separate main entrance from the road or common courtyard or

staircase etc. It may be occupied or vacant. It may be used for a residential or non-

residential purpose or both.

If a building has a number of Flats or Blocks/Wings, which are independent of one

another having separate entrances of their own from the road or a common staircase or

a common courtyard leading to a main gate, these will be considered as separate

Census houses.

Household

'Household' is usually a group of persons who normally live together and take their

meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevent any of them from

doing so.

The persons in a household may be related or unrelated or a mix of both. However, if a

group of unrelated persons live in a Census house but do not take their meals from the

common kitchen, then they will not collectively constitute a household. Each such

person should be treated as a separate household. The important link in finding out

whether it is a household or not is a common kitchen. There may be one member

households, two member households or multi-member households.

You may come across three types of households namely, i) Normal households, ii)

Institutional households and iii) Houseless households.

In a few situations, it may be difficult to apply the definition of household strictly as

given above. For example, a person living alone in a Census house, whether cooking

meals or not, will have to be treated as a household. Similarly, if husband and wife or

a group of related persons are normally living together in a Census house but are

getting cooked meals from outside due to some reason, will also constitute a normal

household. [*In House-listing, you are required to cover only the normal and

institutional households.]

Other non-residential use

This category will cover the Census houses used as places of entertainment and

community gathering and all other non-residential miscellaneous uses of the Census

houses which have not been covered in any of the above categories

Vacant

If a Census house is found vacant at the time of house-listing i.e. no person is living in

it and it is not being used for any other non-residential purpose

Place of worship:

If the Census house is exclusively used as a temple or gurudwara or mosque or church

or any other place of worship

Factory/workshop/work-shed etc. :

If the Census house is exclusively used for running a factory or a workshop or used as

a work-shed, record factory/workshop/work-shed

Residence-cum-other use

If the Census house is used for residence in combination with one or more non-

residential purpose(s). This situation will apply to those houses which have only one

access but are used for residence in combination with non-residential use(s).

Residence

Where the Census house is used for residence only [and not in combination with one

or more other purpose(s)].

Dilapidated

Those houses which are showing signs of decay or those breaking down and require

major repairs or those houses decayed or ruined and are far from being in conditions

that can be restored or repaired may be considered as 'Dilapidated'.

Livable

Those houses which require minor repairs may be considered as 'Livable’.

Good

Those houses which do not require any repairs and in good condition may be

considered as 'Good'.

Owned

If a household is occupying the Census house owned by itself and is not making

payments in the form of rent to anyone, then the household may be considered as

living in owned house. A household living in a Flat or a house taken on 'ownership'

basis on payment of installments, should also be regarded as owning the house,

notwithstanding the fact that all the installments have not been paid

Dwelling Room

A dwelling room would include living room, bedroom, dining room, drawing room,

study room, servant's room and other habitable rooms provided they satisfy the

criterion of their dimensions. Do not include kitchen, bathroom, latrine, store room,

passageway and veranda which are not normally usable for living. A room, used for

multipurpose such as sleeping, sitting, dining, storing, cooking, etc., should be

regarded as a dwelling room.

Main source of drinking water

If a household gets drinking water from two or more sources, the source availed of

more or during the greater part of the year should be recorded

Availability of drinking water source

The drinking water source available 'Near the premises', i.e., code '2' will be

considered only if the available source is within a range of 100 meter from the

premises in urban areas and within a distance of 500 meters in the case of Rural areas.

Latrine within the premises

The latrine facility can be exclusive or it may be combined with the place for bathing.

In this situation both the facility of latrine and bathroom will be treated as available.

2. National Sample Survey, 65th

Round

Household: A group of persons who normally lived together and took food from a

common kitchen constituted a household. The adverb “normally” meant that the

temporary visitors and guests (whose total period of stay in the household was

expected to be less than 6 months) were excluded but the temporary stay-aways

(whose total period of absence from the household was expected to be less than 6

months) were included. Thus a child residing in a hostel for studies was excluded from

the household of his/her parents, but a resident domestic servant or paying guest (but

not just a tenant in the house) was included in the employer’s/host’s household.

“Living together” was given more importance than “sharing food from a common

kitchen” in drawing the boundaries of a household in case the two criteria were in

conflict. However, in the special case of a person taking food with his family but

sleeping elsewhere (say, in a shop or a different house) due to shortage of space, the

household formed by such a person’s family members was taken to include the person

also. Each inmate of a hotel, mess, boarding-lodging house, hostel, etc., was

considered to be a single-member household except that a family living in a hotel (say)

was considered one household only. The same principle was applicable for the

residential staff of such establishments. The size of a household is the total number of

persons in the household.

House: Every structure, tent, shelter, etc., was a house irrespective of its use. It might

be

used for residential or non-residential purpose or both or even might be vacant.

Building: Building was a free-standing structure comprising one or more rooms or

other spaces covered by a roof and usually enclosed within external walls or dividing

walls which extended from the foundation to the roof. Dividing walls referred to the

walls of adjoining buildings, i.e., dividing walls of a row of houses. These houses were

practically independent of one another and likely to have been built at different times

and owned by different persons. If more than one physically separated structure

constituted one living unit, all of them together also formed a building. Usually,

building would have four external walls. But in some areas the nature of building

construction was such that it had no walls. Instead, it had a slanting roof which almost

touched the ground and it was provided with an entrance. Such structures and also

structures standing only on pillars were also be treated as buildings for the purpose of

the survey.

Dwelling unit: It was the accommodation availed of by a household for its residential

purpose. It might be an entire structure or a part thereof or consisting of more than one

structure. There might be cases of more than one household occupying a single

structure as those living in independent flats or sharing a single housing unit, in which

case, there would be as many dwelling units as the number of households sharing the

structure. There might also be cases of one household occupying more than one

structure (i.e. detached structures for sitting, sleeping, cooking, bathing, etc) for its

housing accommodation. In this case, all the structures together constituted a single

dwelling unit. In general, a dwelling unit consisted of living room, kitchen, store, bath,

latrine, garage, open and closed veranda etc. A structure or a portion thereof used

exclusively for non-residential purposes or let out to other households did not form

part of the dwelling unit of the household under consideration. However, a portion of a

structure used for both residential and non-residential purposes was treated as part of

the dwelling unit except when the use of such portion for residential purpose was very

nominal. The dwelling unit covered all pucca, semi-pucca and katcha structures used

by a household. Households living more or less regularly under bridges, in pipes,

under staircase, in purely temporary flimsy improvisations built by the road side

(which were liable to be removed at any moment) etc., were considered to have no

dwelling.

Pucca structure: A pucca structure was one whose walls and roofs are made of pucca

materials such as cement, concrete, oven burnt bricks, hollow cement / ash bricks,

stone, stone blocks, jack boards (cement plastered reeds), iron, zinc or other metal

sheets, timber, tiles, slate, corrugated iron, asbestos cement sheet, veneer, plywood,

artificial wood of synthetic material and poly vinyl chloride (PVC) material.

Katcha structure: A structure which had walls and roof made of non-pucca materials

was regarded as a katcha structure. Non-pucca materials included unburnt bricks,

bamboo, mud, grass, leaves, reeds, thatch, etc. Katcha structures could be of the

following two types:

(a) Unserviceable katcha structure included all structures with thatch walls and

thatch roof, i.e., walls made of grass, leaves, reeds, etc. and roof of a similar material

and

(b) Serviceable katcha structure included all katcha structures other than

unserviceable katcha structures.

Semi-pucca structure: A structure which could not be classified as a pucca or a

katcha structure as per definition was a semi-pucca structure. Such a structure had

either the walls or the roof but not both made of pucca materials.

Independent house: An independent house was one which had a separate structure

and entrance with self-contained arrangements. In other words, if the dwelling unit and

the entire structure of the house were physically the same, it was considered as an

independent house. In some parts, particularly in rural areas, two or more structures

together might constitute a single housing unit. While the main residence might be in

one of the structures, the other structures might be used for sleeping, sitting and for

store, bath etc. In all such cases, all the structures together formed a single housing

unit and were treated as an independent house.

Flat: A flat, generally, was a part of the building and had one or more rooms with self-

contained arrangements and normal housing facilities like water supply, latrine, toilet,

etc., which were used exclusively by the household residing therein or jointly with

other households. It also included detached room or rooms with or without other

housing facilities.

Room: A room was a constructed area with walls or partitions on all side with at least

one door way and a roof overhead. Wall / partition meant a continuous solid structure

(except for the doors, windows, ventilators, air-holes, etc.) extending from floor to

ceiling. A constructed space with grill or net on one or more sides in place of wall or

partition was not treated as a room. In case of conical shaped structures in which the

roof itself was built to the floor level, the roof was also regarded as wall.

Living room: A room with floor area (carpet area) of at least 4 square metres, a height

of at least 2 metres from the floor to the highest point in the ceiling and used for living

purposes was considered as a living room. Thus, rooms used as bedroom, sitting room,

prayer room, dining room, servant’s room - all were considered as living rooms

provided they satisfied the size criterion. Kitchen, bathroom, latrine, store, garage etc.

were not living rooms. A room which was used in common for living purpose and as

kitchen or store was also considered as living room.

Other room: It was a room which does not satisfy the specification of 4 square metres

floor area and 2 metres height from the floor to the highest point of the ceiling or a

room which though satisfied the specification was not used for living purposes. A

room which satisfied the size criterion when shared by more than one household or

when used for both residential and business purposes was treated as other room.

Veranda: It is a roofed space often without a door adjacent to living/other room. It is

generally used as an access to the room(s) and is not walled from all sides. In other

words, at least one side of such space is either open or walled only to some height or

protected by grill, net, etc. A veranda was considered as a ‘covered veranda’, if it was

protected from all sides and an ‘uncovered veranda’, if was not protected at least from

any one of the sides. A covered veranda might have a door also. Corridor or passage

within the dwelling unit was treated as portion of a room or a veranda depending on its

layout. However, veranda did not cover a common corridor or passage used mainly as

an access to the dwelling itself.

Earner of a household, place of work and maximum distance travelled by the

earner: A household member with earning either from economic activities and/or

from non-economic activities was considered as an earner in the household. Place of

work meant a place where the activities, considering both the economic and non-

economic activities together, were performed by the earners. Distance meant the one

way actual distance from residence to the place of work normally travelled by the

earner.

Major source of drinking: Information in respect of the household’s major source of

drinking water during the last 365 days was collected. Since a household might have

used more than one source of drinking water, provision was made to record two such

sources. First major source was the one that related to that source of drinking water

which was used most by the household and the second major source was the one

which was the next most used source of drinking water. The classifications of the

sources of drinking water of the household were as follows: bottled water, tap, tube

well/hand pump, well: protected, unprotected, tank/pond (reserved for drinking), other

tank/pond, river/canal/lake/spring, harvested rainwater, others.

Bottled water: Drinking water packaged in bottles, pouches, and similar containers

were classified as ‘bottled water’. Generally this packaged drinking water conformed

to certain safety standards and were considered safe for drinking. However, tap water,

well water, etc., kept by households in bottles, for convenience, was not be treated as

bottled drinking water.

Well: A ‘well’ was considered as protected, if it had generally the following protective

measures to lower the risk of contamination: 1) A headwall around the well with a

properly fitting cover, 2) A concrete drainage platform around the well with a drainage

channel, 3) A hand pump or bucket with windlass.

A ‘well’ without the protective measures to lower the risk of contamination was

considered an ‘unprotected well’. Rainwater harvesting was the gathering or

accumulating and storing of rainwater. Traditionally, rainwater harvesting is practiced

in arid and semi-arid areas, and had provided drinking water, domestic water, water

for livestock, etc. The other codes are self-explanatory.

Sufficiency of drinking water: This information was collected in respect of the most

often used source. Thus, information was collected on whether availability of drinking

water was sufficient throughout the year from the first source (most often used

source). However, for collecting this information, the investigator had to depend on

the judgement of the informant. For the households which did not get sufficient

drinking water throughout the year from the first source (most often used source),

information was collected regarding the calendar months of the year during which

availability of drinking water was not sufficient from the first source.

Type of use of drinking water facility:For the households which had more than one

sources of drinking water, information for this item related to the first source (most

often used source). Information was recorded regarding whether the household’s first

source of drinking water was for: a) household’s exclusive use; if the source was for

the exclusive use of the household, b) common use of households in the building; if the

source was shared by the households with one of more households in the building, c)

community use; if for use of households in the locality or, d) others.

Facility of bathroom: Information about the bathroom facility available to the

members of the household was recorded as follows: a) attached bathroom: b) detached

bathroom and c) no bathroom. If the dwelling unit had no bathroom in its premises, it

was considered as having no bathroom. If the dwelling unit had one or more

bathrooms attached to the dwelling unit (i.e., with direct access from its rooms,

veranda or corridor) it was treated as with attached bathroom. On the other hand, if

the dwelling unit had a bathroom in its premises but not attached to dwelling unit it

was considered as detached bathroom.

Type of use of latrine facility: Information was collected on whether the household’s

latrine facility was for its exclusive use or shared with one or more households in the

building or for use of households in the locality or whether the household had no

latrine facility. If the latrine facility was for exclusive use of the household, these were

classified as for exclusive use of household. If the latrine facility was shared by the

household with one or more households in the building, these were classified as

shared latrine with other household(s). If the latrine facility was for use of the

households in the locality, or was for a specific section of people, these were treated as

public/community latrine. If the household had no access to latrine facility, i.e., if its

members used open area as latrine, these were treated as having no latrine.

Type of latrine (viz., flush, septic tank, pit latrine and service latrine): A latrine

connected to underground sewerage system was called flush system latrine. A latrine

connected to underground septic chambers was considered as a septic tank latrine. A

latrine connected to a pit dug in earth was called a pit latrine. In a few areas, one might

still come across latrines that were serviced by scavengers. These were called service

latrines.

Electricity for domestic use: Information was collected on whether the household

had electricity facilities for domestic use. The use of the electricity for domestic use

might be for lighting or cooking or for both. Moreover, electricity might be used

legally or illegally and the electricity might be supplied to the household either

through public agencies, corporations or by private suppliers. However, if the

household made its own arrangement, either through generator or solar panel, to

generate electricity, the household was not considered as having electricity for

domestic use.

.

Condition of structure: Condition of structure meant the physical condition of the

structure of the house. The specific types of conditions in which the house was

classified were: a) good, b) satisfactory, c) bad. If the structure did not require any

immediate repairs, major or minor, it was regarded as in ‘good’ condition. If the

structure required immediate minor repairs but not major repairs, it was regarded as in

‘satisfactory’ condition. If the structure of the building required immediate major

repairs without which it might be unsafe for habitation or required to be demolished

and rebuilt, it was regarded as in ‘bad’ condition.

Ventilation of the dwelling unit: Information as to whether, in general, ventilation of

the dwelling unit was good, satisfactory or bad was collected. Ventilation meant the

extent to which the rooms were open to air and light. Ventilation of all the rooms in

the dwelling unit was considered. For assessing the situation the following guidelines

were followed: (i) If the majority of the rooms had two or more windows with

arrangement for cross ventilation, the dwelling unit was considered as having ‘good’

ventilation. (ii) If the majority of the rooms had two or more windows without having

any arrangement for cross ventilation or if majority of the living rooms had only a

single window each with proper arrangement for cross ventilation, the dwelling unit

was considered to have a ‘satisfactory’ ventilation arrangement.

(iii) If the majority of the rooms had no window or had only one window each

without

any arrangement for cross ventilation, the dwelling unit was considered to have ‘bad’

ventilation. However, in some cases, if the rooms of the dwelling unit had no proper

ventilation, as per the criteria mentioned above, but the rooms had proper air-

conditioning facility, such cases were considered as ‘good’ ventilation.

Drainage arrangement: Drainage arrangement meant a system for carrying off waste

water and liquid waste of the house. It may be noted that if no system existed to carry

off the waste water of the house, but water flowed down by its own gravity, in an

unregulated manner, it was considered as no drainage.

Garbage collection arrangement: Garbage collection arrangement meant the

arrangement which usually exist to carry away the refuse and waste of households to

some dumping place away from the residential areas. In some places, the public bodies

collected the garbage from the premises of the household or from some fixed points in

the locality where the residents put their garbage; in others, a body of residents

themselves made the arrangement of carrying the garbage to the final dumping place

away from residential areas without participation of any public body.

Animal shed: Animal shed for the purpose of this survey, meant a structure where

livestock (cattle, buffalo, horse, goat, pig, etc. but not poultry and pets) were sheltered.

If there was no animal shed within 100 feet of the house (even on the adjacent plots) it

was considered as having no animal shed. If there was an animal shed in the house or

attached to the house, it was considered as a house with attached animal shed. If there

was an animal shed within 100 feet of the house but not within / attached to, it was

identified as a house with detached animal shed. It was not necessary that the animals

and / or the shed was owned or possessed by any household in the house.

Experience of flood during last 5 years: If rain water during monsoon and / or water

from sea, river, etc., entered into the ground floor of the house, or though water did not

enter the house but the house was surrounded by water for some days then the house

was considered to have experienced flood.

Volume II

Detailed Statistical Tables

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER TWO

Table 1: Distribution of households by the condition of the structure of houses

(in percentages)

2001 2011


Good 50.2 44.8 64.2 53.1 45.9 68.4

Liveable 44.3 48.9 32.2 41.5 47.6 28.7

Dilapidated 5.5 6.2 3.6 5.4 6.5 2.9


Table 2: Growth and % point difference between 2001 and 2011

Growth (%) % Point Difference


Good 35.85 24.26 56.70 2.90 1.10 4.20

Livable 20.60 18.04 30.63 -2.80 -1.30 -3.50

Dilapidated 25.11 26.79 17.59 -0.10 0.30 -0.70


Table 3: Growth and percentage point difference between 2001 and 2011 in the

predominant material used for flooring



Mud 4.69 5.18 -0.31 -10.60 -9.70 -5.80

Wood/Bamboo 19.97 17.47 32.41 -0.10 -0.10 0.00

Burnt Bricks 28.98 35.11 18.36 0.00 0.30 -0.60

Stone 80.88 67.53 97.72 2.30 1.70 3.10

Cement 50.96 63.02 39.36 4.60 6.20 -2.50

Mosaic/Floor Tiles 90.74 107.98 86.02 3.50 1.50 5.40



Table 4: Distribution of households by their major source of drinking water and distance to

the source (in percentages) [Rural+Urban]

Total Households

Within Premises

Near Premises

Away from Premises

2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011

Tap Water 36.70 43.54 53.43 57.57 29.37 37.14 17.11 19.38

Tap water from treated source n.a. 31.97 n.a. 46.92 n.a. 22.42 n.a. 11.82

Tap water from untreated source n.a. 11.57 n.a. 10.65 n.a. 14.72 n.a. 7.57

Well 18.17 11.02 13.32 8.53 18.39 10.51 28.90 18.66

Covered Well n.a. 1.58 n.a. 1.85 n.a. 1.16 n.a. 1.73

Uncovered Well n.a. 9.44 n.a. 6.69 n.a. 9.35 n.a. 16.93

Handpump 35.66 33.48 28.52 25.43 43.01 40.40 32.82 40.71

Tubewell/Borehole 5.56 8.48 4.20 8.46 5.63 7.70 8.56 10.11

Spring 0.74 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.72 0.52 2.50 1.96

River/Canal 1.01 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.98 0.69 3.48 2.17

Tank/Pond/Lake 1.01 0.84 0.36 0.00 1.01 1.38 2.52 1.98

Other Sources 1.15 1.48 0.18 0.00 0.89 1.65 4.11 5.03




Total Households

Within Premises

Near Premises

Away from Premises

Total Households

Within Premises

Near Premises

Away from Premises

Tap Water 52.46 65.55 31.36 53.27 -7.15 -4.78 -7.88 -10.24

Well -22.05 -1.56 -40.64 -12.65 -0.20 0.00 -0.20 -0.54

Handpump 20.66 37.01 -2.42 67.84 0.32 -0.18 0.76 0.92


Spring -7.16 - -24.61 6.21 -7.15 -4.78 -7.88 -10.24

River/Canal -20.23 - -26.30 -15.71 -2.18 -3.09 -2.61 7.89

Tank/Pond/Lake 7.15 -100.00 41.51 6.16 2.92 4.26 2.07 1.55

Other Sources 64.71 -100.00 92.64 65.64 -0.20 0.00 -0.20 -0.54

Source :Census 2001 and 2011

Tables 6: Distribution of Households by Main Source of Drinking Water and distance to the source (in percentages) [Rural]

RURAL

Total Households Within Premises Near Premises Away from Premises

2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Tap Water 24.29 30.81 33.48 40.03 23.63 31.10 12.53 15.59



Well 22.23 13.31 19.19 10.86 20.34 11.68 31.68 20.37



Handpump 43.20 43.64 42.57 40.95 46.73 45.75 34.78 43.81


Spring 0.93 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.53 2.75 2.17

River/Canal 1.33 0.84 0.00 0.00 1.09 0.73 3.93 2.40

Tank/Pond/Lake 1.28 1.06 0.59 0.00 1.12 1.44 2.73 1.99

Other Sources 1.01 1.36 0.19 0.00 0.66 1.19 3.14 3.84


Tables 7: Distribution of Households by Main Source of Drinking Water (in percentages) [Urban]

URBAN

Total Households Within Premises Near Premises Away from Premises

2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Tap Water 68.66 70.63 75.99 75.92 59.70 63.75 41.67 41.50



Well 7.71 6.15 6.67 6.10 8.08 5.35 13.96 8.66



Handpump 16.24 11.86 12.63 9.20 23.34 16.82 22.31 22.66


Spring 0.25 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.50 1.15 0.76

River/Canal 0.19 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.52 1.02 0.82

Tank/Pond/Lake 0.31 0.38 0.10 0.00 0.46 1.11 1.39 1.92

Other Sources 1.52 1.74 0.18 0.00 2.11 3.72 9.33 12.00


Table 8: Households by Bathing Facility

2001 2011


Bathroom 36.1 22.8 70.4 42 25.4 77.5

Enclosures Without Roof n.a. n.a. n.a. 16.4 19.7 9.5

No 63.9 77.2 29.6 41.6 55 13





Bathroom 49.46 34.77 61.72 5.90 2.60 7.10

Enclosures Without Roof n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

No -16.34 -13.50 -35.39 -22.30 -22.20 -16.60


Table 10: Households by Type of Latrine Facility

2001 2011


Latrine Facility Within the Premises n.a. n.a. n.a. 46.9 30.7 81.4

Water Closet 18 7.1 46.1 36.4 19.4 72.6

Pit Latrine 11.5 10.3 14.6 9.4 10.5 7.1

Other Latrine 6.9 4.5 13 1.1 0.8 1.7

No Latrine within the Premises 63.6 78.1 26.3 53.1 69.3 18.6


Table 11: Growth and percentage point difference between 2001 and 2011



Latrine Facility Within the Premises

n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Water Closet 159.70 231.57 131.15 18.40 12.30 26.50

Pit Latrine 5.45 24.20 -28.61 -2.10 0.20 -7.50

Other Latrine -80.27 -79.51 -80.95 -5.80 -3.70 -11.30

No Latrine within the Premises 7.27 7.67 4.20 -10.50 -8.80 -7.70


Table 12: Growth and % point difference between 2001 and 2011 source of

lighting



Electricity 54.74 54.22 55.42 11.40 11.80 5.10

Kerosene -6.72 -5.80 -18.00 -11.90 -12.40 -5.10

Solar Energy 107.99 132.29 33.21 0.10 0.20 0.00

Other Oil 174.14 179.08 155.24 0.10 0.10 0.00

Any Other 61.57 59.11 68.74 0.00 0.00 0.06

No Lighting 89.41 110.56 41.57 0.20 0.20 -0.10


APPENDIX TABLES TO

CHAPTER THREE

Table 1:Distibution of households by the condition of

structure (in percentages)

States Good Liveable Dilapidated

Larger States

UP 43 51 7

Maharashtra 64 32 4

Bihar 36 57 7

West Bengal 41 47 12

Andhra Pradesh 70 27 3

Madhya Pradesh 52 44 4

Tamil Nadu 70 28 2

Rajasthan 51 45 4

Karnataka 60 36 4

Gujrat 67 31 2

Orissa 30 62 8

Kerala 66 28 5

Jharkhand 43 52 4

Assam 33 56 11

Punjab 50 43 7

Chattisgarh 47 50 4

Haryana 54 42 4

Delhi 66 31 3

Jammu&Kashmir 54 42 4

Uttaranchal 67 30 3

Himachal Pradesh 72 26 2

Smaller States

Tripura 54 41 5

Meghalaya 48 46 6

Manipur 54 41 5

Nagaland 52 46 2

Goa 76 22 2

Arunachal Pradesh 52 45 3

Pondicherry 75 23 2

Mizoram 62 35 3

Chandigarh 69 27 4

Sikkim 57 38 5

A&N Island 67 31 2

D&N Haveli 67 33 1

Daman&Diu 68 31 1

Lakshadweep 79 21 1

All INDIA 53 42 5

Source: Census 2011

Table 2: Distribution of households by the condition of the

structure of houses (in percentages)

States

Rural+Urban

Good

satisfactory

bad

Larger States

UP 28.2 50.9 20.9


Bihar 19.9 56.1 24.0

West Bengal 25.9 48.5 25.6



Tamil Nadu 48.4 42.6 8.9

Rajasthan 39.2 49.3 11.6

Karnataka 49.2 43.2 7.6

Gujrat 52.9 37.3 9.9

Orissa 24.6 49.6 25.8

Kerala 51.9 37.9 10.2

Jharkhand 11.1 51.4 37.5

Assam 24.1 59.5 16.4

Punjab 53.9 36.7 9.4


Haryana 40.7 49.1 10.2

Delhi 49.8 40.4 9.9


Uttaranchal 39.3 50.6 10.0


Smaller states

Tripura 29.0 52.9 18.1

Meghalaya 59.2 32.6 8.3

Manipur 34.9 52.6 12.5

Nagaland 26.9 58.6 14.5

Goa 53.6 38.7 7.6

Arunachal Pradesh 45.8 46.7 7.5

Pondicherry 60.8 28.9 10.2

Mizoram 52.8 35.0 12.2

Chandigarh 58.5 35.4 6.1

Sikkim 59.5 32.8 7.6

A&N Island 41.2 45.7 13.1

D&N Haveli 30.1 33.9 36.0

Daman&Diu 56.8 27.0 16.2

Lakshadweep 41.7 53.5 4.8

All INDIA 37.9 46.9 15.3


Table 3 :Distribution of households by the type of

structure of houses (in percentages)

States

Rural+Urban

pucca

semi -pucca

katcha

Larger states

UP 67.7 15.9 16.3


Bihar 48.3 18.9 32.8

West Bengal 50.3 30.6 19.0



Tamil Nadu 73.5 14.8 11.6

Rajasthan 73.8 14.6 11.6

Karnataka 63.5 31.8 4.7

Gujrat 75.7 18.8 5.6

Orissa 40.3 24.7 35.0

Kerala 80.3 16.8 2.9

Jharkhand 43.1 44.6 12.3

Assam 27.0 40.4 32.6

Punjab 93.4 4.4 2.1


Haryana 94.8 3.6 1.7

Delhi 94.7 2.7 2.6




Smaller states

Tripura 19.2 68.5 12.4

Meghalaya 51.4 20.6 27.9

Manipur 16.9 61.2 21.9

Nagaland 55.2 34.9 9.9

Goa 86.0 12.7 1.4



Mizoram 67.2 18.5 14.3


Sikkim 62.5 29.9 7.7

A&N Island 68.5 25.0 6.6

D&N Haveli 51.1 37.7 11.1

Daman&Diu 93.0 4.7 2.3


All INDIA 65.8 21.2 12.6


Table 4: Distribution of households by the number of living rooms (in

percentages)

Rural+Urban

States no exclusive

room

one

room

two

rooms

three and

above

Larger States

UP 0.9 38.9 34.8 25.7

Maharashtra 2.8 49.1 33.4 14.4

Bihar 0.6 33.4 40.8 25.1

West Bengal 1.1 45.7 38.1 14.9

Andhra Pradesh 3.5 50.0 34.4 12.1

Madhya Pradesh 0.3 34.6 40.0 25.1

Tamil Nadu 0.2 54.5 31.0 14.1

Rajasthan 0.8 31.7 35.8 31.4

Karnataka 0.4 30.4 39.9 29.1

Gujrat 0.9 43.3 37.8 18.2

Orissa 0.5 42.1 41.7 15.7

Kerala 1.8 8.8 17.6 71.8

Jharkhand 0.8 18.8 39.7 40.7

Assam 0.5 9.1 39.7 50.7

Punjab 0.5 33.6 31.6 34.4

Chattisgarh 0.3 25.5 42.0 32.1

Haryana 0.3 30.3 37.4 32.0

Delhi 3.3 45.1 30.4 21.2

Jammu&Kashmir 0.1 14.9 20.8 64.2

Uttaranchal 0.5 31.2 33.2 35.1


Smaller states

Tripura 0.3 46.0 41.6 12.0

Meghalaya 0.5 6.7 34.8 58.0

Manipur 0.0 11.6 34.0 54.4

Nagaland 0.0 11.4 41.0 47.6

Goa 0.0 20.6 28.3 51.2

Arunachal

Pradesh

3.5

41.6

33.3

21.5

Pondicherry 5.3 43.3 33.7 17.7

Mizoram 0.0 19.7 43.2 37.1

Chandigarh 1.8 39.1 22.8 36.3

Sikkim 0.5 20.2 36.9 42.4

A&N Island 0.8 22.3 42.5 34.4

D&N Haveli 0.0 37.2 39.0 23.8

Daman&Diu 0.0 12.0 44.1 43.9

Lakshadweep 0.0 2.6 10.0 87.4

All INDIA 1.2 38.3 35.6 24.7


Table 5: Distribution of households by ventilation of the

houses (in percentages)

States Rural+Urban

good satisfactory bad

Larger States

UP 23.4 51.3 25.3


Bihar 17.0 53.3 29.4

West Bengal 25.0 44.0 30.9



Tamil Nadu 40.9 46.9 12.0

Rajasthan 31.4 52.6 15.7

Karnataka 37.5 46.3 16.0

Gujrat 40.2 41.8 18.2

Orissa 15.9 39.4 44.6

Kerala 45.5 41.0 13.5

Jharkhand 8.2 47.8 44.0

Assam 23.0 52.9 24.1

Punjab 39.3 41.2 19.5


Haryana 28.7 50.9 20.4

Delhi 45.6 36.3 18.1




Smaller states

Tripura 30.1 50.1 19.7

Meghalaya 59.9 29.0 11.1

Manipur 33.8 51.9 14.4

Nagaland 22.0 54.3 23.7

Goa 45.0 42.0 13.0



Mizoram 49.5 32.7 17.8


Sikkim 54.7 30.1 15.2

A&N Island 37.0 51.1 11.9

D&N Haveli 32.7 36.4 30.9

Daman&Diu 54.1 26.5 19.3


All INDIA 29.7 47.3 23.4


Table 6: Distribution of households by the type of kitchen (in percentages)

States

Rural+Urban

separate kitchen

no separate kitchen with water tap no water tap

Larger States

UP 6.9 24.5 68.7


Bihar 3.0 25.4 71.4




Tamil Nadu 17.3 48.0 34.5

Rajasthan 10.2 36.0 53.5

Karnataka 15.0 58.7 26.1

Gujrat 19.5 36.5 44.2

Orissa 5.1 40.6 54.3

Kerala 38.9 53.0 8.0

Jharkhand 4.8 28.5 66.8

Assam 4.4 82.8 12.8

Punjab 24.1 36.1 39.8


Haryana 16.1 43.9 40.0

Delhi 49.0 14.4 36.5




Smaller states

Tripura 3.5 78.6 17.9

Meghalaya 9.5 70.3 20.2

Manipur 3.5 53.4 43.2

Nagaland 6.7 79.2 14.1

Goa 42.0 41.9 16.1



Mizoram 7.4 7.3 85.3


Sikkim 25.7 56.6 17.7

A&N Island 17.1 60.3 22.6

D&N Haveli 19.7 38.3 42.0

Daman&Diu 39.6 38.4 22.0


All INDIA 12.4 38.2 49.6


Table 7: Distribution of households by the type of roof (in percentages)

Sector: Rural+Urban

States

grass/straw/ leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

tile/slate

burnt brick/stone/lime

stone

iron,zinc or

other metal

sheet/asbestos

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 13.8 7.9 0.3 2.4 8.8 24.3 1.8 39.2 1.6

Maharashtra 2.5 0.7 0.2 1.0 16.4 2.9 41.3 32.8 2.0

Bihar 35.0 1.1 0.2 1.5 16.4 3.8 7.1 33.8 0.8

West Bengal 17.9 1.0 0.6 0.5 24.2 2.1 26.7 26.6 0.2

Andhra Pradesh 13.4 0.9 0.2 0.2 15.6 6.9 10.3 52.4 0.2

Madhya Pradesh 4.3 2.4 0.3 1.3 39.9 26.4 7.8 17.3 0.3

Tamil Nadu 13.5 0.3 0.0 0.6 29.7 3.0 4.9 47.4 0.4

Rajasthan 11.0 2.4 0.3 0.7 12.3 56.7 2.7 13.3 0.3

Karnataka 4.0 6.7 0.2 0.9 34.9 5.6 15.6 31.1 0.8

Gujrat 4.1 0.3 0.3 2.9 25.9 6.1 15.0 45.3 0.2

Orissa 34.6 0.5 0.2 2.8 24.1 1.1 10.8 24.9 0.9

Kerala 2.3 0.0 0.1 1.1 40.8 0.5 8.1 46.8 0.2

Jharkhand 11.3 0.7 0.1 1.5 50.0 8.8 4.8 22.7 0.1

Assam 32.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 61.6 5.0 0.2

Punjab 3.5 0.9 0.1 1.4 3.3 38.2 0.2 51.7 0.7

Chattisgarh 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.2 65.2 7.4 2.9 16.9 5.3

Haryana 2.4 1.5 0.1 0.8 6.2 29.2 0.9 37.3 21.6

Delhi 1.9 0.4 0.4 1.7 0.7 9.6 2.8 81.8 0.7

Jammu&Kashmir 7.8 9.0 0.3 0.7 0.1 1.0 51.7 29.0 0.6

Uttaranchal 2.9 1.0 0.0 0.4 3.2 20.8 6.5 64.0 1.1

Himachal Pradesh 0.4 1.0 0.1 0.1 33.9 2.2 13.6 43.7 4.9

Smaller States

Tripura 11.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 0.0 1.7 81.9 4.0 0.0

Meghalaya 28.4 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 55.7 15.0 0.2

Manipur 21.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.9 69.8 7.2 0.1

Nagaland 9.2 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 76.3 13.3 0.2

Goa 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 46.6 5.2 3.8 42.5 0.0

Arunachal Pradesh

47.5

0.2

0.4

1.8

0.2

0.5

39.7

6.6

3.0

Pondicherry 17.3 1.0 1.3 0.1 6.0 0.8 6.4 67.2 0.0

Mizoram 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 73.5 10.2 1.7

Chandigarh 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 8.8 89.5 0.0

Sikkim 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 62.8 29.0 0.0

A&N Island 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 79.7 11.1 0.8

D&N Haveli 5.3 6.0 0.0 0.0 44.9 6.5 14.9 22.4 0.0

Daman&Diu 2.0 4.0 0.0 0.6 6.9 11.1 4.5 70.9 0.0

Lakshadweep 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 31.9 0.0 2.6 60.9 0.0

All INDIA 12.4 2.3 0.2 1.2 20.9 12.3 14.2 35.1 1.3


Table 8: Distribution of households by the type of wall (in percentages)

Sector: Rural+Urban

States

grass /straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

Timber

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron or other

metal sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 3.1 20.5 0.0 0.6 0.1 67.7 0.0 7.9 0.1

Maharashtra 4.3 14.5 0.2 0.4 0.5 71.6 1.5 6.7 0.1

Bihar 25.5 19.8 0.0 1.1 0.2 45.3 0.0 7.7 0.1

West Bengal 12.5 35.5 0.1 0.6 0.9 37.0 1.9 11.2 0.2

Andhra Pradesh 3.9 14.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 70.2 0.1 10.8 0.1

Madhya Pradesh 2.3 35.9 0.3 1.0 0.6 55.4 0.1 4.2 0.0

Tamil Nadu 2.4 21.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 65.3 0.0 10.6 0.1

Rajasthan 2.6 19.9 0.0 0.8 0.1 73.7 0.0 2.3 0.2

Karnataka 1.9 26.3 0.1 1.0 0.2 55.2 0.1 14.8 0.1

Gujrat 1.5 19.1 0.1 1.6 0.5 64.4 0.4 11.3 1.3

Orissa 2.3 52.1 0.2 2.0 0.2 36.7 0.1 6.3 0.1

Kerala 1.1 17.1 0.1 0.7 0.5 71.0 0.1 7.8 1.5

Jharkhand 1.8 51.9 0.0 2.0 0.1 37.9 0.2 6.2 0.0

Assam 40.9 30.7 0.1 0.7 0.7 14.3 0.5 11.3 0.9

Punjab 0.1 2.2 0.0 0.5 0.1 80.1 0.0 16.9 0.0

Chattisgarh 1.1 55.3 0.1 3.8 0.4 37.7 0.0 1.5 0.1

Haryana 0.2 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.6 85.4 0.0 11.6 0.4

Delhi 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.1 1.1 42.2 0.0 53.1 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.2 25.4 0.1 1.6 1.0 67.3 0.6 3.8 0.0

Uttaranchal 1.2 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 80.4 0.0 14.6 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 28.0 52.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.5 5.3 5.3 0.1

Meghalaya 37.5 7.1 0.0 2.9 12.7 8.0 1.8 29.3 0.6

Manipur 19.0 62.8 0.2 0.9 2.3 9.6 0.1 5.1 0.0

Nagaland 31.1 12.4 0.0 1.1 23.3 6.1 3.1 22.7 0.4

Goa 2.3 10.2 0.3 0.9 0.0 66.7 0.0 18.6 1.1

Arunachal Pradesh

53.8

7.6

0.3

1.0

6.1

8.8

0.8

12.4

9.3

Pondicherry 4.8 9.9 0.1 0.4 0.0 53.1 0.1 31.3 0.2

Mizoram 32.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.8 4.0 12.8 10.2 38.3

Chandigarh 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 37.6 0.0 60.9 0.4

Sikkim 7.7 28.5 0.4 0.4 6.3 5.6 0.2 49.3 1.5

A&N Island 29.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.4 0.0 15.5 39.5 0.0

D&N Haveli 6.0 41.3 0.0 1.4 0.4 26.9 0.0 24.0 0.1

Daman&Diu 0.5 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.9 0.0 50.5 0.0

Lakshadweep 1.4 0.6 0.0 2.3 1.3 71.5 0.0 18.3 4.7

All INDIA 6.2 23.2 0.1 0.8 0.4 59.1 0.4 9.5 0.3


Table 9 : Distribution of households by the type of floor (in percentages)

Rural+Urban

States

mud

bamboo/

log

wood/

plank

brick/limestone / stone

cemen

t

mosaic/tile

s

other

s

Larger States

UP 63.3 0.2 0.1 6.9 26.4 2.9 0.1

Maharashtra 29.6 0.1 0.1 15.8 25.1 29.0 0.2

Bihar 68.8 0.4 0.3 8.3 20.9 0.8 0.2

West Bengal 55.2 0.3 0.5 3.8 37.6 2.3 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 17.9 0.1 0.0 33.6 40.0 8.5 0.1

Madhya Pradesh 61.9 0.7 0.4 9.8 22.4 4.5 0.1

Tamil Nadu 12.5 0.0 0.0 2.2 69.9 15.1 0.2

Rajasthan 34.6 0.2 0.0 17.2 41.4 6.2 0.1

Karnataka 17.4 0.2 0.1 20.2 44.2 17.5 0.2

Gujrat 28.7 0.4 0.1 6.2 30.6 33.9 0.2

Orissa 56.4 0.0 0.0 1.6 40.5 1.4 0.1

Kerala 7.5 0.0 0.1 2.0 69.5 20.1 0.8

Jharkhand 67.6 0.5 0.1 4.4 26.8 0.7 0.0

Assam 71.6 2.4 0.6 2.8 22.0 0.5 0.1

Punjab 22.0 0.0 0.0 16.4 56.8 4.6 0.1

Chattisgarh 70.6 0.8 0.2 6.9 18.5 3.0 0.0

Haryana 22.3 0.0 0.0 16.7 57.2 3.6 0.2

Delhi 1.0 0.0 0.0 12.4 72.4 12.2 2.0

Jammu&Kashmir 40.0 1.1 0.9 4.8 52.6 0.6 0.1

Uttaranchal 26.4 0.7 4.8 13.6 44.6 9.8 0.0

Himachal Pradesh 25.8 0.4 16.7 3.3 51.0 2.4 0.4

Smaller States

Tripura 79.8 1.3 0.0 3.6 15.1 0.1 0.0

Meghalaya 32.4 3.1 24.4 0.6 38.5 0.9 0.0

Manipur 69.2 2.2 6.7 2.8 17.9 1.0 0.1

Nagaland 30.1 2.1 13.0 4.6 49.5 0.6 0.1

Goa 10.2 0.0 0.8 1.3 47.6 40.2 0.0

Arunachal Pradesh 17.7 39.1 11.2 2.2 28.4 0.0 1.4

Pondicherry 10.8 0.0 0.0 2.4 50.1 32.3 4.4

Mizoram 3.9 11.8 63.0 0.1 20.7 0.2 0.2

Chandigarh 0.8 0.0 0.0 25.5 65.6 4.5 3.6

Sikkim 28.2 0.1 11.5 0.3 59.0 0.9 0.0

A&N Island 25.2 0.4 1.6 0.0 69.8 3.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 55.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.3 22.1 0.0

Daman&Diu 7.5 0.0 0.0 22.3 17.3 52.8 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 74.9 24.1 0.1

All INDIA 40.4 0.4 0.4 11.1 37.4 10.0 0.2


Table 10: Distribution of households by their dependence on tap water (in

percentages)

States

tap

of which

treated non-

treated

Larger States

UP 27 74 26

Maharashtra 68 83 17

Bihar 4 70 30




Tamil Nadu 80 70 30

Rajasthan 41 79 21

Karnataka 66 62 38

Gujrat 69 58 42

Orissa 14 72 28

Kerala 29 80 20

Jharkhand 13 77 23

Assam 10 88 12

Punjab 51 81 19

Chattisgarh 21 59 41

Haryana 69 81 19

Delhi 81 92 8


Uttaranchal 68 79 21


Smaller states

Tripura 33 61 39

Meghalaya 39 71 29

Manipur 39 66 34

Nagaland 47 13 87

Goa 85 96 4


Pondicherry 95 95 5

Mizoram 59 67 33

Chandigarh 97 97 3

Sikkim 85 34 66

A&N Island 85 81 19

D&N Haveli 47 56 44

Daman&Diu 75 73 27

Lakshadweep 20 45 55

All INDIA 44 73 27


Table 11: Classification of households by the major source of drinking water (in percentages)

Sector: Rural+Urban

States

Bottled

water

Tap

tube

well/hand

pump

protected

well

unprotected

well

tank/pond

other

tank/pond

river/canal/lake

spring

harvested

rainwater

others

Larger States

UP 0.5 12.2 83.5 1.2 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maharashtra 1.3 71.2 14.5 4.7 5.7 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.7

Bihar 0.9 4.1 90.9 2.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 0.4 23.9 69.4 2.1 2.4 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.2

Andhra Pradesh 2.4 67.3 22.5 1.6 2.8 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 2.3

Madhya Pradesh 0.9 23.3 61.5 6.2 7.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0

Tamil Nadu 3.7 84.4 7.2 1.5 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.4

Rajasthan 0.8 43.9 37.4 1.6 6.3 3.6 1.5 0.8 0.0 0.8 2.9

Karnataka 0.7 77.8 12.3 5.3 1.1 1.1 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.4

Gujrat 1.9 68.4 21.8 2.9 2.5 1.1 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.4

Orissa 0.3 15.0 65.2 4.4 12.5 0.2 0.0 1.5 0.7 0.0 0.1

Kerala 0.4 22.6 3.0 47.3 23.8 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.3

Jharkhand 0.2 10.7 48.2 8.5 30.9 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Assam 0.1 9.8 62.6 10.9 7.5 0.5 2.6 2.5 2.9 0.0 0.5

Punjab 0.8 54.2 44.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

Chattisgarh 0.6 17.5 72.8 3.0 5.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1

Haryana 0.6 66.1 30.4 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

Delhi 1.4 85.0 10.6 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6

Jammu&Kashmir 1.5 71.3 14.4 0.1 0.8 1.2 0.7 1.2 8.8 0.0 0.0

Uttaranchal 0.2 63.9 23.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 9.6 0.0 2.5

Himachal Pradesh 2.0 79.2 7.3 3.0 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 7.1 0.0 0.0

Smaller States

Tripura 0.2 33.5 41.9 4.8 15.1 0.8 0.3 1.8 0.2 0.0 1.5

Meghalaya 0.6 59.3 7.8 5.1 4.3 3.1 0.5 1.4 17.9 0.0 0.0

Manipur 1.0 36.4 9.5 3.0 0.1 14.1 5.4 16.3 12.6 0.1 1.4

Nagaland 0.1 27.8 4.4 28.3 9.7 15.1 4.2 1.1 4.8 3.9 0.5

Goa 0.0 86.3 0.2 5.3 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7

Arunachal Pradesh

1.3

81.5

9.5

2.0

1.9

0.1

0.9

1.9

0.9

0.0

0.0

Pondicherry 2.3 95.8 0.5 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 0.1 40.2 2.7 0.2 0.0 2.6 1.1 3.2 47.2 1.4 1.3

Chandigarh 0.3 97.9 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 0.1 72.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 26.8 0.0 0.0

A&N Island 0.7 88.3 0.6 2.3 4.9 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.5 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 1.4 42.0 43.4 6.4 5.7 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.7 68.8 29.5 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.1 17.2 6.1 6.1 66.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.0

All INDIA 1.2 43.1 43.6 4.4 4.8 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.8


Table 12: Distribution of households (Hhs) by drinking water facility [in percentages]

Sector: Rural+Urban

States Hhs' exclusive

use

common use of Hhs

in the building

community use

others

Larger States

UP 44.9 12.6 40.5 1.9

Maharashtra 41.2 13.7 38.5 6.4

Bihar 44.3 17.0 35.6 2.9

West Bengal 21.5 12.0 63.9 2.5

Andhra Pradesh 23.3 17.9 53.4 5.7


Tamil Nadu 23.1 14.1 58.4 4.4

Rajasthan 33.2 12.5 46.4 7.6

Karnataka 32.0 13.2 51.2 3.4

Gujrat 52.9 10.9 31.1 5.3

Orissa 13.4 7.1 77.4 2.1

Kerala 66.4 7.7 11.8 14.2

Jharkhand 12.9 9.3 75.8 1.9

Assam 59.4 7.8 28.1 4.7

Punjab 61.0 25.3 8.7 5.0

Chattisgarh 20.8 7.3 70.0 1.8

Haryana 50.4 16.1 28.5 4.9

Delhi 60.9 22.0 15.0 2.1

Jammu&Kashmir 52.5 9.9 32.5 5.0

Uttaranchal 42.4 12.9 42.9 1.9


Smaller States

Tripura 21.5 21.0 54.6 2.9

Meghalaya 20.5 7.8 69.4 2.4

Manipur 19.2 10.4 64.7 5.7

Nagaland 41.1 19.6 31.1 8.2

Goa 67.6 20.3 10.4 1.8

Arunachal Pradesh 40.7 21.4 31.6 6.4

Pondicherry 60.5 23.2 13.3 3.0

Mizoram 30.8 7.1 57.0 5.1

Chandigarh 63.0 28.7 7.7 0.6

Sikkim 57.7 10.0 25.0 7.3

A&N Island 42.2 18.4 38.2 1.2

D&N Haveli 22.2 5.6 70.8 1.4

Daman&Diu 55.9 26.9 11.8 5.5

Lakshadweep 83.5 4.2 11.5 0.8

All India 35.7 13.1 46.7 4.3


Table 13: Distribution of households by the distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)

Sector: Rural+Urban

States

within

dwelling

outside dwelling but within

premises

less than

0.2km

0.2 to

0.5km

0.5to

1km

1.0km to

1.5 km

1.5km or

more

Larger States

UP 40.2 21.8 35.4 2.3 0.2 0.1 0.2

Maharashtra 28.5 27.9 37.2 4.7 1.0 0.2 0.3

Bihar 39.3 23.2 33.7 3.6 0.1 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 12.8 21.8 49.6 13.9 1.6 0.2 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 11.9 33.0 46.5 7.1 1.2 0.4 0.1

Madhya Pradesh 13.5 12.2 60.4 11.2 1.7 0.7 0.2

Tamil Nadu 17.9 23.0 54.3 3.6 0.7 0.1 0.2

Rajasthan 24.1 18.7 31.7 17.6 4.7 1.5 1.5

Karnataka 21.5 24.1 48.8 3.6 1.1 0.2 0.3

Gujrat 35.6 29.1 28.6 5.0 1.3 0.3 0.3

Orissa 8.0 12.5 57.3 19.9 2.2 0.2 0.0

Kerala 9.8 66.7 19.3 3.4 0.6 0.2 0.1

Jharkhand 8.2 13.6 58.5 16.9 2.7 0.0 0.0

Assam 7.3 59.8 26.6 5.5 0.8 0.0 0.1

Punjab 46.1 40.4 11.4 1.6 0.3 0.0 0.3

Chattisgarh 10.0 14.7 62.9 10.4 1.7 0.3 0.0

Haryana 44.4 23.9 24.3 3.9 2.8 0.3 0.4

Delhi 72.3 12.8 9.8 3.9 1.1 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 37.6 27.2 25.2 8.1 1.2 0.3 0.4

Uttaranchal 24.7 31.4 33.0 8.8 1.1 1.0 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 3.0 41.7 51.7 3.3 0.1 0.2 0.0

Meghalaya 14.7 19.4 55.6 8.9 1.1 0.0 0.1

Manipur 4.4 23.3 48.1 22.0 1.1 0.5 0.6

Nagaland 9.3 42.3 42.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

Goa 47.7 38.9 12.9 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0

Arunachal

Pradesh

28.5

48.4

17.1

3.0

1.9

0.0

1.0

Pondicherry 51.1 34.5 13.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 29.1 7.8 45.5 14.6 0.9 0.5 1.6

Chandigarh 81.6 11.3 7.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 29.3 41.6 22.8 5.8 0.2 0.3 0.1

A&N Island 26.5 37.5 30.4 5.2 0.3 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 17.9 18.3 56.1 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 51.1 38.1 10.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 12.8 76.1 9.9 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 24.7 26.0 40.7 7.1 1.2 0.3 0.2

Table 14: Distribution of households by availability of drinking

water throughout the year (in percentages)

States Rural+Urban

sufficient not sufficient

Larger states

UP 95.1 4.9

Maharashtra 81.0 19.0

Bihar 97.5 2.5

West Bengal 89.2 10.8

Andhra Pradesh 91.6 8.4

Madhya Pradesh 76.8 23.2

Tamil Nadu 94.4 5.6

Rajasthan 70.4 29.6

Karnataka 82.0 18.0

Gujrat 91.6 8.4

Orissa 84.2 15.8

Kerala 84.9 15.1

Jharkhand 70.9 29.1

Assam 95.3 4.7

Punjab 92.7 7.3

Chattisgarh 88.7 11.3

Haryana 87.9 12.1

Delhi 88.9 11.1

Jammu&Kashmir 81.9 18.1

Uttaranchal 79.1 20.9

Himachal Pradesh 79.4 20.6

SmallerStates

Tripura 87.9 12.1

Meghalaya 78.9 21.1

Manipur 80.8 19.2

Nagaland 44.4 55.6

Goa 84.5 15.5

Arunachal Pradesh 79.7 20.3

Pondicherry 92.1 7.9

Mizoram 25.4 74.6

Chandigarh 99.4 0.6

Sikkim 84.9 15.1

A&N Island 94.6 5.4

D&N Haveli 94.6 5.4

Daman&Diu 96.4 3.6

Lakshadweep 70.6 29.4

All INDIA 87.6 12.4


Table 15: Distribution of households by latrine facility

(in percentages)

States No Latrine within premises

Larger States

UP 64

Maharashtra 47

Bihar 77

West Bengal 41

Andhra Pradesh 50

Madhya Pradesh 71

Tamil Nadu 52

Rajasthan 65

Karnataka 49

Gujrat 43

Orissa 78

Kerala 5

Jharkhand 78

Assam 35

Punjab 21

Chattisgarh 75

Haryana 31

Delhi 10

Jammu&Kashmir 49

Uttaranchal 34

Himachal Pradesh 31

Smaller States

Tripura 14

Meghalaya 37

Manipur 11

Nagaland 23

Goa 20

Arunachal Pradesh 38

Pondicherry 32

Mizoram 8

Chandigarh 12

Sikkim 13

A&N Island 30

D&N Haveli 45

Daman&Diu 22

Lakshadweep 2

All INDIA 53

Source: Census 2011

Table 16: Distribution of households by their use of water closet

(in percentages)

States Water closet

percentage change 2001 2011

Larger States

UP 8 30 22


Bihar 8 20 12




Tamil Nadu 23 41 18

Rajasthan 12 28 16

Karnataka 19 37 18

Gujrat 31 53 22

Orissa 9 18 9

Kerala 65 67 1

Jharkhand 11 20 10

Assam 16 28 13

Punjab 20 59 39

Chattisgarh 9 21 12

Haryana 11 50 40

Delhi 45 86 40




Smaller States

Tripura 12 25 13

Meghalaya 12 38 26

Manipur 9 47 38

Nagaland 9 48 39

Goa 30 74 44


Pondicherry 46 67 22

Mizoram 20 61 41

Chandigarh 68 87 19

Sikkim 32 75 43

A&N Island 31 67 36

D&N Haveli 31 54 23

Daman&Diu 35 77 43


All INDIA 18 53 35


Table 17: Distribution of households by bathroom

facility (in percentages)

Rural+Urban

States

attached

detached no

bathroom

Larger States

UP 17.2 14.8 68.0


Bihar 7.3 14.7 78.0

West Bengal 13.8 29.3 56.9



Tamil Nadu 27.7 31.2 41.1

Rajasthan 23.7 20.1 56.1

Karnataka 53.4 12.5 34.1

Gujrat 35.1 21.8 43.1

Orissa 6.8 8.7 84.4

Kerala 42.3 42.4 15.4

Jharkhand 7.3 22.8 69.9

Assam 5.6 64.0 30.4

Punjab 23.1 49.2 27.6


Haryana 29.0 43.7 27.3

Delhi 61.7 22.8 15.5




Smaller States

Tripura 4.1 9.8 86.1

Meghalaya 36.7 42.3 21.1

Manipur 8.3 23.0 68.7

Nagaland 11.4 78.9 9.7

Goa 66.4 25.0 8.6

Arunachal

Pradesh

23.3

41.5

35.2


Mizoram 72.3 10.7 17.0


Sikkim 26.5 54.7 18.7

A&N Island 31.9 28.6 39.5

D&N Haveli 30.1 47.7 22.2

Daman&Diu 60.0 17.2 22.8


All INDIA 23.0 25.3 51.7

Table 18: Distribution of households by their depence of electricity as major

source of lighting (in percentages)

States Electricity

percentage change 2001 2011

Larger States

UP 32 37 5

Maharashtra 77 84 6

Bihar 10 16 6



Madhya Pradesh 70 67 -3

Tamil Nadu 78 93 15

Rajasthan 55 67 12

Karnataka 79 91 12

Gujrat 80 90 10

Orissa 27 43 16

Kerala 70 94 24

Jharkhand 24 46 21

Assam 25 37 12

Punjab 92 97 5

Chattisgarh 53 75 22

Haryana 83 91 8

Delhi 93 99 6




Smaller States

Tripura 42 68 27

Meghalaya 43 61 18

Manipur 60 68 8

Nagaland 64 82 18

Goa 94 97 3



Mizoram 70 84 15

Chandigarh 97 98 2

Sikkim 78 93 15

A&N Island 77 86 9

D&N Haveli 86 95 9

Daman&Diu 98 99 1


All INDIA 56 67 11


Table 19: Proportion of households depending on electricity

as major source of lighting

States Kerosene

Larger States

UP 62

Maharashtra 14

Bihar 82

West Bengal 44

Andhra Pradesh 7

Madhya Pradesh 32

Tamil Nadu 6

Rajasthan 31

Karnataka 9

Gujrat 8

Orissa 55

Kerala 5

Jharkhand 53

Assam 62

Punjab 2

Chattisgarh 23

Haryana 8

Delhi 1

Jammu&Kashmir 10

Uttaranchal 11

Himachal Pradesh 3

Smaller States

Tripura 29

Meghalaya 37

Manipur 25

Nagaland 16

Goa 2

Arunachal Pradesh 18

Pondicherry 2

Mizoram 14

Chandigarh 1

Sikkim 7

A&N Island 13

D&N Haveli 4

Daman&Diu 1

Lakshadweep 0

All INDIA 31

Source: Census 2011

Table 20: Distribution of households by major source of

cooking fuel (in percentages)

States Firewood LPG/PNG

Larger States

UP 48 19

Maharashtra 43 43

Bihar 35 8

West Bengal 33 18

Andhra Pradesh 57 36

Madhya Pradesh 66 18

Tamil Nadu 43 48

Rajasthan 62 23

Karnataka 57 32

Gujrat 44 38

Orissa 65 10

Kerala 62 36

Jharkhand 58 12

Assam 72 19

Punjab 13 55

Chattisgarh 81 11

Haryana 26 44

Delhi 3 90

Jammu&Kashmir 59 32

Uttaranchal 49 44

Himachal Pradesh 58 39

Smaller States

Tripura 80 18

Meghalaya 79 12

Manipur 66 30

Nagaland 78 20

Goa 21 73

Arunachal Pradesh 69 29

Pondicherry 18 71

Mizoram 44 53

Chandigarh 5 72

Sikkim 53 41

A&N Island 34 44

D&N Haveli 40 40

Daman&Diu 11 53

Lakshadweep 55 17

All INDIA 49 29

Source: Census 2011

Table 21: Distribution of households by the distance to the place of work of the earning

member (in percentages)

Rural+Urban

States not

required

to travel

less than

1 km

1 -

5km

5-10km 10-

15km

15-

30

30km or

more

Larger States

UP 16.0 28.0 36.7 10.8 4.2 2.3 2.1

Maharashtra 17.3 14.3 39.6 13.1 6.6 4.7 4.5

Bihar 15.9 20.2 44.4 12.0 5.2 1.5 0.6

West Bengal 15.5 20.2 37.4 13.3 5.8 3.6 4.3

Andhra Pradesh 16.0 15.9 45.4 13.5 3.7 3.0 2.7

Madhya Pradesh 13.2 22.0 46.8 12.3 3.6 1.1 1.3

Tamil Nadu 18.6 16.5 37.3 15.6 6.0 3.7 2.2

Rajasthan 14.5 16.8 40.6 14.9 5.7 3.2 4.1

Karnataka 13.7 14.8 49.0 12.2 6.0 2.9 1.2

Gujrat 16.5 17.9 38.5 13.3 6.6 3.8 3.6

Orissa 11.7 14.6 48.7 16.8 4.7 1.3 2.4

Kerala 26.1 12.5 29.1 14.5 6.8 6.4 4.7

Jharkhand 17.4 14.2 41.6 17.0 6.2 2.2 1.3

Assam 20.4 26.1 35.3 13.2 3.0 1.2 0.8

Punjab 18.9 19.5 32.9 14.3 5.6 4.8 4.0

Chattisgarh 12.5 14.0 52.0 14.2 4.8 1.5 1.1

Haryana 22.8 18.2 32.1 13.7 5.9 3.9 3.4

Delhi 12.6 14.4 27.8 26.1 12.7 5.2 1.2

Jammu&Kashmir 15.6 26.3 24.3 15.3 7.4 7.0 4.0

Uttaranchal 8.1 22.4 42.8 15.8 6.9 2.2 1.7


Smaller states

Tripura 28.2 21.8 32.0 9.4 4.9 1.9 1.8

Meghalaya 16.7 22.8 39.5 13.5 4.0 2.5 1.1

Manipur 15.5 23.3 41.0 14.8 3.9 0.8 0.5

Nagaland 9.8 20.1 49.2 14.8 3.2 1.9 0.9

Goa 21.2 7.6 26.4 17.7 13.6 10.4 3.1


Pondicherry 24.7 7.1 31.2 17.8 12.2 3.2 3.7

Mizoram 19.3 19.9 48.4 9.7 1.5 0.5 0.8

Chandigarh 17.7 8.2 26.2 30.9 8.3 6.6 2.2

Sikkim 45.6 21.9 22.3 3.4 2.5 1.8 2.5

A&N Island 12.1 17.9 33.4 19.1 8.0 8.3 1.2

D&N Haveli 21.5 26.0 22.6 14.4 10.6 4.6 0.2

Daman&Diu 18.9 10.7 60.3 8.6 0.3 1.0 0.3

Lakshadweep 19.2 23.9 20.9 2.1 0.0 0.3 33.6

All INDIA 16.4 19.0 40.0 13.5 5.4 3.1 2.7


Table 22: Distribution of households by garbage collection facility (in percentages)

Rural+Urban

States


by

residents

by

others

no

arrangement

Larger States

UP 14.4 22.0 6.7 56.9

Maharashtra 39.8 24.7 1.0 34.5

Bihar 4.0 8.2 1.3 86.5

West Bengal 16.4 4.0 0.9 78.7


Madhya Pradesh 14.1 21.5 1.3 63.1

Tamil Nadu 42.3 21.5 2.8 33.4

Rajasthan 17.0 17.1 1.5 64.4

Karnataka 27.5 12.2 1.1 59.2

Gujrat 25.9 22.2 0.6 51.3

Orissa 7.6 15.6 1.1 75.7

Kerala 6.0 5.9 2.4 85.7

Jharkhand 3.5 19.4 1.5 75.7

Assam 3.9 27.3 5.1 63.8

Punjab 20.8 28.4 0.7 50.0

Chattisgarh 14.0 25.1 5.5 55.3

Haryana 12.3 40.4 1.4 45.8

Delhi 53.2 24.6 10.3 11.9

Jammu&Kashmir 16.5 3.9 1.3 78.3

Uttaranchal 13.5 14.6 2.2 69.8


Smaller States

Tripura 4.5 2.8 0.4 92.3

Meghalaya 9.8 29.4 7.2 53.6

Manipur 4.9 53.9 1.4 39.8

Nagaland 9.1 35.0 4.1 51.9

Goa 30.5 2.1 0.0 67.4


Pondicherry 73.6 14.0 0.1 12.4

Mizoram 9.7 35.0 10.2 45.2

Chandigarh 33.9 28.1 33.9 4.1

Sikkim 16.9 7.1 1.6 74.4

A&N Island 26.3 0.3 0.0 73.4

D&N Haveli 25.2 13.1 0.1 61.7

Daman&Diu 32.3 0.0 0.0 67.7

Lakshadweep 10.7 0.0 0.5 88.8

All INDIA 20.7 17.2 2.5 59.6


Table 23: Distribution of households by the availability of

drainage facility (in percentages)

States Closed

drainage

Open

no drainage

Larger States

UP 13 56 31


Bihar 7 36 58

West Bengal 9 22 68



Tamil Nadu 25 25 50

Rajasthan 11 31 58

Karnataka 26 35 39

Gujrat 37 9 53

Orissa 4 15 81

Kerala 25 21 54

Jharkhand 7 22 71

Assam 4 17 80

Punjab 28 57 15

Chattisgarh 5 19 76

Haryana 21 65 14

Delhi 59 37 4




Smaller States

Tripura 4 23 73

Meghalaya 6 30 65

Manipur 4 49 47

Nagaland 5 45 50

Goa 44 25 31



Mizoram 13 47 40

Chandigarh 87 9 4

Sikkim 15 38 47

A&N Island 7 45 48

D&N Haveli 27 11 62

Daman&Diu 39 26 35


All INDIA 18 33 49

Source: Census 2011

Table 24:Distribution of households by their access to road (in percentages) Rural+Urban

States

direct opening to

no direct

opening


with street light


with street light


Larger states

UP 9.9 17.7 5.0 50.6 16.9

Maharashtra 43.3 11.9 17.2 16.6 11.0

Bihar 4.5 16.1 1.4 54.6 23.3

West Bengal 13.2 12.0 8.0 49.8 16.9

Andhra Pradesh 59.5 8.9 14.7 10.6 6.3

Madhya Pradesh 14.5 22.1 6.2 37.2 20.1

Tamil Nadu 61.2 5.6 20.1 7.1 5.9

Rajasthan 16.4 20.9 4.5 36.0 22.2

Karnataka 55.6 9.6 16.2 13.8 4.8

Gujrat 27.0 20.4 14.6 24.6 13.4

Orissa 10.3 33.3 3.0 42.4 11.0

Kerala 38.2 17.2 5.0 23.9 15.7

Jharkhand 5.8 20.4 2.5 42.8 28.6

Assam 4.5 20.6 1.9 56.9 16.0

Punjab 24.0 30.2 4.1 37.3 4.3

Chattisgarh 14.5 14.3 12.1 47.0 12.1

Haryana 9.8 41.3 4.6 34.6 9.7

Delhi 64.0 8.6 8.9 16.2 2.3

Jammu&Kashmir 4.1 20.8 2.2 37.6 35.3

Uttaranchal 14.8 14.7 4.5 35.1 30.9


Smaller States

Tripura 5.4 12.0 9.2 57.1 16.2

Meghalaya 13.3 15.5 1.6 60.1 9.4

Manipur 12.6 50.4 5.4 23.3 8.4

Nagaland 10.8 18.4 7.7 44.2 18.9

Goa 53.1 9.6 10.5 16.4 10.4

Arunachal Pradesh 20.5 24.6 6.2 24.7 24.1

Pondicherry 74.9 0.4 19.1 3.8 1.9

Mizoram 31.3 26.1 9.0 21.0 12.6

Chandigarh 72.8 1.8 15.0 10.4 0.1

Sikkim 16.7 11.8 0.7 33.2 37.6

A&N Island 32.9 9.7 25.0 15.3 17.1

D&N Haveli 27.7 7.5 12.2 27.9 24.7

Daman&Diu 56.7 8.0 14.4 19.1 1.8

Lakshadweep 59.2 2.8 14.2 6.3 17.6

All INDIA 27.6 16.2 9.4 32.7 14.1


APPENDIX TO CHAPTER

FOUR Table 1: Distribution of households by the condition of the structure of houses (in

percentages)

States

Rural Urban

Good satisfactory bad Good satisfactory bad

Larger States

UP 24.4 51.7 23.9 41.5 48.1 10.4

Maharashtra 37.5 49.2 13.3 56.2 36.0 7.8

Bihar 18.4 57.1 24.5 32.9 47.6 19.5

West Bengal 20.8 50.9 28.4 40.7 41.5 17.8

Andhra Pradesh 49.4 38.1 12.5 67.0 26.7 6.3

Madhya Pradesh 21.5 64.4 14.1 45.5 46.3 8.2

Tamil Nadu 38.1 48.8 13.0 60.1 35.6 4.3

Rajasthan 31.8 54.2 14.1 59.5 35.8 4.7

Karnataka 38.3 52.0 9.7 67.5 28.4 4.1

Gujrat 46.3 41.7 12.0 63.0 30.4 6.7

Orissa 21.6 50.3 28.1 40.3 46.0 13.6

Kerala 49.8 39.3 10.9 57.8 34.0 8.2

Jharkhand 7.2 52.8 40.0 31.6 44.0 24.4

Assam 20.8 61.2 18.0 49.3 46.2 4.5

Punjab 49.1 39.7 11.2 61.5 32.0 6.5

Chattisgarh 20.8 70.2 9.0 39.8 46.7 13.5

Haryana 39.5 48.6 11.9 43.3 50.2 6.5

Delhi 52.5 37.9 9.6 49.5 40.6 9.9

Jammu&Kashmir 32.2 52.2 15.7 49.7 41.2 9.1

Uttaranchal 37.6 51.1 11.3 45.4 49.1 5.5

Himachal Pradesh 46.3 48.4 5.3 52.1 40.7 7.3

Smaller states

Tripura 23.1 55.8 21.1 55.2 40.0 4.7

Meghalaya 52.8 37.2 10.0 85.7 13.4 1.0

Manipur 32.7 53.0 14.2 40.1 51.5 8.4

Nagaland 23.8 59.4 16.8 34.8 56.4 8.8

Goa 42.4 50.4 7.2 65.0 27.0 8.1

Arunachal Pradesh 47.0 44.8 8.3 41.6 53.8 4.6

Pondicherry 40.9 41.0 18.1 69.2 23.9 6.9

Mizoram 44.6 35.9 19.5 63.0 33.8 3.3

Chandigarh 25.6 60.7 13.7 63.1 31.9 5.1

Sikkim 54.3 36.7 9.0 89.4 10.5 0.0

A&N Island 38.9 44.1 17.0 46.0 48.8 5.2

D&N Haveli 24.8 33.2 42.1 46.5 36.4 17.1

Daman&Diu 52.6 26.7 20.8 64.7 27.6 7.6

Lakshadweep 34.4 65.6 0.0 52.1 36.1 11.8

All INDIA 31.0 50.8 18.2 54.2 37.5 8.4


Table 2 :Distribution of households by the type of structure of houses (in percentages)

States

Rural Urban

Pucca

Semi- pucca

Katcha

Pucca

Semi- pucca

Katcha

Larger states

UP 60.3 19.3 20.2 94.0 3.8 2.1

Maharashtra 65.6 29.9 4.5 95.5 4.1 0.4

Bihar 44.5 20.0 35.5 79.6 10.1 10.3

West Bengal 36.3 38.5 25.3 90.9 8.0 1.1

Andhra Pradesh 70.1 16.2 13.6 92.8 3.4 3.9

Madhya Pradesh 46.5 47.5 6.0 88.6 10.4 1.0

Tamil Nadu 61.0 20.3 18.6 87.7 8.6 3.6

Rajasthan 65.3 19.3 15.4 96.9 1.8 1.3

Karnataka 48.3 45.1 6.6 89.3 9.2 1.5

Gujrat 62.3 29.2 8.5 96.1 2.9 1.0

Orissa 32.8 26.6 40.7 79.8 14.8 5.4

Kerala 77.3 19.2 3.5 88.7 10.1 1.2

Jharkhand 34.2 51.5 14.3 90.4 7.7 1.9

Assam 20.6 42.8 36.6 75.5 22.1 2.4

Punjab 90.4 6.4 3.2 98.2 1.3 0.5

Chattisgarh 30.0 67.7 2.3 80.0 18.9 1.2

Haryana 92.9 4.9 2.2 98.8 0.7 0.5

Delhi 98.2 1.5 0.3 94.4 2.8 2.8

Jammu&Kashmir 61.0 22.7 16.3 93.6 3.4 3.1

Uttaranchal 92.7 4.1 3.1 98.0 1.8 0.2


Smaller states

Tripura 10.6 74.6 14.8 57.6 40.9 1.5

Meghalaya 42.6 22.9 34.4 88.3 11.0 0.7

Manipur 12.1 59.8 28.1 28.9 64.5 6.6

Nagaland 48.2 39.0 12.8 72.7 24.7 2.6

Goa 77.4 22.2 0.4 94.6 3.1 2.4


Pondicherry 56.6 13.4 30.0 88.2 4.6 7.2

Mizoram 47.1 27.8 25.0 92.1 7.0 0.9

Chandigarh 99.7 0.3 0.0 97.5 2.3 0.2

Sikkim 55.9 35.1 9.0 99.9 0.1 0.0

A&N Island 56.2 34.0 9.8 93.4 6.5 0.1

D&N Haveli 37.2 48.1 14.7 94.4 5.6 0.0

Daman&Diu 90.7 6.5 2.9 97.5 1.4 1.1

Lakshadweep 94.5 2.7 2.8 92.9 4.7 2.3

All INDIA 55.4 27.6 17.0 91.6 6.2 2.1


Table 3: Distribution of households by the number of living rooms (in percentages)

States Rural Urban

0 1 2 3 or more 0 1 2 3 or more

Larger States

UP 0.8 38.9 35.4 24.9 1.1 38.2 32.3 28.4

Maharashtra 1.2 47.2 36.8 14.9 4.8 51.8 29.4 14.0

Bihar 0.5 33.4 40.9 25.2 0.9 33.7 40.3 25.1

West Bengal 0.6 47.6 39.1 12.6 2.7 40.4 35.3 21.6

Andhra Pradesh 2.5 51.1 36.5 10.0 5.8 47.6 29.7 16.8

Madhya Pradesh 0.2 35.9 40.5 23.4 0.7 30.6 38.4 30.3

Tamil Nadu 0.0 59.1 29.8 11.0 0.3 49.5 32.5 17.7

Rajasthan 0.6 33.3 38.6 27.5 1.6 27.7 28.4 42.3

Karnataka 0.5 30.3 42.3 26.9 0.2 30.7 36.2 32.9

Gujrat 0.6 46.6 39.3 13.6 1.5 38.2 35.2 25.2

Orissa 0.6 40.9 43.0 15.5 0.1 48.1 35.0 16.8

Kerala 1.4 7.4 18.5 72.6 2.7 12.7 15.1 69.5

Jharkhand 0.8 17.1 39.8 42.3 0.7 28.2 39.2 31.9

Assam 0.4 8.0 40.5 51.2 1.3 17.8 33.4 47.5

Punjab 0.1 29.5 34.4 36.0 1.0 39.8 27.3 31.9

Chattisgarh 0.3 21.6 44.0 34.1 0.5 42.8 33.4 23.3

Haryana 0.1 28.4 41.0 30.6 0.8 34.4 29.5 35.2

Delhi 4.8 32.8 33.4 29.0 3.2 46.0 30.2 20.6

Jammu&Kashmir 0.1 10.8 20.2 68.9 0.1 29.1 22.9 47.9

Uttaranchal 0.5 31.1 33.2 35.2 0.4 31.6 33.2 34.8

Himachal Pradesh 6.5 21.4 28.9 43.1 4.5 39.9 24.7 30.9

Smaller states

Tripura 0.3 47.6 41.6 10.5 0.6 39.1 41.4 18.9

Meghalaya 0.1 4.4 36.3 59.3 2.3 16.4 28.6 52.7

Manipur 0.0 12.6 36.3 51.1 0.1 8.9 28.4 62.6

Nagaland 0.1 8.2 40.9 50.8 0.0 19.4 41.3 39.3

Goa 0.0 18.5 31.1 50.4 0.0 22.6 25.4 51.9

Arunachal Pradesh 3.4 43.5 30.8 22.4 4.2 34.9 42.5 18.5

Pondicherry 0.0 49.4 33.6 17.0 7.4 40.8 33.7 18.0

Mizoram 0.0 23.3 46.4 30.3 0.0 15.2 39.2 45.6

Chandigarh 0.1 83.4 12.6 3.9 2.0 33.0 24.2 40.8

Sikkim 0.0 18.2 36.9 44.9 3.2 31.6 36.9 28.3

A&N Island 0.0 20.5 39.1 40.4 2.6 25.9 49.3 22.2

D&N Haveli 0.0 32.2 40.6 27.2 0.0 52.6 34.0 13.4

Daman&Diu 0.0 11.4 46.4 42.2 0.0 13.1 39.9 47.0

Lakshadweep 0.0 0.8 8.2 91.0 0.0 5.2 12.7 82.2

All INDIA 0.8 37.6 37.2 24.4 2.2 40.4 31.9 25.6


Table 4: Distribution of households by ventillation of the houses (in percentages)

States

Rural Urban

good satisfac-

tory

bad

good satisfac-

tory

bad

Larger States

UP 19.1 52.2 28.8 38.6 48.7 12.7

Maharashtra 25.9 48.3 25.9 38.8 36.3 24.9

Bihar 14.9 54.5 30.4 34.8 44.1 21.2

West Bengal 19.7 45.2 34.8 40.2 40.2 19.6

Andhra Pradesh 28.1 45.6 26.4 46.8 36.4 16.8

Madhya Pradesh 19.3 55.9 24.8 41.6 44.8 13.6

Tamil Nadu 32.5 52.0 15.5 50.6 41.3 8.1

Rajasthan 24.1 57.4 18.5 51.9 40.0 8.2

Karnataka 25.3 54.3 20.4 58.3 33.0 8.7

Gujrat 32.0 44.7 23.4 52.7 37.1 10.2

Orissa 12.8 38.7 48.4 32.3 43.3 24.4

Kerala 44.0 41.4 14.6 49.5 39.8 10.6

Jharkhand 4.1 48.8 47.1 30.1 42.3 27.6

Assam 20.3 53.6 26.2 43.1 48.0 8.9

Punjab 35.3 42.7 22.0 45.6 38.9 15.6

Chattisgarh 15.5 56.5 28.0 35.7 40.1 24.1

Haryana 26.5 49.8 23.7 33.7 53.3 13.0

Delhi 38.4 32.4 29.1 46.1 36.6 17.3

Jammu&Kashmir 28.9 53.4 17.7 45.9 42.4 11.7

Uttaranchal 28.6 57.9 13.5 36.4 56.7 6.9


Smaller states

Tripura 25.0 53.2 21.8 52.9 36.6 10.5

Meghalaya 54.9 31.8 13.4 81.0 17.6 1.4

Manipur 31.6 51.8 16.6 39.1 52.2 8.7

Nagaland 18.8 53.3 27.9 30.0 56.8 13.2

Goa 28.5 55.4 16.1 61.7 28.5 9.9


Pondicherry 36.1 39.7 24.2 61.6 28.1 10.3

Mizoram 43.4 32.1 24.6 57.3 33.5 9.3

Chandigarh 26.3 5.4 68.3 58.7 25.0 16.3

Sikkim 50.2 32.1 17.7 80.6 18.8 0.6

A&N Island 35.8 50.0 14.1 39.4 53.2 7.4

D&N Haveli 29.5 38.9 31.5 42.6 28.4 29.0

Daman&Diu 50.6 25.7 23.7 60.8 28.1 11.1

Lakshadweep 19.2 80.8 0.0 43.1 44.2 12.7

All INDIA 23.3 49.9 26.8 44.7 40.1 15.1


Table 5: Distribution of households by the type of kitchen (in percentages)

States

Rural Urban

separate kitchen

no separate

kitchen

separate kitchen no

separate

kitchen with

water tap

no water

tap

with

water tap

no water tap

Larger States

UP 1.3 23.5 75.3 27.1 28.2 44.7

Maharashtra 4.2 39.3 56.5 33.4 18.5 48.1

Bihar 0.9 25.5 73.7 20.2 25.1 54.7

West Bengal 1.1 52.4 46.3 26.5 32.2 41.4

Andhra Pradesh 3.1 33.7 63.3 24.0 29.7 46.2

Madhya Pradesh 0.9 35.2 63.9 21.4 38.6 40.0

Tamil Nadu 5.0 55.0 40.0 31.4 40.2 28.4

Rajasthan 1.9 36.8 61.3 33.1 34.1 32.8

Karnataka 2.8 67.8 29.4 35.8 43.5 20.7

Gujrat 6.5 41.6 52.0 39.2 28.6 32.1

Orissa 1.3 42.2 56.5 24.8 32.3 42.8

Kerala 35.5 57.9 6.5 48.4 39.5 12.2

Jharkhand 0.3 28.0 71.7 28.5 31.0 40.5

Assam 1.2 86.0 12.8 29.3 58.1 12.5

Punjab 12.4 46.0 41.6 42.3 20.5 37.1

Chattisgarh 0.6 40.1 59.3 22.4 31.9 45.7

Haryana 6.5 50.4 43.1 37.3 29.5 33.1

Delhi 27.6 34.1 38.3 50.7 12.9 36.4

Jammu&Kashmir 13.1 53.4 33.5 46.7 25.9 27.4

Uttaranchal 8.9 45.7 45.5 44.6 34.4 21.1


Smaller states

Tripura 0.8 81.6 17.5 15.5 65.2 19.3

Meghalaya 2.2 76.9 20.8 40.0 42.2 17.7

Manipur 1.5 53.0 45.5 8.2 54.3 37.5

Nagaland 4.8 79.6 15.7 11.5 78.4 10.1

Goa 26.1 58.4 15.5 58.0 25.3 16.7


Pondicherry 19.1 32.9 48.0 49.7 21.8 28.5

Mizoram 1.9 8.7 89.4 14.3 5.5 80.2

Chandigarh 11.5 21.4 67.1 60.8 7.6 31.6

Sikkim 19.0 64.3 16.7 63.4 12.9 23.7

A&N Island 11.9 68.1 19.9 27.7 44.3 28.0

D&N Haveli 7.1 46.3 46.6 59.0 13.3 27.8

Daman&Diu 29.3 41.0 29.7 59.2 33.5 7.4

Lakshadweep 83.4 16.6 0.0 52.3 43.7 4.0

All INDIA 4.0 41.3 54.7 32.1 30.4 37.3


Table 6 Distribution of households by the type of roof (in percentages)

Sector: Rural

States

grass/straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

tile/slate

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron,zinc or

other metal

sheet/asbestos

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 17.0 9.7 0.3 2.9 10.7 24.4 1.5 32.1 1.6

Maharashtra 3.9 1.2 0.3 1.6 25.3 3.0 43.5 18.4 2.9

Bihar 37.9 1.2 0.1 1.6 17.2 3.7 7.0 30.3 0.9

West Bengal 23.7 1.2 0.7 0.6 24.9 1.1 30.6 16.7 0.2

Andhra Pradesh 17.6 1.2 0.1 0.3 20.4 8.6 8.1 43.6 0.2

Madhya Pradesh 5.2 3.0 0.3 1.7 48.1 27.1 6.0 8.4 0.1

Tamil Nadu 20.8 0.6 0.0 0.9 36.5 2.5 4.4 34.0 0.3

Rajasthan 14.5 3.1 0.3 1.0 16.4 56.2 2.9 5.3 0.2

Karnataka 6.0 9.9 0.2 1.2 46.4 7.0 15.0 13.3 1.0

Gujrat 6.3 0.6 0.1 4.5 38.2 7.3 15.8 27.0 0.2

Orissa 39.6 0.6 0.1 3.3 26.2 0.7 9.0 19.4 1.0

Kerala 2.8 0.0 0.1 1.3 44.3 0.3 8.9 42.2 0.2

Jharkhand 13.3 0.8 0.0 1.7 55.4 9.7 3.3 15.7 0.1

Assam 36.5 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 61.0 1.6 0.2

Punjab 4.8 1.4 0.0 2.2 4.8 47.0 0.2 38.9 0.7

Chattisgarh 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.3 73.0 7.5 1.3 10.2 5.3

Haryana 3.2 2.0 0.1 1.1 6.5 30.9 0.9 27.6 27.6

Delhi 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.4 0.5 23.0 2.4 65.8 6.5

Jammu&Kashmir 9.3 11.5 0.0 0.9 0.1 1.2 54.2 22.7 0.1

Uttaranchal 3.5 1.3 0.0 0.3 4.1 23.8 6.5 59.1 1.4


Smaller States

Tripura 13.3 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.4 83.8 1.0 0.0

Meghalaya 35.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 56.9 7.3 0.0

Manipur 27.2 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 66.8 4.4 0.1

Nagaland 11.8 0.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 78.2 8.5 0.0

Goa 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.5 64.4 10.3 1.3 22.6 0.0

Arunachal Pradesh 54.8 0.1 0.2 2.0 0.3 0.5 33.0 5.5 3.7

Pondicherry 38.8 0.2 0.0 0.2 10.3 1.0 6.7 42.9 0.0

Mizoram 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 72.6 1.3 0.7

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 99.3 0.0

Sikkim 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 71.7 18.7 0.0

A&N Island 11.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 82.0 5.9 0.0

D&N Haveli 7.1 7.9 0.0 0.0 57.5 3.0 15.0 9.6 0.0

Daman&Diu 2.0 6.1 0.0 0.9 5.9 14.6 5.0 65.6 0.0

Lakshadweep 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.7 0.0 0.0 69.8 0.0

All INDIA 16.6 3.1 0.2 1.6 25.4 13.0 13.9 24.7 1.5



Sector: Urban

States

grass/straw/ leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

tile/slate

burnt brick/stone/lime

stone

iron,zinc or

other metal

sheet/asbestos

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 2.4 1.5 0.2 0.6 2.2 23.8 3.1 64.5 1.6

Maharashtra 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 5.4 2.8 38.8 51.0 0.8

Bihar 12.2 0.4 0.3 0.7 10.2 5.2 8.1 62.8 0.2

West Bengal 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 22.4 5.0 15.6 55.3 0.3

Andhra Pradesh 4.0 0.3 0.6 0.1 4.8 3.2 15.1 71.9 0.2

Madhya Pradesh 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 14.8 24.2 13.3 44.6 0.9

Tamil Nadu 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 22.1 3.6 5.6 62.8 0.5

Rajasthan 1.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 1.2 58.6 2.2 35.4 0.5

Karnataka 0.7 1.5 0.2 0.3 15.6 3.3 16.7 61.4 0.3

Gujrat 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.6 7.1 4.2 13.7 73.1 0.2

Orissa 8.4 0.0 0.7 0.4 13.2 3.4 20.0 53.8 0.1

Kerala 1.2 0.0 0.1 0.6 31.3 1.1 5.8 59.7 0.2

Jharkhand 1.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 20.9 4.0 13.1 60.1 0.0

Assam 2.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 65.7 30.6 0.1

Punjab 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.9 24.6 0.3 71.7 0.8

Chattisgarh 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 30.9 6.7 9.7 46.0 5.0

Haryana 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 5.5 25.4 1.0 58.5 8.5

Delhi 2.0 0.4 0.3 1.8 0.7 8.5 2.8 83.1 0.3

Jammu&Kashmir 2.5 0.5 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 42.9 50.4 2.2

Uttaranchal 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 10.2 6.6 81.3 0.1


Smaller States

Tripura 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 7.3 73.6 17.6 0.0

Meghalaya 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 50.8 47.3 0.8

Manipur 5.9 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 2.1 77.1 14.1 0.0

Nagaland 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 71.5 25.3 0.6

Goa 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.7 0.1 6.4 62.5 0.0

Arunachal Pradesh

20.9

0.4

1.1

1.1

0.0

0.8

64.6

10.7

0.4

Pondicherry 8.4 1.3 1.8 0.0 4.2 0.7 6.2 77.3 0.0

Mizoram 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 74.7 21.3 3.0

Chandigarh 0.6 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 10.0 88.1 0.0

Sikkim 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.6 87.4 0.0

A&N Island 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 74.9 21.5 2.3

D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.1 17.4 14.5 62.1 0.0

Daman&Diu 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 8.7 4.6 3.5 80.9 0.0

Lakshadweep 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.9 42.4 0.0 6.4 48.0 0.0

All INDIA 2.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 10.4 10.5 14.9 60.1 0.8



Sector: Rural

States

grass /straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

Timber

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron

or

other

metal

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 3.7 25.5 0.0 0.7 0.1 64.4 0.0 5.3 0.1

Maharashtra 7.2 23.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 61.3 0.7 5.6 0.1

Bihar 27.7 21.4 0.0 1.0 0.2 42.1 0.0 7.4 0.1

West Bengal 15.5 46.1 0.2 0.8 1.0 26.4 2.0 7.7 0.2

Andhra Pradesh 5.0 19.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 70.1 0.0 5.1 0.1

Madhya Pradesh 3.0 44.6 0.3 1.3 0.6 47.7 0.0 2.4 0.0

Tamil Nadu 3.7 31.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 55.6 0.0 8.8 0.1

Rajasthan 3.5 26.7 0.0 1.0 0.1 67.6 0.0 0.9 0.2

Karnataka 2.4 37.1 0.1 1.5 0.2 53.8 0.1 4.7 0.2

Gujrat 2.3 29.8 0.1 2.5 0.1 58.7 0.2 4.4 1.8

Orissa 2.6 59.3 0.2 2.3 0.2 32.0 0.2 3.3 0.1

Kerala 1.2 20.0 0.1 0.8 0.4 68.5 0.1 7.0 2.0

Jharkhand 2.0 60.0 0.0 2.3 0.1 31.6 0.1 3.9 0.0

Assam 44.6 33.3 0.1 0.8 0.5 12.0 0.5 7.2 0.9

Punjab 0.2 3.4 0.0 0.8 0.0 84.0 0.0 11.6 0.0

Chattisgarh 1.1 64.0 0.1 4.5 0.4 29.2 0.0 0.7 0.1

Haryana 0.1 2.4 0.1 0.2 0.6 87.6 0.0 9.1 0.0

Delhi 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 73.9 0.0 25.8 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.2 31.4 0.0 2.0 1.1 60.9 0.3 4.1 0.0

Uttaranchal 1.5 3.8 0.0 0.1 0.8 82.4 0.0 11.4 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 28.8 60.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 3.5 3.7 3.2 0.1

Meghalaya 44.4 8.0 0.0 3.5 13.7 6.7 1.6 21.3 0.6

Manipur 21.8 64.6 0.3 1.1 2.5 6.4 0.1 3.3 0.0

Nagaland 36.2 13.8 0.0 1.4 25.6 4.0 2.0 17.0 0.0

Goa 2.2 18.7 0.1 0.6 0.0 68.3 0.1 7.9 2.1

Arunachal

Pradesh

60.4

8.7

0.2

1.0

6.2

9.5

0.6

5.9

7.6

Pondicherry 7.9 24.8 0.0 1.5 0.0 50.1 0.2 14.9 0.6

Mizoram 51.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 2.5 0.9 9.6 2.4 31.9

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 60.1 0.0 39.7 0.0

Sikkim 9.1 33.6 0.4 0.4 6.4 6.0 0.2 42.1 1.8

A&N Island 41.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.0 22.3 27.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 7.9 52.8 0.0 1.9 0.0 24.3 0.0 13.1 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 47.1 0.0 49.6 0.0

Lakshadweep 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.3 94.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 8.2 30.8 0.1 1.0 0.4 53.3 0.3 5.7 0.3



Sector: Urban

States

grass /straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

Timber

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron

or

other

metal

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 0.6 2.5 0.0 0.2 0.2 79.2 0.0 17.0 0.2

Maharashtra 0.6 3.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 84.7 2.6 8.1 0.1

Bihar 7.9 7.4 0.1 1.7 0.2 71.4 0.3 10.9 0.2

West Bengal 3.7 4.7 0.1 0.3 0.6 67.8 1.4 21.3 0.2

Andhra Pradesh 1.5 3.9 0.6 0.2 0.0 69.9 0.4 23.4 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 0.3 9.4 0.3 0.2 0.6 79.1 0.2 10.0 0.0

Tamil Nadu 0.9 8.9 0.0 0.5 0.2 76.7 0.0 12.7 0.0

Rajasthan 0.3 1.6 0.0 0.3 0.2 91.3 0.0 5.9 0.2

Karnataka 1.0 8.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 57.9 0.2 32.1 0.0

Gujrat 0.1 2.7 0.2 0.2 1.2 72.7 0.7 21.8 0.4

Orissa 0.7 14.7 0.1 0.5 0.2 61.7 0.0 22.0 0.0

Kerala 0.9 9.3 0.0 0.4 0.9 78.0 0.1 10.1 0.3

Jharkhand 0.5 8.7 0.0 0.3 0.1 71.2 0.4 18.7 0.0

Assam 12.8 10.9 0.0 0.3 1.6 31.0 0.5 42.3 0.5

Punjab 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 74.1 0.0 25.2 0.0

Chattisgarh 1.5 17.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 75.2 0.1 4.7 0.3

Haryana 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 80.7 0.0 17.1 1.1

Delhi 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.1 1.2 39.8 0.0 55.2 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.3 4.4 0.6 0.0 0.7 89.4 1.7 2.7 0.2

Uttaranchal 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 73.3 0.0 26.2 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 24.6 17.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.4 12.1 15.0 0.0

Meghalaya 8.3 3.0 0.1 0.2 8.6 13.5 2.7 63.1 0.5

Manipur 12.0 58.3 0.2 0.6 1.9 17.4 0.1 9.5 0.0

Nagaland 18.0 8.8 0.0 0.4 17.5 11.2 5.8 37.0 1.3

Goa 2.3 1.5 0.4 1.2 0.0 65.2 0.0 29.4 0.0

Arunachal

Pradesh

29.3

3.6

0.6

1.3

5.8

6.2

1.7

36.1

15.5

Pondicherry 3.5 3.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 54.4 0.0 38.2 0.0

Mizoram 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.0 7.8 16.8 20.0 46.4

Chandigarh 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 34.5 0.0 63.8 0.5

Sikkim 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6 3.4 0.3 90.5 0.0

A&N Island 5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.0 0.0 1.7 64.9 0.0

D&N Haveli 0.0 5.6 0.0 0.0 1.5 34.8 0.0 57.8 0.3

Daman&Diu 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.4 0.0 52.1 0.0

Lakshadweep 1.5 1.4 0.0 3.3 0.0 37.9 0.0 44.6 11.4

All INDIA 1.3 5.3 0.1 0.3 0.5 73.0 0.7 18.5 0.2


Table 10:Distribution of households by the type of floor (in percentages)

Rural

States

mud

Bamboo

/log

wood/

plank

brick/limestone/ stone

cement

mosaic/tiles

others

Larger States

UP 76.9 0.3 0.1 5.5 16.8 0.4 0.1

Maharashtra 49.9 0.1 0.1 15.8 21.4 12.6 0.2

Bihar 73.7 0.5 0.4 8.4 16.8 0.2 0.1

West Bengal 70.4 0.4 0.6 3.9 24.3 0.1 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 24.0 0.1 0.0 33.8 38.8 3.3 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 75.4 0.8 0.5 9.2 13.0 1.0 0.1

Tamil Nadu 20.4 0.0 0.0 1.3 73.1 5.1 0.1

Rajasthan 45.8 0.2 0.0 14.0 38.7 1.2 0.1

Karnataka 25.6 0.3 0.0 23.5 44.0 6.3 0.2

Gujrat 45.5 0.7 0.1 4.7 32.5 16.3 0.1

Orissa 64.3 0.0 0.0 1.7 33.5 0.4 0.0

Kerala 9.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 72.3 16.3 0.7

Jharkhand 76.4 0.5 0.1 5.1 17.7 0.2 0.0

Assam 77.7 2.7 0.7 2.6 16.2 0.1 0.1

Punjab 33.3 0.0 0.1 14.9 49.4 2.3 0.0

Chattisgarh 82.4 0.8 0.1 5.5 10.2 1.0 0.0

Haryana 29.6 0.0 0.0 15.8 52.2 2.2 0.1

Delhi 0.7 0.0 0.0 6.8 73.6 18.9 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 47.6 1.4 1.0 2.8 47.0 0.1 0.0

Uttaranchal 32.7 0.9 6.2 15.3 39.4 5.5 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 88.7 1.6 0.0 1.6 8.1 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 39.1 3.8 26.0 0.5 30.5 0.2 0.0

Manipur 72.6 3.0 8.5 2.1 12.8 0.7 0.2

Nagaland 34.6 2.7 15.5 5.0 42.1 0.2 0.0

Goa 15.5 0.0 1.6 1.3 60.0 21.6 0.0

ArunachalPradesh 18.2 47.7 10.8 1.6 20.1 0.0 1.7

Pondicherry 25.7 0.0 0.0 0.9 58.6 9.7 5.1

Mizoram 6.3 20.0 65.6 0.0 8.1 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 98.9 0.0 0.2

Sikkim 33.2 0.1 13.4 0.2 52.8 0.4 0.0

A&N Island 34.9 0.1 1.2 0.0 61.4 2.4 0.0

D&N Haveli 70.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.9 15.6 0.0

Daman&Diu 10.8 0.0 0.0 29.9 17.5 41.8 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 76.5 23.4 0.0

All INDIA 54.1 0.5 0.5 10.3 30.9 3.6 0.1



Urban

States

mud

bamboo/

log

wood/

plank

brick/limestone/stone cement

mosaic/tiles

others

Larger States

UP 15.4 0.1 0.1 11.9 60.5 11.8 0.3

Maharashtra 4.3 0.0 0.1 16.0 29.9 49.6 0.1

Bihar 30.1 0.0 0.0 7.8 54.8 6.3 0.9

West Bengal 11.5 0.0 0.2 3.5 75.9 8.8 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 4.1 0.1 0.0 33.0 42.6 20.0 0.3

Madhya Pradesh 21.1 0.2 0.1 11.6 51.5 15.1 0.4

Tamil Nadu 3.6 0.0 0.0 3.3 66.3 26.5 0.3

Rajasthan 4.3 0.0 0.2 26.1 49.5 19.9 0.0

Karnataka 3.5 0.0 0.1 14.8 44.8 36.7 0.2

Gujrat 3.0 0.0 0.1 8.5 27.6 60.5 0.3

Orissa 14.8 0.0 0.0 1.1 77.3 6.5 0.2

Kerala 3.1 0.0 0.2 2.9 61.9 30.7 1.2

Jharkhand 20.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 75.0 3.5 0.0

Assam 24.9 0.4 0.1 4.5 66.0 4.1 0.0

Punjab 4.5 0.0 0.0 18.7 68.3 8.2 0.3

Chattisgarh 18.9 0.6 0.7 13.0 54.9 11.7 0.2

Haryana 6.4 0.0 0.0 18.7 68.2 6.5 0.2

Delhi 1.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 72.3 11.6 2.1

Jammu&Kashmir 13.8 0.0 0.4 11.7 71.8 2.1 0.2

Uttaranchal 4.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 63.2 25.2 0.1


Smaller States

Tripura 40.3 0.1 0.0 12.7 46.4 0.5 0.0

Meghalaya 4.2 0.0 17.8 1.3 72.4 4.0 0.3

Manipur 60.8 0.1 2.2 4.4 30.5 1.9 0.0

Nagaland 18.8 0.6 6.8 3.7 68.3 1.6 0.3

Goa 4.8 0.0 0.0 1.2 35.0 58.9 0.0

Arunachal Pradesh

15.9

7.7

12.5

4.4

59.1

0.0

0.4

Pondicherry 4.6 0.0 0.0 3.1 46.5 41.7 4.1

Mizoram 0.9 1.6 59.8 0.3 36.5 0.4 0.5

Chandigarh 0.8 0.0 0.0 29.0 61.0 5.1 4.0

Sikkim 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.9 94.4 3.6 0.0

A&N Island 5.4 0.9 2.5 0.0 86.8 4.4 0.0

D&N Haveli 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.5 42.3 0.0

Daman&Diu 1.5 0.0 0.0 8.0 17.0 73.6 0.0

Lakshadweep 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 72.5 25.0 0.2

All INDIA 8.0 0.1 0.2 13.0 53.2 25.3 0.4


Table 12: Distribution of households by major source of drinking water (in percentages)

States Tap

water

treated tap water

non-treated tap water

hand pump

Larger states

UP 20 13 7 73

Maharashtra 50 32 18 16

Bihar 3 2 1 89

West Bengal 11 8 4 63

Andhra Pradesh 63 36 27 18

Madhya Pradesh 10 5 5 58

Tamil Nadu 79 46 33 5

Rajasthan 27 18 9 31

Karnataka 56 23 34 8

Gujrat 56 17 39 18

Orissa 7 4 3 47

Kerala 24 17 7 0

Jharkhand 4 2 2 49

Assam 7 6 1 53

Punjab 35 25 10 34

Chattisgarh 9 3 6 70

Haryana 64 47 16 14

Delhi 59 50 10 15

Jammu&Kashmir 56 22 33 13

Uttaranchal 64 46 18 24

Himachal Pradesh 89 83 6 4

Smaller States

Tripura 25 11 14 17

Meghalaya 29 17 12 3

Manipur 30 13 17 8

Nagaland 52 6 46 1

Goa 78 73 5 0

Arunachal Pradesh 59 20 40 12

Pondicherry 95 89 6 3

Mizoram 41 15 27 1

Chandigarh 95 89 6 1

Sikkim 83 13 69 0

A&N Island 77 55 22 0

D&N Haveli 43 16 27 30

Daman&Diu 85 76 8 6

Lakshadweep 31 1 30 0

ALL-INDIA 31 18 13 44

Source: Census 2011

Table 13: Distribution of households by the major source of drinking water (in percentages)

Sector: Rural

States

Bottled

water

Tap

tube

well/hand

pump

protected

well

unprotected

well

tank/pond

other

tank/pond

river/canal/lake

spring

harvested

rainwater

others

Larger States

UP 0.3 2.4 92.7 1.4 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maharashtra 0.6 57.0 22.7 8.3 9.8 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.1

Bihar 0.9 1.1 94.2 2.4 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 0.2 7.8 84.6 2.3 3.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 1.6 63.9 26.7 2.1 3.8 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.6

Madhya Pradesh 0.3 9.1 73.9 7.3 8.2 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0

Tamil Nadu 0.2 87.3 7.3 2.2 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.3

Rajasthan 0.7 28.5 48.3 2.2 8.5 4.7 2.1 1.1 0.0 1.1 2.8

Karnataka 0.3 70.2 17.5 7.4 1.5 1.6 0.3 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Gujrat 0.9 58.0 28.4 4.6 4.1 1.7 0.3 1.3 0.0 0.4 0.3

Orissa 0.1 5.8 73.3 4.2 13.5 0.3 0.1 1.8 0.9 0.0 0.1

Kerala 0.0 15.8 2.6 51.2 26.6 1.1 0.7 0.1 1.3 0.2 0.4

Jharkhand 0.1 3.5 50.9 9.0 34.8 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Assam 0.1 6.3 65.5 10.4 7.8 0.6 2.9 2.8 3.2 0.0 0.3

Punjab 0.7 36.3 62.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

Chattisgarh 0.5 7.6 81.0 3.6 6.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2

Haryana 0.0 61.2 35.3 1.3 1.4 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Delhi 0.0 46.4 34.3 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.2

Jammu&Kashmir 1.0 65.5 16.9 0.1 1.0 1.6 0.9 1.6 11.4 0.0 0.0

Uttaranchal 0.3 60.8 23.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 12.3 0.0 3.2


Tripura 0.2 27.4 43.7 5.3 18.3 0.9 0.4 2.1 0.3 0.0 1.3

Meghalaya 0.4 50.6 9.4 6.0 5.3 3.8 0.6 1.7 22.1 0.0 0.0

Manipur 1.0 24.6 10.4 3.7 0.0 14.5 6.2 21.2 16.7 0.1 1.4

Nagaland 0.1 28.6 5.2 29.9 10.8 15.0 3.4 1.2 5.3 0.4 0.0

Goa 0.0 85.0 0.0 7.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Arunachal Pradesh

1.3

80.0

11.1

0.8

2.3

0.0

1.1

2.4

1.1

0.0

0.0

Pondicherry 0.0 99.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 0.0 14.6 4.8 0.4 0.0 2.7 1.2 5.6 68.5 0.6 1.6

Chandigarh 2.5 89.1 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 0.0 67.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 31.3 0.0 0.0

A&N Island 0.6 83.1 0.9 3.4 7.3 0.0 0.0 2.4 2.2 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 1.8 29.8 51.5 8.5 7.5 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 55.5 44.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.0 22.5 0.1 0.0 71.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 0.0

All INDIA 0.5 30.1 54.7 5.5 6.3 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.3


Table 14: Distribution of households by the major source of drinking water (in percentages)

Sector: Urban

States

Bottled

water

Tap

tube

well/hand

pump

protected

well

unprotected

well

tank/pond

other

tank/pond

river/canal/lake

spring

harvested

rainwater

others

Larger States

UP 1.4 47.3 50.8 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maharashtra 2.2 88.9 4.3 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8

Bihar 0.9 29.0 67.0 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 0.7 70.4 26.2 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.4

Andhra Pradesh 4.2 75.4 13.2 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0

Madhya Pradesh 3.1 66.9 23.6 2.6 3.2 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tamil Nadu 7.7 81.4 7.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8

Rajasthan 1.0 86.6 7.9 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.1

Karnataka 1.3 91.3 3.7 1.9 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Gujrat 3.4 83.8 11.6 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7

Orissa 1.1 63.6 22.3 5.3 7.2 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Kerala 1.6 41.6 4.1 36.5 16.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

Jharkhand 0.7 49.0 34.3 5.4 10.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Assam 0.3 36.6 41.0 14.7 5.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.9

Punjab 1.1 82.1 16.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 1.0 60.6 37.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1

Haryana 1.9 76.9 19.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1

Delhi 1.5 88.0 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6

Jammu&Kashmir 3.4 90.9 5.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Uttaranchal 0.0 75.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0


Tripura 0.0 60.6 33.7 2.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4

Meghalaya 1.6 95.6 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0

Manipur 1.0 65.5 7.4 1.2 0.2 13.0 3.4 4.3 2.5 0.0 1.4

Nagaland 0.2 25.8 2.6 24.2 6.9 15.3 6.2 0.9 3.5 12.6 1.9

Goa 0.0 87.7 0.3 3.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5

Arunachal Pradesh

1.2

87.2

3.8

6.7

0.7

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

Pondicherry 3.2 94.4 0.3 1.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 0.2 71.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.0 0.3 20.7 2.3 0.9

Chandigarh 0.0 99.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 0.5 98.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0

A&N Island 1.1 98.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 0.0 80.2 18.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 2.1 93.8 1.4 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.2 9.5 14.9 14.8 58.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0

All INDIA 2.7 74.2 17.5 2.1 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.9



Sector: Rural

States Hhs' exclusive

use

common use of

Hhs in the

building

community use

others

Larger States

UP 41.7 9.6 47.0 1.8

Maharashtra 30.0 9.1 57.0 4.0

Bihar 44.3 14.8 38.0 3.0

West Bengal 18.3 8.8 70.0 2.7



Tamil Nadu 17.8 4.1 77.4 0.7

Rajasthan 24.1 5.7 61.2 9.1

Karnataka 23.2 6.4 66.6 3.8

Gujrat 42.2 6.6 45.7 5.5

Orissa 9.1 4.6 84.4 1.9

Kerala 66.9 6.3 11.6 15.3

Jharkhand 7.8 6.6 83.6 2.0

Assam 58.8 5.7 30.7 4.9

Punjab 62.2 18.7 12.3 6.8

Chattisgarh 17.5 5.2 75.6 1.7

Haryana 47.7 12.2 34.6 5.5

Delhi 47.6 19.1 32.8 0.5

Jammu&Kashmir 49.7 4.8 40.4 5.1

Uttaranchal 36.5 10.0 51.1 2.3


Smaller States

Tripura 17.5 17.0 62.9 2.6

Meghalaya 14.6 1.2 81.6 2.6

Manipur 14.5 7.1 71.1 7.2

Nagaland 42.6 16.8 33.0 7.5

Goa 73.9 8.8 17.0 0.4


Pondicherry 63.8 8.9 26.2 1.2

Mizoram 11.6 1.2 79.9 7.2

Chandigarh 22.7 65.6 6.9 4.7

Sikkim 56.7 6.0 28.9 8.4

A&N Island 30.6 14.6 53.6 1.2

D&N Haveli 10.9 0.3 86.9 1.8

Daman&Diu 45.9 31.3 16.1 6.7

Lakshadweep 99.2 0.8 0.0 0.0

All India 31.1 8.3 56.8 3.8



Sector: urban

States

Hhs' exclusive

use

common use of

Hhs in the

building

community use

others

Larger States

UP 57.4 23.7 16.8 2.2

Maharashtra 55.4 19.6 15.6 9.3

Bihar 45.3 35.0 17.0 2.8

West Bengal 30.6 21.3 46.3 1.9

Andhra Pradesh 24.1 40.4 26.8 8.7

Madhya Pradesh 37.7 17.1 40.9 4.3

Tamil Nadu 29.2 25.5 36.7 8.5

Rajasthan 58.8 31.3 6.4 3.5

Karnataka 47.0 24.7 25.6 2.7

Gujrat 68.8 17.5 8.6 5.1

Orissa 36.0 20.0 40.5 3.5

Kerala 65.0 11.7 12.2 11.1

Jharkhand 40.1 24.1 34.4 1.4

Assam 64.3 23.6 8.7 3.5

Punjab 59.2 35.6 3.0 2.2

Chattisgarh 35.3 16.6 45.9 2.2

Haryana 56.3 24.7 15.2 3.8

Delhi 61.9 22.3 13.6 2.2

Jammu&Kashmir 62.2 27.7 5.6 4.6

Uttaranchal 63.1 23.0 13.7 0.2


Smaller States

Tripura 39.4 39.1 17.6 4.0

Meghalaya 45.0 35.1 18.2 1.7

Manipur 30.7 18.6 48.9 1.8

Nagaland 37.3 26.6 26.3 9.8

Goa 61.2 31.8 3.8 3.1


Pondicherry 59.1 29.2 7.9 3.8

Mizoram 54.5 14.3 28.7 2.5

Chandigarh 68.6 23.6 7.8 0.0

Sikkim 63.6 33.1 2.8 0.5

A&N Island 65.9 26.0 6.8 1.2

D&N Haveli 57.0 22.3 20.8 0.0

Daman&Diu 74.7 18.5 3.5 3.3

Lakshadweep 60.9 9.0 28.2 1.9

All India 47.0 24.7 22.9 5.4


Table 17:Distribution of households by distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)

Sector: Rural

States

within

dwelling

outside

dwelling

but within

premises

less than

0.2km

0.2 to

0.5km

0.5to 1km

1.0km

to 1.5

km

1.5km

or more

Larger States

UP 31.9 24.1 40.9 2.6 0.2 0.1 0.2

Maharashtra 10.9 28.6 50.3 7.8 1.7 0.4 0.5

Bihar 36.9 23.2 35.9 3.9 0.1 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 6.5 21.6 52.8 17.1 1.9 0.0 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 7.2 26.9 54.6 9.5 1.4 0.4 0.2

Madhya Pradesh 5.5 9.4 68.3 13.9 1.9 0.8 0.2

Tamil Nadu 8.3 13.7 71.5 4.8 1.2 0.2 0.3

Rajasthan 10.3 16.1 40.7 23.3 5.6 2.0 2.0

Karnataka 8.1 22.9 61.8 5.1 1.5 0.0 0.4

Gujrat 19.0 29.5 40.7 7.8 2.0 0.4 0.6

Orissa 2.7 11.0 61.5 22.2 2.5 0.2 0.0

Kerala 4.2 70.6 20.2 4.0 0.7 0.3 0.1

Jharkhand 3.0 10.6 63.4 19.7 3.2 0.0 0.0

Assam 3.8 59.9 29.2 6.1 0.9 0.0 0.1

Punjab 35.7 44.9 16.3 2.3 0.4 0.0 0.4

Chattisgarh 4.5 13.9 67.7 11.4 2.1 0.4 0.0

Haryana 36.5 24.4 29.3 5.1 4.1 0.2 0.5

Delhi 59.1 8.9 19.9 6.1 6.0 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 29.7 26.8 30.8 10.3 1.6 0.3 0.5

Uttaranchal 16.3 31.1 38.6 11.3 1.4 1.2 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 1.4 35.6 58.6 4.0 0.2 0.2 0.0

Meghalaya 6.0 16.3 65.2 11.0 1.4 0.0 0.2

Manipur 2.7 17.0 53.8 23.4 1.6 0.7 0.8

Nagaland 5.9 41.6 45.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Goa 34.3 46.1 19.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 29.0 43.9 26.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 5.7 5.6 63.9 21.3 0.6 0.8 2.1

Chandigarh 37.6 56.2 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 19.4 46.6 26.8 6.8 0.3 0.1 0.0

A&N Island 16.1 34.7 40.9 7.8 0.5 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 5.3 17.1 67.4 10.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 39.0 46.6 14.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 21.7 78.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All India 15.6 24.9 48.1 9.2 1.5 0.3 0.3


Table 18:Distribution of households by the distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)

Sector: Urban

States

within

dwelling

outside

dwelling

but within

premises

less than

0.2km

0.2 to

0.5km

0.5to

1km

1.0km

to 1.5

km

1.5km

or more

Larger States

UP 69.5 13.6 15.3 1.3 0.0 0.1 0.2

Maharashtra 50.8 27.1 21.0 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0

Bihar 59.6 23.6 16.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 30.9 22.5 40.3 4.5 0.8 0.6 0.3

Andhra Pradesh 22.4 46.4 28.3 1.9 0.6 0.3 0.1

Madhya Pradesh 38.2 20.9 36.5 2.9 0.9 0.6 0.1

Tamil Nadu 28.9 33.7 34.9 2.2 0.2 0.0 0.1

Rajasthan 62.2 26.1 7.2 2.1 2.2 0.1 0.1

Karnataka 44.3 26.3 27.1 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.1

Gujrat 60.8 28.4 9.9 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.0

Orissa 36.0 20.1 35.4 7.9 0.7 0.0 0.0

Kerala 25.3 56.0 16.8 1.6 0.3 0.0 0.0

Jharkhand 35.7 29.5 32.5 2.0 0.3 0.1 0.0

Assam 33.4 58.4 6.7 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Punjab 62.2 33.4 3.8 0.5 0.1 0.0

Chattisgarh 34.0 18.3 41.9 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

Haryana 61.6 22.9 13.5 1.3 0.1 0.5 0.0

Delhi 73.4 13.1 9.1 3.7 0.7 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 64.9 28.4 6.3 0.4 0.0

Uttaranchal 54.5 32.6 12.9 0.1 0.0 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 9.9 68.9 20.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 50.7 32.5 16.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Manipur 8.3 38.5 34.5 18.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 17.8 44.0 34.6 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Goa 61.2 31.5 6.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 60.2 30.6 8.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 57.9 10.6 22.9 6.5 1.2 0.0 1.0

Chandigarh 87.6 5.1 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 83.3 14.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3

A&N Island 47.7 43.2 9.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 56.7 22.0 21.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 73.9 22.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.0 72.8 24.1 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

All India 46.2 28.3 22.7 2.0 0.4 0.2 0.1


Table 19: Distribution of households by availability of drinking water throughout the year (in

percentages)

States Rural Urban

sufficient not sufficient sufficient not sufficient

Larger states

UP 95.2 4.8 94.8 5.2

Maharashtra 75.1 24.9 88.4 11.6

Bihar 97.4 2.6 98.6 1.4

West Bengal 86.8 13.2 96.2 3.8


Madhya Pradesh 77.3 22.7 75.3 24.7

Tamil Nadu 94.3 5.7 94.5 5.5

Rajasthan 65.1 34.9 85.1 14.9

Karnataka 77.9 22.1 88.8 11.2

Gujrat 88.3 11.7 96.7 3.3

Orissa 83.9 16.1 85.8 14.2

Kerala 82.9 17.1 90.7 9.3

Jharkhand 68.6 31.4 82.9 17.1

Assam 95.2 4.8 96.5 3.5

Punjab 92.3 7.7 93.4 6.6

Chattisgarh 90.3 9.7 81.7 18.3

Haryana 85.7 14.3 92.7 7.3

Delhi 78.7 21.3 89.7 10.3

Jammu&Kashmir 82.0 18.0 81.7 18.3

Uttaranchal 76.0 24.0 90.1 9.9


SmallerStates

Tripura 85.2 14.8 99.6 0.4

Meghalaya 75.6 24.4 92.8 7.2

Manipur 80.9 19.1 80.7 19.3

Nagaland 49.0 51.0 32.8 67.2

Goa 80.7 19.3 88.4 11.6


Pondicherry 83.4 16.6 95.7 4.3

Mizoram 21.1 78.9 30.7 69.3

Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 99.3 0.7

Sikkim 82.2 17.8 100.0 0.0

A&N Island 92.3 7.7 99.2 0.8

D&N Haveli 100.0 0.0 78.0 22.0

Daman&Diu 94.6 5.4 99.8 0.2

Lakshadweep 50.1 49.9 100.0 0.0

All INDIA 86.2 13.8 91.1 8.9


Table 20:Distribution of households (Hhs) by latrine facility ) [in percentages]

Sector: Rural

States

Exclusive

use of Hhs

shared

with

other

Hhs

public/comm-

unity latrine no latrine

Larger States

UP 16.48 3.63 0.70 79.35

Maharashtra 27.07 7.07 5.14 60.79

Bihar 17.31 2.15 0.72 79.56

West Bengal 40.52 15.95 1.71 41.66

Andhra Pradesh 26.62 8.27 0.89 64.36

Madhya Pradesh 11.80 2.09 0.81 85.30

Tamil Nadu 22.91 2.06 1.50 73.53

Rajasthan 14.31 3.40 0.19 82.11

Karnataka 21.19 3.12 0.52 75.18

Gujrat 26.73 5.02 0.91 67.34

Orissa 9.39 1.94 0.50 88.18

Kerala 89.70 4.40 0.56 5.34

Jharkhand 12.65 2.52 0.71 84.12

Assam 80.72 5.05 0.68 13.55

Punjab 51.89 10.77 1.11 36.23

Chattisgarh 14.30 1.64 1.69 82.36

Haryana 43.84 10.68 0.21 45.27

Delhi 61.08 25.90 5.56 7.45

Jammu&Kashmir 53.51 5.42 6.16 34.91

Uttaranchal 38.49 7.46 0.54 53.51


Smaller States

Tripura 69.27 27.05 0.27 3.41

Meghalaya 80.42 8.15 0.00 11.43

Manipur 87.27 11.16 0.50 1.08

Nagaland 76.27 19.29 1.29 3.15

Goa 57.67 4.25 1.88 36.20


Pondicherry 28.73 5.88 0.00 65.38

Mizoram 97.83 0.96 0.00 1.21

Chandigarh 17.99 69.60 2.82 9.60

Sikkim 85.06 12.42 0.02 2.50

A&N Island 43.25 14.26 2.58 39.91

D&N Haveli 21.83 18.79 6.14 53.24

Daman&Diu 48.87 19.07 0.11 31.95

Lakshadweep 99.16 0.84 0.00 0.00

All India 27.97 5.66 1.23 65.19


Table 21:Distribution of households (Hhs) by latrine facility ) [in percentages]

Sector: Urban

States Exclusive

use of Hhs

shared

with other

Hhs

public/comm-unity

latrine

no latrine

Larger States

UP 62.67 21.24 1.93 14.17

Maharashtra 49.23 21.01 23.88 5.87

Bihar 43.06 26.89 2.29 27.76

West Bengal 54.24 35.01 5.16 5.58

Andhra Pradesh 54.60 32.58 1.58 11.23

Madhya Pradesh 55.62 17.37 2.81 24.21

Tamil Nadu 52.55 26.24 5.24 15.97

Rajasthan 62.92 24.17 0.32 12.58

Karnataka 64.60 20.07 4.00 11.33

Gujrat 67.42 20.97 4.28 7.34

Orissa 53.95 14.80 2.19 29.06

Kerala 86.45 12.08 0.02 1.46

Jharkhand 52.73 21.40 1.29 24.58

Assam 74.16 23.31 1.61 0.92

Punjab 59.90 33.50 1.64 4.96

Chattisgarh 44.41 12.78 11.20 31.60

Haryana 66.12 25.04 0.43 8.41

Delhi 61.68 25.47 11.65 1.20

Jammu&Kashmir 68.41 19.44 0.32 11.82

Uttaranchal 71.13 20.08 5.45 3.33


Smaller States

Tripura 57.45 41.65 0.04 0.86

Meghalaya 60.03 39.77 0.03 0.17

Manipur 78.58 21.42 0.00 0.00

Nagaland 56.96 38.74 2.98 1.32

Goa 63.40 19.73 7.30 9.57


Pondicherry 68.27 18.76 3.89 9.08

Mizoram 94.35 5.61 0.00 0.05

Chandigarh 69.02 22.86 7.48 0.63

Sikkim 66.59 31.85 1.56 0.00

A&N Island 61.48 21.02 11.38 6.12

D&N Haveli 52.45 36.23 4.24 7.09

Daman&Diu 78.91 10.84 3.90 6.35

Lakshadweep 93.60 5.41 0.00 0.99

All India 58.13 24.10 6.47 11.28


Table 22: Distribution of households by bathing facility (in percentages)

States Bathroom enclosure without roof no bathroom

Larger States

UP 17 29 53


Bihar 7 27 66

West Bengal 12 8 80



Tamil Nadu 26 18 55

Rajasthan 23 22 55

Karnataka 63 16 21

Gujrat 34 15 51

Orissa 7 5 89

Kerala 75 5 20

Jharkhand 4 7 89

Assam 16 18 66

Punjab 61 24 15

Chattisgarh 4 3 93

Haryana 57 19 24

Delhi 75 8 18




Smaller States

Tripura 8 12 80

Meghalaya 22 7 71

Manipur 22 22 56

Nagaland 41 37 22

Goa 70 11 19



Mizoram 45 14 41

Chandigarh 85 3 12

Sikkim 56 4 40

A&N Island 51 15 34

D&N Haveli 21 20 59

Daman&Diu 58 18 24

Lakshadweep 94 1 5

All INDIA 25 20 55

Source: Census 2011

Table 23: Distribution of households by the source of

lighting (in percentages)

Larger States

States Electricity kerosene

UP 24 75

Maharashtra 74 24

Bihar 10 88

West Bengal 40 58

Andhra Pradesh 90 9

Madhya Pradesh 58 41

Tamil Nadu 91 8

Rajasthan 58 39

Karnataka 87 12

Gujrat 85 13

Orissa 36 63

Kerala 92 7

Jharkhand 32 66

Assam 28 70

Punjab 95 3

Chattisgarh 70 28

Haryana 87 11

Delhi 98 1

Jammu&Kashmir 81 13

Uttaranchal 83 15

Himachal Pradesh 97 3

Smaller States

Tripura 59 38

Meghalaya 52 46

Manipur 61 32

Nagaland 75 21

Goa 96 3

Arunachal Pradesh 55 24

Pondicherry 96 4

Mizoram 69 27

Chandigarh 97 2

Sikkim 90 9

A&N Island 79 19

D&N Haveli 92 8

Daman&Diu 98 1

Lakshadweep 100 0

ALL-INDIA 55 43

Source: Census 2011

Table 24: Distribution of households by major source of cooking fuel (in

percentages)

States

firewood

LPG/PNG crop residue

cowdung cake

Larger States

UP 54 6 10 28

Maharashtra 69 18 8 2

Bihar 35 3 35 23

West Bengal 39 4 36 14

Andhra Pradesh 75 21 2 1

Madhya Pradesh 79 4 7 10

Tamil Nadu 67 29 1 0

Rajasthan 74 8 14 3

Karnataka 82 11 4 0

Gujrat 68 14 10 4

Orissa 71 3 12 11

Kerala 73 25 1 0

Jharkhand 72 2 5 9

Assam 81 10 7 1

Punjab 17 39 10 30

Chattisgarh 92 2 1 4

Haryana 34 24 21 20

Delhi 11 75 2 4

Jammu&Kashmir 74 16 3 5

Uttaranchal 63 29 2 4

Himachal Pradesh 64 33 1 0

Smaller states

Tripura 93 5 1 0

Meghalaya 94 3 1 0

Manipur 80 16 1 0

Nagaland 92 7 1 0

Goa 35 60 1 0

Arunachal Pradesh

85

13

1

0

Pondicherry 36 53 0 0

Mizoram 81 18 0 0

Chandigarh 11 67 0 1

Sikkim 71 24 1 0

A&N Island 51 31 1 0

D&N Haveli 72 12 1 0

Daman&Diu 37 42 6 0


All INDIA 63 11 12 11

Source: Census 2011

Table 25:Distribution of households by garbage collection facility (in percentages)

Rural

States

panchayat/

municipality/

corporation

by residents

by others

no arrangement

Larger States

UP 1.5 23.6 6.6 68.3

Maharashtra 7.1 38.6 1.6 52.7

Bihar 0.2 7.3 1.3 91.3

West Bengal 0.1 3.7 0.5 95.7



Tamil Nadu 13.3 33.8 0.5 52.4

Rajasthan 0.6 18.5 0.3 80.6

Karnataka 1.8 12.4 1.1 84.7

Gujrat 3.6 22.9 0.0 73.5

Orissa 0.0 16.8 0.3 82.9

Kerala 0.1 5.6 1.9 92.4

Jharkhand 0.0 17.3 0.3 82.4

Assam 0.6 27.2 4.3 68.0

Punjab 1.4 29.1 0.6 68.9

Chattisgarh 1.7 29.7 5.1 63.6

Haryana 4.2 43.8 1.1 50.9

Delhi 22.3 39.9 31.9 5.8


Uttaranchal 1.2 14.5 0.7 83.6


Smaller States

Tripura 0.1 2.8 0.4 96.6

Meghalaya 0.5 31.2 6.8 61.6

Manipur 0.6 53.2 1.0 45.3

Nagaland 3.4 32.2 4.5 59.9

Goa 0.6 3.9 0.0 95.4


Pondicherry 30.1 39.9 0.2 29.8

Mizoram 2.0 40.0 4.9 53.1

Chandigarh 59.5 17.4 6.7 16.4

Sikkim 3.6 8.3 1.9 86.2

A&N Island 2.4 0.2 0.0 97.4

D&N Haveli 13.3 9.3 0.1 77.3

Daman&Diu 0.8 0.0 0.0 99.2

Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.8 99.2

All INDIA 3.3 19.0 2.0 75.7


Table 26: Distribution of households by bathing facility (in percentages)

States Closed Drainage Open Drainage No drainage

Larger States

UP 6 30 64


Bihar 9 72 19

West Bengal 84 11 6



Tamil Nadu 14 74 12

Rajasthan 3 24 73

Karnataka 7 55 38

Gujrat 4 35 61

Orissa 5 32 63

Kerala 3 19 78

Jharkhand 3 36 60

Assam 3 41 56

Punjab 5 33 62

Chattisgarh 2 14 84

Haryana 2 21 77

Delhi 1 12 86


Uttaranchal 2 15 84


Smaller States

Tripura 2 10 88

Meghalaya 2 23 75

Manipur 12 6 82

Nagaland 11 9 80

Goa 6 6 88


Pondicherry 8 34 58

Mizoram 6 37 57

Chandigarh 26 28 46

Sikkim 0 19 81

A&N Island 18 21 61

D&N Haveli 7 20 73

Daman&Diu 7 30 63

Lakshadweep 5 27 68

All INDIA 6 31 63

Source: Census 2011

Table 27:Distribution of households by their access to road (in percentages)

Rural

States

direct opening to

no direct

opening


with

street

light

without

street light

with

street

light

without

street light

Larger states

UP 2.5 19.1 1.5 56.7 20.2

Maharashtra 30.2 13.2 22.7 19.5 14.6

Bihar 1.9 14.5 1.0 57.2 25.4

West Bengal 2.3 14.0 3.2 60.4 20.2

Andhra Pradesh 51.1 11.9 16.5 13.3 7.3

Madhya Pradesh 3.7 24.3 3.6 43.8 24.6

Tamil Nadu 54.9 7.9 23.3 8.8 5.1

Rajasthan 2.4 22.6 1.7 44.0 29.2

Karnataka 40.3 13.4 20.4 19.4 6.5

Gujrat 11.1 25.9 11.2 33.1 18.6

Orissa 3.0 35.8 1.1 47.6 12.6

Kerala 32.2 20.4 4.4 25.3 17.7

Jharkhand 1.3 20.7 1.9 44.7 31.5

Assam 0.9 19.3 0.9 61.3 17.6

Punjab 4.7 39.2 0.6 49.0 6.4

Chattisgarh 8.3 16.6 6.8 55.1 13.2

Haryana 1.6 46.5 0.7 40.0 11.1

Delhi 36.7 16.8 0.1 44.7 1.7

Jammu&Kashmir 0.04 18.5 0.1 39.0 42.3

Uttaranchal 7.9 13.9 1.8 39.1 37.3


Smaller States

Tripura 1.4 12.5 5.3 62.0 18.7

Meghalaya 3.1 16.0 0.4 69.5 11.0

Manipur 7.4 48.2 3.2 29.5 11.7

Nagaland 9.2 17.3 7.0 47.9 18.7

Goa 42.5 15.6 4.0 21.4 16.5


Pondicherry 57.6 0.0 29.7 7.8 4.8

Mizoram 22.2 30.9 5.3 24.0 17.6

Chandigarh 80.6 2.1 10.4 6.2 0.6

Sikkim 6.9 12.2 0.6 36.9 43.4

A&N Island 31.2 11.9 18.0 17.3 21.6

D&N Haveli 16.6 8.3 11.9 32.0 31.2

Daman&Diu 44.0 11.2 16.1 27.4 1.3

Lakshadweep 83.1 0.0 16.9 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 15.7 18.6 7.6 40.4 17.7


Table 28:Distribution of households by their access to road (in percentages)

Urban

States

direct opening to

no direct

opening


with

street

light

without

street light

with

street

light

without

street light

Larger states

UP 36.2 12.9 17.2 28.5 5.1

Maharashtra 59.8 10.3 10.3 12.9 6.6

Bihar 25.5 29.8 4.8 33.4 6.4

West Bengal 44.9 6.4 21.7 19.4 7.6

Andhra Pradesh 78.4 2.1 10.8 4.6 4.1

Madhya Pradesh 47.5 15.2 14.1 16.9 6.3

Tamil Nadu 68.4 3.0 16.4 5.2 6.9

Rajasthan 54.8 16.2 12.2 14.0 2.8

Karnataka 81.3 3.2 9.2 4.4 1.9

Gujrat 51.3 12.1 19.8 11.5 5.4

Orissa 48.6 19.7 13.3 15.4 3.0

Kerala 54.9 8.5 6.8 19.8 10.0

Jharkhand 29.7 18.7 6.1 32.4 13.1

Assam 32.2 30.8 9.5 23.3 4.2

Punjab 54.2 16.2 9.5 19.0 1.1

Chattisgarh 41.5 4.6 35.1 11.5 7.3

Haryana 27.7 29.8 13.0 22.7 6.8

Delhi 66.2 8.0 9.6 13.9 2.3

Jammu&Kashmir 17.9 28.6 9.2 33.1 11.2

Uttaranchal 39.1 17.8 14.2 20.8 8.0


Smaller States

Tripura 23.1 9.7 26.5 35.3 5.3

Meghalaya 56.2 13.3 6.8 20.9 2.8

Manipur 25.2 55.7 11.1 7.8 0.2

Nagaland 15.0 21.0 9.5 34.9 19.6

Goa 63.8 3.6 17.1 11.3 4.2


Pondicherry 82.1 0.5 14.6 2.1 0.7

Mizoram 42.7 20.0 13.7 17.3 6.3

Chandigarh 71.7 1.7 15.6 10.9 0.0

Sikkim 72.6 9.7 1.6 11.9 4.2

A&N Island 36.5 5.4 39.2 11.1 7.8

D&N Haveli 62.2 4.9 13.3 15.1 4.5

Daman&Diu 80.6 2.1 11.1 3.5 2.7

Lakshadweep 24.8 6.8 10.3 15.3 42.9

All INDIA 56.0 10.3 13.7 14.6 5.5


APPENDIX TO CHAPTER

FIVE

Table 1: Gap between ST/SC HHs and ‘Other’ HHs in terms of proportion of HHs living in pucca houses

States

Rural Urban Rural+Urban

ST SC ST SC ST SC

Larger States

UP 57 74 104 94 81 74

Maharashtra 71 89 92 96 66 90

Bihar 98 91 19 91 83 87

West Bengal 39 67 82 90 39 65

Andhra Pradesh 75 94 86 94 74 91

Madhya Pradesh 67 72 83 82 58 71

Tamil Nadu 110 93 93 81 92 80

Rajasthan 53 85 96 95 51 84

Karnataka 107 105 81 87 85 87

Gujarat 51 85 100 96 56 86

Orissa 56 68 75 74 52 65

Kerala 89 82 112 93 90 85

Jharkhand 51 77 88 75 46 68

Assam 68 79 114 91 66 97

Punjab 61 91 101 97 76 92

Chattisgarh 44 55 97 96 42 60

Haryana 77 89 85 97 82 90

Delhi 102 101 105 94 104 94

Jammu&Kashmir 23 91 25 97 22 88

Uttaranchal 81 90 101 93 90 90

Himachal Pradesh 74 96 96 98 73 95

Smaller States

Tripura 37 59 124 57 36 49

Meghalaya 153 84 87 65 76 50

Manipur 153 23 130 103 94 85

Nagaland 474 82 209 164 161 107

Goa 119 110 103 52 103 77

Arunachal Pradesh 83 123 104 107 78 141

Pondicherry 0 63 0 77 118 59

Mizoram 4782 0 128 120 175 221

Chandigarh 100 100 103 102 103 102

Sikkim 103 62 100 99 96 72

A&N Island 215 0 107 0 157 0

D&N Haveli 46 84 87 81 39 66

Daman&Diu 62 90 103 103 62 91

Lakshadweep 93 0 138 0 97 0

All INDIA 56 84 90 91 55 81

Source: NSSO 65th Round

Table 2: Gap between ST/SC households and ‘Other’ households in terms of proportion of Hhs living in houses with concrete roof


ST SC ST SC ST SC

Larger States

UP 45 68 106 78 82 64

Maharashtra 60 70 77 62 44 61

Bihar 76 92 7 88 61 86

West Bengal 16 46 53 60 18 43



Tamil Nadu 162 109 91 67 108 75

Rajasthan 55 48 91 62 30 43

Karnataka 105 69 58 43 56 40

Gujarat 35 61 99 79 41 63

Orissa 22 65 25 68 20 61

Kerala 88 50 156 79 91 58

Jharkhand 30 74 92 73 30 63

Assam 40 32 93 107 42 129

Punjab 11 75 71 61 40 61

Chattisgarh 32 51 128 91 34 56

Haryana 149 50 136 66 155 49

Delhi 130 61 103 86 105 85

Jammu&Kashmir 60 262 53 191 52 217

Uttaranchal 74 72 104 80 91 70


Smaller States

Tripura 23 81 200 49 42 42

Meghalaya 589 949 113 53 59 61

Manipur 51 0 170 62 43 44

Nagaland 225 190 122 114

Goa 53 0 26 50 30 33


Pondicherry 0 60 126 62 136 49

Mizoram 37 22 34 41

Chandigarh 101 101 112 93 111 94

Sikkim 70 20 89 91 62 52

A&N Island 300 0 502 0 173 0

D&N Haveli 12 137 114 130 18 89

Daman&Diu 22 104 124 124 24 102


All INDIA 33 77 72 65 34 66


Table 3: Gap between ST/SC households and ‘Other’ households in terms of

proportion of Hhs living in houses with cement floor

States


ST SC ST SC ST SC

Larger states

UP 63 48 105 95 102 53

Maharashtra 88 87 131 179 88 129

Bihar 75 46 5 63 55 44

West Bengal 38 53 80 97 36 58

Andhra Pradesh 97 75 125 129 102 87


Tamil Nadu 95 96 115 113 103 103

Rajasthan 40 84 100 131 43 93

Karnataka 75 95 133 140 89 106

Gujarat 46 122 97 116 57 125

Orissa 46 70 67 81 44 69

Kerala 90 92 151 119 98 98

Jharkhand 49 84 88 68 40 65

Assam 73 72 106 86 68 91

Punjab 0 74 105 84 44 73

Chattisgarh 35 48 108 98 33 57

Haryana 84 66 125 100 109 72

Delhi 124 103 121 110 121 109

Jammu&Kashmir 59 63 109 125 66 73

Uttaranchal 40 64 60 97 53 64


Smaller States

Tripura 49 46 137 50 43 40

Meghalaya 124 66 103 70 76 48

Manipur 48 12 118 78 42 54

Nagaland 1543 163 124 133 98 84

Goa 117 134 236 85 148 119


Pondicherry 0 69 222 138 201 103

Mizoram 51 69 55 129

Chandigarh 101 101 178 144 164 136

Sikkim 87 78 99 105 84 85

A&N Island 140 0 116 0 119 0

D&N Haveli 12 19 113 167 19 30

Daman&Diu 0 67 0 86 0 71


All INDIA 50 74 97 112 51 80



proportion of Hhs living in houses with three or more living rooms


ST SC ST SC ST SC

Larger states

UP 51 52 109 55 73 52

Maharashtra 41 63 50 42 43 55

Bihar 127 54 38 63 118 55

West Bengal 83 64 85 55 74 57



Tamil Nadu 9 39 144 62 36 43

Rajasthan 33 47 69 78 33 53

Karnataka 72 65 54 35 65 55

Gujarat 52 42 21 74 38 52

Orissa 44 69 34 31 43 63

Kerala 39 69 65 72 42 70

Jharkhand 83 88 82 76 87 90

Assam 118 100 117 93 118 98

Punjab 1 48 49 45 17 50

Chattisgarh 104 74 86 55 110 74

Haryana 0 30 70 44 36 33

Delhi 0 139 63 43 57 49

Jammu&Kashmir 73 69 112 91 80 73

Uttaranchal 107 51 84 28 98 49


Smaller States

Tripura 30 42 110 73 34 47

Meghalaya 102 57 129 50 117 61

Manipur 84 142 94 61 79 103

Nagaland 341 40 416 44

Goa 109 69 0 42 104 55


Pondicherry 0 74 0 41 0 64

Mizoram 153 0 399 296

Chandigarh 0 16 205 62 95 61

Sikkim 107 80 151 115 114 84

A&N Island 66 0 0 0 76 0

D&N Haveli 517 0 589 1678

Daman&Diu 3 129 0 182 3 134


All INDIA 71 52 69 54 71 52



proportion of Hhs living in houses with 'good' ventilation


ST SC ST SC ST SC

Larger states

UP 33 52 138 72 91 52

Maharashtra 81 77 86 59 70 66

Bihar 50 56 8 38 40 50

West Bengal 56 59 74 58 50 53

Andhra Pradesh 69 66 96 104 71 73


Tamil Nadu 34 81 141 70 53 69

Rajasthan 29 65 82 55 27 56

Karnataka 67 70 66 59 56 56

Gujarat 48 54 87 94 51 67

Orissa 81 66 27 33 59 51

Kerala 82 43 199 86 93 54

Jharkhand 40 103 152 28 41 52

Assam 118 80 122 100 111 94

Punjab 0 46 84 55 33 47

Chattisgarh 168 53 81 135 114 71

Haryana 0 46 69 23 41 40

Delhi 0 87 65 53 60 55

Jammu&Kashmir 141 64 145 49 134 58

Uttaranchal 165 43 165 98 167 48


Smaller States

Tripura 41 96 104 71 41 84

Meghalaya 102 112 92 35 82 75

Manipur 92 203 105 44 85 122

Nagaland 184 46 299 45 197 43

Goa 112 126 0 45 65 68



Mizoram 411 146 671 273

Chandigarh 374 65 152 45 163 46

Sikkim 90 56 88 108 86 68

A&N Island 74 0 262 0 84 0

D&N Haveli 55 78 119 24 62 79

Daman&Diu 8 104 163 0 12 92

Lakshadweep 638 0 223 0 597 0

All INDIA 66 60 90 65 61 57



proportion of Hhs living in houses with separate kitchen and water tap


ST SC ST SC ST SC

Larger states

UP 0 51 127 58 100 48

Maharashtra 23 63 101 62 69 62

Bihar 0 34 117 57 135 35

West Bengal 5 102 75 74 81 95



Tamil Nadu 0 73 123 79 92 72

Rajasthan 69 60 64 67 25 59

Karnataka 23 82 90 93 83 84

Gujarat 10 63 61 78 60 66

Orissa 43 78 54 63 82 74

Kerala 0 94 52 102 70 96

Jharkhand 24 72 100 58 69 64

Assam 29 102 102 99 95 102

Punjab 0 62 70 80 56 67

Chattisgarh 17 104 97 99 74 101

Haryana 0 59 64 53 62 56

Delhi 0 110 106 67 99 69

Jammu&Kashmir 21 119 123 106 128 116

Uttaranchal 312 94 115 65 122 84


Smaller States

Tripura 15 99 86 88 99 97

Meghalaya 109 92 84 88 105

Manipur 93 129 102 67 86 99

Nagaland 315 127 97 126 119

Goa 45 89 57 53 118 71


Pondicherry 0 53 136 59 140 52

Mizoram 214 210 301 392

Chandigarh 0 174 129 90 57 95

Sikkim 86 99 107 89 104 98

A&N Island 112 0 140 0 112 0

D&N Haveli 22 62 92 27 60 66

Daman&Diu 18 105 108 108 40 98

Lakshadweep 79 0 178 0 104 0

All INDIA 22 67 79 70 73 65



proportion of Hhs living in houses with underground/closed pucca drainage


ST SC ST SC ST SC

Larger states

UP 22 56 136 76 117 51

Maharashtra 34 81 83 71 27 66

Bihar 46 66 8 65 27 52

West Bengal 4 7 34 48 10 25



Tamil Nadu 0 103 15 62 5 38

Rajasthan 11 43 73 64 11 43

Karnataka 14 25 49 57 25 33

Gujarat 62 73 109 82 50 65

Orissa 42 69 28 39 17 34

Kerala 0 31 227 53 39 39

Jharkhand 17 19 168 29 38 16

Assam 195 341 101 98 58 171

Punjab 0 29 11 57 7 32

Chattisgarh 27 80 89 107 24 71

Haryana 0 62 37 48 39 41

Delhi 0 143 115 84 111 87

Jammu&Kashmir 743 91 57 121 183 81

Uttaranchal 402 11 59 52 180 18


Smaller States

Tripura 269 43 78 28

Meghalaya 205 201 62 85

Manipur 210 0 0 0 58 0

Nagaland

Goa 0 0 0 50 0 43



Mizoram

Chandigarh 138 115 111 91 113 93

Sikkim 116 74 108 22 75 37

A&N Island 0 0 0 0 0 0

D&N Haveli 5 103 85 54 10 64

Daman&Diu 0 0 268 0 13 0


All INDIA 35 51 76 65 30 45


Table 8: Gap between ST/SC households and ‘Other’ households in terms of proportion of Hhs living in houses with 'tap' water as the major source of

drinking water


ST SC ST SC ST SC

Larger states

UP 0 59 119 82 144 47

Maharashtra 73 93 99 85 66 86

Bihar 0 18 10 87 7 37

West Bengal 119 103 96 92 54 65


Madhya Pradesh 60 42 103 83 36 56

Tamil Nadu 84 105 91 101 88 106

Rajasthan 20 107 95 99 20 90

Karnataka 96 93 98 102 92 91

Gujarat 35 101 85 97 42 97

Orissa 16 50 64 83 23 55

Kerala 299 205 46 89 181 141

Jharkhand 14 384 134 97 30 118

Assam 28 128 78 124 32 152

Punjab 71 114 75 95 67 85

Chattisgarh 34 24 79 93 26 45

Haryana 0 104 50 99 30 99

Delhi 205 58 104 98 109 98

Jammu&Kashmir 44 71 103 93 53 73

Uttaranchal 116 69 134 89 126 70


Smaller States

Tripura 53 81 124 80 52 76

Meghalaya 222 83 101 67 95 48

Manipur 95 21 67 31 59 30

Nagaland 386 65 58 17 75 16

Goa 49 107 114 101 52 104


Pondicherry 0 102 106 106 105 0

Mizoram 81 45 85 84

Chandigarh 116 116 101 101 103 103

Sikkim 91 86 103 103 89 89

A&N Island 125 0 101 0 115 0

D&N Haveli 104 123 58 59 48 56

Daman&Diu 72 28 107 107 61 33


All India 58 94 91 92 51 82


Table 9: Gap between ST/SC households and ‘Other’ households in terms of proportion of Hhs living in houses with exclusive access to source of drinking

water


ST SC ST SC ST SC

Larger states

UP 66 53 74 67 71 53

Maharashtra 32 55 89 59 35 55

Bihar 45 48 55 77 46 50

West Bengal 59 83 58 50 52 69



Tamil Nadu 105 54 126 50 95 47

Rajasthan 22 61 47 95 19 65

Karnataka 52 53 64 37 49 42

Gujarat 24 78 51 77 27 74

Orissa 22 44 27 37 19 37

Kerala 36 55 123 77 44 60

Jharkhand 41 53 39 70 28 47

Assam 99 90 85 103 97 93

Punjab 0 73 57 89 20 79

Chattisgarh 143 49 113 127 113 65

Haryana 112 64 139 58 129 62

Delhi 0 128 104 72 97 75

Jammu&Kashmir 12 75 56 116 19 81

Uttaranchal 183 63 75 54 137 56


Smaller States

Tripura 41 71 73 83 39 69

Meghalaya 24 15 104 36 37 21

Manipur 29 35 47 57 25 48

Nagaland 460 451 527 278

Goa 58 85 77 44 65 68


Pondicherry 0 103 165 65 164 93

Mizoram 122 88 130 164

Chandigarh 454 78 128 88 149 87

Sikkim 99 67 134 103 102 74

A&N Island 62 0 153 0 0 0

D&N Haveli 45 318 84 17 23 105

Daman&Diu 12 136 133 0 14 104

Lakshadweep 104 0 210 0 93 0

All India 36 56 67 64 37 56



proportion of Hhs living in houses with source of drinking water within premises


ST SC ST SC ST SC

Larger states

UP 75 60 104 81 90 61

Maharashtra 49 75 89 72 45 70

Bihar 51 55 102 74 58 55

West Bengal 59 80 71 65 52 69



Tamil Nadu 30 49 107 54 41 40

Rajasthan 27 78 80 90 22 71

Karnataka 64 58 67 44 55 45

Gujarat 33 89 97 91 41 85

Orissa 49 53 23 51 33 46

Kerala 66 64 120 82 70 68

Jharkhand 53 49 101 51 44 40

Assam 96 92 98 93 94 96

Punjab 0 83 102 90 41 83

Chattisgarh 114 72 145 101 87 71

Haryana 131 77 96 77 116 73

Delhi 139 121 106 82 108 84

Jammu&Kashmir 53 79 39 102 48 80

Uttaranchal 158 59 70 78 122 56


Smaller States

Tripura 56 90 87 53 83

Meghalaya 37 15 91 71 41 28

Manipur 63 70 121 46 51 57

Nagaland 56 4 80 103 68 56

Goa 70 79 105 52 66 65


Pondicherry 0 95 108 75 113 79

Mizoram 82 69 84 129

Chandigarh 105 94 106 93 106 93

Sikkim 89 77 100 103 87 83

A&N Island 52 0 110 0 47 0

D&N Haveli 64 160 101 99 38 82

Daman&Diu 113 108 104 104 107 104


All India 40 64 87 74 42 62


Table 11: Gap between ST/SC households and ‘Other’ households in terms of proportion of Hhs living in houses with latrine facility for exclusive use of the

household


ST SC ST SC ST SC

Larger states

UP 19 42 117 60 95 39

Maharashtra 33 63 96 67 37 63

Bihar 54 29 10 77 44 32

West Bengal 55 83 84 71 55 77



Tamil Nadu 133 34 139 61 106 38

Rajasthan 12 46 74 81 13 51

Karnataka 69 53 62 67 53 49

Gujarat 26 42 60 74 28 52

Orissa 15 37 39 57 16 39

Kerala 42 82 53 95 44 85

Jharkhand 32 72 34 64 24 57

Assam 97 97 95 112 98 99

Punjab 0 62 44 77 16 65

Chattisgarh 82 91 90 103 60 81

Haryana 72 63 67 74 73 62

Delhi 15 95 92 76 86 77

Jammu&Kashmir 81 42 147 98 90 51

Uttaranchal 110 51 96 54 112 47


Smaller States

Tripura 111 103 70 82 100

Meghalaya 85 107 110 62 118 116

Manipur 114 104 73 103 125 104

Nagaland 1030 81 226 111 92 75

Goa 60 91 26 39 140 65


Pondicherry 0 23 141 43 141 25

Mizoram 98 100 135 111 149 93

Chandigarh 570 63 129 95 114 93

Sikkim 110 87 97 89 139 88

A&N Island 58 0 165 0 39 0

D&N Haveli 45 130 109 19 37 96

Daman&Diu 32 150 126 19 40 115

Lakshadweep 104 0 194 0 157 0

All India 53 54 73 68 23 53



proportion of Hhs living in houses with electricity for domestic use


ST SC ST SC ST SC

Larger states

UP 60 65 108 93 94 64

Maharashtra 72 84 99 99 73 90

Bihar 23 56 19 83 22 54

West Bengal 51 78 70 96 47 76



Tamil Nadu 92 100 88 92 89 96

Rajasthan 61 79 99 94 58 80

Karnataka 96 94 95 93 95 93

Gujarat 93 101 100 99 92 99

Orissa 27 64 77 86 31 66

Kerala 69 92 101 91 71 92

Jharkhand 59 69 91 95 55 68

Assam 71 89 102 95 70 98

Punjab 102 97 90 99 98 97

Chattisgarh 80 99 102 96 80 98

Haryana 104 93 101 95 103 93

Delhi 102 87 102 100 102 100

Jammu&Kashmir 100 102 103 103 100 102

Uttaranchal 103 90 101 96 104 89


Smaller States

Tripura 80 86 102 96 77 86

Meghalaya 91 28 100 100 84 35

Manipur 74 97 99 100 75 96

Nagaland 99 99 100 100 99 100

Goa 101 99 100 100 100 77


Pondicherry 0 106 101 99 102 101

Mizoram 153 0 100 100 115 126

Chandigarh 100 100 101 99 101 100

Sikkim 101 99 98 100 100 99

A&N Island 119 0 102 98 110 0

D&N Haveli 100 100 100 100 100 100

Daman&Diu 100 100 103 97 101 101

Lakshadweep 100 0 100 100 100 0

All India 82 85 94 97 77 84


DETAILED TABLES FOR’ ST’ HOUSEHOLDS

Table 1: Distribution of households by the condition of the structure of houses (in percentages)

States


Good satisfa-ctory bad Good satisfa-ctory bad Good satisfa-ctory bad

Larger States

UP 11.6 55.7 32.8 80.4 18.9 0.8 36.0 42.6 21.4

Maharashtra 27.5 55.5 17.0 49.6 40.9 9.5 30.3 53.7 16.0

Bihar 11.7 56.8 31.5 3.0 44.6 52.4 10.7 55.4 33.9

West Bengal 12.6 52.8 34.6 33.3 44.1 22.7 14.6 52.0 33.5

Andhra Pradesh 40.1 40.4 19.5 62.7 18.0 19.3 44.2 36.4 19.4

Madhya Pradesh 13.6 69.1 17.3 42.3 42.6 15.1 15.3 67.5 17.2

Tamil Nadu 41.7 52.2 6.1 74.9 25.1 0.0 47.7 47.3 5.0

Rajasthan 14.5 67.6 18.0 47.7 49.1 3.1 16.0 66.7 17.3

Karnataka 39.3 50.2 10.4 48.4 42.9 8.8 41.3 48.6 10.1

Gujrat 35.8 42.6 21.6 66.8 25.0 8.2 40.8 39.8 19.5

Orissa 24.6 46.1 29.3 20.8 46.0 33.2 24.3 46.1 29.6

Kerala 42.5 42.4 15.1 80.5 19.5 0.0 46.2 40.2 13.7

Jharkhand 2.9 59.0 38.1 49.1 29.6 21.3 5.4 57.5 37.2

Assam 21.5 64.7 13.8 56.8 41.8 1.3 23.5 63.5 13.1

Punjab 0.0 9.2 90.8 60.6 21.3 18.1 22.7 13.7 63.5

Chattisgarh 22.4 72.0 5.5 43.1 46.4 10.5 23.7 70.5 5.8

Haryana 13.5 61.0 25.5 27.5 34.3 38.2 20.8 47.2 32.1

Delhi 90.6 9.4 0.0 33.6 65.7 0.7 38.4 60.9 0.7

Jammu&Kashmir 26.9 63.0 10.1 57.0 40.3 2.8 31.0 59.9 9.1

Uttaranchal 53.4 31.7 14.9 58.7 40.4 0.8 55.5 35.2 9.3


Smaller states

Tripura 12.0 59.9 28.0 65.9 29.3 4.8 15.3 58.1 26.6

Meghalaya 53.2 37.0 9.8 85.5 13.8 0.7 58.3 33.3 8.4

Manipur 32.5 47.4 20.1 41.1 55.0 3.8 32.8 47.8 19.4

Nagaland 22.7 60.9 16.4 38.9 54.6 6.6 26.6 59.4 14.0

Goa 30.4 58.0 11.6 17.0 31.9 51.1 30.2 57.6 12.3


Pondicherry 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Mizoram 45.0 35.4 19.6 63.5 33.5 3.0 53.2 34.6 12.3

Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 54.1 34.0 11.9 86.2 13.8 0.0 57.0 32.2 10.8

A&N Island 35.5 61.6 2.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 38.8 58.5 2.8

D&N Haveli 17.0 35.4 47.6 35.4 50.7 13.8 18.3 36.4 45.3

Daman&Diu 5.2 18.3 76.5 0.0 100.0 0.0 5.1 20.0 75.0

Lakshadweep 16.4 83.6 0.0 53.6 35.5 10.9 33.6 61.4 5.0

All INDIA 23.4 56.4 20.2 52.8 35.3 11.9 26.6 54.1 19.2


Table 2: Distribution of households by the type of structure of houses (in percentages)

States


pucca

semi pucca

katcha

pucca

semi pucca

katcha

pucca

semi pucca

katcha

Larger states

UP 37.6 26.8 35.6 98.3 0.0 1.7 59.2 17.3 23.6

Maharashtra 49.7 40.3 10.1 88.6 10.8 0.6 54.7 36.5 8.8

Bihar 44.6 36.7 18.7 15.7 39.8 44.5 41.3 37.0 21.7

West Bengal 16.6 47.7 35.7 76.4 17.6 6.0 22.3 44.8 32.8

Andhra Pradesh 54.1 25.1 20.8 80.7 0.9 18.4 58.9 20.7 20.3

Madhya Pradesh 36.2 56.7 7.1 77.1 21.2 1.7 38.6 54.6 6.8

Tamil Nadu 68.3 12.9 18.8 83.7 8.5 7.7 71.1 12.1 16.8

Rajasthan 38.9 53.8 7.3 93.8 3.3 2.9 41.4 51.5 7.1

Karnataka 50.9 37.8 11.3 74.2 20.2 5.6 56.0 33.9 10.1

Gujrat 37.3 48.7 14.0 96.2 2.8 1.0 46.6 41.4 11.9

Orissa 22.5 39.3 38.2 64.9 26.5 8.7 25.8 38.3 35.9

Kerala 70.4 19.0 10.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 73.3 17.2 9.5

Jharkhand 21.5 66.1 12.4 82.3 15.5 2.3 24.8 63.4 11.9

Assam 15.2 44.9 39.9 85.9 11.5 2.7 19.1 43.1 37.8

Punjab 57.3 2.2 40.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 73.3 1.4 25.3

Chattisgarh 19.0 77.8 3.2 78.6 18.2 3.1 22.7 74.2 3.2

Haryana 74.5 0.0 25.5 85.0 15.0 0.0 79.9 7.8 12.3

Delhi 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 14.4 33.8 51.9 23.9 27.5 48.6 15.7 32.9 51.4

Uttaranchal 77.0 1.6 21.4 99.9 0.1 0.1 86.2 1.0 12.9


Smaller states

Tripura 5.7 65.5 28.8 77.3 21.5 1.1 10.0 62.9 27.1

Meghalaya 43.7 22.8 33.6 85.2 13.9 0.8 50.2 21.4 28.4

Manipur 15.4 46.3 38.3 37.1 48.6 14.3 16.3 46.4 37.2

Nagaland 49.3 38.4 12.3 80.6 18.9 0.5 56.9 33.7 9.4

Goa 89.4 10.6 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 89.6 10.4 0.0


Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 47.6 27.9 24.6 92.4 6.7 0.9 67.3 18.5 14.1

Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 58.4 31.6 10.0 99.9 0.1 0.0 62.2 28.8 9.1

A&N Island 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 29.5 52.8 17.7 84.0 16.0 0.0 33.3 50.3 16.5

Daman&Diu 59.0 19.0 22.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 59.8 18.6 21.6

Lakshadweep 92.9 3.4 3.7 94.0 4.9 1.0 93.4 4.1 2.4

All INDIA 34.0 48.3 17.8 83.5 11.5 5.0 39.5 44.3 16.4


Table 3: Distribution of households by the number of living rooms (in percentages)

States Rural Urban

0 1 2 3 or more 0 1 2 3 or more

Larger States

UP 0.7 35.0 35.3 29.0 1.2 36.3 32.0 30.5

Maharashtra 0.6 42.2 39.9 17.4 5.4 49.8 29.4 15.4

Bihar 0.4 29.0 42.7 28.1 0.7 33.9 39.0 26.5

West Bengal 0.7 45.4 39.5 14.4 2.6 38.3 35.5 23.6

Andhra Pradesh 1.4 48.3 38.3 12.3 5.2 44.6 31.8 18.4

Madhya Pradesh 0.1 29.4 40.4 30.1 0.4 27.2 38.0 34.5

Tamil Nadu 0.0 53.1 32.9 14.0 0.3 47.3 33.8 18.5

Rajasthan 0.5 25.9 38.4 35.1 1.8 26.5 27.8 43.9

Karnataka 0.6 28.9 40.8 29.8 0.2 28.8 34.7 36.3

Gujrat 0.9 43.5 38.7 16.9 1.3 34.9 36.3 27.5

Orissa 0.3 33.0 47.1 19.6 0.2 42.6 36.2 21.0

Kerala 0.8 6.4 16.8 76.0 2.4 12.9 13.5 71.3

Jharkhand 0.1 16.8 37.7 45.5 0.8 26.0 39.9 33.3

Assam 0.4 7.5 42.7 49.4 1.1 18.2 33.4 47.2

Punjab 0.1 20.6 31.9 47.4 0.9 37.6 24.9 36.5

Chattisgarh 0.1 19.9 45.0 35.0 0.7 38.6 35.4 25.2

Haryana 0.1 21.5 38.1 40.3 0.9 29.8 29.8 39.5

Delhi 3.9 32.0 36.3 27.8 2.1 44.0 30.2 23.6

Jammu&Kashmir 0 8.5 18.9 72.6 0.1 30.2 21.6 48.2

Uttaranchal 0.6 26.7 33.1 39.6 0.1 30.3 32.2 37.5

Himachal Pradesh 6.7 18.2 29.1 46.0 4.6 42.9 21.4 31.0

Smaller states

Tripura 0.0 41.6 41.4 17.1 0.0 33.6 46.4 20.0

Meghalaya 0.0 5.4 36.4 58.3 0.0 17.2 39.0 43.8

Manipur 0.0 7.5 38.3 54.2 0.1 8.8 27.0 64.0

Nagaland 0.0 49.5 50.5 0.0 0.0 34.4 51.8 13.8

Goa 0.0 18.8 30.5 50.7 0.0 19.8 26.4 53.8

Arunachal Pradesh 1.8 32.0 46.5 19.6 2.3 36.6 43.8 17.3

Pondicherry 0.0 48.7 32.3 19.0 8.1 39.1 33.9 18.9

Mizoram 0.0 46.0 34.1 19.9 0.0 50.1 49.9 0.0

Chandigarh 0.1 83.4 11.7 4.8 2.1 32.2 21.6 44.0

Sikkim 0.0 21.7 34.0 44.3 4.5 32.0 38.5 25.1

A&N Island 0.0 21.5 35.5 43.0 2.6 26.4 48.3 22.6

D&N Haveli 0.0 40.6 59.4 0.0 0.0 57.2 35.0 7.8

Daman&Diu 0.0 10.1 43.2 46.7 0.0 13.3 39.9 46.8

Lakshadweep 0.0 3.7 0.0 96.3 0.0 74.7 25.3 0.0

All INDIA 0.6 33.2 37.3 28.4 2.2 38.2 32.0 27.6


Table 3: Distribution of households by the number of

living rooms (in percentages)

Rural+Urban

States 0 1 2 3 or more

Larger States

UP 0.8 35.3 34.5 29.4

Maharashtra 2.9 45.8 34.7 16.4

Bihar 0.5 29.5 42.1 27.8

West Bengal 1.3 43.4 38.4 17.3

Andhra Pradesh 2.7 47.0 36.0 14.4

Madhya Pradesh 0.2 28.7 39.7 31.5

Tamil Nadu 0.2 50.0 33.4 16.4

Rajasthan 1.0 26.1 35.0 38.0

Karnataka 0.4 28.8 38.2 32.5

Gujrat 1.1 39.5 37.6 21.9

Orissa 0.3 34.9 44.9 19.9

Kerala 1.2 8.2 15.9 74.7

Jharkhand 0.2 18.8 38.2 42.8

Assam 0.5 8.8 41.6 49.1

Punjab 0.5 28.7 28.6 42.3

Chattisgarh 0.3 25.3 42.2 32.2

Haryana 0.3 24.5 35.2 40.0

Delhi 2.3 43.1 30.7 24.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.0 13.7 19.5 66.8

Uttaranchal 0.4 27.6 32.9 39.1


Smaller states

Tripura 0.0 39.4 42.7 17.8

Meghalaya 0.0 11.7 37.8 50.5

Manipur 0.1 8.0 33.8 58.1

Nagaland 0.0 36.1 51.7 12.3

Goa 0.0 19.3 28.3 52.4


Pondicherry 6.4 41.1 33.5 19.0

Mizoram 0.0 48.1 42.4 9.4

Chandigarh 1.9 38.2 20.5 39.4

Sikkim 0.8 23.6 34.8 40.7

A&N Island 1.0 23.3 40.2 35.5

D&N Haveli 0.0 50.8 44.5 4.8

Daman&Diu 0.0 11.4 41.9 46.7

Lakshadweep 0.0 11.8 2.9 85.3

All INDIA 1.2 35.1 35.6 28.2


Table 4: Distribution of households by ventilation of the houses (in percentages)

States


good

satisfactory

bad

good satisfac-

tory

bad

good

satisfactory

bad

Larger States

UP 7.4 48.9 43.7 55.4 42.0 2.6 24.4 46.5 29.1

Maharashtra 22.5 50.6 26.9 35.4 41.7 22.8 24.1 49.5 26.4

Bihar 8.4 60.4 31.2 3.0 84.4 12.6 7.8 63.2 29.1

West Bengal 13.1 44.7 42.2 32.5 38.4 29.1 15.0 44.1 41.0

Andhra Pradesh 21.6 39.5 38.9 44.7 21.8 33.5 25.8 36.3 37.9

Madhya Pradesh 17.8 52.6 29.6 44.4 36.9 18.7 19.4 51.7 29.0

Tamil Nadu 12.1 72.5 15.4 74.3 25.4 0.3 23.4 63.9 12.6

Rajasthan 8.7 66.2 25.1 45.4 45.9 8.6 10.4 65.3 24.3

Karnataka 18.7 51.0 30.3 40.8 48.3 10.9 23.5 50.4 26.1

Gujrat 19.0 47.2 33.8 46.4 44.3 9.3 23.3 46.8 29.9

Orissa 11.8 31.0 57.2 11.0 42.3 46.7 11.8 31.9 56.3

Kerala 38.4 34.7 26.9 98.8 0.0 1.2 44.2 31.4 24.4

Jharkhand 2.0 49.1 48.9 47.0 31.9 21.2 4.4 48.1 47.4

Assam 23.5 52.5 24.1 51.7 45.4 2.9 25.1 52.1 22.9

Punjab 0.0 0.0 100.0 42.8 39.1 18.1 16.1 14.7 69.3

Chattisgarh 21.4 61.5 17.1 28.3 54.7 17.0 21.8 61.1 17.1

Haryana 0.0 74.5 25.5 27.5 34.3 38.2 14.3 53.7 32.1

Delhi 0.0 100.0 0.0 33.4 51.8 14.7 30.6 55.9 13.5

Jammu&Kashmir 42.0 43.8 14.2 69.1 27.6 3.3 45.7 41.6 12.7

Uttaranchal 53.8 30.4 15.8 58.2 35.9 5.9 55.6 32.6 11.8


Smaller states

Tripura 12.9 58.1 29.0 58.7 37.2 4.1 15.7 56.9 27.5

Meghalaya 54.9 31.7 13.4 80.0 19.2 0.8 58.8 29.8 11.4

Manipur 29.4 46.7 23.9 42.0 54.9 3.1 30.0 47.0 23.0

Nagaland 19.2 53.2 27.7 35.6 56.0 8.4 23.1 53.9 23.0

Goa 31.0 57.4 11.6 0.0 48.9 51.1 30.4 57.3 12.3


Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Mizoram 43.8 31.5 24.8 58.3 32.5 9.1 50.2 31.9 17.9

Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 48.7 31.2 20.1 72.3 27.2 0.6 50.8 30.9 18.3

A&N Island 27.9 68.1 4.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 31.6 64.6 3.8

D&N Haveli 25.3 39.8 35.0 49.8 19.2 31.0 27.0 38.3 34.7

Daman&Diu 4.8 12.0 83.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 11.8 81.5

Lakshadweep 23.8 76.2 0.0 44.1 45.1 10.8 33.2 61.9 5.0

All INDIA 17.8 49.7 32.7 42.6 39.9 17.6 20.5 48.6 31.0


Table 5: Distribution of households by drainage facility (in percentages)

Rural

States

underground covered pucca

open pucca

open katcha

no drainage

Larger States

UP 2.2 0.5 14.7 16.6 66.0

Maharashtra 1.2 2.8 18.7 12.5 64.9

Bihar 0.0 2.6 0.1 47.4 49.9

West Bengal 0.0 0.0 0.6 12.6 86.8

Andhra Pradesh 4.5 1.4 13.3 9.0 71.7

Madhya Pradesh 0.5 1.7 5.1 14.4 78.3

Tamil Nadu 0.0 0.0 32.8 16.0 51.2

Rajasthan 0.7 0.3 8.8 37.7 52.4

Karnataka 0.0 1.0 23.7 18.1 57.2

Gujrat 3.3 8.5 2.4 7.5 78.2

Orissa 0.2 0.6 2.9 3.1 93.2

Kerala 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 99.6

Jharkhand 0.1 0.1 5.2 7.5 87.1

Assam 0.0 0.2 2.7 23.8 73.3

Punjab 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 95.0

Chattisgarh 1.0 0.5 6.1 21.2 71.1

Haryana 0.0 0.0 61.0 13.5 25.5

Delhi 0.0 0.0 90.6 0.0 9.4

Jammu&Kashmir 13.0 2.5 17.6 13.0 53.9

Uttaranchal 31.3 0.3 9.3 41.2 17.8


Smaller States

Tripura 0.1 0.0 1.3 4.0 94.5

Meghalaya 0.0 0.1 17.4 53.5 28.9

Manipur 0.1 0.2 7.1 47.3 45.4

Nagaland 0.0 1.8 19.4 37.7 41.1

Goa 0.0 0.0 12.0 0.0 88.0


Pondicherry

Mizoram 0.2 0.5 10.5 26.2 62.6

Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 0.0 1.6 28.6 29.1 40.6

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 19.5 0.0 80.5

D&N Haveli 0.4 1.2 4.0 49.8 44.6

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.2 93.7

Lakshadweep 0.0 28.6 0.0 71.4 0.0

All INDIA 1.1 1.7 8.1 16.3 72.8



Urban

States


open pucca

open katcha

no drainage

Larger States

UP 45.7 15.5 29.9 3.0 5.9

Maharashtra 45.3 14.7 20.0 5.5 14.6

Bihar 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 97.0

West Bengal 3.2 6.7 39.1 25.0 26.0

Andhra Pradesh 25.8 17.2 28.5 0.9 27.7

Madhya Pradesh 18.4 3.2 44.0 17.5 16.9

Tamil Nadu 5.8 0.0 36.5 3.5 54.2

Rajasthan 23.6 15.3 30.6 10.0 20.4

Karnataka 22.3 12.9 39.2 7.9 17.7

Gujrat 80.1 5.2 4.4 3.1 7.2

Orissa 4.1 5.5 27.9 5.2 57.3

Kerala 58.5 18.3 3.4 4.8 15.1

Jharkhand 1.0 40.1 18.2 15.0 25.6

Assam 1.7 7.4 43.7 31.7 15.4

Punjab 8.0 0.0 54.2 18.1 19.8

Chattisgarh 19.3 11.2 43.1 5.4 21.1

Haryana 0.0 19.3 27.5 0.0 53.2

Delhi 63.2 18.8 12.0 6.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 16.5 0.0 2.8 0.0 80.8

Uttaranchal 5.6 18.6 45.7 0.1 30.0


Smaller States

Tripura 0.0 6.1 46.0 10.4 37.5

Meghalaya 1.7 14.4 69.7 11.2 2.9

Manipur 0.0 0.0 9.6 67.8 22.7

Nagaland 0.2 9.2 37.1 29.9 23.6

Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0


Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 0.9 4.8 36.0 28.5 29.8

Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 8.7 7.5 82.0 1.7 0.1

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 43.4 14.7 15.2 22.5 4.2

Daman&Diu 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 6.0 0.0 1.4 3.6 88.9

All INDIA 29.1 11.1 28.8 9.5 21.5



Rural+Urban

States


open pucca

open katcha

no drainage

Larger States

UP 17.6 5.8 20.1 11.8 44.7

Maharashtra 6.9 4.3 18.9 11.6 58.4

Bihar 0.3 2.3 0.1 42.0 55.3

West Bengal 0.3 0.6 4.3 13.8 81.0

Andhra Pradesh 8.4 4.3 16.1 7.6 63.7

Madhya Pradesh 1.5 1.8 7.5 14.6 74.6

Tamil Nadu 1.1 0.0 33.5 13.7 51.8

Rajasthan 1.8 1.0 9.8 36.5 51.0

Karnataka 4.8 3.6 27.0 15.9 48.7

Gujrat 15.5 8.0 2.7 6.8 66.9

Orissa 0.5 0.9 4.9 3.3 90.4

Kerala 5.7 1.8 0.5 0.6 91.5

Jharkhand 0.2 2.2 5.9 7.9 83.8

Assam 0.1 0.6 5.0 24.3 70.1

Punjab 3.0 0.0 20.3 9.9 66.8

Chattisgarh 2.1 1.2 8.4 20.3 68.1

Haryana 0.0 10.0 43.6 6.5 39.9

Delhi 57.8 17.2 18.7 5.5 0.8

Jammu&Kashmir 13.4 2.2 15.5 11.3 57.6

Uttaranchal 21.0 7.6 23.9 24.8 22.7


Smaller States

Tripura 0.1 0.4 4.0 4.4 91.1

Meghalaya 0.3 2.3 25.7 46.9 24.8

Manipur 0.0 0.2 7.2 48.2 44.3

Nagaland 0.0 3.6 23.7 35.8 36.8

Goa 0.0 0.0 11.8 1.8 86.4


Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 0.5 2.4 21.7 27.2 48.1

Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 0.8 2.2 33.5 26.6 36.9

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 23.5 0.0 76.5

D&N Haveli 3.4 2.1 4.8 48.0 41.8

Daman&Diu 0.0 2.0 6.0 0.2 91.8

Lakshadweep 2.8 15.4 0.7 40.1 41.1

All INDIA 4.2 2.7 10.3 15.5 67.2


Table 8: Distribution of households by the distance to the place of work of the earning member (in

percentages)

Rural

States not

required to

travel

less than 1

km

1 -

5km

5-10km 10-

15km

15-

30

30km or

more

Larger States

UP 22.2 30.4 34.9 9.7 2.2 0.6 0.0

Maharashtra 13.2 13.7 59.4 8.5 3.2 1.0 1.1

Bihar 1.4 18.1 47.8 28.8 3.9 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 16.7 17.8 38.6 14.1 8.9 1.5 2.4

Andhra Pradesh 12.4 24.7 42.0 17.1 2.0 1.4 0.4

Madhya Pradesh 6.0 27.4 47.3 13.8 3.4 0.7 1.5

Tamil Nadu 4.5 11.8 73.9 3.6 5.7 0.1 0.2

Rajasthan 5.1 26.5 41.8 17.2 2.7 3.0 3.8

Karnataka 4.9 18.5 62.0 10.8 2.8 1.0 0.1

Gujrat 14.1 15.9 41.3 9.8 5.3 3.7 9.9

Orissa 12.0 11.5 47.2 22.0 6.1 0.6 0.6

Kerala 35.4 8.5 40.3 7.0 6.5 0.0 2.5

Jharkhand 24.2 18.8 39.3 12.2 3.3 1.3 0.9

Assam 23.6 26.4 35.2 11.1 2.2 1.1 0.4

Punjab 11.5 18.8 69.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 10.2 8.6 58.7 17.3 4.6 0.2 0.4

Haryana 74.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.5 0.0 0.0

Delhi 0.0 0.0 90.6 0.0 0.0 9.4 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 14.1 15.0 38.1 4.3 8.6 15.3 4.7

Uttaranchal 30.0 7.6 20.3 12.7 29.3 0.0 0.0


Smaller states

Tripura 31.6 17.2 36.9 9.6 3.8 0.7 0.1

Meghalaya 14.0 24.8 42.2 11.6 3.9 2.6 0.9

Manipur 18.8 23.5 47.5 8.5 1.5 0.0 0.1

Nagaland 5.4 18.2 53.7 16.4 3.3 1.9 1.0

Goa 0.0 0.0 64.9 4.9 1.4 5.8 23.0


Pondicherry

Mizoram 15.4 13.8 59.3 8.8 0.8 0.8 1.2

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 42.8 20.7 24.8 4.9 2.9 2.6 1.3

A&N Island 6.9 34.3 38.3 3.7 2.4 14.5 0.0

D&N Haveli 28.1 31.9 14.0 13.5 8.8 3.4 0.3

Daman&Diu 15.7 24.4 59.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 28.7 9.5 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 56.4

All INDIA 12.9 19.0 46.5 13.8 4.1 1.4 2.0



percentages)

Urban

States not

required to

travel

less than 1

km

1 -5km

5-10km

10-15km

15-30 30km or

more

Larger States

UP 26.2 1.3 40.2 21.5 2.3 6.8 1.8

Maharashtra 15.7 18.6 29.5 16.9 5.7 5.5 8.0

Bihar 0.0 3.0 79.7 17.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 23.0 21.5 28.6 12.1 10.5 4.2 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 54.0 8.8 21.0 12.5 3.6 0.0 0.1

Madhya Pradesh 23.4 27.4 27.4 13.3 5.5 1.7 1.3

Tamil Nadu 7.7 15.0 46.4 0.0 4.9 20.2 5.8

Rajasthan 9.8 24.0 29.4 24.5 0.7 0.9 10.7

Karnataka 21.0 4.2 50.1 17.5 4.3 2.2 0.7

Gujrat 39.6 17.9 25.6 7.6 7.8 1.6 0.0

Orissa 9.6 21.7 52.5 10.4 1.4 0.3 4.2

Kerala 58.7 29.8 5.9 4.8 0.0 0.7 0.0

Jharkhand 49.7 5.5 22.2 16.7 4.6 0.8 0.6

Assam 19.3 25.4 43.2 8.9 0.5 0.6 2.1

Punjab 28.3 17.9 16.8 19.5 7.8 9.7 0.0

Chattisgarh 3.0 22.7 50.6 16.3 3.6 3.8 0.0

Haryana 0.0 15.0 19.3 38.2 0.0 0.0 27.5

Delhi 14.3 9.2 46.2 18.0 10.2 0.5 1.7

Jammu&Kashmir 6.6 14.2 57.6 11.1 3.4 0.0 7.2

Uttaranchal 5.6 12.1 39.4 42.9 0.0 0.0 0.0


Smaller states

Tripura 37.9 23.1 12.2 11.3 7.3 2.9 5.3

Meghalaya 26.9 11.6 30.9 21.7 4.1 2.0 2.9

Manipur 29.9 26.6 18.6 17.2 1.4 2.3 4.0

Nagaland 24.9 16.2 41.4 13.9 1.2 2.1 0.3

Goa 0.0 31.9 0.0 17.0 0.0 51.1 0.0


Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 23.5 27.4 35.1 11.1 2.4 0.1 0.4

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 25.4 24.1 38.0 10.4 0.0 2.0 0.0

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 12.1 38.3 35.2 6.0 6.8 1.5 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 13.9 16.3 43.8 5.5 0.0 0.8 19.8

All INDIA 25.9 16.8 33.9 13.9 4.6 2.5 2.3



percentages)

Rural+Urban

States not

required to

travel

less than 1

km

1 -5km

5-10km 10-

15km

15-30 30km or

more

Larger States

UP 23.6 20.1 36.8 13.9 2.2 2.8 0.7

Maharashtra 13.5 14.4 55.5 9.5 3.5 1.5 2.0

Bihar 1.2 16.4 51.5 27.4 3.4 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 17.3 18.2 37.7 13.9 9.1 1.7 2.2

Andhra Pradesh 19.9 21.9 38.2 16.3 2.3 1.1 0.3

Madhya Pradesh 7.0 27.4 46.1 13.8 3.5 0.7 1.5

Tamil Nadu 5.1 12.4 68.9 3.0 5.6 3.8 1.2

Rajasthan 5.3 26.3 41.3 17.5 2.6 2.9 4.1

Karnataka 8.4 15.4 59.4 12.2 3.1 1.2 0.2

Gujrat 18.1 16.2 38.8 9.5 5.7 3.4 8.3

Orissa 11.8 12.3 47.6 21.1 5.8 0.6 0.9

Kerala 37.6 10.5 36.9 6.8 5.8 0.1 2.2

Jharkhand 25.6 18.0 38.4 12.5 3.3 1.3 0.9

Assam 23.4 26.3 35.6 11.0 2.1 1.1 0.5

Punjab 17.8 18.5 49.9 7.3 2.9 3.6 0.0

Chattisgarh 9.7 9.5 58.2 17.2 4.5 0.4 0.3

Haryana 35.9 7.8 10.0 19.8 12.3 0.0 14.3

Delhi 13.1 8.4 50.0 16.4 9.3 1.2 1.6

Jammu&Kashmir 13.0 14.9 40.8 5.2 7.9 13.2 5.0

Uttaranchal 20.3 9.4 27.9 24.8 17.6 0.0 0.0


Smaller states

Tripura 32.0 17.6 35.4 9.7 4.0 0.9 0.5

Meghalaya 16.1 22.7 40.4 13.2 3.9 2.5 1.2

Manipur 19.3 23.7 46.2 8.9 1.5 0.1 0.3

Nagaland 10.1 17.7 50.8 15.8 2.8 2.0 0.9

Goa 0.0 0.6 63.8 5.2 1.4 6.6 22.6


Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 18.9 19.8 48.6 9.8 1.5 0.5 0.8

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 41.3 21.0 26.0 5.4 2.7 2.6 1.2

A&N Island 6.5 32.5 41.4 3.5 2.3 13.8 0.0

D&N Haveli 27.0 32.4 15.4 12.9 8.7 3.2 0.3

Daman&Diu 15.4 24.0 60.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 21.9 12.7 23.1 2.5 0.0 0.4 39.5

All INDIA 14.4 18.8 45.3 13.8 4.2 1.5 2.1


Table 11: Distribution of households by their experience of flood (in percentages)

States

Rural Urban

Yes

no

Yes

no from

excessive

rain

river,sea,etc from

excessive

rain

river,sea,etc

Larger States

UP 10.8 13.3 75.9 26.8 0.0 73.2

Maharashtra 2.9 2.8 94.3 17.4 0.5 82.1

Bihar 18.8 30.2 51.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

West Bengal 11.0 5.2 83.8 11.6 0.0 88.4

Andhra Pradesh 13.7 0.1 86.2 12.8 0.8 86.4

Madhya Pradesh 0.1 1.1 98.8 2.6 0.0 97.4

Tamil Nadu 1.6 2.3 96.1 5.8 0.0 94.2

Rajasthan 6.0 2.3 91.7 0.0 0.0 100.0

Karnataka 0.3 0.7 99.0 1.4 0.4 98.2

Gujrat 5.3 10.8 83.9 3.6 23.5 72.9

Orissa 3.8 7.8 88.4 7.4 13.1 79.6

Kerala 7.8 0.1 92.1 0.0 0.0 100.0

Jharkhand 1.9 0.3 97.8 3.3 0.0 96.7

Assam 11.3 21.3 67.4 0.0 9.9 90.1

Punjab 13.8 0.0 86.2 0.2 0.0 99.8

Chattisgarh 0.8 0.6 98.6 5.6 0.0 94.4

Haryana 25.5 0.0 74.5 15.0 0.0 85.0

Delhi 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.4 0.0 96.6

Jammu&Kashmir 19.2 3.9 76.9 0.0 0.0 100.0

Uttaranchal 0.1 20.5 79.4 0.0 0.0 100.0


Smaller States

Tripura 1.1 0.3 98.6 3.6 3.9 92.5

Meghalaya 1.2 0.0 98.8 0.0 0.0 100.0

Manipur 0.2 1.4 98.4 2.0 0.0 98.0

Nagaland 3.0 0.1 97.0 2.8 0.0 97.2

Goa 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0



Mizoram 0.0 0.7 99.3 1.2 0.1 98.6

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Sikkim 0.0 0.1 99.9 0.0 0.0 100.0

A&N Island 0.0 20.5 79.5 0.0 0.0 100.0

D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.0 0.0 98.0

All INDIA 4.5 4.6 90.9 7.4 4.9 87.6



Rural+Urban

States

Yes no from excessive

rain river,sea,etc

Larger States

UP 16.5 8.6 75.0


Bihar 16.6 26.8 56.6




Tamil Nadu 2.3 1.9 95.8

Rajasthan 5.7 2.2 92.1

Karnataka 0.6 0.6 98.8

Gujrat 5.0 12.8 82.1

Orissa 4.1 8.2 87.7

Kerala 7.0 0.1 92.8

Jharkhand 2.0 0.3 97.8

Assam 10.6 20.7 68.7

Punjab 8.7 0.0 91.3


Haryana 20.1 0.0 79.9

Delhi 3.1 0.0 96.9




Smaller States

Tripura 1.2 0.5 98.2

Meghalaya 1.0 0.0 99.0

Manipur 0.3 1.3 98.4

Nagaland 2.9 0.0 97.0

Goa 0.0 0.0 100.0



Mizoram 0.5 0.5 99.0


Sikkim 0.0 0.1 99.9

A&N Island 0.0 19.5 80.5

D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 100.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 100.0


All INDIA 4.8 4.6 90.9


Table 13: Distribution of households by land possesed (in percentages)

Sector: Rural

States

< 0.01 0.01-

0.05

0.05-

0.52

0.52-

1.01

1.01-

2.50

2.50-

4.97

4.97-

9.91

9.91-

19.79

>19.79

Larger states

UP 24.0 27.1 12.2 16.9 11.4 5.1 3.3 0.0 0.0

Maharashtra 36.3 14.4 11.2 6.1 10.8 12.8 7.3 1.0 0.2

Bihar 1.8 19.6 29.5 22.8 14.1 9.6 0.0 2.6 0.0

West Bengal 14.6 36.3 25.1 14.2 8.0 1.6 0.1 0.0 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 25.7 18.5 9.8 7.9 17.6 11.2 9.2 0.1 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 7.4 10.6 13.1 15.8 16.0 15.0 17.7 3.5 0.8

Tamil Nadu 44.3 19.7 9.3 16.1 7.4 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rajasthan 5.2 5.9 7.6 13.1 28.5 32.1 7.0 0.7 0.0

Karnataka 21.9 14.7 13.3 7.8 12.9 16.3 9.8 2.2 1.0

Gujrat 31.5 10.7 11.3 13.5 20.2 9.1 3.7 0.0 0.0

Orissa 10.8 7.5 22.1 21.7 18.3 12.6 7.1 0.1 0.0

Kerala 28.3 20.4 31.9 10.5 0.7 4.8 3.4 0.0 0.0

Jharkhand 8.6 6.8 12.4 19.5 25.6 23.2 3.8 0.1 0.0

Assam 0.2 4.5 13.9 12.5 27.0 28.0 13.1 0.7 0.0

Punjab 74.9 10.0 15.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 2.4 4.8 9.2 12.0 24.5 26.1 16.9 3.7 0.4

Haryana 24.8 39.0 0.0 0.0 36.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Delhi 9.4 0.0 90.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 35.3 0.2 5.4 8.0 22.0 19.9 7.9 1.4 0.0

Uttaranchal 7.8 31.4 2.6 10.0 18.1 21.2 7.7 1.2 0.0


Smaller states

Tripura 1.7 15.6 36.9 23.0 17.0 5.5 0.4 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 1.3 7.8 10.5 18.4 26.0 25.5 10.2 0.2 0.0

Manipur 2.6 7.7 12.2 18.0 35.4 18.8 5.2 0.0 0.1

Nagaland 4.5 8.6 4.3 7.2 18.1 23.8 32.7 0.8 0.0

Goa 0.0 30.6 35.0 0.0 1.5 23.5 3.1 6.3 0.0


Pondicherry

Mizoram 0.4 3.1 14.3 24.1 38.2 15.4 4.3 0.2 0.0

Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 10.7 6.5 11.3 15.5 30.6 22.4 2.8 0.1 0.0

A&N Island 19.5 6.8 20.4 29.2 16.1 6.2 1.8 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 10.5 9.7 41.9 21.0 9.8 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 93.5 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.0 18.3 80.2 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 14.6 11.4 13.9 14.0 19.1 16.6 9.1 1.2 0.2

Source: NSSO 65th Round (July 2008-June2009) Note: land is given in acres


Sector: Urban

States

< 0.01 0.01-

0.05

0.05-

0.52

0.52-

1.01

1.01-

2.50

2.50-

4.97

4.97-

9.91

9.91-

19.79

>19.79

Larger states

UP 23.1 66.1 5.0 1.1 3.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maharashtra 60.4 17.6 14.7 0.4 1.5 0.1 3.6 1.1 0.6

Bihar 85.2 13.1 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 46.8 33.5 11.9 4.9 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 93.6 3.7 1.8 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 48.9 33.9 8.7 4.1 2.6 0.5 1.3 0.0 0.0

Tamil Nadu 23.2 41.6 15.0 20.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rajasthan 19.6 41.8 6.8 13.5 6.6 11.0 0.6 0.0 0.0

Karnataka 38.9 39.1 11.6 1.2 2.7 6.4 0.1 0.0 0.0

Gujrat 59.5 22.1 13.9 2.2 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Orissa 26.9 30.0 20.2 10.7 7.4 3.5 1.3 0.0 0.0

Kerala 71.4 0.0 14.8 0.0 0.0 13.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

Jharkhand 61.9 20.1 5.8 7.5 0.5 2.7 1.4 0.0 0.0

Assam 8.0 23.7 38.5 24.3 5.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Punjab 24.7 65.6 9.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 61.7 27.2 9.5 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.0

Haryana 53.2 46.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Delhi 76.9 21.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 1.9 0.8 4.6 21.7 32.2 27.2 11.5 0.0 0.0

Uttaranchal 42.1 44.2 6.6 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0


Smaller states

Tripura 49.0 31.3 7.1 9.3 2.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 34.5 15.7 23.4 14.3 6.7 4.2 1.2 0.0 0.0

Manipur 11.2 16.3 50.6 6.6 11.6 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 10.0 21.3 6.8 10.1 12.5 16.5 22.4 0.4 0.0

Goa 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 11.9 24.2 26.6 13.7 17.4 4.8 1.4 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 9.9 90.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 35.5 36.7 23.9 3.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 0.0 3.5 61.9 33.9 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.2 28.9 67.8 1.8 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 49.0 26.1 12.5 5.1 3.1 2.6 1.4 0.2 0.1



Sector: Rural+Urban

States <

0.01

0.01-

0.05

0.05-

0.52

0.52-

1.01

1.01-

2.50

2.50-

4.97

4.97-

9.91

9.91-

19.79

>19.79

Larger states

UP 23.7 40.9 9.6 11.3 8.4 3.9 2.1 0.0 0.0

Maharashtra 39.4 14.8 11.6 5.3 9.6 11.1 6.8 1.0 0.3

Bihar 11.5 18.8 26.3 20.1 12.5 8.5 0.0 2.3 0.0

West Bengal 17.7 36.1 23.9 13.3 7.5 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 38.0 15.8 8.4 6.6 14.5 9.2 7.6 0.0 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 9.8 12.0 12.8 15.1 15.2 14.1 16.8 3.3 0.8

Tamil Nadu 40.4 23.7 10.3 16.9 6.1 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rajasthan 5.8 7.5 7.5 13.1 27.5 31.1 6.8 0.7 0.0

Karnataka 25.6 20.0 12.9 6.4 10.7 14.1 7.7 1.7 0.8

Gujrat 36.0 12.5 11.8 11.7 17.0 8.0 3.1 0.0 0.0

Orissa 12.0 9.2 21.9 20.8 17.4 11.9 6.6 0.0 0.0

Kerala 32.5 18.5 30.3 9.4 0.6 5.7 3.0 0.0 0.0

Jharkhand 11.5 7.5 12.1 18.9 24.3 22.1 3.6 0.1 0.0

Assam 0.6 5.6 15.3 13.1 25.8 26.5 12.4 0.6 0.0

Punjab 56.0 30.9 13.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 6.0 6.2 9.2 11.3 23.0 24.6 15.9 3.5 0.4

Haryana 39.5 43.0 0.0 0.0 17.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Delhi 71.2 19.5 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 30.8 0.3 5.3 9.9 23.4 20.9 8.4 1.2 0.0

Uttaranchal 21.5 36.5 4.2 8.9 10.8 12.8 4.6 0.7 0.0


Smaller states

Tripura 4.5 16.5 35.1 22.2 16.1 5.2 0.4 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 6.5 9.0 12.5 17.8 23.0 22.2 8.8 0.2 0.0

Manipur 3.0 8.1 14.0 17.5 34.3 18.1 4.9 0.0 0.1

Nagaland 5.8 11.6 4.9 7.9 16.8 22.1 30.3 0.7 0.0

Goa 1.8 30.0 34.4 0.0 1.5 23.1 3.0 6.2 0.0


Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 5.5 12.4 19.7 19.5 29.0 10.7 3.0 0.1 0.0

Chandigarh 62.7 37.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 13.0 9.2 12.5 14.5 27.8 20.3 2.6 0.1 0.0

A&N Island 18.5 6.4 19.4 27.7 15.3 5.9 6.8 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 9.8 9.3 43.3 21.9 9.1 6.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 91.6 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.1 23.2 74.5 1.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 18.3 13.0 13.8 13.0 17.3 15.1 8.3 1.1 0.2


Table 16: classification of households by the type of wall (in percentages)

Sector: Rural

States

grass /straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

Timber

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron

or

other

metal

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 13.0 44.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 40.0 0.0 2.3 0.0

Maharashtra 16.3 31.1 0.1 1.0 0.5 48.9 0.0 2.0 0.0

Bihar 12.0 34.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.5 0.0 4.7 0.0

West Bengal 12.7 68.6 0.0 0.0 2.4 11.7 1.5 3.1 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 7.4 35.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 52.1 0.0 4.1 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 5.0 54.5 0.5 1.1 0.5 36.5 0.0 1.9 0.0

Tamil Nadu 5.5 20.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 69.2 0.0 5.0 0.0

Rajasthan 1.5 56.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 41.1 0.0 0.4 0.2

Karnataka 4.6 26.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 65.5 0.0 3.2 0.0

Gujrat 5.8 53.5 0.1 1.1 0.0 35.4 0.1 3.9 0.0

Orissa 2.6 69.9 0.4 2.4 0.4 22.0 0.0 2.3 0.0

Kerala 2.0 24.6 0.0 0.8 0.0 63.9 0.0 1.8 6.9

Jharkhand 2.2 70.6 0.0 5.6 0.2 19.7 0.0 1.7 0.1

Assam 43.8 39.4 0.0 0.8 0.7 8.9 0.1 5.4 0.9

Punjab 0.0 41.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 58.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 0.9 72.8 0.1 7.2 0.2 18.4 0.0 0.5 0.0

Haryana 0.0 25.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 61.0 0.0 13.5 0.0

Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.1 60.6 0.0 3.2 1.4 31.0 0.0 3.7 0.0

Uttaranchal 0.0 19.8 0.0 2.8 8.9 66.4 0.0 2.0 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 35.9 58.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.5 2.0 2.2 0.0

Meghalaya 43.6 7.8 0.0 3.6 14.5 6.4 1.7 21.8 0.7

Manipur 25.2 58.3 0.1 0.6 5.9 8.5 0.2 0.9 0.1

Nagaland 35.1 13.7 0.0 1.5 26.2 4.0 2.1 17.5 0.0

Goa 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.9 0.0 12.0 0.0


Pondicherry

Mizoram 51.2 0.6 0.2 0.3 2.5 0.9 9.7 2.4 32.1

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 11.5 28.9 0.3 0.1 8.6 7.0 0.6 41.4 1.6

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.5 0.0 70.0 14.6 0.0

D&N Haveli 10.4 57.4 0.0 2.5 0.0 19.5 0.0 10.1 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 22.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 71.4 0.0 6.6 0.0

Lakshadweep 1.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.9 93.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 10.2 51.3 0.2 1.9 1.1 31.7 0.3 3.1 0.4



Sector: Urban

States

grass /straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

Timber

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron or

other

metal

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 81.1 0.0 13.7 0.0

Maharashtra 2.5 7.7 0.0 0.4 1.9 69.2 2.6 15.7 0.0

Bihar 84.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.7 0.0 3.0 0.0

West Bengal 3.3 19.1 0.0 1.1 1.7 50.8 0.0 23.9 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 9.3 9.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 53.0 0.0 28.5 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 1.6 18.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 63.8 0.0 15.2 0.0

Tamil Nadu 0.0 16.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 63.8 0.0 20.0 0.0

Rajasthan 0.0 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.6 0.0 5.2 0.0

Karnataka 1.1 24.2 0.0 0.0 1.6 60.1 0.0 13.0 0.0

Gujrat 0.3 2.6 0.9 0.0 2.7 35.5 4.6 53.1 0.3

Orissa 2.6 28.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.1 0.0 3.9 0.0

Kerala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Jharkhand 0.1 17.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 37.3 0.0 45.3 0.0

Assam 6.8 7.3 0.0 0.0 9.0 26.6 0.0 50.2 0.0

Punjab 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62.2 0.0 37.8 0.0

Chattisgarh 7.2 9.2 0.0 2.9 0.0 75.5 0.0 5.2 0.0

Haryana 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.8 0.0 85.2 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.0 70.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 8.3 0.0 12.7 8.2

Uttaranchal 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.4 0.0 51.5 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 15.3 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.7 13.3 42.3 0.0

Meghalaya 10.4 4.0 0.2 0.2 8.0 13.0 2.2 61.4 0.7

Manipur 5.7 54.9 2.3 0.0 0.0 8.0 0.0 29.1 0.0

Nagaland 13.1 5.7 0.0 0.6 21.8 12.6 5.7 39.0 1.6

Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.0 7.9 16.9 19.9 46.7

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.1 0.0 9.9 0.0

Sikkim 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 4.8 0.7 89.0 0.0

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 0.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.5 0.0 69.4 1.1

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 1.0 1.5 0.0 2.6 0.0 37.6 0.0 45.6 11.7

All INDIA 4.5 10.7 0.2 0.3 2.1 51.4 1.9 27.0 2.0



Sector: Rural+Urban

States

grass /straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

Timber

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron or

other

metal

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 9.0 28.6 0.2 0.0 1.3 54.6 0.0 6.4 0.0

Maharashtra 14.5 28.1 0.1 0.9 0.7 51.5 0.3 3.8 0.0

Bihar 20.3 30.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.4 0.0 4.5 0.0

West Bengal 11.8 63.9 0.0 0.1 2.3 15.5 1.4 5.1 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 7.7 31.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 52.3 0.0 8.5 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 4.8 52.4 0.4 1.1 0.4 38.2 0.0 2.7 0.0

Tamil Nadu 4.5 19.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 68.2 0.0 7.7 0.0

Rajasthan 1.4 54.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 43.2 0.0 0.6 0.2

Karnataka 3.9 25.8 0.0 0.4 0.4 64.3 0.0 5.3 0.0

Gujrat 4.9 45.4 0.2 0.9 0.5 35.4 0.8 11.7 0.0

Orissa 2.6 66.6 0.4 2.2 0.4 25.4 0.0 2.5 0.0

Kerala 1.8 22.2 0.0 0.7 0.0 67.4 0.0 1.6 6.2

Jharkhand 2.0 67.7 0.0 5.3 0.1 20.6 0.0 4.1 0.1

Assam 41.7 37.6 0.0 0.8 1.2 9.9 0.1 7.9 0.9

Punjab 0.0 26.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 59.7 0.0 14.2 0.0

Chattisgarh 1.2 68.9 0.1 7.0 0.2 21.8 0.0 0.8 0.0

Haryana 0.0 12.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.2 0.0 6.5 0.0

Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.0 0.0 78.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.1 61.9 0.0 2.8 1.2 27.9 0.0 4.9 1.1

Uttaranchal 0.0 12.0 0.0 1.7 5.4 59.2 0.0 21.8 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 34.6 55.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.7 2.7 4.6 0.0

Meghalaya 38.3 7.2 0.0 3.1 13.5 7.4 1.8 28.0 0.7

Manipur 24.4 58.1 0.2 0.6 5.7 8.5 0.2 2.2 0.0

Nagaland 29.8 11.8 0.0 1.2 25.1 6.1 2.9 22.7 0.4

Goa 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.2 0.0 11.8 0.0


Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 31.9 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.9 4.0 12.9 10.1 38.6

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 95.9 0.0 4.1 0.0

Sikkim 10.5 26.3 0.3 0.1 8.3 6.8 0.6 45.7 1.4

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.7 0.0 66.4 18.9 0.0

D&N Haveli 9.7 54.6 0.0 2.3 0.0 19.1 0.0 14.2 0.1

Daman&Diu 0.0 21.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 69.9 0.0 8.5 0.0

Lakshadweep 1.4 0.7 0.0 2.2 1.6 67.6 0.0 21.1 5.4

All INDIA 9.6 46.8 0.2 1.8 1.2 33.9 0.4 5.7 0.6



Sector: Rural

States

grass/straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

tile/slate

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron,zinc or

other metal

sheet/asbestos

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 33.2 5.1 0.2 1.8 15.6 18.9 9.0 16.1 0.0

Maharashtra 7.0 1.0 0.1 3.7 38.6 1.3 34.0 12.3 1.9

Bihar 27.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.8 3.7 7.8 23.4 0.0

West Bengal 37.0 0.1 0.4 0.3 15.1 0.3 43.4 3.4 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 22.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 29.1 5.3 11.7 30.8 0.3

Madhya Pradesh 5.7 2.3 0.2 1.6 62.9 14.5 7.8 4.9 0.0

Tamil Nadu 22.4 0.2 1.3 0.8 19.8 0.0 2.7 52.8 0.0

Rajasthan 5.6 2.5 1.0 0.8 53.5 31.0 1.9 3.6 0.0

Karnataka 11.7 14.6 0.0 2.7 28.0 9.9 17.0 14.9 1.2

Gujrat 13.9 0.9 0.1 1.3 50.3 7.4 14.1 11.9 0.0

Orissa 34.5 1.1 0.1 4.9 41.9 1.0 9.0 6.0 1.5

Kerala 6.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 37.6 0.0 10.6 39.1 0.0

Jharkhand 12.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 67.3 8.8 4.9 6.3 0.2

Assam 40.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 58.2 0.8 0.4

Punjab 19.3 20.3 0.0 1.7 13.8 38.5 1.3 5.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 0.4 1.8 0.4 0.5 77.2 7.8 1.8 5.1 4.9

Haryana 25.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.6 24.8

Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4 90.6 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 49.4 20.1 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 14.6 11.5 0.3

Uttaranchal 20.8 0.3 0.6 0.0 1.3 20.1 4.0 47.1 5.9


Smaller States

Tripura 28.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.4 70.5 0.3 0.0

Meghalaya 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 57.4 7.6 0.0

Manipur 36.3 2.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 57.5 2.9 0.3

Nagaland 11.3 0.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 78.5 8.7 0.0

Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 82.7 0.0 0.0 13.7 0.0

Arunachal

Pradesh

55.3

0.2

0.2

2.5

0.4

0.4

33.9

2.0

5.0

Pondicherry

Mizoram 24.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 73.0 1.3 0.7

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Sikkim 10.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 73.3 16.0 0.0

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 86.9 13.1 0.0

D&N Haveli 7.6 10.2 0.0 0.0 62.2 0.0 16.7 3.3 0.0

Daman&Diu 3.8 37.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.9 0.0 16.1 0.0

Lakshadweep 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.8 0.0 0.0 61.1 0.0

All INDIA 16.7 1.8 0.2 1.6 43.0 7.8 18.9 9.3 1.0



Sector: Urban

States

grass/straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

tile/slate

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron,zinc or

other metal

sheet/asbestos

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 0.9 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 8.1 16.3 71.0 3.0

Maharashtra 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.4 13.3 3.9 38.8 42.0 0.5

Bihar 44.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.8 4.7 0.0

West Bengal 5.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 31.1 2.1 28.7 32.2 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 12.2 7.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.2 13.6 66.0 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 0.2 0.1 3.3 0.0 22.0 12.2 15.1 47.1 0.0

Tamil Nadu 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.0 23.5 59.7 0.0

Rajasthan 2.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 4.4 54.1 4.6 33.9 0.0

Karnataka 1.9 4.2 0.0 0.0 32.2 5.7 17.0 39.0 0.0

Gujrat 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 3.6 4.5 16.9 73.9 0.0

Orissa 8.8 0.0 3.1 0.9 45.7 2.7 23.4 15.4 0.0

Kerala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.5 94.0 0.0

Jharkhand 1.1 0.0 1.5 0.0 22.9 0.0 17.0 57.5 0.0

Assam 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 68.1 28.3 0.0

Punjab 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.9 0.0 56.1 0.0

Chattisgarh 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.8 4.0 0.5 57.4 4.0

Haryana 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.0 0.0

Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 0.0 88.3 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 53.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 25.1 18.1

Uttaranchal 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.3 7.2 85.5 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.4 51.5 35.9 0.0

Meghalaya 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.3 49.1 0.8

Manipur 13.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 60.0 23.6 0.0

Nagaland 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.5 28.1 0.8

Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.3 0.0 34.7 17.0 0.0


Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Mizoram 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 75.0 21.0 3.1

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Sikkim 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.6 80.4 0.0

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.7 0.0 9.3 68.9 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.0 42.4 0.0 6.5 49.2 0.0

All INDIA 4.0 1.0 0.6 0.2 13.4 5.6 25.1 49.4 0.6



Sector: Rural+Urban

States

grass/straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

tile/slate

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron,zinc or

other metal

sheet/asbestos

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 21.8 3.3 0.4 1.2 10.1 15.1 11.6 35.6 1.0

Maharashtra 6.2 0.8 0.2 3.3 35.3 1.7 34.6 16.2 1.7

Bihar 29.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.5 3.3 12.7 21.3 0.0

West Bengal 34.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 16.6 0.5 42.0 6.1 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 20.7 1.3 0.1 0.1 24.0 4.4 12.1 37.1 0.2

Madhya Pradesh 5.4 2.1 0.3 1.5 60.5 14.3 8.3 7.5 0.0

Tamil Nadu 19.7 0.1 1.0 0.7 17.9 0.0 6.5 54.1 0.0

Rajasthan 5.5 2.4 1.0 0.8 51.2 32.1 2.0 5.0 0.0

Karnataka 9.6 12.3 0.0 2.1 28.9 9.0 17.0 20.1 0.9

Gujrat 11.8 0.7 0.1 1.1 42.9 7.0 14.5 21.8 0.0

Orissa 32.5 1.0 0.3 4.5 42.2 1.2 10.2 6.7 1.4

Kerala 5.4 0.0 0.0 6.0 34.5 0.0 9.6 44.4 0.0

Jharkhand 11.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 64.9 8.3 5.6 9.1 0.2

Assam 37.9 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 58.7 2.3 0.3

Punjab 12.1 12.7 0.0 1.1 8.6 40.5 0.8 24.1 0.0

Chattisgarh 0.7 1.7 0.4 0.5 74.3 7.6 1.7 8.3 4.8

Haryana 12.3 0.0 0.0 7.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.0 12.0

Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.7 0.8 88.5 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 50.0 17.4 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 13.0 13.3 2.7

Uttaranchal 12.5 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.8 14.9 5.3 62.5 3.5

Himachal Pradesh

1.0

6.9

0.1

0.0

50.4

0.3

9.8

18.7

12.7

Smaller States

Tripura 26.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.1 69.3 2.5 0.0

Meghalaya 29.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 56.1 14.1 0.1

Manipur 35.2 2.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 57.6 3.9 0.3

Nagaland 8.7 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 76.6 13.4 0.2

Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 82.1 0.0 0.6 13.8 0.0


Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Mizoram 14.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 73.9 10.0 1.7

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Sikkim 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 68.4 21.9 0.0

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.5 17.5 0.0

D&N Haveli 7.1 9.5 0.0 0.0 59.4 0.0 16.2 7.8 0.0

Daman&Diu 3.7 36.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.0 0.0 17.8 0.0

Lakshadweep 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 36.7 0.0 3.0 55.6 0.0

All INDIA 15.3 1.7 0.3 1.4 39.7 7.6 19.5 13.7 1.0


Table 22: Distribution of households by the type of floor (in percentages)

Rural

States

mud

bamboo/

log

wood/

plank

brick/limestone/

stone

cement

mosaic/tiles

other

s

Larger States

UP 82.3 0.0 0.0 5.1 12.6 0.0 0.0

Maharashtra 66.6 0.3 0.0 10.1 19.6 3.3 0.0

Bihar 71.6 0.0 0.0 14.0 14.4 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 83.8 1.1 2.3 1.5 11.3 0.0 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 47.2 0.0 0.0 11.1 40.0 1.7 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 86.1 0.2 0.6 6.2 6.1 0.8 0.0

Tamil Nadu 29.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.3 0.0 0.0

Rajasthan 72.9 0.1 0.0 8.6 18.0 0.3 0.1

Karnataka 32.7 0.1 0.0 25.0 34.3 7.8 0.2

Gujrat 68.6 1.7 0.1 8.8 16.7 4.1 0.0

Orissa 79.4 0.1 0.0 1.0 19.4 0.1 0.0

Kerala 34.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 65.6 0.0 0.0

Jharkhand 86.7 0.1 0.0 2.5 10.7 0.0 0.0

Assam 72.0 10.8 1.7 2.6 12.9 0.0 0.0

Punjab 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 91.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 5.6 0.5 0.0

Haryana 50.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.6 0.0 0.0

Delhi 9.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.6 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 49.5 9.8 9.6 1.0 29.7 0.0 0.4

Uttaranchal 11.5 9.7 26.4 4.5 17.4 29.3 1.3


Smaller States

Tripura 90.0 3.2 0.0 1.0 5.8 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 37.8 4.0 26.9 0.2 30.9 0.2 0.0

Manipur 62.4 3.8 20.3 4.2 8.0 0.9 0.4

Nagaland 33.1 2.8 15.8 5.0 43.1 0.2 0.0

Goa 20.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 67.1 12.3 0.0


Pondicherry

Mizoram 6.3 19.5 66.0 0.0 8.2 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 33.4 0.0 17.2 0.0 49.4 0.1 0.0

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 6.8 0.0 80.0 13.1 0.0

D&N Haveli 83.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 10.5 0.0

Daman&Diu 30.1 0.0 0.0 63.7 0.0 6.2 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 69.7 30.2 0.0

All INDIA 71.6 1.8 1.8 5.9 17.4 1.4 0.0



Urban

States

mud

bamboo/

log

wood/

plank

brick/limesto ne/ stone

cemen

t

mosaic/

tiles

others

Larger States

UP 5.4 0.0 1.3 2.1 63.8 27.4 0.0

Maharashtra 12.7 0.0 0.0 12.9 34.8 39.5 0.0

Bihar 95.3 0.0 0.0 1.7 3.0 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 28.7 0.0 0.3 6.7 61.1 3.1 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 19.0 0.0 0.0 27.2 50.7 3.1 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 27.6 0.2 0.0 14.4 51.6 6.1 0.0

Tamil Nadu 12.8 0.0 0.0 12.0 75.2 0.0 0.0

Rajasthan 6.9 0.0 0.0 36.1 47.4 9.6 0.0

Karnataka 8.3 0.0 0.0 19.1 56.4 16.2 0.0

Gujrat 8.9 0.0 0.0 6.5 26.5 58.0 0.0

Orissa 40.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 55.5 3.3 0.0

Kerala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.8 8.2 0.0

Jharkhand 30.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 68.9 0.0 0.0

Assam 20.6 2.1 0.0 4.3 71.1 1.9 0.0

Punjab 17.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 74.0 8.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 14.6 5.2 0.0 16.9 59.1 3.1 1.1

Haryana 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.0 0.0 0.0

Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 85.6 11.1 1.6

Jammu&Kashmir 9.1 0.0 14.1 0.0 76.8 0.0 0.0

Uttaranchal 0.1 0.0 0.0 36.5 38.5 24.9 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 13.2 0.0 0.0 16.1 69.1 1.7 0.0

Meghalaya 4.8 0.0 16.6 1.7 73.3 3.2 0.4

Manipur 32.5 0.0 26.1 5.4 36.1 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 14.7 0.7 8.2 3.8 70.2 2.0 0.4

Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.0 17.0 0.0


Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 0.7 1.6 60.6 0.3 35.9 0.5 0.5

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.8 93.3 3.8 0.0

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 24.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 53.1 22.1 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 71.3 26.1 0.2

All INDIA 16.3 0.5 3.2 11.2 50.5 18.2 0.1



Rural+Urban

States

mud

bamboo/

log

wood/

plank

brick/limesto ne/

stone

cement

mosaic/

tiles

other

s

Larger States

UP 55.0 0.0 0.5 4.0 30.8 9.7 0.0

Maharashtra 59.6 0.3 0.0 10.5 21.5 8.0 0.0

Bihar 74.4 0.0 0.0 12.6 13.1 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 78.5 1.0 2.1 2.0 16.1 0.3 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 42.1 0.0 0.0 14.0 42.0 1.9 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 82.6 0.2 0.6 6.6 8.8 1.1 0.0

Tamil Nadu 26.6 0.0 0.0 2.2 71.2 0.0 0.0

Rajasthan 69.9 0.1 0.0 9.8 19.4 0.7 0.1

Karnataka 27.4 0.1 0.0 23.7 39.1 9.7 0.1

Gujrat 59.1 1.4 0.1 8.4 18.3 12.7 0.0

Orissa 76.3 0.1 0.0 1.0 22.2 0.3 0.0

Kerala 30.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 68.2 0.8 0.0

Jharkhand 83.7 0.1 0.0 2.4 13.8 0.0 0.0

Assam 69.1 10.4 1.6 2.7 16.1 0.1 0.0

Punjab 69.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 27.7 3.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 86.4 1.2 0.0 2.9 8.8 0.6 0.1

Haryana 32.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.0 0.0 0.0

Delhi 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.6 86.0 10.1 1.5

Jammu&Kashmir 44.0 8.5 10.2 0.9 36.1 0.0 0.3

Uttaranchal 6.9 5.8 15.8 17.3 25.8 27.6 0.8


Smaller States

Tripura 85.3 3.0 0.0 1.9 9.6 0.1 0.0

Meghalaya 32.6 3.3 25.2 0.5 37.6 0.7 0.1

Manipur 61.1 3.6 20.5 4.2 9.3 0.8 0.4

Nagaland 28.6 2.3 13.9 4.7 49.7 0.6 0.1

Goa 20.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 67.4 12.4 0.0


Pondicherry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 3.8 11.6 63.6 0.1 20.4 0.2 0.2

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 30.4 0.0 15.6 0.3 53.4 0.4 0.0

A&N Island 0.0 0.0 6.5 0.0 81.1 12.5 0.0

D&N Haveli 79.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4 11.3 0.0

Daman&Diu 29.5 0.0 0.0 62.4 0.0 8.1 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 70.4 28.3 0.1

All INDIA 65.7 1.7 1.9 6.5 21.0 3.2 0.0



Rural

States


by residents

by others

no

arrangement

Larger States

UP 0.4 23.4 73.9 2.4

Maharashtra 2.3 24.3 71.7 1.6

Bihar 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

West Bengal 0.0 3.5 96.4 0.0



Tamil Nadu 22.0 23.7 54.3 0.0

Rajasthan 1.4 6.2 92.0 0.4

Karnataka 0.1 9.7 90.0 0.2

Gujrat 0.0 25.1 74.8 0.1

Orissa 0.1 29.8 70.1 0.1

Kerala 0.0 3.2 96.7 0.1

Jharkhand 0.0 15.3 84.2 0.5

Assam 1.9 20.4 75.4 2.3

Punjab 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 0.7 28.0 69.2 2.2

Haryana 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Delhi 0.0 0.0 9.4 90.6

Jammu&Kashmir 2.7 27.6 69.6 0.0

Uttaranchal 0.0 20.5 79.5 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 0.0 1.3 98.6 0.1

Meghalaya 0.5 32.2 60.1 7.2

Manipur 0.2 48.9 48.7 2.2

Nagaland 3.5 32.9 59.1 4.6

Goa 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Arunachal

Pradesh

2.0

24.5

70.9

2.6

Pondicherry

Mizoram 2.0 39.5 53.5 5.0

Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 2.0 11.3 86.6 0.2

A&N Island 13.1 0.0 86.9 0.0

D&N Haveli 11.4 2.2 86.3 0.1

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

All INDIA 1.4 18.2 79.4 1.0



Urban

States

panchayat/municipali

ty/corporation

by residents

by others

no arrangement

Larger States

UP 42.6 8.6 5.5 43.4

Maharashtra 71.6 11.9 16.0 0.6

Bihar 0.0 3.0 97.0 0.0

West Bengal 36.9 1.9 56.1 5.1


Madhya Pradesh 37.7 18.4 29.5 14.4

Tamil Nadu 82.9 0.0 17.1 0.0

Rajasthan 37.8 16.9 43.7 1.6

Karnataka 64.4 8.6 26.3 0.8

Gujrat 55.7 11.1 33.1 0.0

Orissa 22.4 24.9 49.7 2.9

Kerala 0.7 52.6 28.5 18.3

Jharkhand 6.0 67.1 24.0 2.9

Assam 26.7 41.1 30.0 2.1

Punjab 63.7 0.0 18.5 17.9

Chattisgarh 62.1 6.6 19.4 11.9

Haryana 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Delhi 69.7 24.4 0.0 5.9

Jammu&Kashmir 32.1 0.0 67.9 0.0

Uttaranchal 63.3 0.0 36.7 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 52.9 8.6 38.5 0.0

Meghalaya 45.6 27.2 17.8 9.3

Manipur 11.3 73.1 11.5 4.1

Nagaland 23.1 45.8 27.3 3.8

Goa 51.7 0.0 48.3 0.0


Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 19.6 28.6 34.8 17.0

Chandigarh 90.1 9.9 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 98.3 0.1 1.6 0.0

A&N Island 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 73.8 0.0 26.2 0.0

Daman&Diu 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 25.2 0.0 74.8 0.0

All INDIA 47.4 16.8 30.3 5.6



Rural+Urban

States

panchayat/munici

pality/corporation

by residents

by others

no arrangement

Larger States

UP 15.4 18.1 49.6 17.0

Maharashtra 11.2 22.7 64.6 1.5

Bihar 0.0 0.3 99.7 0.0

West Bengal 3.5 3.4 92.6 0.5



Tamil Nadu 33.1 19.4 47.5 0.0

Rajasthan 3.0 6.7 89.8 0.4

Karnataka 14.1 9.5 76.1 0.3

Gujrat 8.9 22.8 68.2 0.0

Orissa 1.8 29.4 68.5 0.3

Kerala 0.1 8.0 90.1 1.9

Jharkhand 0.3 18.1 81.0 0.7

Assam 3.3 21.6 72.8 2.3

Punjab 23.9 0.0 69.4 6.7

Chattisgarh 4.4 26.7 66.2 2.8

Haryana 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Delhi 63.8 22.3 0.8 13.1

Jammu&Kashmir 6.7 23.9 69.4 0.0

Uttaranchal 25.3 12.3 62.4 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 3.2 1.7 95.0 0.1

Meghalaya 7.6 31.4 53.5 7.6

Manipur 0.7 50.0 47.0 2.3

Nagaland 8.3 36.0 51.4 4.4

Goa 0.9 0.0 99.1 0.0


Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 9.8 34.7 45.3 10.3

Chandigarh 95.9 4.1 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 10.7 10.3 78.9 0.2

A&N Island 17.5 0.0 82.5 0.0

D&N Haveli 15.7 2.1 82.1 0.1

Daman&Diu 2.0 0.0 98.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 11.6 0.0 88.4 0.0

All INDIA 6.4 18.1 74.0 1.5


Table 28: Distribution of households by their access to road (in percentages)

Rural

States

direct opening to

no direct

opening


with street

light

without

street light

with

street

light

without

street light

Larger states

UP 0.0 8.4 0.0 53.1 38.6

Maharashtra 23.7 19.7 22.3 16.7 17.5

Bihar 0.0 10.0 0.0 62.6 27.4

West Bengal 0.3 11.4 0.8 70.8 16.8

Andhra Pradesh 33.5 14.0 15.8 20.3 16.4

Madhya Pradesh 2.9 19.7 2.1 43.2 32.2

Tamil Nadu 27.8 9.7 35.5 12.2 14.7

Rajasthan 0.8 13.5 1.9 38.8 45.1

Karnataka 29.7 15.3 21.9 26.6 6.5

Gujrat 8.1 20.9 8.0 34.9 28.1

Orissa 2.1 27.4 1.5 52.3 16.8

Kerala 33.6 8.7 4.6 30.3 22.8

Jharkhand 0.9 17.8 1.8 37.4 42.1

Assam 0.5 14.0 0.4 65.7 19.4

Punjab 0.0 1.3 0.0 13.8 84.9

Chattisgarh 5.2 12.6 4.6 59.0 18.6

Haryana 0.0 0.0 0.0 74.5 25.5

Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0 24.2 1.5 23.8 50.4

Uttaranchal 2.3 29.3 0.0 33.1 35.3


Smaller States

Tripura 0.0 7.5 7.8 60.3 24.4

Meghalaya 3.3 16.2 0.4 68.6 11.5

Manipur 2.4 26.5 1.1 45.7 24.3

Nagaland 9.4 17.0 7.2 47.2 19.2

Goa 18.9 10.7 0.0 19.3 51.1


Pondicherry

Mizoram 22.4 30.3 5.3 24.2 17.8

Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 6.6 13.4 0.4 38.8 40.8

A&N Island 31.7 24.2 28.0 11.8 4.3

D&N Haveli 13.5 5.5 7.7 36.6 36.7

Daman&Diu 10.1 25.0 23.4 41.5 0.0

Lakshadweep 78.2 0.0 21.8 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 8.5 17.4 6.6 42.3 25.2



Urban

States

direct opening to

no direct

opening


with street

light

without street

light

with

street

light

without

street light

Larger states

UP 47.2 3.4 11.8 32.1 5.6

Maharashtra 54.6 5.4 16.1 14.3 9.6

Bihar 3.0 0.0 95.3 1.7 0.0

West Bengal 35.0 6.5 28.5 20.6 9.5

Andhra Pradesh 83.7 3.6 3.2 0.7 8.7

Madhya Pradesh 56.8 7.6 12.0 15.9 7.8

Tamil Nadu 53.1 0.6 9.3 37.0 0.0

Rajasthan 44.1 8.6 14.8 19.3 13.2

Karnataka 60.0 10.7 20.9 3.4 5.0

Gujrat 44.3 9.2 34.8 9.4 2.3

Orissa 16.3 42.5 10.2 26.9 4.2

Kerala 90.0 0.0 0.7 5.9 3.4

Jharkhand 14.1 8.7 4.0 59.9 13.3

Assam 32.7 30.1 14.4 18.2 4.7

Punjab 37.0 28.1 10.1 24.8 0.0

Chattisgarh 21.8 9.4 32.0 19.8 17.0

Haryana 0.0 61.8 0.0 0.0 38.2

Delhi 92.2 2.5 2.1 0.0 3.2

Jammu&Kashmir 4.1 50.3 0.4 12.9 32.3

Uttaranchal 12.9 16.9 36.5 5.8 27.9


Smaller States

Tripura 26.0 4.5 36.0 24.5 9.0

Meghalaya 55.1 15.8 5.6 21.2 2.3

Manipur 23.3 62.8 13.1 0.0 0.8

Nagaland 16.4 22.3 10.3 34.4 16.5

Goa 0.0 0.0 31.9 0.0 68.1

Arunachal Pradesh

36.0

34.1

5.6

13.5

10.8

Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 43.0 20.3 13.9 16.4 6.4

Chandigarh 90.1 0.0 9.9 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 80.0 2.9 2.0 10.0 5.0

A&N Island 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 37.6 8.2 22.6 18.6 13.0

Daman&Diu 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 24.6 7.1 10.7 15.9 41.7

All INDIA 47.0 11.9 17.6 16.1 7.5



Rural+Urban

States

direct opening to

no direct

opening


with street

light

without

street light

with

street

light

without

street light

Larger states

UP 16.8 6.6 4.2 45.6 26.8

Maharashtra 27.7 17.9 21.5 16.4 16.5

Bihar 0.3 8.9 10.9 55.6 24.3

West Bengal 3.6 10.9 3.5 65.9 16.1

Andhra Pradesh 42.6 12.1 13.5 16.8 15.0

Madhya Pradesh 6.1 19.0 2.7 41.5 30.7

Tamil Nadu 32.5 8.1 30.7 16.7 12.0

Rajasthan 2.7 13.3 2.4 37.9 43.7

Karnataka 36.3 14.3 21.7 21.6 6.1

Gujrat 13.9 19.0 12.3 30.9 24.0

Orissa 3.2 28.5 2.1 50.3 15.8

Kerala 39.0 7.9 4.2 27.9 20.9

Jharkhand 1.6 17.3 2.0 38.6 40.5

Assam 2.3 14.9 1.2 63.0 18.6

Punjab 13.9 11.3 3.8 17.9 53.1

Chattisgarh 6.2 12.4 6.3 56.6 18.5

Haryana 0.0 32.1 0.0 35.9 32.1

Delhi 84.4 2.3 1.9 8.5 2.9

Jammu&Kashmir 0.6 27.7 1.4 22.4 48.0

Uttaranchal 6.5 24.4 14.6 22.2 32.3


Smaller States

Tripura 1.6 7.3 9.5 58.1 23.5

Meghalaya 11.5 16.1 1.2 61.1 10.1

Manipur 3.3 28.2 1.6 43.7 23.2

Nagaland 11.1 18.3 7.9 44.1 18.6

Goa 18.6 10.5 0.6 19.0 51.4


Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 31.5 25.9 9.1 20.8 12.7

Chandigarh 95.9 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 13.3 12.5 0.6 36.2 37.5

A&N Island 35.2 23.0 26.5 11.2 4.0

D&N Haveli 15.1 5.7 8.7 35.4 35.1

Daman&Diu 11.9 24.5 22.9 40.7 0.0

Lakshadweep 53.5 3.3 16.7 7.4 19.3

All INDIA 12.7 16.8 7.8 39.4 23.3


Table 31: Latrine facility of Households (Hhs) [in percentages]

Sector: Rural

States

ST

Exclusive

use of Hhs

shared

with other

Hhs

public/comm-

unity latrine

no latrine

Larger States

UP 3.78 4.54 0.00 91.68

Maharashtra 10.41 10.48 6.14 72.97

Bihar 11.15 0.00 3.90 84.95

West Bengal 24.18 14.48 1.76 59.58

Andhra Pradesh 7.85 5.39 2.84 83.92

Madhya Pradesh 4.19 1.21 1.25 93.35

Tamil Nadu 38.29 0.00 0.00 61.71

Rajasthan 2.27 1.51 0.38 95.83

Karnataka 16.74 1.42 1.68 80.16

Gujrat 9.50 9.74 0.64 80.12

Orissa 2.15 3.57 0.51 93.77

Kerala 39.23 26.87 3.06 30.84

Jharkhand 5.36 4.85 0.26 89.54

Assam 79.28 3.72 0.17 16.83

Punjab 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00

Chattisgarh 12.86 1.79 0.95 84.40

Haryana 36.16 13.49 0.00 50.35

Delhi 9.38 90.62 0.00 0.00

Jammu&Kashmir 47.50 0.47 21.68 30.36

Uttaranchal 47.52 0.00 6.28 46.20


Smaller States

Tripura 73.81 22.23 0.02 3.95

Meghalaya 79.46 8.35 0.00 12.19

Manipur 93.83 4.80 0.52 0.85

Nagaland 78.27 17.41 1.33 2.99

Goa 37.15 0.25 6.72 55.89


Pondicherry

Mizoram 97.82 0.96 0.00 1.22

Chandigarh 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sikkim 90.75 6.49 0.00 2.76

A&N Island 27.14 50.15 5.58 17.12

D&N Haveli 16.27 14.92 8.09 60.72

Daman&Diu 16.48 0.00 0.00 83.52

Lakshadweep 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

All India 17.68 5.73 1.54 74.58



Sector: Rural+Urban

States

ST

Exclusive

use of Hhs

shared

with

other

Hhs

public/comm-

unity latrine

no

latrine

Larger States

UP 30.19 8.73 0.00 61.09

Maharashtra 15.46 11.34 7.24 65.96

Bihar 10.40 0.00 4.61 84.98

West Bengal 26.47 15.11 2.78 55.64

Andhra Pradesh 9.09 15.93 2.83 72.15

Madhya Pradesh 5.88 3.10 1.17 89.85

Tamil Nadu 45.32 0.38 0.00 54.30

Rajasthan 4.35 2.56 0.50 92.59

Karnataka 22.34 4.23 3.38 70.04

Gujrat 14.77 15.86 0.74 68.62

Orissa 3.92 3.59 0.57 91.91

Kerala 39.90 29.40 2.76 27.93

Jharkhand 6.15 7.67 0.24 85.94

Assam 78.73 5.10 0.16 16.00

Punjab 10.40 27.03 0.00 62.57

Chattisgarh 14.53 2.24 1.34 81.89

Haryana 41.69 34.07 0.00 24.24

Delhi 55.86 37.90 6.24 0.00

Jammu&Kashmir 54.65 0.40 18.73 26.22

Uttaranchal 57.15 5.14 9.61 28.10


Smaller States

Tripura 71.97 24.25 0.02 3.75

Meghalaya 76.68 13.01 0.00 10.31

Manipur 92.21 6.47 0.50 0.81

Nagaland 75.01 21.16 1.43 2.40

Goa 36.79 0.29 7.45 55.46

Arunachal

Pradesh

62.83

20.22

1.79

15.16

Pondicherry 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Mizoram 96.52 2.77 0.00 0.70

Chandigarh 95.89 4.11 0.00 0.00

Sikkim 88.45 8.74 0.31 2.51

A&N Island 30.84 47.60 5.30 16.25

D&N Haveli 19.08 15.75 7.54 57.64

Daman&Diu 18.17 0.00 0.00 81.83

Lakshadweep 97.94 1.59 0.00 0.48

All-India 20.76 8.37 1.87 69.19



Sector: Urban

States

ST

Exclusive use

of Hhs

shared

with

other

Hhs

public/comm-

unity latrine

no

latrine

Larger States

UP 78.26 16.35 0.00 5.39

Maharashtra 49.69 17.15 14.66 18.50

Bihar 4.67 0.00 10.10 85.23

West Bengal 48.12 21.13 12.36 18.40

Andhra Pradesh 14.72 63.80 2.75 18.73

Madhya Pradesh 32.50 32.74 0.05 34.72

Tamil Nadu 76.84 2.06 0.00 21.10

Rajasthan 48.24 24.59 2.94 24.23

Karnataka 42.52 14.36 9.53 33.60

Gujrat 42.63 48.19 1.25 7.93

Orissa 24.81 3.84 1.35 70.00

Kerala 46.21 53.10 0.00 0.69

Jharkhand 20.00 57.30 0.00 22.70

Assam 69.51 28.42 0.00 2.07

Punjab 27.74 72.09 0.00 0.17

Chattisgarh 40.45 9.25 7.48 42.83

Haryana 46.82 53.18 0.00 0.00

Delhi 60.16 33.02 6.82 0.00

Jammu&Kashmir 100.00

Uttaranchal 71.61 12.87 14.61 0.91


Smaller States

Tripura 43.33 55.92 0.00 0.75

Meghalaya 61.83 37.94 0.00 0.24

Manipur 57.92 42.08 0.00 0.00

Nagaland 64.80 32.89 1.76 0.56

Goa 17.04 2.77 48.29 31.90

Arunachal

Pradesh

80.14

19.56

0.00

0.30

Pondicherry 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Mizoram 94.88 5.07 0.00 0.05

Chandigarh 90.08 9.92 0.00 0.00

Sikkim 65.43 31.22 3.36 0.00

A&N Island 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

D&N Haveli 57.04 26.94 0.00 16.02

Daman&Diu 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Lakshadweep 95.53 3.44 0.00 1.03

All India 44.93 29.47 4.46 21.13


Table 34: Drinking water facility of Households (Hhs) [in percentages]

Sector: Rural

States

ST

Hhs' exclusive

use

common use of Hhs

in the building

community use

others

Larger States

UP 31.9 13.9 53.5 0.6

Maharashtra 11.4 9.1 77.8 1.7

Bihar 22.8 2.2 74.9 0.1

West Bengal 11.8 8.0 78.9 1.3



Tamil Nadu 21.9 0.3 72.5 5.3

Rajasthan 6.7 2.7 79.5 11.1

Karnataka 14.0 6.0 76.1 3.9

Gujrat 13.2 5.1 78.2 3.6

Orissa 3.0 6.2 88.0 2.8

Kerala 25.6 24.9 31.6 18.0

Jharkhand 4.3 5.5 86.4 3.8

Assam 58.5 3.6 35.5 2.4

Punjab 0.0 0.0 90.0 10.0

Chattisgarh 22.7 5.8 69.9 1.6

Haryana 61.0 0.0 39.0 0.0

Delhi 0.0 90.6 9.4 0.0


Uttaranchal 71.8 0.0 28.2 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 10.0 12.7 76.0 1.3

Meghalaya 12.6 1.2 83.5 2.7

Manipur 6.0 4.4 77.8 11.7

Nagaland 43.8 17.1 31.4 7.8

Goa 46.2 0.0 53.8 0.0


Pondicherry

Mizoram 11.7 1.2 79.8 7.3

Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 57.5 4.0 30.6 7.8

A&N Island 20.4 4.0 75.6 0.0

D&N Haveli 6.6 0.0 93.4 0.0

Daman&Diu 6.2 34.5 59.3 0.0

Lakshadweep 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All India 13.5 5.7 77.3 3.6


Table 35: Drinking water facility of Households [in percentages]

Sector: urban

States

ST

Hhs' exclusive

use

common use of Hhs

in the building

community use

others

Larger States

UP 45.2 28.4 9.1 17.3

Maharashtra 52.8 20.6 24.6 2.1

Bihar 25.8 39.8 34.4 0.0

West Bengal 19.7 13.1 63.5 3.8


Madhya Pradesh 21.1 35.4 39.6 3.8

Tamil Nadu 39.2 31.9 29.0 0.0

Rajasthan 28.1 44.3 24.8 2.8

Karnataka 32.9 18.2 47.4 1.5

Gujrat 37.0 36.0 14.0 13.0

Orissa 12.2 3.3 78.7 5.8

Kerala 81.3 17.5 0.5 0.7

Jharkhand 17.1 55.9 26.6 0.4

Assam 55.0 35.7 9.3 0.0

Punjab 34.7 65.3 0.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 37.9 30.7 28.0 3.4

Haryana 85.0 0.0 0.0 15.0

Delhi 68.4 24.2 5.5 1.9

Jammu&Kashmir 34.4 0.1 63.5 1.9

Uttaranchal 50.1 12.9 37.0 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 30.6 54.6 14.8 0.0

Meghalaya 45.9 32.7 20.5 0.9

Manipur 15.0 38.1 44.8 2.1

Nagaland 42.9 18.9 28.3 9.9

Goa 48.9 51.1 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 54.9 14.1 28.6 2.4

Chandigarh 90.1 9.9 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 78.7 19.1 2.2 0.0

A&N Island 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 50.1 28.5 21.5 0.0

Daman&Diu 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 62.3 7.4 28.3 2.0

All India 33.5 30.3 31.3 4.8


Table 36: Drinking water facility of Households (Hhs) [in percentages]

Sector: Rural+Urban

States

ST

Hhs' exclusive

use

common use of Hhs

in the building community use

others

Larger States

UP 36.7 19.1 37.8 6.5

Maharashtra 16.7 10.6 70.9 1.8

Bihar 23.2 6.5 70.2 0.1

West Bengal 12.6 8.5 77.5 1.5



Tamil Nadu 25.0 6.1 64.5 4.4

Rajasthan 7.7 4.5 77.0 10.7

Karnataka 18.1 8.7 69.9 3.3

Gujrat 17.0 10.0 67.9 5.1

Orissa 3.7 6.0 87.3 3.1

Kerala 31.0 24.1 28.6 16.3

Jharkhand 5.0 8.2 83.1 3.6

Assam 58.3 5.4 34.0 2.3

Punjab 13.0 24.5 56.2 6.3

Chattisgarh 23.6 7.3 67.3 1.7

Haryana 73.5 0.0 18.8 7.8

Delhi 62.6 29.8 5.8 1.8

Jammu&Kashmir 10.4 3.3 84.8 1.6

Uttaranchal 63.2 5.1 31.7 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 11.2 15.2 72.4 1.2

Meghalaya 17.8 6.2 73.6 2.4

Manipur 6.4 5.9 76.3 11.3

Nagaland 43.6 17.5 30.6 8.3

Goa 46.3 0.9 52.8 0.0


Pondicherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 30.9 6.9 57.1 5.1

Chandigarh 95.9 4.1 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 59.5 5.4 28.1 7.1

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 9.6 2.0 88.4 0.0

Daman&Diu 8.1 33.8 58.1 0.0

Lakshadweep 82.6 3.4 13.1 0.9

All India 15.7 8.4 72.2 3.8


Table 37: Distribution of households by availability of drinking water throughout the year (in percentages)

States


sufficient not

sufficient

sufficient not

sufficient

sufficient not

sufficient

Larger states

UP 93.8 6.2 77.8 22.2 88.2 11.8

Maharashtra 82.2 17.8 82.5 17.5 82.2 17.8

Bihar 94.1 5.9 100.0 0.0 94.8 5.2

West Bengal 76.2 23.8 96.8 3.2 78.2 21.8

Andhra Pradesh 77.8 22.2 94.2 5.8 80.8 19.2

Madhya Pradesh 74.6 25.4 77.6 22.4 74.8 25.2

Tamil Nadu 91.0 9.0 99.4 0.6 92.5 7.5

Rajasthan 44.5 55.5 72.9 27.1 45.7 54.3

Karnataka 83.2 16.8 84.6 15.4 83.5 16.5

Gujrat 76.1 23.9 96.2 3.8 79.3 20.7

Orissa 75.2 24.8 78.3 21.7 75.4 24.6

Kerala 85.9 14.1 100.0 0.0 87.3 12.7

Jharkhand 66.7 33.3 87.6 12.4 67.8 32.2

Assam 91.9 8.1 99.6 0.4 92.4 7.6

Punjab 100.0 0.0 93.0 7.0 97.4 2.6

Chattisgarh 94.4 5.6 85.9 14.1 93.9 6.1

Haryana 100.0 0.0 85.0 15.0 92.2 7.8

Delhi 100.0 0.0 90.8 9.2 91.6 8.4

Jammu&Kashmir 47.2 52.8 2.8 97.2 41.2 58.8

Uttaranchal 79.6 20.4 100.0 0.0 87.8 12.2

HimachalPradesh 88.0 12.0 79.7 20.3 87.9 12.1

SmallerStates

Tripura 78.5 21.5 97.5 2.5 79.6 20.4

Meghalaya 74.2 25.8 91.8 8.2 77.0 23.0

Manipur 85.4 14.6 61.6 38.4 84.3 15.7

Nagaland 49.6 50.4 27.8 72.2 44.3 55.7

Goa 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0



Mizoram 21.3 78.7 31.0 69.0 25.5 74.5

Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Sikkim 82.0 18.0 100.0 0.0 83.7 16.3

A&N Island 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 63.6 36.4 100.0 0.0 80.4 19.6

All INDIA 76.3 23.7 84.3 15.7 77.2 22.8


DETAILED TABLES FOR SC

HOUSEHOLDS


States


Good satisfactory bad Good satisfactory bad Good satisfactory bad

Larger States

UP 16.0 51.5 32.5 32.0 52.3 15.7 18.1 51.6 30.3

Maharashtra 31.0 50.2 18.8 36.9 52.0 11.1 33.5 50.9 15.6

Bihar 13.9 52.5 33.6 13.1 53.4 33.5 13.8 52.6 33.6

West Bengal 15.6 53.7 30.7 23.7 52.0 24.3 17.0 53.4 29.6

Andhra Pradesh 39.1 46.8 14.1 66.4 26.5 7.1 45.0 42.5 12.6

Madhya Pradesh 13.3 68.3 18.4 24.7 55.3 20.0 15.9 65.4 18.7

Tamil Nadu 32.4 50.1 17.5 46.0 43.0 11.0 35.9 48.2 15.8

Rajasthan 25.5 53.8 20.6 40.7 51.2 8.2 28.6 53.3 18.1

Karnataka 30.8 56.9 12.3 52.0 39.9 8.1 35.9 52.8 11.3

Gujrat 35.6 50.8 13.6 56.4 33.2 10.4 42.4 45.1 12.6

Orissa 16.2 48.9 34.9 19.8 57.9 22.3 16.7 50.1 33.2

Kerala 30.0 43.9 26.2 43.6 41.0 15.4 33.1 43.2 23.7

Jharkhand 10.1 51.0 38.9 9.9 43.8 46.2 10.1 50.2 39.7

Assam 17.9 58.1 24.0 47.3 46.4 6.3 23.8 55.8 20.5

Punjab 36.2 45.9 17.9 30.3 54.8 14.8 34.8 48.1 17.1

Chattisgarh 12.2 76.6 11.1 42.1 45.9 12.1 17.2 71.5 11.3

Haryana 30.0 49.9 20.1 21.7 66.4 11.9 28.3 53.3 18.4

Delhi 49.3 27.3 23.4 33.0 50.4 16.6 33.9 49.2 16.9

Jammu&Kashmir 35.6 38.4 26.0 39.8 46.5 13.7 36.3 39.6 24.1

Uttaranchal 17.9 63.5 18.6 34.6 36.2 29.2 19.6 60.8 19.6


Smaller states

Tripura 28.6 53.2 18.3 42.2 50.2 7.6 30.9 52.6 16.4

Meghalaya 56.2 43.8 0.0 54.6 26.3 19.1 55.8 39.8 4.3

Manipur 57.8 40.1 2.1 37.2 58.9 3.9 48.3 48.8 3.0

Nagaland 83.7 5.5 10.7 12.3 86.2 1.5 45.6 48.6 5.8

Goa 34.8 24.0 41.2 28.9 15.1 56.0 32.0 19.7 48.3


Pondicherry 29.1 52.2 18.7 43.5 40.6 15.9 33.5 48.7 17.8

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 27.2 57.5 15.2 26.8 56.7 16.4

Chandigarh 17.3 63.8 18.9 33.9 62.0 4.1 31.8 62.2 6.0

Sikkim 30.0 61.3 8.7 89.2 10.8 0.0 40.5 52.4 7.2

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 36.1 21.3 42.6 0.0 26.6 73.4 33.7 21.7 44.7

Daman&Diu 71.2 9.9 18.9 85.2 14.8 0.0 72.4 10.3 17.3

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 23.3 52.4 24.3 38.3 47.5 14.2 26.5 51.3 22.2



States


pucca

semi pucca

katcha

pucca

semi pucca

katcha

pucca

semi pucca

katcha

Larger states

UP 48.4 22.6 29.0 89.3 7.5 3.2 53.8 20.6 25.6

Maharashtra 61.9 33.5 4.6 92.2 6.9 1.0 74.6 22.3 3.1

Bihar 41.2 16.2 42.5 73.9 9.9 16.2 43.2 15.9 41.0

West Bengal 28.3 41.4 30.3 83.6 14.6 1.8 37.8 36.8 25.4

Andhra Pradesh 68.0 15.5 16.5 88.5 6.1 5.4 72.4 13.5 14.1

Madhya Pradesh 39.0 52.3 8.7 75.7 21.8 2.6 47.4 45.3 7.3

Tamil Nadu 57.8 16.8 25.4 73.1 17.1 9.8 61.8 16.9 21.3

Rajasthan 62.5 13.9 23.6 92.7 3.2 4.1 68.5 11.8 19.7

Karnataka 49.9 41.5 8.7 79.3 16.1 4.6 56.9 35.4 7.7

Gujrat 61.9 26.0 12.2 92.8 2.2 5.1 71.9 18.2 9.9

Orissa 27.1 23.6 49.3 63.5 26.2 10.3 32.0 23.9 44.0

Kerala 65.0 25.3 9.7 82.7 15.0 2.3 69.1 22.9 8.0

Jharkhand 32.3 52.3 15.4 70.3 22.8 6.9 36.5 49.0 14.5

Assam 17.9 46.3 35.8 69.0 25.6 5.4 28.1 42.2 29.7

Punjab 86.0 9.3 4.6 96.0 2.9 1.1 88.5 7.7 3.7

Chattisgarh 23.7 74.9 1.4 77.2 21.9 0.9 32.7 66.0 1.3

Haryana 86.1 9.9 3.9 96.0 2.3 1.6 88.2 8.4 3.5

Delhi 98.7 0.0 1.3 89.6 4.1 6.3 90.1 3.9 6.1

Jammu&Kashmir 57.5 16.4 26.1 92.4 5.3 2.3 62.8 14.7 22.5

Uttaranchal 85.7 7.9 6.3 92.0 6.3 1.7 86.3 7.8 5.9


Smaller states

Tripura 9.2 82.4 8.4 35.6 62.2 2.3 13.7 78.9 7.4

Meghalaya 23.9 28.7 47.3 64.0 31.2 4.8 33.1 29.3 37.6

Manipur 2.3 87.9 9.9 29.3 63.9 6.8 14.7 76.8 8.4

Nagaland 8.5 83.3 8.2 63.3 36.7 0.0 37.8 58.4 3.8

Goa 82.5 16.5 1.1 50.2 10.2 39.6 67.0 13.4 19.6


Pondicherry 42.2 19.9 37.9 68.7 2.3 29.0 50.3 14.5 35.2

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 86.4 9.6 3.9 85.2 9.5 5.3

Chandigarh 99.7 0.3 0.0 99.4 0.0 0.6 99.5 0.0 0.5

Sikkim 35.4 49.3 15.3 99.0 1.0 0.0 46.7 40.8 12.6

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 54.1 45.9 0.0 78.1 21.9 0.0 55.7 44.3 0.0

Daman&Diu 86.2 10.9 2.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 87.4 9.9 2.7

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 50.8 26.5 22.5 85.1 10.5 4.4 57.9 23.2 18.7



States


good satisfac-

tory

bad

good satisfac-

tory

bad

good satisfac-

tory

bad

Larger States

UP 11.7 50.3 38.0 29.1 51.5 19.4 14.0 50.5 35.5

Maharashtra 21.2 47.8 31.0 24.3 34.1 41.7 22.5 42.0 35.5

Bihar 9.4 50.5 40.2 14.5 44.9 40.5 9.7 50.1 40.2

West Bengal 13.9 46.1 40.0 25.5 47.5 27.1 15.9 46.3 37.8

Andhra Pradesh 20.7 52.8 26.4 48.4 35.1 16.5 26.6 49.0 24.3

Madhya Pradesh 10.4 57.8 31.8 25.5 45.5 29.1 13.9 55.0 31.2

Tamil Nadu 28.4 51.0 20.5 36.6 44.5 18.9 30.6 49.3 20.1

Rajasthan 19.2 58.0 22.8 30.5 55.0 14.5 21.5 57.4 21.2

Karnataka 19.5 59.8 20.7 36.8 44.1 19.1 23.7 56.1 20.3

Gujrat 21.5 53.8 24.7 50.2 34.2 15.6 30.8 47.5 21.7

Orissa 9.7 32.9 57.4 13.4 48.5 38.1 10.2 35.0 54.8

Kerala 20.2 42.9 36.9 42.9 40.0 17.2 25.4 42.2 32.4

Jharkhand 5.2 48.5 46.4 8.8 47.9 43.3 5.6 48.4 46.0

Assam 16.0 48.5 35.5 42.2 42.8 15.1 21.2 47.4 31.4

Punjab 21.5 46.8 31.8 27.9 39.9 32.2 23.1 45.1 31.9

Chattisgarh 6.8 57.4 35.9 47.1 27.3 25.6 13.5 52.3 34.1

Haryana 15.1 48.7 36.2 9.0 68.6 22.4 13.9 52.8 33.3

Delhi 34.8 31.1 34.1 27.4 47.2 25.4 27.8 46.3 25.9

Jammu&Kashmir 19.1 45.4 35.5 23.1 66.1 10.8 19.7 48.6 31.7

Uttaranchal 13.9 62.2 23.9 34.8 43.7 21.5 15.9 60.4 23.7


Smaller states

Tripura 30.5 53.2 16.3 39.9 41.8 18.3 32.1 51.2 16.7

Meghalaya 60.7 39.3 0.0 30.3 29.0 40.7 53.7 37.0 9.3

Manipur 64.6 28.6 6.9 17.7 74.7 7.7 42.9 49.8 7.2

Nagaland 4.7 82.1 13.2 5.4 93.1 1.5 5.1 88.0 6.9

Goa 34.8 44.8 20.4 28.7 10.1 61.2 31.9 28.1 40.0


Pondicherry 39.3 39.1 21.6 40.4 27.4 32.1 39.6 35.5 24.8

Mizoram 0.0 100.0 0.0 20.7 57.0 22.3 20.4 57.6 22.0

Chandigarh 17.3 17.2 65.5 29.5 45.8 24.7 28.0 42.2 29.8

Sikkim 30.2 32.3 37.5 88.9 10.6 0.4 40.6 28.5 30.9

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 36.1 30.1 33.7 10.0 0.0 90.0 34.4 28.1 37.5

Daman&Diu 58.9 24.0 17.1 0.0 85.2 14.8 53.8 29.3 16.9

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 16.1 50.4 33.7 30.9 43.7 25.4 19.2 49.0 31.9



Rural

States

underground

covered pucca open

pucca

open

katcha

no

drainage

Larger States

UP 3.7 2.9 20.4 26.3 46.6

Maharashtra 3.2 6.3 29.5 20.6 40.4

Bihar 1.3 2.5 6.3 28.1 61.8

West Bengal 0.0 0.1 2.4 9.6 88.0

Andhra Pradesh 1.6 1.5 24.7 14.3 58.0

Madhya Pradesh 0.2 1.8 13.3 23.1 61.6

Tamil Nadu 0.2 2.5 17.7 11.9 67.7

Rajasthan 1.6 2.7 9.2 21.4 65.2

Karnataka 0.7 1.0 24.7 19.1 54.5

Gujrat 9.2 4.7 6.3 8.2 71.6

Orissa 0.4 0.8 3.1 5.3 90.4

Kerala 0.5 3.8 6.1 4.0 85.6

Jharkhand 0.0 0.2 6.0 22.4 71.4

Assam 0.0 0.3 4.1 23.4 72.1

Punjab 2.3 1.8 42.3 21.0 32.6

Chattisgarh 3.0 1.5 5.0 24.9 65.7

Haryana 4.6 1.9 40.8 23.3 29.4

Delhi 18.0 12.5 29.9 15.9 23.8

Jammu&Kashmir 1.9 0.0 21.0 44.6 32.5

Uttaranchal 0.9 0.0 26.5 22.4 50.2

Himachal

Pradesh

10.4

0.9

9.4

18.2

61.2

Smaller States

Tripura 0.0 0.0 1.2 6.1 92.7

Meghalaya 0.0 0.0 19.6 75.9 4.5

Manipur 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.4 55.6

Nagaland 0.0 0.0 4.1 12.8 83.1

Goa 0.0 0.0 0.0 61.7 38.3

Arunachal

Pradesh

13.6

2.2

17.1

61.5

5.7

Pondicherry 0.0 7.1 21.5 15.7 55.8

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Chandigarh 66.2 17.2 5.7 10.6 0.3

Sikkim 0.3 0.7 22.0 41.3 35.7

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 27.7 7.1 11.8 53.4 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 67.8 3.9 28.4

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 2.0 2.1 16.5 19.0 60.3



Rural

States

panchayat/municipality

/corporation

by residents

by others

no

arrangeme

nt

Larger States

UP 1.3 22.1 71.2 5.4

Maharashtra 6.2 47.9 43.4 2.5

Bihar 0.0 6.4 92.9 0.7

West Bengal 0.2 2.2 96.7 0.8



Tamil Nadu 11.6 31.6 56.1 0.7

Rajasthan 0.4 18.5 81.1 0.0

Karnataka 4.7 11.7 83.5 0.1

Gujrat 5.5 20.4 74.0 0.2

Orissa 0.0 15.3 84.6 0.1

Kerala 0.0 3.4 93.6 2.9

Jharkhand 0.0 19.7 80.0 0.4

Assam 0.0 25.2 70.8 4.0

Punjab 1.0 30.5 68.3 0.2

Chattisgarh 3.6 41.0 49.6 5.8

Haryana 2.7 50.8 46.0 0.5

Delhi 18.4 63.9 3.7 14.1


Uttaranchal 0.0 3.4 95.7 0.9


Smaller States

Tripura 0.3 3.9 94.3 1.5

Meghalaya 0.0 4.0 96.0 0.0

Manipur 0.0 2.9 94.7 2.4

Nagaland 0.0 0.0 95.9 4.1

Goa 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Arunachal Pradesh

0.0

39.8

43.1

17.1

Pondicherry 16.7 29.7 53.6 0.0

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Chandigarh 67.6 12.0 18.6 1.9

Sikkim 0.8 7.7 86.0 5.5

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 27.1 0.0 72.9 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 3.2 19.1 75.8 1.8



Urban

States

panchayat/muni

cipality/corporat

ion

by residents

by others

no arrangement

Larger States

UP 51.2 17.9 22.7 8.2

Maharashtra 69.2 4.7 25.6 0.4

Bihar 30.5 5.7 59.5 4.4

West Bengal 55.4 4.3 38.2 2.0


Madhya Pradesh 34.1 17.8 46.2 1.9

Tamil Nadu 71.8 9.3 17.1 1.7

Rajasthan 53.0 19.0 26.0 1.9

Karnataka 63.4 12.8 23.0 0.7

Gujrat 59.8 23.2 15.1 1.9

Orissa 42.6 10.3 44.7 2.4

Kerala 16.3 3.7 78.9 1.2

Jharkhand 11.1 41.3 45.4 2.2

Assam 27.4 13.0 44.6 15.0

Punjab 35.6 26.2 36.7 1.6

Chattisgarh 74.6 2.9 22.5 0.0

Haryana 10.2 47.6 41.3 0.9

Delhi 60.1 12.8 16.1 11.0

Jammu&Kashmir 68.6 1.8 29.6 0.0

Uttaranchal 76.0 6.0 14.9 3.1

HimachalPradesh 35.9 7.1 49.1 7.9

Smaller States

Tripura 8.8 3.6 87.6 0.0

Meghalaya 28.9 16.9 36.0 18.2

Manipur 0.0 69.2 30.4 0.4

Nagaland 19.2 31.8 48.9 0.0

Goa 31.7 0.0 68.3 0.0


Pondicherry 84.9 11.2 4.0 0.0

Mizoram 5.1 40.6 48.7 5.6

Chandigarh 29.7 36.2 1.5 32.5

Sikkim 76.9 0.0 23.1 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 78.1 21.9 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 14.8 0.0 85.2 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 54.1 12.7 29.9 3.4



Rural+Urban

States

panchayat/municipa

lity/corporation

by residents

by others

no arrangement

Larger States

UP 7.9 21.6 64.8 5.7

Maharashtra 32.8 29.7 35.9 1.6

Bihar 1.8 6.4 90.9 0.9

West Bengal 9.7 2.6 86.7 1.0



Tamil Nadu 27.4 25.7 45.9 1.0

Rajasthan 10.9 18.6 70.1 0.4

Karnataka 18.8 11.9 69.0 0.3

Gujrat 23.1 21.3 54.9 0.7

Orissa 5.7 14.6 79.2 0.4

Kerala 3.8 3.5 90.2 2.5

Jharkhand 1.2 22.1 76.1 0.6

Assam 5.5 22.7 65.5 6.2

Punjab 9.5 29.4 60.5 0.6

Chattisgarh 15.5 34.6 45.1 4.8

Haryana 4.3 50.1 45.0 0.6

Delhi 57.8 15.6 15.4 11.2

Jammu&Kashmir 10.4 0.3 84.4 4.9

Uttaranchal 7.4 3.6 87.9 1.1


Smaller States

Tripura 1.8 3.9 93.1 1.2

Meghalaya 6.6 7.0 82.3 4.1

Manipur 0.0 33.5 65.0 1.5

Nagaland 10.3 17.0 70.8 1.9

Goa 15.2 0.0 84.8 0.0


Pondicherry 37.5 24.0 38.4 0.0

Mizoram 5.0 40.0 49.5 5.5

Chandigarh 34.5 33.2 3.6 28.7

Sikkim 14.3 6.4 74.8 4.6

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 30.6 1.5 67.9 0.0

Daman&Diu 1.3 0.0 98.7 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 13.9 17.7 66.2 2.2



Sector: Rural

States

SC

Exclusive

use of Hhs shared

with

other

Hhs

public/comm-unity

latrine no latrine

Larger States

UP 8.3 1.5 0.7 89.5

Maharashtra 20.3 8.4 5.4 66.0

Bihar 5.9 0.6 0.9 92.5

West Bengal 36.6 11.8 1.6 50.0



Tamil Nadu 9.9 2.0 1.6 86.5

Rajasthan 8.8 4.5 0.4 86.3

Karnataka 12.9 0.4 0.0 86.6

Gujrat 15.2 5.3 2.1 77.4

Orissa 5.4 0.9 0.4 93.3

Kerala 75.9 5.7 0.3 18.2

Jharkhand 12.2 0.8 0.0 86.9

Assam 79.1 9.0 1.6 10.3

Punjab 38.9 11.6 2.0 47.5

Chattisgarh 14.3 0.5 1.1 84.1

Haryana 31.7 13.2 0.0 55.1

Delhi 59.2 0.8 14.2 25.8

Jammu&Kashmir 24.3 75.7

Uttaranchal 22.1 4.3 0.1 73.5


Smaller States

Tripura 68.0 25.6 0.1 6.2

Meghalaya 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Manipur 86.1 3.7 10.2 0.0

Nagaland 6.2 93.0 0.0 0.8

Goa 56.1 2.7 6.6 34.6


Pondicherry 9.6 0.0 0.0 90.4

Mizoram 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 11.1 77.9 10.6 0.3

Sikkim 72.1 26.2 0.2 1.5

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 46.6 42.6 0.0 10.8

Daman&Diu 77.0 4.1 0.0 18.9

Lakshadweep

All India 17.7 4.9 1.1 76.3



Sector: Urban

States

SC

Exclusive use

of Hhs

shared

with other

Hhs

public/comm-unity

latrine

no latrine

Larger States

UP 39.8 24.3 4.9 31.0

Maharashtra 34.7 24.1 28.8 12.4

Bihar 34.5 20.3 2.7 42.4

West Bengal 40.7 40.8 7.6 10.9

Andhra Pradesh 38.6 43.1 4.3 14.0

Madhya Pradesh 29.2 10.4 3.3 57.2

Tamil Nadu 33.9 17.5 14.3 34.3

Rajasthan 52.7 15.2 0.9 31.1

Karnataka 46.0 22.3 7.9 23.9

Gujrat 52.9 26.5 6.1 14.6

Orissa 36.0 8.8 5.4 49.8

Kerala 82.8 10.7 0.0 6.4

Jharkhand 37.2 9.5 0.0 53.3

Assam 82.0 14.5 0.3 3.1

Punjab 49.0 31.5 4.3 15.3

Chattisgarh 46.1 9.4 24.3 20.2

Haryana 51.6 24.9 0.5 23.0

Delhi 49.4 19.4 28.2 3.0


Uttaranchal 39.8 14.1 31.2 14.9


Smaller States

Tripura 50.5 48.8 0.0 0.7

Meghalaya 35.0 62.6 2.4 0.0

Manipur 82.2 17.8 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 31.6 50.9 8.7 8.7

Goa 25.9 26.5 4.2 43.4


Pondicherry 30.9 9.8 31.3 28.0

Mizoram 77.9 22.1 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 66.2 20.7 12.5 0.6

Sikkim 60.3 33.8 5.9 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 10.0 90.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 14.8 85.2 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep

All India 41.9 24.6 10.8 22.7



Sector: Rural+Urban

States

SC

Exclusive use of Hhs

shared

with

other

Hhs

public/community latrine

no latrine

Larger States

UP 12.4 4.5 1.3 81.9

Maharashtra 26.3 15.0 15.3 43.4

Bihar 7.7 1.8 1.0 89.5

West Bengal 37.3 16.8 2.6 43.3

Andhra Pradesh 21.4 15.1 1.5 62.0


Tamil Nadu 16.2 6.1 5.0 72.8

Rajasthan 17.6 6.6 0.5 75.3

Karnataka 20.9 5.7 1.9 71.5

Gujrat 27.5 12.2 3.4 57.0

Orissa 9.5 2.0 1.1 87.5

Kerala 77.5 6.8 0.2 15.5

Jharkhand 15.0 1.8 0.0 83.2

Assam 79.7 10.1 1.4 8.8

Punjab 41.4 16.5 2.6 39.5

Chattisgarh 19.6 2.0 5.0 73.4

Haryana 35.7 15.6 0.1 48.5

Delhi 49.9 18.4 27.4 4.2


Uttaranchal 23.8 5.3 3.1 67.8


Smaller States

Tripura 65.0 29.6 0.1 5.3

Meghalaya 85.2 14.3 0.5 0.0

Manipur 84.3 10.2 5.5 0.0

Nagaland 19.8 70.5 4.7 5.1

Goa 41.6 14.1 5.4 38.9


Pondicherry 16.1 3.0 9.6 71.3

Mizoram 78.2 21.8 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 59.3 27.9 12.3 0.5

Sikkim 70.0 27.6 1.2 1.2

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 44.1 45.8 0.0 10.1

Daman&Diu 71.7 11.0 0.0 17.3

Lakshadweep

All-India 22.9 9.0 3.2 65.1


Table 13: Drinking water facility of Households (Hhs) across social groups [in percentages]

Sector: Rural

States

SC

Hhs'

exclusive use

common use of Hhs

in the building community

use others

Larger States

UP 25.6 7.6 64.6 2.1

Maharashtra 19.8 11.5 63.1 5.6

Bihar 24.5 9.9 62.0 3.6

West Bengal 16.6 6.7 74.9 1.8



Tamil Nadu 11.3 2.5 85.5 0.7

Rajasthan 18.5 8.9 65.7 6.8

Karnataka 14.4 3.3 80.6 1.7

Gujrat 42.2 7.1 44.6 6.1

Orissa 5.9 2.8 89.2 2.1

Kerala 39.3 7.7 29.0 24.0

Jharkhand 5.6 5.8 88.2 0.3

Assam 53.5 6.0 32.2 8.3

Punjab 51.8 20.7 19.0 8.5

Chattisgarh 7.7 4.7 85.1 2.5

Haryana 35.0 12.2 46.8 6.0

Delhi 59.2 20.2 20.7 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 39.9 6.1 50.1 3.9

Uttaranchal 24.6 5.4 63.4 6.6


Smaller States

Tripura 17.0 13.9 63.4 5.7

Meghalaya 8.2 0.0 91.8 0.0

Manipur 7.3 6.6 76.2 9.9

Nagaland 1.2 2.3 96.5 0.0

Goa 67.1 21.3 5.0 6.6


Pondicherry 64.9 6.4 27.3 1.4

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Chandigarh 17.3 54.9 17.2 10.6

Sikkim 39.2 2.2 48.2 10.4

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 46.6 0.0 53.4 0.0

Daman&Diu 67.8 18.5 13.8 0.0

Lakshadweep

All India 21.0 7.7 68.0 3.5



Sector: urban

States

SC

Hhs' exclusive use common use of

Hhs in the

building

community use

others

Larger States

UP 40.6 27.5 30.6 1.3

Maharashtra 34.7 20.2 24.1 21.0

Bihar 36.2 24.3 37.2 2.4

West Bengal 17.0 18.9 62.3 1.8

Andhra Pradesh 13.0 46.5 35.7 4.8

Madhya Pradesh 16.1 10.2 65.5 8.2

Tamil Nadu 15.7 19.1 61.6 3.6

Rajasthan 56.8 23.6 12.0 7.7

Karnataka 19.2 15.0 62.7 3.1

Gujrat 56.4 27.6 11.5 4.5

Orissa 16.7 22.7 56.9 3.7

Kerala 50.7 13.6 22.7 13.1

Jharkhand 30.8 5.2 64.0 0.0

Assam 66.8 16.4 10.0 6.8

Punjab 54.3 34.4 5.3 6.0

Chattisgarh 42.7 11.6 45.7 0.1

Haryana 35.3 25.4 36.0 3.2

Delhi 47.4 22.5 28.4 1.7

Jammu&Kashmir 72.0 18.9 3.8 5.3

Uttaranchal 36.0 24.5 39.5 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 34.9 36.1 21.1 7.9

Meghalaya 15.8 45.9 36.0 2.4

Manipur 18.3 5.5 76.2 0.0

Nagaland 42.0 33.1 14.6 10.3

Goa 27.9 21.3 11.2 39.6


Pondicherry 39.2 31.0 29.5 0.3

Mizoram 39.4 5.1 46.9 8.6

Chandigarh 61.8 25.2 13.1 0.0

Sikkim 60.9 39.1 0.0 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 10.0 90.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All India 31.9 23.8 37.9 6.4



Sector: Rural+Urban

States

SC

Hhs' exclusive use common use of

Hhs in the

building

community use

others

Larger States

UP 27.6 10.3 60.2 2.0

Maharashtra 26.1 15.2 46.7 12.1

Bihar 25.2 10.8 60.5 3.5

West Bengal 16.7 8.8 72.7 1.8

Andhra Pradesh 14.5 17.1 63.5 4.9


Tamil Nadu 12.4 6.9 79.3 1.4

Rajasthan 26.2 11.8 55.0 7.0

Karnataka 15.5 6.1 76.3 2.0

Gujrat 46.9 13.7 33.9 5.6

Orissa 7.4 5.5 84.8 2.3

Kerala 41.9 9.1 27.5 21.5

Jharkhand 8.4 5.8 85.5 0.3

Assam 56.2 8.1 27.8 8.0

Punjab 52.4 24.1 15.6 7.9

Chattisgarh 13.6 5.9 78.5 2.1

Haryana 35.1 14.9 44.6 5.4

Delhi 48.0 22.4 28.0 1.6

Jammu&Kashmir 44.7 8.1 43.1 4.1

Uttaranchal 25.7 7.2 61.1 6.0


Smaller States

Tripura 20.1 17.7 56.1 6.0

Meghalaya 9.9 10.4 79.1 0.5

Manipur 12.4 6.1 76.2 5.3

Nagaland 23.0 18.7 52.8 5.5

Goa 48.2 21.3 8.0 22.5


Pondicherry 57.0 13.9 28.0 1.1

Mizoram 38.9 5.0 47.6 8.5

Chandigarh 56.1 28.9 13.6 1.3

Sikkim 43.0 8.8 39.7 8.5

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 44.1 6.1 49.8 0.0

Daman&Diu 62.0 25.4 12.6 0.0

Lakshadweep

All India 23.3 11.1 61.5 4.1



percentages)

Rural

States not

required

to travel

less than

1 km

1 -

5km

5-10km 10-

15km

15-

30

30km or

more

Larger States

UP 12.5 25.9 39.3 12.5 4.6 3.3 1.9

Maharashtra 18.9 16.9 42.9 12.8 3.8 1.8 2.9

Bihar 13.6 15.5 52.8 11.0 5.4 1.6 0.0

West Bengal 11.2 23.3 43.5 12.9 3.8 2.6 2.8

Andhra Pradesh 11.8 14.3 54.5 10.7 3.5 3.1 2.2

Madhya Pradesh 9.7 17.9 55.6 11.5 4.1 0.6 0.7

Tamil Nadu 10.9 16.5 43.6 17.7 7.5 2.6 1.1

Rajasthan 13.5 12.4 45.1 16.6 7.4 2.8 2.2

Karnataka 11.0 14.6 60.5 7.7 4.3 1.6 0.4

Gujrat 12.3 10.9 48.6 14.3 8.1 3.7 2.2

Orissa 8.7 13.1 52.2 16.4 4.8 2.5 2.2

Kerala 7.8 12.6 43.5 18.8 6.8 7.4 3.2

Jharkhand 7.8 14.1 39.5 27.3 8.1 1.7 1.6

Assam 15.1 16.6 42.8 19.5 3.5 2.5 0.0

Punjab 17.7 12.8 35.9 19.4 5.3 5.3 3.6

Chattisgarh 13.0 19.1 51.7 9.2 3.4 2.0 1.6

Haryana 20.5 19.0 27.7 17.4 7.0 4.9 3.5

Delhi 27.1 12.7 23.3 14.9 11.6 10.3 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 8.2 18.1 21.8 21.5 6.0 14.0 10.4

Uttaranchal 9.0 20.9 36.5 22.5 7.9 2.9 0.4


Smaller states

Tripura 21.8 24.7 32.3 12.2 3.1 3.4 2.5

Meghalaya 7.3 42.9 47.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0

Manipur 12.1 11.4 42.4 31.2 1.7 0.5 0.8

Nagaland 6.3 68.7 8.2 5.0 0.0 6.0 6.0

Goa 21.3 0.0 10.5 21.9 14.2 32.1 0.0


Pondicherry 6.9 5.5 55.1 7.4 15.3 2.4 7.5

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 0.0 10.6 27.5 43.9 17.2 0.8 0.0

Sikkim 50.7 31.0 11.6 1.9 3.4 0.0 1.4

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 3.4 5.3 35.7 35.2 1.6 18.8 0.0

Daman&Diu 9.0 0.0 86.7 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 12.6 18.5 45.1 13.8 5.1 2.8 1.9


Table 17: Distribution of households by the distance to the place of work of the earning member (in percentages)

Urban

States not

required to

travel

less than 1

km

1 -

5km

5-10km 10-

15km

15-

30

30km or

more

Larger States

UP 10.6 15.5 37.7 23.7 5.0 4.1 3.5

Maharashtra 12.2 8.6 23.3 24.6 19.7 4.4 7.1

Bihar 15.7 21.9 25.8 25.9 4.6 5.9 0.3

West Bengal 10.8 21.2 36.6 16.4 6.5 5.3 3.2

Andhra Pradesh 28.7 19.0 29.6 12.1 4.2 3.3 3.1

Madhya Pradesh 18.6 14.1 38.7 17.2 8.4 0.6 2.4

Tamil Nadu 13.4 12.8 38.1 20.0 4.5 5.6 5.5

Rajasthan 11.0 11.5 42.3 19.1 7.4 7.8 0.8

Karnataka 7.1 14.7 46.3 20.6 6.2 3.2 1.9

Gujrat 19.7 14.0 32.0 20.4 6.3 1.2 6.4

Orissa 7.2 16.8 33.0 22.4 9.2 0.2 11.2

Kerala 10.8 12.8 32.3 17.5 16.2 5.5 5.0

Jharkhand 8.2 5.2 57.0 19.0 5.9 1.7 3.0

Assam 15.7 23.1 36.6 13.7 3.3 3.3 4.1

Punjab 10.6 18.5 34.9 20.3 8.3 3.8 3.6

Chattisgarh 2.0 15.0 45.6 16.1 13.7 4.3 3.2

Haryana 20.4 8.2 46.2 16.2 3.5 2.1 3.3

Delhi 11.1 13.2 34.3 27.4 9.3 1.9 2.8

Jammu&Kashmir 22.7 6.7 44.0 23.8 2.6 0.1 0.0

Uttaranchal 5.3 15.3 49.8 24.8 0.4 0.0 4.4


Smaller states

Tripura 20.4 24.1 37.0 4.4 7.3 5.0 1.9

Meghalaya 97.6 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Manipur 10.1 2.9 73.8 8.2 1.0 2.1 1.8

Nagaland 12.3 40.2 39.2 0.0 8.4 0.0 0.0

Goa 47.0 0.6 0.7 27.0 10.7 12.5 1.5


Pondicherry 23.5 5.8 18.8 27.3 18.4 2.5 3.7

Mizoram 40.9 29.0 23.9 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 26.8 9.7 21.0 30.4 3.4 7.8 0.9

Sikkim 20.0 47.5 32.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 16.6 41.5 0.0 31.9 10.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 14.0 14.6 34.9 20.2 8.3 3.9 4.1



percentages)

Rural+Urban

States not

required to

travel

less than 1

km

1 -

5km

5-10km 10-

15km

15-

30

30km or

more

Larger States

UP 12.2 24.6 39.1 13.9 4.7 3.4 2.1

Maharashtra 16.1 13.4 34.7 17.8 10.5 2.9 4.7

Bihar 13.8 15.9 51.2 11.9 5.3 1.9 0.1

West Bengal 11.2 22.9 42.3 13.5 4.3 3.0 2.9

Andhra Pradesh 15.4 15.3 49.2 11.0 3.6 3.1 2.4

Madhya Pradesh 11.7 17.0 51.7 12.8 5.1 0.6 1.1

Tamil Nadu 11.6 15.5 42.2 18.3 6.7 3.4 2.3

Rajasthan 13.0 12.2 44.6 17.1 7.4 3.8 1.9

Karnataka 10.1 14.6 57.1 10.8 4.7 2.0 0.8

Gujrat 14.7 11.9 43.2 16.3 7.5 2.9 3.6

Orissa 8.5 13.6 49.6 17.2 5.4 2.2 3.4

Kerala 8.5 12.6 40.9 18.5 9.0 7.0 3.6

Jharkhand 7.8 13.1 41.4 26.3 7.9 1.7 1.7

Assam 15.2 17.8 41.6 18.4 3.4 2.7 0.8

Punjab 16.0 14.2 35.7 19.6 6.0 4.9 3.6

Chattisgarh 11.0 18.4 50.6 10.4 5.2 2.4 1.9

Haryana 20.5 16.8 31.5 17.2 6.3 4.3 3.5

Delhi 11.9 13.2 33.8 26.7 9.4 2.3 2.6

Jammu&Kashmir 10.4 16.4 25.1 21.9 5.5 11.9 8.8

Uttaranchal 8.6 20.3 37.7 22.7 7.2 2.7 0.8


Smaller states

Tripura 21.6 24.6 33.1 10.8 3.8 3.7 2.4

Meghalaya 27.9 33.1 36.9 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0

Manipur 11.2 7.5 56.6 20.8 1.4 1.2 1.2

Nagaland 10.1 50.3 28.2 1.8 5.4 2.1 2.1

Goa 33.7 0.3 5.8 24.3 12.5 22.7 0.7


Pondicherry 12.0 5.6 44.0 13.5 16.2 2.4 6.3

Mizoram 40.3 28.6 25.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 23.4 9.8 21.8 32.1 5.1 6.9 0.8

Sikkim 45.2 33.9 15.3 1.6 2.8 0.0 1.2

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 4.3 7.7 33.3 35.0 2.2 17.6 0.0

Daman&Diu 8.3 0.0 87.9 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 12.9 17.7 43.2 15.2 5.8 3.1 2.4


Table 19: Distance to the source of drinking water for SC households (in percentages)

Sector: Rural

States

within

dwelling

outside

dwelling but

within

premises

less than

0.2km

0.2 to

0.5km

0.5to

1km

1.0km

to 1.5

km

1.5km

or more

Larger States

UP 17.6 20.4 57.6 3.9 0.3 0.2

Maharashtra 6.5 26.9 56.4 7.2 1.8 1.2 0.2

Bihar 19.0 17.9 55.4 7.7 0.0

West Bengal 5.2 19.4 55.0 18.5 1.8 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 5.0 20.9 60.4 12.8 0.8 0.1 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 2.2 4.6 71.2 18.8 2.3 0.7 0.1

Tamil Nadu 4.2 8.9 79.3 6.4 0.3 0.3 0.6

Rajasthan 8.1 16.7 42.3 23.0 6.9 1.3 1.7

Karnataka 4.7 15.8 72.3 5.2 2.0 0.0 0.1

Gujrat 11.5 41.5 40.7 4.7 1.7 0.0 0.0

Orissa 0.7 8.8 69.0 19.2 2.3 0.0 0.0

Kerala 4.1 45.7 43.4 5.8 0.9 0.0 0.0

Jharkhand 1.8 6.8 65.9 23.4 2.1 0.0

Assam 2.5 57.2 28.3 11.0 0.5 0.4

Punjab 26.3 46.6 22.6 3.1 0.6 1.0

Chattisgarh 3.2 9.8 70.0 15.1 1.8 0.0 0.0

Haryana 26.7 24.2 34.2 8.8 6.1

Delhi 63.4 15.9 20.4 0.3

Jammu&Kashmir 23.0 23.7 46.3 5.9 1.1 0.0

Uttaranchal 9.2 21.2 49.1 14.2 3.9 2.4

HimachalPradesh 18.0 28.0 44.5 7.8 0.9 0.7

Smaller States

Tripura 1.6 38.7 53.3 5.6 0.0 0.7

Meghalaya 2.7 5.4 51.0 40.8

Manipur 16.5 83.5 0.0

Nagaland 3.5 96.5

Goa 2.7 64.4 26.3 0.0 6.6 0.0 0.0

ArunachalPradesh 15.8 80.3 3.9

Pondicherry 17.5 53.2 26.8 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 0.0 100.0


Sikkim 8.5 45.6 42.0 3.0 1.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 29.8 16.8 53.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 58.3 32.6 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep

All India 10.5 20.1 57.1 10.4 1.5 0.3 0.2


Table 20: Distribution of SC households by the distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)

Sector: Urban

States

within

dwelling

outside

dwelling but

within premises

less than

0.2km

0.2 to

0.5km

0.5to

1km

1.0km

to 1.5

km

1.5km

or more

Larger States

UP 55.0 14.6 28.9 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.5

Maharashtra 30.5 28.1 39.7 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bihar 47.0 16.8 35.2 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 14.8 22.4 51.7 9.7 0.3 0.8 0.3

Andhra Pradesh 9.0 51.4 37.5 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 17.5 13.6 59.0 5.0 2.5 2.3 0.0

Tamil Nadu 12.4 23.3 59.1 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rajasthan 57.8 23.1 14.3 3.3 0.3 0.5 0.8

Karnataka 13.9 20.0 60.7 2.1 2.6 0.6 0.0

Gujrat 52.7 29.5 15.7 0.9 1.1 0.1 0.0

Orissa 18.3 16.2 55.5 8.4 1.6 0.0 0.0

Kerala 15.6 51.8 26.3 4.6 1.3 0.4 0.0

Jharkhand 22.5 12.5 61.6 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Assam 35.6 51.1 11.2 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Punjab 59.3 28.6 11.6 0.6

Chattisgarh 32.4 17.5 48.8 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Haryana 37.7 30.1 29.9 1.7 0.0 0.5 0.1

Delhi 61.6 11.8 17.9 7.4 1.2 0.0 0.1

Jammu&Kashmir 53.3 42.7 2.2 1.8

Uttaranchal 25.9 44.2 30.0 0.0

HimachalPradesh 53.9 26.4 18.8 0.9

Smaller States

Tripura 7.1 63.2 29.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 15.8 48.2 36.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Manipur 1.0 20.8 27.8 50.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 16.7 58.4 10.3 14.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Goa 22.8 26.4 44.6 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 41.7 27.4 28.9 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 52.5 5.1 23.3 19.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 85.1 2.4 12.5 0.0

Sikkim 92.6 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 10.0 68.1 21.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 85.2 14.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep

All India 31.9 25.5 38.3 3.4 0.6 0.3 0.1


Table 21: Distribution of SC households by the distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)

Sector: Rural+Urban

States

within

dwelling

outside

dwelling but

within premises

less than

0.2km

0.2 to

0.5km

0.5to

1km

1.0km

to 1.5

km

1.5km

or more

Larger States

UP 22.5 19.6 53.8 3.5 0.3 0.2 0.1

Maharashtra 16.6 27.4 49.4 4.8 1.0 0.7 0.1

Bihar 20.7 17.8 54.2 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 6.9 19.9 54.4 17.0 1.5 0.1 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 5.9 27.4 55.5 10.3 0.8 0.1 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 5.8 6.6 68.4 15.7 2.4 1.1 0.1

Tamil Nadu 6.3 12.7 74.0 6.1 0.2 0.2 0.5

Rajasthan 18.0 18.0 36.7 19.1 5.6 1.1 1.5

Karnataka 6.9 16.8 69.5 4.4 2.1 0.2 0.1

Gujrat 24.9 37.6 32.5 3.4 1.5 0.0 0.0

Orissa 3.1 9.8 67.1 17.8 2.2 0.0 0.0

Kerala 6.8 47.1 39.5 5.5 1.0 0.1 0.0

Jharkhand 4.1 7.5 65.4 21.2 1.8 0.0 0.0

Assam 9.2 56.0 24.8 9.2 0.4 0.0 0.3

Punjab 34.4 42.1 19.8 2.4 0.4 0.0 0.7

Chattisgarh 8.1 11.1 66.5 12.8 1.5 0.0 0.0

Haryana 29.0 25.4 33.3 7.3 4.8 0.1 0.0

Delhi 61.7 12.0 18.1 7.0 1.1 0.0 0.1

Jammu&Kashmir 27.6 26.6 39.6 5.3 0.9 0.0 0.0

Uttaranchal 10.8 23.4 47.2 12.8 3.6 2.1 0.0

HimachalPradesh 21.1 27.9 42.3 7.2 0.8 0.0 0.6

Smaller States

Tripura 2.6 43.0 49.2 4.6 0.0 0.6 0.0

Meghalaya 5.7 15.2 47.6 31.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Manipur 0.5 18.5 57.8 23.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 8.9 32.8 50.4 7.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

Goa 12.4 46.1 35.1 3.0 3.4 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 24.9 45.3 27.4 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 51.4 5.0 24.9 18.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 77.6 10.1 12.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 23.8 38.6 34.3 2.4 0.8 0.0 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 28.4 20.3 51.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 60.6 31.1 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 15.0 21.3 53.2 8.9 1.3 0.3 0.2



Rural

States

direct opening to no direct

opening


with street light

without street

light

with street

light

without street

light

Larger states

UP 1.5 16.3 1.1 57.9 23.2

Maharashtra 34.4 10.6 19.8 20.7 14.4

Bihar 1.6 11.4 0.6 58.9 27.5

West Bengal 1.6 9.2 2.3 62.3 24.7

Andhra Pradesh 51.4 13.2 19.9 10.9 4.6

Madhya Pradesh 1.8 22.1 3.0 47.4 25.8

Tamil Nadu 57.4 5.6 24.5 7.3 5.2

Rajasthan 3.1 19.7 2.1 48.9 26.2

Karnataka 34.4 16.6 19.8 21.6 7.5

Gujrat 7.1 26.1 18.3 33.8 14.6

Orissa 3.2 31.7 0.9 49.4 14.7

Kerala 19.4 13.1 3.8 34.3 29.5

Jharkhand 1.4 18.0 0.8 38.1 41.7

Assam 0.0 21.7 1.8 57.0 19.6

Punjab 4.3 34.8 0.1 54.3 6.4

Chattisgarh 9.3 18.6 9.1 52.0 10.9

Haryana 0.7 44.5 0.8 41.7 12.4

Delhi 40.7 36.6 0.0 22.6 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0 12.4 0.0 51.3 36.3

Uttaranchal 1.1 10.5 0.0 47.5 40.9


Smaller States

Tripura 4.4 13.1 2.8 62.6 17.1

Meghalaya 0.0 12.2 0.0 82.6 5.2

Manipur 21.7 68.6 0.0 9.7 0.0

Nagaland 0.0 41.5 0.0 58.5 0.0

Goa 32.1 6.6 2.9 21.3 37.1


Pondicherry 60.2 0.1 23.5 4.2 11.9

Mizoram 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 85.5 5.1 8.3 1.1 0.0

Sikkim 1.4 2.1 0.5 49.7 46.3

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 27.3 3.4 1.8 23.2 44.2

Daman&Diu 67.6 11.2 11.5 5.6 4.1

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 14.9 16.5 7.4 42.7 18.5



Urban

States

direct opening to no direct

opening


with street light

without street

light

with street

light

without street

light

Larger states

UP 22.8 13.4 14.3 41.7 7.8

Maharashtra 43.4 20.2 12.6 14.7 9.1

Bihar 15.5 21.8 2.4 50.4 9.9

West Bengal 34.7 6.1 24.6 26.5 8.1

Andhra Pradesh 77.8 1.3 14.1 4.8 2.0

Madhya Pradesh 31.3 11.9 15.0 32.5 9.3

Tamil Nadu 64.5 6.3 19.9 7.0 2.3

Rajasthan 42.2 14.9 13.7 26.1 3.2

Karnataka 63.6 3.9 14.1 11.8 6.6

Gujrat 47.4 15.8 12.3 16.4 8.1

Orissa 33.7 21.7 19.8 22.3 2.4

Kerala 49.4 10.0 6.1 20.7 13.8

Jharkhand 11.9 12.8 5.2 46.2 23.8

Assam 31.2 29.9 7.8 25.7 5.5

Punjab 39.4 24.4 10.0 24.1 2.1

Chattisgarh 39.0 3.3 42.9 9.2 5.6

Haryana 13.0 42.6 7.7 31.1 5.7

Delhi 55.7 8.8 13.9 16.2 5.4

Jammu&Kashmir 7.4 9.4 10.3 64.1 8.8

Uttaranchal 17.9 15.3 34.8 21.1 10.9


Smaller States

Tripura 19.3 7.6 25.2 45.4 2.4

Meghalaya 58.0 0.0 2.4 36.0 3.7

Manipur 21.7 59.0 0.0 17.0 2.3

Nagaland 33.6 19.2 0.0 45.6 1.6

Goa 48.3 0.0 28.3 6.6 16.8


Pondicherry 80.5 0.2 11.7 3.0 4.5

Mizoram 27.3 4.9 7.0 57.0 3.9

Chandigarh 58.6 4.5 21.1 15.8 0.0

Sikkim 85.1 0.0 1.0 7.9 6.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 26.6 21.9 51.5 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 44.6 12.9 15.1 21.2 6.3



Rural+Urban

States

direct opening to

no direct

opening


with street light


with street

light

without street

light

Larger states

UP 4.3 15.9 2.8 55.8 21.1

Maharashtra 38.2 14.7 16.8 18.2 12.2

Bihar 2.4 12.0 0.7 58.4 26.5

West Bengal 7.3 8.6 6.1 56.1 21.8

Andhra Pradesh 57.0 10.7 18.6 9.6 4.1

Madhya Pradesh 8.5 19.8 5.7 44.0 22.0

Tamil Nadu 59.3 5.8 23.3 7.2 4.4

Rajasthan 10.9 18.8 4.4 44.3 21.6

Karnataka 41.4 13.6 18.4 19.3 7.3

Gujrat 20.2 22.8 16.4 28.2 12.5

Orissa 7.3 30.3 3.5 45.8 13.1

Kerala 26.3 12.3 4.4 31.1 25.9

Jharkhand 2.5 17.4 1.3 39.0 39.7

Assam 6.2 23.3 3.0 50.8 16.7

Punjab 13.0 32.2 2.5 46.8 5.4

Chattisgarh 14.3 16.0 14.8 44.8 10.1

Haryana 3.2 44.1 2.2 39.5 11.0

Delhi 54.9 10.3 13.2 16.6 5.1

Jammu&Kashmir 1.1 12.0 1.6 53.2 32.1

Uttaranchal 2.7 10.9 3.4 44.9 38.0


Smaller States

Tripura 7.0 12.2 6.7 59.6 14.5

Meghalaya 13.2 9.4 0.5 72.0 4.8

Manipur 21.7 64.2 0.0 13.1 1.1

Nagaland 17.5 29.9 0.0 51.8 0.8

Goa 39.9 3.4 15.1 14.2 27.3


Pondicherry 66.4 0.2 19.9 3.9 9.6

Mizoram 26.9 6.2 6.9 56.2 3.8

Chandigarh 62.0 4.6 19.5 13.9 0.0

Sikkim 16.3 1.8 0.6 42.3 39.2

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 27.3 4.7 5.2 21.7 41.2

Daman&Diu 70.3 10.2 10.5 5.2 3.7

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 21.1 15.7 9.0 38.2 16.0



Sector: Rural

States <

0.01

0.01-

0.05

0.05-

0.52

0.52-

1.01

1.01-

2.50

2.50-

4.97

4.97-

9.91

9.91-

19.79

>19.79

Larger states

UP 13.9 26.6 26.9 14.5 11.5 5.0 1.5 0.1 0.0

Maharashtra 38.4 29.7 7.2 5.1 8.6 7.1 3.3 0.5 0.0

Bihar 17.3 37.0 27.8 8.3 6.1 2.8 0.6 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 15.1 34.8 27.5 11.8 7.3 2.6 0.8 0.0 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 26.9 35.6 12.8 8.0 10.0 4.2 2.5 0.0 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 12.9 18.5 14.0 17.4 13.8 10.0 11.4 1.9 0.0

Tamil Nadu 31.9 37.5 14.2 7.6 6.0 2.2 0.4 0.0 0.2

Rajasthan 6.6 14.2 10.9 12.9 19.7 16.1 15.9 2.6 1.1

Karnataka 20.6 23.1 19.3 12.2 10.4 7.6 6.2 0.6 0.0

Gujrat 37.4 26.4 12.7 13.1 6.4 3.3 0.5 0.1 0.0

Orissa 14.5 18.1 24.7 18.8 13.2 5.2 4.9 0.6 0.0

Kerala 2.7 34.4 58.8 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Jharkhand 6.5 26.4 30.8 14.8 14.1 6.9 0.6 0.0 0.0

Assam 4.5 10.3 20.6 17.6 23.7 15.1 7.3 0.5 0.4

Punjab 26.8 49.2 18.4 1.8 2.0 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.0

Chattisgarh 6.8 15.8 14.6 9.0 21.6 18.6 10.6 3.1 0.0

Haryana 29.5 51.9 14.9 1.8 0.6 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.0

Delhi 70.1 10.1 0.0 19.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 3.3 14.2 28.2 23.3 26.0 2.3 2.6 0.0 0.0

Uttaranchal 24.5 24.3 27.1 19.3 3.4 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.0


Smaller states

Tripura 3.9 20.6 47.6 11.9 13.2 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.4

Meghalaya 0.0 0.0 31.6 16.1 10.2 42.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Manipur 0.0 0.0 26.6 35.2 18.7 19.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 0.0 14.1 1.0 75.7 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Goa 30.7 33.2 29.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.6 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 33.1 55.0 1.3 5.5 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 89.6 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 18.9 11.4 20.9 29.0 15.8 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 57.1 13.3 29.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 13.3 86.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 19.4 30.1 21.1 11.2 9.6 5.1 3.0 0.4 0.1



Sector: Urban

States <

0.01

0.01-

0.05

0.05-

0.52

0.52-

1.01

1.01-

2.50

2.50-

4.97

4.97-

9.91

9.91-

19.79

>19.79

Larger states

UP 48.9 38.8 6.4 2.2 2.0 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.0

Maharashtra 60.5 32.8 4.1 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.5

Bihar 36.9 38.7 13.3 7.3 3.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 40.8 39.2 15.9 3.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 68.5 26.2 2.5 1.1 0.1 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 42.0 36.6 14.7 2.1 2.0 1.2 1.4 0.0 0.0

Tamil Nadu 49.8 34.0 11.3 3.3 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

Rajasthan 22.5 43.5 14.3 8.7 5.7 4.7 0.4 0.0 0.1

Karnataka 40.1 50.2 7.0 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0

Gujrat 69.8 20.3 8.2 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Orissa 32.9 37.0 17.5 6.1 1.6 2.6 2.3 0.0 0.0

Kerala 8.6 46.4 42.3 2.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Jharkhand 38.9 44.8 14.9 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Assam 14.7 28.3 39.9 13.5 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Punjab 45.6 46.9 6.7 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 50.6 23.3 22.2 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.4 0.0

Haryana 56.9 31.5 8.9 1.6 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

Delhi 85.0 13.3 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 12.1 45.8 40.7 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Uttaranchal 67.8 29.7 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0


Smaller states

Tripura 12.5 35.6 45.7 5.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 78.1 15.8 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Manipur 0.4 0.0 15.7 19.4 35.7 25.6 3.3 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 0.0 67.5 12.5 9.9 2.3 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Goa 91.5 3.5 0.0 0.0 4.9 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 55.1 26.0 11.1 0.1 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 41.6 14.4 25.1 10.9 6.2 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 88.0 8.5 0.6 0.2 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 32.2 53.7 13.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 31.9 0.0 68.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 14.8 85.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 51.1 34.5 9.6 2.3 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.1


Table 27: Distribution of households by land possessed (in percentages)

Sector: Rural+Urban

States <

0.01

0.01-

0.05

0.05-

0.52

0.52-

1.01

1.01-

2.50

2.50-

4.97

4.97-

9.91

9.91-

19.79

>19.79

Larger states

UP 18.5 28.2 24.2 12.9 10.2 4.5 1.4 0.1 0.0

Maharashtra 47.7 31.0 5.9 3.0 5.2 4.4 2.0 0.5 0.2

Bihar 18.5 37.1 26.9 8.3 5.9 2.7 0.6 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 19.5 35.6 25.5 10.4 6.1 2.2 0.7 0.0 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 35.7 33.6 10.6 6.5 7.9 3.5 2.1 0.0 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 19.6 22.7 14.1 13.9 11.1 7.9 9.1 1.5 0.0

Tamil Nadu 36.6 36.6 13.4 6.5 4.5 1.9 0.3 0.0 0.2

Rajasthan 9.7 20.1 11.5 12.1 16.9 13.8 12.8 2.1 0.9

Karnataka 25.3 29.6 16.3 9.7 8.0 5.9 4.7 0.5 0.0

Gujrat 47.9 24.4 11.2 9.4 4.3 2.2 0.4 0.1 0.0

Orissa 16.9 20.7 23.8 17.1 11.7 4.8 4.5 0.5 0.0

Kerala 4.1 37.1 55.0 3.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Jharkhand 10.1 28.4 29.0 13.2 12.6 6.1 0.5 0.0 0.0

Assam 6.5 13.9 24.5 16.8 19.7 12.1 5.8 0.4 0.3

Punjab 31.4 48.6 15.5 1.4 1.5 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.0

Chattisgarh 14.4 17.1 15.9 7.4 17.8 16.0 8.7 2.6 0.0

Haryana 35.1 47.8 13.7 1.7 0.5 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.0

Delhi 84.2 13.2 0.8 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 4.7 19.0 30.1 19.8 22.2 2.0 2.2 0.0 0.0

Uttaranchal 28.7 24.8 24.7 17.4 3.1 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.0


Smaller states

Tripura 5.4 23.1 47.3 10.8 11.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.3

Meghalaya 17.8 3.6 25.8 12.4 7.9 32.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Manipur 0.2 0.0 21.6 27.9 26.6 22.3 1.5 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 0.0 37.8 6.1 46.5 6.2 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Goa 59.9 18.9 15.4 0.0 2.4 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 39.8 46.1 4.3 3.9 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 41.0 14.2 24.7 10.8 6.1 1.4 1.8 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 88.2 8.7 0.5 0.1 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 21.3 18.9 19.6 23.8 13.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 2.2 0.0 57.8 12.4 27.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 13.4 86.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 25.9 31.0 18.7 9.4 7.8 4.2 2.5 0.3 0.1



Sector: Rural

States

grass /straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

Timber

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron or

other

metal

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 4.6 35.2 0.1 1.3 0.1 54.9 0.0 3.8 0.1

Maharashtra 9.5 24.8 0.5 1.0 0.9 53.5 1.2 8.5 0.1

Bihar 28.3 25.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 38.4 0.0 7.1 0.0

West Bengal 20.3 50.0 0.2 0.4 0.4 18.6 2.9 7.0 0.3

Andhra Pradesh 7.7 19.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 66.5 0.0 6.0 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 2.0 50.5 0.2 1.2 0.7 44.7 0.0 0.7 0.0

Tamil Nadu 4.0 34.8 0.0 0.1 0.2 53.7 0.0 7.0 0.1

Rajasthan 4.9 25.7 0.0 2.0 0.2 65.7 0.0 1.0 0.5

Karnataka 4.3 34.1 0.2 1.7 0.1 55.6 0.0 4.0 0.0

Gujrat 1.5 25.9 0.0 5.6 0.3 61.9 0.0 1.8 2.9

Orissa 2.4 63.5 0.0 3.9 0.1 27.0 0.0 3.1 0.1

Kerala 3.9 27.0 0.6 2.5 0.2 54.6 0.0 11.1 0.0

Jharkhand 1.5 62.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.8 0.0 4.4 0.0

Assam 39.2 42.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 11.4 0.1 5.9 1.1

Punjab 0.1 4.1 0.0 1.7 0.0 81.5 0.0 12.5 0.0

Chattisgarh 2.2 66.4 0.0 7.6 0.5 23.0 0.0 0.4 0.0

Haryana 0.1 4.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 87.0 0.0 7.8 0.0

Delhi 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.5 0.0 28.2 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0 31.6 0.0 2.6 0.0 65.3 0.0 0.5 0.0

Uttaranchal 3.3 5.3 0.0 0.0 1.4 76.7 0.0 13.3 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 25.3 65.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 4.8 2.1 0.0

Meghalaya 76.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 19.6 0.0

Manipur 5.9 91.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 86.6 4.9 0.0 0.0 3.7 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Goa 0.0 8.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 89.1 1.1 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 9.4 28.1 0.0 3.7 0.0 28.4 0.4 28.4 1.5

Mizoram 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.2 0.0 66.8 0.0

Sikkim 4.7 59.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 2.8 0.0 21.5 11.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 0.0 45.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.0 0.0 36.1 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.5 0.0 74.6 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 8.7 33.7 0.1 1.3 0.2 50.1 0.4 5.5 0.2



Sector: Urban

States

grass /straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

Timber

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron or

other

metal

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 1.0 5.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 73.6 0.1 19.7 0.1

Maharashtra 1.0 4.9 0.0 0.6 0.6 81.9 4.8 6.0 0.0

Bihar 10.3 12.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 72.0 0.0 5.4 0.0

West Bengal 7.6 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 63.7 1.4 17.9 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 2.0 6.2 1.1 0.3 0.0 68.7 0.0 21.7 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 0.7 19.8 1.1 0.3 0.1 74.4 0.5 3.2 0.0

Tamil Nadu 2.5 16.9 0.0 0.7 0.0 69.1 0.2 10.5 0.1

Rajasthan 0.2 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 90.8 0.0 3.2 0.0

Karnataka 2.4 15.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 55.8 0.3 25.0 0.0

Gujrat 0.0 5.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 80.5 0.0 13.4 0.2

Orissa 1.0 22.3 0.0 2.7 0.0 43.0 0.0 30.9 0.1

Kerala 2.2 13.6 0.2 0.3 4.8 70.0 1.3 7.0 0.5

Jharkhand 0.5 28.2 0.0 1.1 0.7 59.3 0.0 10.2 0.0

Assam 12.6 16.4 0.0 1.1 0.4 18.3 0.9 50.0 0.4

Punjab 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 85.2 0.0 13.6 0.0

Chattisgarh 0.0 21.2 0.0 1.6 0.0 73.1 0.0 4.1 0.0

Haryana 1.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 78.9 0.0 14.6 4.5

Delhi 0.2 7.0 0.0 0.6 0.7 39.0 0.0 52.5 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.3 1.3 88.1 0.0 6.1 0.0

Uttaranchal 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 69.4 0.0 28.4 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 40.3 24.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.1 13.0 7.4 0.0

Meghalaya 26.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 6.1 13.2 49.5 0.0

Manipur 0.0 70.7 0.0 0.0 1.0 15.3 0.0 12.9 0.0

Nagaland 36.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.1 19.4 0.0 38.8 0.0

Goa 40.7 4.0 0.0 5.1 0.0 23.3 0.0 26.9 0.0


Pondicherry 15.5 11.8 1.7 0.0 0.0 38.4 0.0 32.6 0.0

Mizoram 13.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 14.8 12.5 56.7

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 34.3 0.0 65.1 0.0

Sikkim 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.6 0.4 92.1 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 0.0 21.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 78.1 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.2 0.0 14.8 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 2.3 9.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 69.8 1.0 16.5 0.2



Sector: Rural+Urban

States

grass /straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

Timber

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron or

other

metal

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 4.1 31.2 0.1 1.2 0.1 57.4 0.0 5.9 0.1

Maharashtra 5.9 16.5 0.3 0.8 0.8 65.5 2.7 7.5 0.0

Bihar 27.2 24.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 40.4 0.0 7.0 0.0

West Bengal 18.1 42.9 0.2 0.3 0.5 26.3 2.6 8.9 0.2

Andhra Pradesh 6.5 16.3 0.3 0.4 0.0 67.0 0.0 9.3 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 1.7 43.4 0.4 1.0 0.6 51.5 0.1 1.2 0.0

Tamil Nadu 3.6 30.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 57.8 0.0 7.9 0.1

Rajasthan 3.9 21.7 0.0 1.6 0.2 70.7 0.0 1.5 0.4

Karnataka 3.9 29.7 0.3 1.3 0.0 55.7 0.1 9.0 0.0

Gujrat 1.0 19.1 0.1 3.9 0.3 67.9 0.0 5.6 2.1

Orissa 2.2 58.0 0.0 3.7 0.1 29.1 0.0 6.9 0.1

Kerala 3.5 23.9 0.5 2.0 1.3 58.1 0.3 10.1 0.1

Jharkhand 1.4 58.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 34.8 0.0 5.0 0.0

Assam 33.9 36.9 0.0 0.5 0.1 12.8 0.2 14.7 1.0

Punjab 0.2 3.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 82.4 0.0 12.8 0.0

Chattisgarh 1.9 58.8 0.0 6.6 0.4 31.3 0.0 1.0 0.0

Haryana 0.4 3.6 0.1 0.3 0.1 85.4 0.0 9.2 0.9

Delhi 0.1 6.7 0.0 0.6 0.6 40.7 0.0 51.2 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.0 27.5 0.0 2.2 0.2 68.8 0.0 1.4 0.0

Uttaranchal 3.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 76.0 0.0 14.7 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 27.9 58.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 6.2 3.0 0.0

Meghalaya 64.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 4.7 3.0 26.4 0.0

Manipur 3.2 82.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 8.3 0.0 6.0 0.0

Nagaland 59.9 2.3 0.0 0.0 4.5 12.6 0.0 20.7 0.0

Goa 19.6 6.5 0.6 2.4 0.0 57.4 0.6 12.9 0.0


Pondicherry 11.3 23.1 0.5 2.6 0.0 31.5 0.3 29.7 1.0

Mizoram 14.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 14.6 12.4 56.0

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 34.2 0.0 65.3 0.0

Sikkim 4.0 48.8 0.0 0.5 1.0 2.4 0.1 34.1 9.1

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 0.0 44.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.8 0.0 39.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.9 0.0 69.4 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 7.3 28.6 0.1 1.1 0.2 54.3 0.6 7.9 0.2



Sector:Rural

States

grass/straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

tile/slate

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron,zinc or

other metal

sheet/asbestos

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 23.2 12.3 0.2 3.7 12.7 21.4 1.0 24.0 1.5

Maharashtra 5.3 0.5 0.4 0.8 19.9 5.2 52.9 14.4 0.6

Bihar 44.4 1.2 0.3 1.0 16.5 3.7 3.9 28.6 0.5

West Bengal 28.1 1.9 0.8 0.3 23.9 0.5 34.4 9.9 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 20.0 0.9 0.1 0.1 20.6 10.0 7.2 41.0 0.2

Madhya Pradesh 9.7 2.9 0.8 2.4 49.4 24.2 5.9 4.7 0.0

Tamil Nadu 27.1 0.7 0.0 0.7 29.0 2.0 4.1 35.7 0.6

Rajasthan 22.0 5.1 0.5 0.9 8.3 55.4 4.5 3.1 0.2

Karnataka 8.7 8.0 0.4 1.4 41.2 8.3 21.6 9.8 0.6

Gujrat 9.3 0.6 0.2 7.2 32.0 8.4 21.3 20.9 0.1

Orissa 49.5 0.2 0.0 2.7 19.8 0.4 9.4 17.4 0.6

Kerala 8.4 0.0 0.3 2.0 52.9 0.0 14.3 22.2 0.0

Jharkhand 16.1 2.1 0.0 1.1 53.6 10.6 0.9 15.7 0.0

Assam 36.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 63.0 0.6 0.0

Punjab 7.7 1.1 0.0 3.8 4.0 49.3 0.2 33.0 0.8

Chattisgarh 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 77.2 4.6 0.9 8.3 7.6

Haryana 5.7 5.0 0.1 1.9 7.4 28.9 1.5 16.6 32.8

Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 42.7 3.6 42.6 9.9

Jammu&Kashmir 9.7 22.4 0.0 2.3 0.3 2.6 12.7 49.7 0.2

Uttaranchal 7.9 4.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 27.8 7.6 45.6 0.9


Smaller States

Tripura 5.6 0.0 0.3 2.6 0.0 0.0 90.4 1.2 0.0

Meghalaya 47.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.4 12.2 0.0

Manipur 9.1 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.1 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.8 0.0 0.0

Goa 7.6 0.0 1.1 0.0 89.8 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 53.7 0.4 0.0 0.4 13.1 0.0 1.8 30.6 0.0

Mizoram 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.7 0.0

Sikkim 13.1 0.1 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 80.2 4.5 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 63.9 0.0 0.0 36.1 0.0

Daman&Diu 6.8 2.9 0.0 4.1 0.0 11.7 0.0 74.6 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 21.9 4.1 0.3 1.8 22.2 14.0 12.4 21.7 1.7



Sector: Urban

States

grass/straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

tile/slate

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron,zinc or

other metal

sheet/asbestos

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 5.6 0.9 0.5 0.4 5.2 29.2 3.5 52.4 2.4

Maharashtra 1.3 0.3 0.1 0.5 4.2 4.1 54.8 33.6 1.0

Bihar 18.0 0.0 0.5 1.2 11.8 5.3 6.5 56.5 0.2

West Bengal 1.3 0.4 0.2 0.0 31.7 4.2 26.0 35.9 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 6.9 0.1 0.2 0.1 2.5 7.0 19.2 64.0 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 2.9 1.2 0.6 0.3 29.6 27.9 13.5 21.5 2.5

Tamil Nadu 15.7 0.1 0.0 0.8 28.7 1.8 8.7 44.1 0.1

Rajasthan 3.3 2.0 0.2 0.1 2.4 62.2 5.7 23.2 1.0

Karnataka 2.8 1.7 0.7 1.4 25.9 3.0 35.7 28.5 0.3

Gujrat 4.5 0.0 1.6 0.5 7.6 9.0 17.6 59.2 0.0

Orissa 18.6 0.2 1.3 0.6 19.0 2.8 14.6 42.9 0.0

Kerala 0.9 0.0 0.0 2.2 38.5 0.6 10.1 47.6 0.0

Jharkhand 0.5 0.0 4.4 2.0 41.5 0.7 5.6 45.4 0.0

Assam 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 60.2 32.7 0.0

Punjab 3.1 0.0 0.6 0.4 1.8 45.7 0.2 47.8 0.5

Chattisgarh 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 41.5 1.4 11.4 41.2 3.6

Haryana 1.0 1.6 0.8 0.1 5.1 25.3 2.4 41.3 22.3

Delhi 4.6 1.0 1.1 2.3 1.1 9.4 7.0 73.5 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 1.5 2.9 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 4.0 90.4 0.0

Uttaranchal 7.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 21.6 66.1 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 87.8 8.8 0.0

Meghalaya 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62.7 23.0 0.0

Manipur 2.1 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 84.6 8.6 0.0

Nagaland 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 76.3 23.7 0.0

Goa 39.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.6 0.0 13.6 32.3 0.0


Pondicherry 29.6 0.0 1.7 0.0 9.3 1.3 8.7 49.4 0.0

Mizoram 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.5 12.5 0.0

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.0 15.6 83.4 0.0

Sikkim 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.6 82.4 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.9 78.1 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 5.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 13.4 13.8 19.8 44.5 1.4



Sector: Rural+Urban

States

grass/straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

tile/slate

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron,zinc or

other metal

sheet/asbestos

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 20.9 10.8 0.3 3.3 11.7 22.4 1.3 27.7 1.6

Maharashtra 3.6 0.4 0.2 0.7 13.3 4.7 53.7 22.5 0.8

Bihar 42.8 1.2 0.3 1.0 16.2 3.8 4.0 30.2 0.5

West Bengal 23.5 1.6 0.7 0.3 25.2 1.1 33.0 14.4 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 17.2 0.7 0.1 0.1 16.7 9.3 9.8 45.9 0.1

Madhya Pradesh 8.1 2.5 0.7 1.9 44.9 25.1 7.7 8.6 0.6

Tamil Nadu 24.1 0.5 0.0 0.7 28.9 1.9 5.3 37.9 0.5

Rajasthan 18.3 4.5 0.4 0.7 7.1 56.8 4.8 7.1 0.3

Karnataka 7.3 6.5 0.5 1.4 37.5 7.0 25.0 14.3 0.6

Gujrat 7.7 0.4 0.7 5.0 24.1 8.6 20.1 33.3 0.1

Orissa 45.3 0.2 0.2 2.4 19.7 0.7 10.1 20.8 0.5

Kerala 6.7 0.0 0.2 2.0 49.6 0.1 13.3 28.1 0.0

Jharkhand 14.4 1.9 0.5 1.2 52.2 9.5 1.4 19.0 0.0

Assam 30.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 62.4 7.1 0.0

Punjab 6.5 0.8 0.2 3.0 3.5 48.4 0.2 36.7 0.7

Chattisgarh 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.2 71.3 4.0 2.6 13.8 7.0

Haryana 4.7 4.3 0.3 1.6 7.0 28.1 1.7 21.7 30.7

Delhi 4.3 0.9 1.1 2.2 1.0 11.2 6.8 71.9 0.6

Jammu&Kashmir 8.5 19.5 0.1 1.9 0.3 2.2 11.4 55.9 0.2

Uttaranchal 7.9 3.6 0.0 0.0 5.6 25.5 8.9 47.5 0.8


Smaller States

Tripura 5.0 0.0 0.2 2.1 0.0 0.2 89.9 2.5 0.0

Meghalaya 39.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.5 14.7 0.0

Manipur 5.9 0.0 0.4 2.1 0.0 0.0 87.6 4.0 0.0

Nagaland 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.5 12.7 0.0

Goa 23.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 53.6 0.0 7.3 15.5 0.0


Pondicherry 46.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 11.9 0.4 3.9 36.3 0.0

Mizoram 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.3 12.4 0.0

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 13.6 85.4 0.0

Sikkim 10.8 0.1 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 69.1 18.3 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 59.6 0.0 1.5 39.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 6.2 2.7 0.0 3.7 0.0 10.7 0.0 76.7 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 18.4 3.4 0.3 1.5 20.4 13.9 14.0 26.4 1.7



Rural

States

mud

Bambo

o /log

wood/plan

k

brick/limestone/ston

e

cemen

t

mosaic/tile

s

other

s

Larger States

UP 86.3 0.4 0.0 3.6 9.6 0.2 0.0

Maharashtra 59.7 0.0 0.1 12.0 19.3 8.8 0.0

Bihar 85.4 0.8 0.0 4.8 8.8 0.0 0.3

West Bengal 79.6 0.4 0.5 3.6 15.8 0.0 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 33.5 0.1 0.0 33.6 31.0 1.8 0.1

Madhya Pradesh 84.6 1.3 0.5 6.6 6.4 0.5 0.1

Tamil Nadu 25.4 0.1 0.0 0.5 71.0 3.0 0.0

Rajasthan 52.4 0.4 0.0 9.6 37.4 0.2 0.0

Karnataka 30.2 0.1 0.0 24.1 42.9 2.1 0.6

Gujrat 41.9 1.0 0.0 6.1 44.5 6.5 0.0

Orissa 68.5 0.0 0.0 1.8 29.5 0.0 0.2

Kerala 27.9 0.0 0.0 1.6 67.2 2.3 0.9

Jharkhand 73.3 0.6 0.0 7.3 18.2 0.6 0.0

Assam 84.1 1.5 0.0 1.8 12.6 0.0 0.0

Punjab 46.0 0.1 0.1 11.1 41.6 1.2 0.0

Chattisgarh 87.3 1.2 0.0 3.8 7.6 0.0 0.0

Haryana 48.6 0.1 0.0 11.7 38.9 0.3 0.3

Delhi 3.4 0.0 0.0 1.7 75.0 19.9 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 61.5 0.0 0.0 6.8 31.7 0.0 0.0

Uttaranchal 48.4 1.0 8.6 14.3 27.8 0.0 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 92.1 1.8 0.0 0.7 5.4 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 75.3 2.6 5.5 0.0 16.6 0.0 0.0

Manipur 92.4 5.4 0.0 0.2 2.1 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 91.5 0.0 0.0 3.9 4.5 0.0 0.0

Goa 20.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 76.9 2.7 0.0


Pondicherry 31.5 0.0 0.0 1.1 46.2 15.2 6.1

Mizoram 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.7 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 47.5 1.2 6.1 0.0 44.4 0.8 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 63.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.8 26.3 0.0

Daman&Diu 14.0 0.0 0.0 67.2 13.5 5.3 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 63.2 0.4 0.3 8.7 26.0 1.4 0.1



Urban

States

mud

bamboo

/log

wood/

plank

brick/limest one/ stone

cement

mosaic

/tiles

others

Larger States

UP 25.3 0.2 0.1 8.2 57.7 8.0 0.5

Maharashtra 8.5 0.0 0.0 13.6 47.8 30.1 0.0

Bihar 56.6 0.0 0.0 2.8 36.3 4.3 0.0

West Bengal 18.1 0.0 0.9 5.1 74.1 1.7 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 5.5 0.2 0.0 36.2 52.2 5.9 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 48.9 0.2 0.0 9.9 33.0 7.5 0.5

Tamil Nadu 12.0 0.2 0.0 0.8 73.7 12.9 0.3

Rajasthan 9.5 0.0 1.2 21.2 62.4 5.7 0.0

Karnataka 8.2 0.0 0.0 21.1 59.1 11.6 0.0

Gujrat 5.8 0.0 1.0 6.2 31.7 54.7 0.6

Orissa 28.5 0.0 0.0 1.8 67.8 1.5 0.5

Kerala 9.4 0.0 0.0 2.8 72.5 13.3 1.9

Jharkhand 44.6 2.0 0.0 0.0 53.4 0.0 0.0

Assam 36.7 0.0 0.0 2.4 57.6 3.4 0.0

Punjab 12.7 0.0 0.0 25.1 59.7 2.5 0.0

Chattisgarh 30.0 0.0 1.3 8.5 53.5 6.8 0.0

Haryana 17.4 0.0 0.0 11.2 68.1 2.4 0.9

Delhi 3.2 0.0 0.0 8.5 77.6 6.0 4.7

Jammu&Kashmir 6.6 0.0 0.0 4.1 88.1 0.9 0.3

Uttaranchal 22.1 0.0 0.0 6.9 62.4 8.0 0.6


Smaller States

Tripura 68.8 0.0 0.0 6.2 25.0 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 38.3 0.0 12.1 0.0 49.5 0.0 0.0

Manipur 76.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.8 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 19.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 75.6 0.0 0.0

Goa 42.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.9 27.7 0.0


Pondicherry 19.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 62.3 13.1 4.8

Mizoram 10.1 0.0 41.5 0.0 48.4 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 1.4 0.0 0.0 12.4 80.5 1.0 4.7

Sikkim 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.0 0.0 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 21.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 78.1 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.8 85.2 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 16.4 0.1 0.2 12.3 58.4 12.1 0.5



Rural+Urban

States

mud

bamboo/

log

Wood

/plank

brick/limestone

/

stone

cement

Mosaic

/tiles

others

Larger States

UP 78.3 0.3 0.0 4.2 15.9 1.2 0.1

Maharashtra 38.1 0.0 0.1 12.7 31.3 17.8 0.0

Bihar 83.7 0.7 0.0 4.7 10.4 0.3 0.2

West Bengal 69.1 0.3 0.6 3.9 25.8 0.3 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 27.5 0.1 0.0 34.1 35.5 2.6 0.1

Madhya Pradesh 76.4 1.1 0.4 7.3 12.5 2.1 0.2

Tamil Nadu 21.9 0.1 0.0 0.6 71.7 5.6 0.1

Rajasthan 43.8 0.3 0.2 11.9 42.4 1.3 0.0

Karnataka 24.9 0.1 0.0 23.4 46.8 4.4 0.5

Gujrat 30.1 0.7 0.3 6.1 40.4 22.1 0.2

Orissa 63.1 0.0 0.0 1.8 34.7 0.2 0.2

Kerala 23.6 0.0 0.0 1.9 68.4 4.9 1.2

Jharkhand 70.1 0.8 0.0 6.5 22.1 0.6 0.0

Assam 74.6 1.2 0.0 1.9 21.6 0.7 0.0

Punjab 37.8 0.0 0.1 14.5 46.1 1.5 0.0

Chattisgarh 77.8 1.0 0.2 4.6 15.3 1.1 0.0

Haryana 42.2 0.1 0.0 11.6 44.8 0.8 0.4

Delhi 3.2 0.0 0.0 8.1 77.5 6.8 4.5

Jammu&Kashmir 53.2 0.0 0.0 6.4 40.3 0.1 0.0

Uttaranchal 45.8 0.9 7.7 13.6 31.1 0.8 0.1


Smaller States

Tripura 88.1 1.5 0.0 1.7 8.8 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 66.9 2.0 7.0 0.0 24.1 0.0 0.0

Manipur 84.9 2.9 0.0 0.1 12.1 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 52.8 0.0 0.0 4.7 42.5 0.0 0.0

Goa 31.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 54.3 14.7 0.0


Pondicherry 27.7 0.0 0.0 0.9 51.1 14.5 5.7

Mizoram 11.4 0.0 40.9 0.0 47.7 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 1.3 0.0 0.0 10.8 82.9 0.9 4.1

Sikkim 39.3 1.0 5.0 0.0 54.1 0.6 0.0

A&N Island

D&N Haveli 61.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.4 24.6 0.0

Daman&Diu 12.8 0.0 0.0 61.4 13.6 12.2 0.0

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 53.4 0.3 0.3 9.5 32.7 3.6 0.2


DETAILED TABLES FOR ‘OTHER’

HOUSEHOLDS


States


Good satisfa-ctory bad Good satisfa-ctory bad Good satisfa-ctory bad

Larger States

UP 28.0 51.8 20.2 42.7 47.8 9.5 31.7 50.8 17.5

Maharashtra 41.0 47.7 11.3 59.7 33.1 7.2 50.1 40.6 9.3

Bihar 19.8 58.5 21.7 36.0 46.9 17.1 21.8 57.1 21.1

West Bengal 24.2 49.3 26.5 44.8 39.1 16.2 30.5 46.2 23.3

Andhra Pradesh 53.9 34.9 11.2 67.3 27.1 5.6 58.5 32.2 9.3

Madhya Pradesh 28.4 60.7 10.9 50.5 44.5 5.0 35.5 55.5 9.0

Tamil Nadu 40.8 48.1 11.1 62.2 34.5 3.3 52.2 40.9 6.9

Rajasthan 38.3 50.7 11.0 62.8 33.0 4.2 46.3 44.9 8.8

Karnataka 40.5 50.7 8.8 70.5 26.2 3.3 52.9 40.5 6.6

Gujrat 52.8 39.6 7.7 63.3 30.6 6.1 57.7 35.3 6.9

Orissa 22.5 52.9 24.7 48.7 43.1 8.3 27.8 50.9 21.3

Kerala 52.1 38.7 9.2 58.8 33.5 7.7 53.9 37.3 8.8

Jharkhand 8.9 49.7 41.4 32.4 45.7 21.9 14.0 48.8 37.1

Assam 21.0 60.6 18.5 48.8 46.6 4.5 24.4 58.9 16.8

Punjab 60.1 35.0 4.9 70.8 25.2 4.0 65.2 30.3 4.5

Chattisgarh 22.2 65.9 11.8 38.9 46.9 14.2 27.0 60.4 12.5

Haryana 44.5 48.0 7.6 48.6 46.3 5.1 46.0 47.4 6.7

Delhi 52.3 40.5 7.2 54.4 37.4 8.2 54.3 37.6 8.1

Jammu&Kashmir 31.8 53.9 14.3 50.4 40.8 8.8 36.3 50.7 13.0

Uttaranchal 43.2 47.7 9.0 45.8 50.9 3.3 43.9 48.5 7.6


Smaller states

Tripura 29.0 53.9 17.2 58.1 38.2 3.7 36.8 49.7 13.5

Meghalaya 45.5 39.2 15.3 88.0 11.2 0.8 68.3 24.2 7.5

Manipur 31.9 57.7 10.3 40.2 50.9 8.9 35.2 55.1 9.8

Nagaland 10.4 8.8 80.8 23.6 55.0 21.4 22.1 49.8 28.2

Goa 45.1 50.9 3.9 67.2 27.6 5.1 57.1 38.4 4.6


Pondicherry 48.9 33.3 17.8 71.5 22.3 6.2 66.7 24.6 8.7

Mizoram 0.0 100.0 0.0 61.8 27.0 11.2 32.6 61.5 5.9

Chandigarh 25.8 61.5 12.7 70.3 24.4 5.3 65.0 28.8 6.2

Sikkim 57.7 35.5 6.8 90.5 9.4 0.1 63.9 30.6 5.5

A&N Island 39.6 40.3 20.1 44.9 49.8 5.3 41.6 43.8 14.6

D&N Haveli 55.0 28.4 16.6 49.9 33.5 16.6 51.9 31.5 16.6

Daman&Diu 57.9 29.0 13.0 64.8 27.4 7.8 60.6 28.4 11.0

Lakshadweep 96.3 3.7 0.0 19.7 48.5 31.8 87.5 8.8 3.6

All INDIA 35.0 49.3 15.7 57.0 35.8 7.2 42.6 44.7 12.8



States


pucca

semi pucca

katcha

pucca

semi pucca

katcha

pucca

semi pucca

katcha

Larger states

UP 65.8 17.9 16.4 94.9 3.2 1.9 73.1 14.3 12.8

Maharashtra 69.8 26.9 3.4 96.3 3.4 0.3 83.0 15.5 1.9

Bihar 45.5 20.9 33.6 81.2 9.7 9.1 49.9 19.5 30.6

West Bengal 42.4 36.0 21.6 93.0 6.2 0.8 57.9 26.9 15.3

Andhra Pradesh 72.5 15.6 11.9 94.0 3.0 3.0 79.7 11.2 8.8

Madhya Pradesh 54.3 41.2 4.5 92.4 7.0 0.6 66.5 30.3 3.3

Tamil Nadu 62.4 22.2 15.4 89.9 7.4 2.7 77.1 14.3 8.6

Rajasthan 73.2 11.8 15.0 97.7 1.5 0.8 81.2 8.4 10.4

Karnataka 47.5 47.1 5.5 91.3 7.7 0.9 65.7 30.7 3.6

Gujrat 72.8 21.7 5.5 96.5 3.0 0.6 83.9 12.9 3.2

Orissa 40.2 21.6 38.2 86.4 10.0 3.6 49.6 19.2 31.2

Kerala 78.8 18.6 2.6 89.1 9.8 1.1 81.6 16.2 2.2

Jharkhand 42.1 43.0 15.0 94.0 4.9 1.2 53.5 34.6 11.9

Assam 22.5 41.8 35.7 75.5 22.7 1.8 29.0 39.4 31.6

Punjab 94.3 4.0 1.7 98.8 0.9 0.3 96.4 2.5 1.0

Chattisgarh 43.4 54.9 1.7 80.7 18.5 0.9 54.1 44.5 1.4

Haryana 96.5 2.3 1.2 99.5 0.2 0.3 97.6 1.5 0.9

Delhi 98.1 1.8 0.1 95.7 2.5 1.8 95.8 2.5 1.7

Jammu&Kashmir 63.5 23.2 13.2 95.2 2.7 2.2 71.1 18.3 10.6

Uttaranchal 95.3 3.0 1.7 98.5 1.4 0.1 96.0 2.6 1.3


Smaller states

Tripura 15.5 77.5 7.0 62.2 36.5 1.3 28.0 66.5 5.5

Meghalaya 28.5 24.7 46.8 98.5 1.5 0.0 66.1 12.3 21.6

Manipur 10.1 68.7 21.2 28.4 65.4 6.2 17.3 67.4 15.3

Nagaland 10.4 2.6 87.0 38.6 48.0 13.4 35.4 42.9 21.7

Goa 74.9 24.7 0.4 97.2 2.7 0.2 86.9 12.8 0.3


Pondicherry 66.4 9.0 24.6 89.7 4.8 5.5 84.8 5.7 9.5

Mizoram 1.0 23.9 75.1 72.1 27.9 0.0 38.5 26.0 35.5

Chandigarh 99.7 0.3 0.0 97.0 2.8 0.1 97.3 2.5 0.1

Sikkim 56.7 35.9 7.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 64.8 29.2 6.0

A&N Island 46.6 41.5 11.9 93.3 6.6 0.1 63.9 28.6 7.6

D&N Haveli 64.6 27.7 7.8 97.0 3.0 0.0 84.4 12.6 3.0

Daman&Diu 95.5 4.4 0.1 97.5 1.4 1.2 96.2 3.2 0.5

Lakshadweep 100.0 0.0 0.0 68.2 0.0 31.8 96.4 0.0 3.6

All INDIA 60.6 24.4 14.9 93.1 5.2 1.6 71.4 17.8 10.3



States


good satisfac-

tory

bad

good satisfac-

tory

bad

good satisfac-

tory

bad

Larger States

UP 22.4 52.8 24.8 40.2 48.2 11.6 26.8 51.7 21.6

Maharashtra 27.6 47.9 24.5 41.4 36.6 22.1 34.3 42.3 23.3

Bihar 16.7 55.8 27.6 38.0 43.4 18.6 19.2 54.1 26.4

West Bengal 23.4 45.0 31.6 43.8 38.6 17.6 29.7 43.2 27.4

Andhra Pradesh 31.3 43.9 25.2 46.6 37.3 16.1 36.5 41.5 22.0

Madhya Pradesh 23.3 56.8 19.9 45.2 45.1 9.7 30.3 53.1 16.6

Tamil Nadu 35.1 51.8 13.1 52.6 40.9 6.5 44.4 46.0 9.6

Rajasthan 29.7 54.9 15.4 55.4 37.4 7.2 38.1 49.2 12.7

Karnataka 27.8 53.0 19.2 62.0 30.8 7.2 42.0 43.8 14.2

Gujrat 39.5 41.8 18.8 53.5 36.8 9.7 46.1 39.4 14.5

Orissa 14.7 44.9 40.4 40.6 42.1 17.3 19.9 44.3 35.8

Kerala 46.7 41.5 11.8 49.7 40.1 10.2 47.5 41.1 11.4

Jharkhand 5.0 48.7 46.3 30.9 42.8 26.3 10.7 47.4 41.9

Assam 19.9 54.4 25.7 42.3 49.4 8.3 22.6 53.8 23.6

Punjab 47.0 39.8 13.3 50.9 38.5 10.6 48.8 39.2 12.0

Chattisgarh 12.7 51.0 36.2 34.9 40.1 25.0 19.1 47.9 33.0

Haryana 32.5 50.3 17.2 39.6 49.7 10.7 35.1 50.1 14.9

Delhi 39.9 31.3 28.8 51.5 33.4 15.1 50.7 33.2 16.1

Jammu&Kashmir 29.8 55.1 15.0 47.5 40.6 12.0 34.1 51.6 14.3

Uttaranchal 32.5 57.3 10.2 35.3 59.1 5.5 33.2 57.7 9.1


Smaller states

Tripura 31.8 49.0 19.1 56.4 34.8 8.8 38.4 45.2 16.3

Meghalaya 53.9 30.8 15.3 86.8 12.1 1.1 71.6 20.8 7.7

Manipur 31.9 56.5 11.6 40.1 50.8 9.1 35.1 54.3 10.6

Nagaland 10.4 6.2 83.4 11.9 48.2 39.9 11.7 43.4 44.9

Goa 27.6 55.8 16.6 63.8 29.5 6.7 47.1 41.6 11.3


Pondicherry 34.0 40.1 25.9 63.5 27.9 8.6 57.3 30.5 12.3

Mizoram 0.0 100.0 0.0 14.2 81.3 4.5 7.5 90.1 2.4

Chandigarh 26.7 2.3 71.0 65.9 19.8 14.3 61.3 17.8 21.0

Sikkim 54.1 32.8 13.2 82.3 17.0 0.7 59.4 29.8 10.8

A&N Island 37.6 46.1 16.3 38.2 54.3 7.5 37.8 49.1 13.1

D&N Haveli 46.0 39.2 14.8 41.7 31.0 27.3 43.4 34.2 22.4

Daman&Diu 56.4 27.8 15.8 61.3 27.6 11.1 58.3 27.7 14.0

Lakshadweep 3.7 96.3 0.0 19.7 23.2 57.1 5.6 87.9 6.5

All INDIA 26.8 50.1 23.7 47.4 39.6 13.2 33.8 46.4 20.0



Rural

States


open pucca

open katcha

no drainage

Larger States

UP 4.8 7.1 28.0 26.8 33.3

Maharashtra 5.6 6.2 34.0 19.4 34.9

Bihar 1.6 4.1 11.4 30.3 52.6

West Bengal 0.4 0.7 6.3 12.3 80.2

Andhra Pradesh 4.1 4.2 28.2 9.1 54.4

Madhya Pradesh 1.1 4.2 19.3 22.1 53.3

Tamil Nadu 0.6 2.1 22.9 14.9 59.6

Rajasthan 6.0 3.8 13.7 19.3 57.2

Karnataka 1.1 5.7 29.0 18.9 45.3

Gujrat 10.5 8.6 7.3 12.1 61.5

Orissa 0.8 1.0 4.2 8.6 85.4

Kerala 5.1 8.5 6.2 6.2 74.1

Jharkhand 0.0 1.2 9.6 25.0 64.2

Assam 0.0 0.1 4.3 31.3 64.3

Punjab 8.1 6.0 46.2 11.3 28.4

Chattisgarh 3.3 2.3 11.8 19.3 63.3

Haryana 7.2 3.4 60.9 9.9 18.6

Delhi 14.6 6.7 58.8 3.9 16.0

Jammu&Kashmir 1.7 0.4 19.5 33.9 44.4

Uttaranchal 4.7 3.2 25.9 23.2 43.0


Smaller States

Tripura 0.0 0.0 2.0 7.0 91.1

Meghalaya 0.0 0.0 7.8 59.7 32.5

Manipur 0.0 0.1 2.6 61.6 35.7

Nagaland 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 97.2

Goa 0.2 3.5 28.2 18.8 49.4


Pondicherry 0.2 11.2 10.9 29.6 48.0

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Chandigarh 72.2 0.4 26.6 0.0 0.9

Sikkim 0.0 1.4 27.9 27.5 43.2

A&N Island 0.0 0.6 25.2 11.1 63.1

D&N Haveli 15.0 19.0 0.7 42.0 23.4

Daman&Diu 0.1 2.6 30.9 20.9 45.5

Lakshadweep 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 3.6 4.5 20.3 19.0 52.7



Urban

States


open pucca

open katcha

no drainage

Larger States

UP 26.9 18.0 44.0 5.7 5.4

Maharashtra 55.9 15.9 16.8 2.5 8.8

Bihar 17.7 21.1 28.1 12.7 20.4

West Bengal 17.4 12.0 43.4 8.5 18.7

Andhra Pradesh 40.5 14.8 28.0 2.1 14.5

Madhya Pradesh 22.6 16.2 40.9 10.7 9.6

Tamil Nadu 20.9 18.7 37.9 4.8 17.7

Rajasthan 33.7 19.8 33.0 5.0 8.5

Karnataka 53.5 18.5 15.8 2.0 10.2

Gujrat 71.6 6.7 10.7 3.3 7.8

Orissa 18.5 15.9 32.2 3.5 29.9

Kerala 13.5 20.3 6.6 6.0 53.6

Jharkhand 11.6 12.9 45.0 14.6 15.9

Assam 1.3 7.7 35.9 33.0 22.1

Punjab 68.3 6.1 17.7 2.2 5.7

Chattisgarh 22.8 11.4 34.9 4.6 26.4

Haryana 39.8 12.2 40.0 2.6 5.3

Delhi 57.6 13.5 22.1 4.3 2.5

Jammu&Kashmir 17.7 11.4 52.4 12.6 5.9

Uttaranchal 32.4 8.4 51.7 2.5 5.0


Smaller States

Tripura 0.6 1.7 28.8 2.1 66.9

Meghalaya 3.8 4.0 79.7 11.6 0.8

Manipur 0.2 0.7 18.4 51.2 29.5

Nagaland 0.0 0.0 17.8 32.4 49.7

Goa 42.6 14.4 10.8 3.6 28.5


Pondicherry 28.6 38.9 17.5 5.5 9.5

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 47.7 0.0 52.3

Chandigarh 90.0 0.3 6.7 2.2 0.7

Sikkim 6.6 8.5 83.6 0.5 0.8

A&N Island 1.6 4.6 66.7 11.1 16.0

D&N Haveli 62.6 5.7 13.8 7.5 10.3

Daman&Diu 16.7 20.7 26.3 4.6 31.7

Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

All INDIA 37.6 15.4 28.7 5.1 13.2



Rural+Urban

States


open pucca

open katcha

no drainage

Larger States

UP 10.3 9.8 32.0 21.5 26.4

Maharashtra 30.1 10.9 25.6 11.2 22.2

Bihar 3.6 6.1 13.4 28.1 48.7

West Bengal 5.6 4.2 17.7 11.1 61.4

Andhra Pradesh 16.6 7.9 28.2 6.7 40.6

Madhya Pradesh 7.9 8.0 26.2 18.5 39.4

Tamil Nadu 11.4 10.9 30.9 9.5 37.3

Rajasthan 15.0 9.0 20.0 14.7 41.3

Karnataka 22.9 11.0 23.5 11.8 30.7

Gujrat 39.1 7.7 8.9 8.0 36.3

Orissa 4.4 4.0 9.9 7.6 74.1

Kerala 7.4 11.7 6.3 6.1 68.5

Jharkhand 2.6 3.8 17.4 22.7 53.6

Assam 0.2 1.0 8.1 31.5 59.2

Punjab 36.6 6.1 32.7 7.0 17.6

Chattisgarh 8.9 4.9 18.4 15.1 52.6

Haryana 18.9 6.5 53.4 7.3 13.8

Delhi 54.3 13.0 24.9 4.2 3.5

Jammu&Kashmir 5.5 3.0 27.4 28.8 35.2

Uttaranchal 11.5 4.4 32.3 18.1 33.7


Smaller States

Tripura 0.2 0.4 9.2 5.7 84.6

Meghalaya 2.1 2.2 46.4 33.9 15.5

Manipur 0.1 0.3 8.8 57.4 33.3

Nagaland 0.0 0.0 15.8 29.1 55.1

Goa 23.1 9.4 18.8 10.6 38.2

Arunachal Pradesh

0.5

2.0

40.0

32.4

25.2

Pondicherry 22.6 33.1 16.1 10.6 17.6

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 25.1 0.0 74.9

Chandigarh 87.9 0.3 9.1 1.9 0.7

Sikkim 1.3 2.7 38.4 22.4 35.3

A&N Island 0.6 2.1 40.5 11.1 45.7

D&N Haveli 44.1 10.9 8.7 20.9 15.4

Daman&Diu 6.6 9.6 29.1 14.6 40.1

Lakshadweep 0.0 88.6 0.0 0.0 11.4

All INDIA 15.2 8.2 23.1 14.2 39.1



Rural

States

panchayat/municipalit

y/corporation

by residents

by others

no

arrangement

Larger States

UP 1.6 24.3 67.0 7.1

Maharashtra 8.2 39.6 50.9 1.3

Bihar 0.3 7.6 90.7 1.4

West Bengal 0.1 4.4 95.1 0.4



Tamil Nadu 13.8 35.1 50.6 0.4

Rajasthan 0.5 21.8 77.3 0.4

Karnataka 1.1 12.9 84.5 1.5

Gujrat 4.6 22.6 72.8 0.0

Orissa 0.0 11.0 88.4 0.6

Kerala 0.1 5.9 92.2 1.9

Jharkhand 0.0 17.7 82.1 0.2

Assam 0.3 29.3 65.5 4.9

Punjab 1.7 28.3 69.1 0.8

Chattisgarh 2.0 27.3 62.9 7.9

Haryana 4.9 40.2 53.3 1.5

Delhi 23.5 36.2 6.2 34.1


Uttaranchal 1.7 17.7 80.0 0.6


Smaller States

Tripura 0.0 3.5 96.4 0.1

Meghalaya 0.0 18.7 80.4 1.0

Manipur 0.8 58.4 40.7 0.1

Nagaland 0.0 26.4 73.6 0.0

Goa 0.8 4.9 94.3 0.0


Pondicherry 39.1 46.9 13.5 0.4

Mizoram 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 56.2 19.4 16.2 8.2

Sikkim 5.3 6.1 85.9 2.7

A&N Island 0.0 0.3 99.7 0.0

D&N Haveli 15.5 46.2 38.3 0.0

Daman&Diu 1.0 0.0 99.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 96.3 3.7

All INDIA 3.7 19.1 74.9 2.3



Urban

States

panchayat/municipalit

y/corporation

by residents

by others

no

arrangement

Larger States

UP 62.7 15.9 15.0 6.3

Maharashtra 82.9 7.5 9.3 0.3

Bihar 36.0 17.3 45.4 1.3

West Bengal 65.6 5.3 27.0 2.0


Madhya Pradesh 54.2 22.2 20.9 2.7

Tamil Nadu 75.8 7.2 11.0 6.0

Rajasthan 64.2 12.2 18.5 5.1

Karnataka 72.2 11.8 14.7 1.2

Gujrat 60.5 21.7 16.2 1.6

Orissa 53.2 6.5 34.4 6.0

Kerala 23.2 6.6 66.3 3.9

Jharkhand 25.3 24.9 41.0 8.8

Assam 29.4 29.5 29.7 11.4

Punjab 55.6 27.9 15.9 0.6

Chattisgarh 67.6 5.7 18.8 8.0

Haryana 35.2 29.7 33.0 2.1

Delhi 54.2 26.3 11.5 8.0

Jammu&Kashmir 70.1 2.0 25.9 1.9

Uttaranchal 54.7 16.6 20.5 8.3


Smaller States

Tripura 25.5 1.3 72.9 0.2

Meghalaya 60.4 6.8 25.5 7.2

Manipur 16.8 53.9 26.9 2.4

Nagaland 25.6 28.3 46.2 0.0

Goa 62.3 0.3 37.3 0.0


Pondicherry 92.2 2.5 5.2 0.0

Mizoram 0.0 21.5 67.7 10.8

Chandigarh 30.3 27.9 2.7 39.1

Sikkim 92.2 0.5 7.2 0.0

A&N Island 74.6 0.5 24.9 0.0

D&N Haveli 59.2 30.0 10.9 0.0

Daman&Diu 92.5 0.0 7.5 0.0

Lakshadweep 45.1 0.0 54.9 0.0

All INDIA 64.0 13.0 19.5 3.5



Rural+Urban

States

panchayat/municipality/

corporation

by residents

by others

no

arrangement

Larger States

UP 16.8 22.2 54.1 6.9

Maharashtra 44.6 23.9 30.6 0.8

Bihar 4.7 8.8 85.1 1.4

West Bengal 20.2 4.7 74.2 0.9


Madhya Pradesh 19.3 23.3 56.2 1.2

Tamil Nadu 46.9 20.2 29.5 3.4

Rajasthan 21.3 18.6 58.2 1.9

Karnataka 30.7 12.4 55.5 1.4

Gujrat 30.9 22.1 46.3 0.7

Orissa 10.8 10.1 77.4 1.7

Kerala 6.4 6.1 85.1 2.4

Jharkhand 5.6 19.3 73.0 2.1

Assam 3.8 29.3 61.1 5.7

Punjab 27.3 28.1 43.9 0.7

Chattisgarh 20.9 21.1 50.2 7.9

Haryana 15.8 36.5 46.1 1.7

Delhi 51.8 27.1 11.1 10.0

Jammu&Kashmir 17.7 3.6 77.8 0.9

Uttaranchal 14.7 17.4 65.4 2.5


Smaller States

Tripura 6.9 2.9 90.1 0.1

Meghalaya 32.5 12.3 50.9 4.3

Manipur 7.1 56.7 35.2 1.0

Nagaland 22.7 28.0 49.3 0.0

Goa 34.0 2.5 63.6 0.0


Pondicherry 81.0 11.9 7.0 0.1

Mizoram 0.0 58.6 35.7 5.7

Chandigarh 33.4 26.9 4.3 35.5

Sikkim 21.6 5.1 71.2 2.2

A&N Island 27.6 0.4 72.1 0.0

D&N Haveli 42.2 36.3 21.5 0.0

Daman&Diu 36.5 0.0 63.5 0.0

Lakshadweep 5.2 0.0 91.5 3.3

All INDIA 24.4 17.0 55.9 2.7



Sector: Rural

States

OTHERS

Exclusive use of Hhs shared with

other Hhs

public/comm-unity

latrine no latrine

Larger States

UP 20.0 4.5 0.7 74.8

Maharashtra 32.0 6.1 4.9 57.0

Bihar 20.8 2.6 0.6 76.0

West Bengal 44.3 18.2 1.8 35.7



Tamil Nadu 28.7 2.1 1.5 67.7

Rajasthan 19.2 3.6 0.1 77.2

Karnataka 24.2 4.1 0.5 71.1

Gujrat 36.2 3.0 0.8 60.0

Orissa 14.6 1.6 0.5 83.3

Kerala 92.7 3.6 0.5 3.2

Jharkhand 17.0 1.7 1.2 80.2

Assam 81.3 5.0 0.7 13.0

Punjab 63.1 10.2 0.4 26.4

Chattisgarh 15.7 1.9 2.7 79.7

Haryana 50.2 9.3 0.3 40.1

Delhi 62.5 29.3 4.0 4.1

Jammu&Kashmir 58.4 6.5 6.5 28.7

Uttaranchal 43.3 8.6 0.5 47.6


Smaller States

Tripura 66.3 31.9 0.6 1.3

Meghalaya 93.7 6.3 0.0 0.0

Manipur 82.4 16.2 0.1 1.3

Nagaland 7.6 66.0 0.0 26.4

Goa 61.5 5.1 0.7 32.8


Pondicherry 41.7 9.9 0.0 48.4

Mizoram 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 17.6 69.3 0.8 12.4

Sikkim 82.4 15.1 0.0 2.4

A&N Island 46.8 6.4 1.9 44.9

D&N Haveli 36.0 25.6 0.0 38.4

Daman&Diu 51.5 22.8 0.1 25.6

Lakshadweep 96.3 3.7 0.0 0.0

All India 33.1 5.9 1.2 59.8


Table 11: Latrine facility of Households (Hhs) [in percentages] contd…

Sector: Urban

States

OTHERS

Exclusive use of

Hhs

shared with

other Hhs

public/comm-unity

latrine no latrine

Larger States

UP 66.8 20.7 1.4 11.1

Maharashtra 51.7 20.6 23.3 4.3

Bihar 44.8 28.2 2.1 25.0

West Bengal 57.5 34.1 4.4 4.0

Andhra Pradesh 59.1 29.4 1.1 10.4

Madhya Pradesh 63.3 17.9 2.9 15.9

Tamil Nadu 55.2 27.7 3.9 13.2

Rajasthan 64.9 25.6 0.2 9.3

Karnataka 68.1 20.0 3.2 8.6

Gujrat 71.2 17.9 4.4 6.5

Orissa 63.2 18.1 1.5 17.2

Kerala 87.1 11.8 0.0 1.1

Jharkhand 58.6 18.8 1.6 21.0

Assam 73.1 24.5 2.1 0.3

Punjab 63.4 33.8 0.9 1.9

Chattisgarh 44.8 13.9 9.5 31.8

Haryana 69.7 25.0 0.4 4.9

Delhi 65.1 27.0 7.1 0.7

Jammu&Kashmir 67.9 20.2 0.4 11.5

Uttaranchal 74.3 21.1 2.4 2.3


Smaller States

Tripura 61.9 37.2 0.1 0.9

Meghalaya 56.2 43.8 0.0 0.0

Manipur 79.5 20.5 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 28.6 62.2 6.8 2.4

Goa 65.7 19.4 7.4 7.5


Pondicherry 71.2 19.5 1.7 7.6

Mizoram 70.3 29.7 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 69.7 23.4 6.3 0.7

Sikkim 67.8 31.8 0.4 0.0

A&N Island 60.7 21.4 11.6 6.2

D&N Haveli 52.3 37.1 5.2 5.3

Daman&Diu 79.5 10.1 4.0 6.4

Lakshadweep 49.4 50.6 0.0 0.0

All India 61.5 23.9 5.8 8.9



Sector: Rural+Urban

States

OTHERS

Exclusive use of Hhs

shared

with other

Hhs

public/comm-unity latrine

no latrine

Larger States

UP 31.7 8.6 0.9 59.1

Maharashtra 41.6 13.2 13.9 31.4

Bihar 23.7 5.8 0.8 69.7

West Bengal 48.4 23.0 2.6 26.0

Andhra Pradesh 41.2 15.9 0.9 42.0


Tamil Nadu 42.8 15.8 2.8 38.6

Rajasthan 34.1 10.7 0.1 55.0

Karnataka 42.4 10.7 1.7 45.2

Gujrat 52.7 10.0 2.5 34.9

Orissa 24.5 4.9 0.7 69.8

Kerala 91.1 5.8 0.4 2.6

Jharkhand 26.1 5.5 1.3 67.1

Assam 80.3 7.4 0.9 11.4

Punjab 63.2 21.4 0.6 14.8

Chattisgarh 24.1 5.4 4.6 65.9

Haryana 57.2 14.9 0.3 27.5

Delhi 64.9 27.2 6.9 1.0

Jammu&Kashmir 60.6 9.8 5.0 24.6

Uttaranchal 50.9 11.7 1.0 36.4


Smaller States

Tripura 65.1 33.3 0.4 1.2

Meghalaya 73.5 26.5 0.0 0.0

Manipur 81.3 17.9 0.0 0.8

Nagaland 26.2 62.6 6.0 5.1

Goa 63.8 12.8 4.3 19.1


Pondicherry 64.9 17.5 1.3 16.2

Mizoram 84.3 15.7 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 63.5 28.8 5.6 2.0

Sikkim 79.7 18.3 0.1 2.0

A&N Island 51.9 12.0 5.5 30.6

D&N Haveli 46.0 32.6 3.2 18.2

Daman&Diu 62.3 17.9 1.6 18.2

Lakshadweep 90.9 9.1 0.0 0.0

All-India 42.9 12.1 2.8 42.3



Sector: Rural

States

OTHERS

Hhs' exclusive use common use of Hhs in the building

community use others

Larger States

UP 48.3 10.3 39.6 1.7

Maharashtra 36.1 8.5 51.2 4.1

Bihar 50.5 16.4 30.2 2.8

West Bengal 19.9 9.9 66.8 3.4



Tamil Nadu 20.8 5.0 73.6 0.6

Rajasthan 30.4 5.5 54.8 9.2

Karnataka 26.9 7.4 61.2 4.4

Gujrat 54.3 7.1 32.5 6.2

Orissa 13.4 4.6 80.6 1.4

Kerala 71.0 5.5 9.2 14.3

Jharkhand 10.5 7.4 80.6 1.4

Assam 59.4 6.2 29.1 5.2

Punjab 71.3 17.3 6.1 5.3

Chattisgarh 15.8 4.8 77.9 1.5

Haryana 54.3 12.2 28.2 5.2

Delhi 46.4 17.4 35.6 0.6

Jammu&Kashmir 53.1 4.6 36.8 5.5

Uttaranchal 39.3 11.7 48.0 1.1


Smaller States

Tripura 24.1 22.5 51.6 1.9

Meghalaya 53.0 1.7 44.6 0.7

Manipur 21.2 9.2 65.9 3.8

Nagaland 0.0 21.4 77.6 1.0

Goa 79.4 9.4 11.2 0.0


Pondicherry 63.0 10.5 25.4 1.1

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Chandigarh 22.0 70.4 4.3 3.2

Sikkim 58.4 8.0 24.9 8.7

A&N Island 32.9 17.0 48.7 1.4

D&N Haveli 14.7 1.6 72.7 11.1

Daman&Diu 49.9 31.7 10.2 8.1

Lakshadweep 96.3 3.7 0.0 0.0

All India 37.6 8.9 49.6 3.9



Sector: urban

States

OTHERS

Hhs' exclusive use common use of Hhs in

the building


Larger States

UP 60.7 22.8 14.2 2.2

Maharashtra 59.1 19.5 13.9 7.5

Bihar 46.8 36.4 14.0 2.9

West Bengal 34.0 22.0 42.2 1.8

Andhra Pradesh 27.0 38.5 24.8 9.6

Madhya Pradesh 43.7 17.4 35.3 3.5

Tamil Nadu 31.1 26.5 33.1 9.3

Rajasthan 59.9 32.2 5.0 2.9

Karnataka 51.4 26.3 19.6 2.7

Gujrat 73.1 14.7 7.8 4.4

Orissa 44.8 22.0 30.1 3.1

Kerala 66.1 11.5 11.4 11.0

Jharkhand 44.0 22.8 31.4 1.7

Assam 64.9 23.6 8.3 3.2

Punjab 60.8 35.8 2.3 1.1

Chattisgarh 33.5 15.2 48.8 2.4

Haryana 61.2 24.6 10.3 3.9

Delhi 65.8 22.2 9.7 2.3

Jammu&Kashmir 61.9 29.1 4.5 4.6

Uttaranchal 66.5 23.3 9.9 0.2


Smaller States

Tripura 42.2 37.8 16.7 3.3

Meghalaya 43.9 41.7 10.6 3.8

Manipur 32.2 18.3 47.6 1.9

Nagaland 9.3 60.8 21.0 8.8

Goa 63.2 32.4 3.4 1.0


Pondicherry 60.6 29.1 6.2 4.1

Mizoram 44.9 38.3 16.7 0.0

Chandigarh 70.2 23.3 6.5 0.0

Sikkim 58.9 37.1 3.3 0.7

A&N Island 65.2 26.5 7.0 1.3

D&N Haveli 59.5 19.5 21.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 75.3 17.7 3.6 3.4

Lakshadweep 29.6 45.9 24.5 0.0

All India 50.2 24.7 20.0 5.2



Sector: Rural+Urban

States

OTHERS

Hhs' exclusive use common use of Hhs

in the building


Larger States

UP 51.5 13.4 33.4 1.8

Maharashtra 47.3 13.9 33.0 5.8

Bihar 50.1 18.9 28.2 2.8

West Bengal 24.2 13.6 59.3 2.9

Andhra Pradesh 27.3 18.3 48.3 6.1


Tamil Nadu 26.3 16.5 52.0 5.3

Rajasthan 40.0 14.2 38.6 7.1

Karnataka 37.1 15.3 43.9 3.7

Gujrat 63.1 10.7 20.9 5.4

Orissa 19.8 8.2 70.3 1.7

Kerala 69.7 7.2 9.8 13.4

Jharkhand 17.9 10.8 69.8 1.5

Assam 60.1 8.4 26.6 5.0

Punjab 66.3 26.1 4.3 3.3

Chattisgarh 20.9 7.8 69.5 1.8

Haryana 56.8 16.7 21.8 4.7

Delhi 64.3 21.8 11.7 2.2

Jammu&Kashmir 55.2 10.5 29.1 5.3

Uttaranchal 46.0 14.6 38.6 0.9


Smaller States

Tripura 29.0 26.6 42.2 2.2

Meghalaya 48.1 23.2 26.4 2.3

Manipur 25.5 12.8 58.6 3.0

Nagaland 8.3 56.4 27.5 7.9

Goa 70.6 21.8 7.0 0.5


Pondicherry 61.1 25.2 10.3 3.5

Mizoram 23.7 20.2 56.1 0.0

Chandigarh 64.6 28.8 6.2 0.4

Sikkim 58.5 13.5 20.9 7.2

A&N Island 44.8 20.5 33.3 1.4

D&N Haveli 42.1 12.5 41.1 4.3

Daman&Diu 59.8 26.3 7.6 6.3

Lakshadweep 88.6 8.6 2.8 0.0

All India 42.0 14.3 39.4 4.4



percentages)

Rural

States not

required to

travel

less than 1

km

1 -

5km

5-10km

10-15km

15-30 30km or

more

Larger States

UP 17.0 31.8 36.4 8.1 3.4 1.6 1.8

Maharashtra 15.7 15.5 50.7 10.3 3.3 2.5 2.0

Bihar 15.9 22.0 43.8 11.2 4.8 1.3 0.7

West Bengal 15.8 21.2 38.9 11.5 4.5 2.9 5.3

Andhra Pradesh 13.1 15.4 51.0 12.6 3.8 2.6 1.7

Madhya Pradesh 12.8 23.4 48.8 11.1 2.4 0.7 0.7

Tamil Nadu 16.9 19.1 39.3 14.2 5.7 3.7 1.2

Rajasthan 15.1 17.6 44.9 11.7 4.0 3.4 3.4

Karnataka 12.7 15.6 56.1 7.9 4.4 2.6 0.7

Gujrat 13.3 23.2 40.0 12.4 6.5 2.8 1.8

Orissa 11.7 15.3 53.4 14.0 3.1 1.1 1.4

Kerala 28.5 12.7 27.3 13.7 6.1 7.0 4.7

Jharkhand 15.1 11.3 45.4 16.3 7.4 3.0 1.4

Assam 20.8 27.2 34.3 12.9 3.1 0.9 0.8

Punjab 18.1 23.7 32.2 9.4 5.7 6.3 4.7

Chattisgarh 16.0 18.0 47.2 11.1 5.2 1.7 0.8

Haryana 26.9 19.5 30.7 10.2 5.6 4.1 3.1

Delhi 11.4 22.1 26.8 13.6 14.9 9.6 1.6

Jammu&Kashmir 14.8 29.4 24.2 14.1 8.0 6.8 2.7

Uttaranchal 4.2 25.0 47.2 13.8 5.8 2.0 2.0


Smaller states

Tripura 29.6 24.5 27.9 8.2 6.9 1.3 1.6

Meghalaya 25.4 37.6 27.8 4.7 4.5 0.0 0.0

Manipur 12.9 25.3 38.1 16.8 5.7 0.9 0.4

Nagaland 8.0 76.5 15.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Goa 18.2 4.1 32.9 15.4 15.3 13.8 0.2


Pondicherry 28.4 9.3 22.5 25.6 7.2 4.0 2.9

Mizoram 19.4 0.0 78.4 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 5.5 4.2 43.2 33.9 4.2 6.2 2.9

Sikkim 50.0 19.5 19.6 2.2 2.8 1.9 4.1

A&N Island 12.5 19.7 30.1 16.2 9.4 10.6 1.4

D&N Haveli 13.6 10.0 25.3 13.5 26.0 11.5 0.0

Daman&Diu 15.3 7.4 60.8 14.6 0.0 1.7 0.2

Lakshadweep 3.7 96.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 16.3 21.3 42.5 11.3 4.4 2.6 2.1



percentages)

Urban

States

not

required to

travel

less than 1

km

1 -

5km

5-10km

10-15km 15-

30

30km or

more

Larger States

UP 18.3 21.7 34.2 14.4 6.0 2.7 2.8

Maharashtra 20.4 13.2 25.8 15.1 9.1 8.6 7.8

Bihar 22.3 17.2 32.3 16.2 8.3 2.6 1.0

West Bengal 20.4 14.8 27.3 17.0 9.7 6.4 4.4

Andhra Pradesh 21.3 15.8 33.2 16.6 3.8 4.0 5.3

Madhya Pradesh 22.0 17.4 37.7 12.7 5.0 2.5 2.6

Tamil Nadu 24.5 15.0 31.9 15.8 5.8 3.8 3.0

Rajasthan 19.9 13.3 28.9 18.4 9.9 2.4 7.3

Karnataka 18.5 13.6 32.6 19.2 9.4 4.4 2.2

Gujrat 19.6 14.9 34.8 15.5 6.7 5.5 3.0

Orissa 17.7 18.1 30.6 17.8 7.1 1.7 7.1

Kerala 25.1 11.9 29.0 15.8 7.9 5.1 5.3

Jharkhand 19.1 17.0 35.3 18.6 6.1 2.3 1.5

Assam 16.8 25.9 35.4 14.2 3.8 2.0 2.0

Punjab 23.5 21.3 30.0 13.5 5.1 3.0 3.7

Chattisgarh 12.5 11.1 49.2 17.7 3.7 2.5 3.2

Haryana 18.3 17.6 35.4 15.9 6.1 2.9 3.7

Delhi 12.9 14.2 25.7 27.2 13.5 5.8 0.7

Jammu&Kashmir 21.8 24.2 21.7 16.9 6.4 3.9 5.1

Uttaranchal 17.8 18.5 36.6 13.7 8.8 2.9 1.7


Smaller states

Tripura 28.4 19.5 32.5 9.1 3.6 2.5 4.4

Meghalaya 18.6 8.9 31.9 29.6 5.5 5.6 0.0

Manipur 15.6 21.6 37.5 18.3 4.5 1.6 1.0

Nagaland 4.9 43.0 34.9 4.8 10.4 0.0 2.0

Goa 25.5 12.6 17.4 20.7 14.2 6.7 2.8


Pondicherry 26.8 7.0 30.3 17.0 12.5 3.3 3.2

Mizoram 58.7 31.8 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 17.8 8.3 25.3 29.6 9.8 6.6 2.5

Sikkim 42.3 27.2 25.6 2.7 0.4 0.3 1.5

A&N Island 13.7 9.2 35.8 30.1 7.7 2.1 1.4

D&N Haveli 14.7 22.3 39.7 13.3 9.3 0.5 0.1

Daman&Diu 26.8 14.1 56.0 1.6 0.8 0.2 0.5

Lakshadweep 4.7 19.7 75.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 20.5 15.8 31.1 16.4 7.3 4.6 4.2



percentages)

Rural+Urban

States not

required to

travel

less than 1

km

1 -

5km

5-10km

10-15km 15-

30

30km or

more

Larger States

UP 17.3 29.3 35.9 9.7 4.0 1.9 2.1

Maharashtra 18.0 14.4 38.5 12.6 6.1 5.4 4.8

Bihar 16.8 21.5 42.5 11.8 5.2 1.4 0.8

West Bengal 17.1 19.2 35.3 13.2 6.1 4.0 5.0

Andhra Pradesh 15.9 15.5 44.8 14.0 3.8 3.1 3.0

Madhya Pradesh 15.8 21.5 45.2 11.6 3.2 1.3 1.3

Tamil Nadu 21.0 16.9 35.4 15.1 5.8 3.8 2.1

Rajasthan 16.6 16.2 39.7 13.9 5.9 3.1 4.7

Karnataka 15.1 14.8 46.3 12.6 6.5 3.3 1.3

Gujrat 16.3 19.3 37.5 13.9 6.6 4.1 2.3

Orissa 13.0 15.9 48.7 14.7 3.9 1.2 2.6

Kerala 27.5 12.5 27.7 14.3 6.6 6.5 4.9

Jharkhand 16.0 12.6 43.2 16.8 7.1 2.9 1.4

Assam 20.3 27.0 34.4 13.1 3.2 1.0 0.9

Punjab 20.6 22.5 31.1 11.4 5.4 4.7 4.2

Chattisgarh 15.0 16.0 47.8 13.0 4.8 2.0 1.5

Haryana 23.8 18.8 32.4 12.2 5.8 3.7 3.3

Delhi 12.8 14.8 25.8 26.1 13.6 6.1 0.8

Jammu&Kashmir 16.5 28.1 23.6 14.8 7.6 6.1 3.3

Uttaranchal 7.5 23.4 44.6 13.8 6.5 2.2 1.9


Smaller states

Tripura 29.3 23.1 29.2 8.5 6.0 1.6 2.4

Meghalaya 21.7 22.0 30.0 18.2 5.1 3.0 0.0

Manipur 14.0 23.8 37.9 17.4 5.2 1.1 0.6

Nagaland 5.2 46.8 32.7 4.3 9.2 0.0 1.8

Goa 22.1 8.7 24.6 18.3 14.7 9.9 1.6


Pondicherry 27.1 7.5 28.6 18.8 11.4 3.4 3.2

Mizoram 39.9 16.6 42.5 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 16.3 7.8 27.4 30.1 9.2 6.6 2.5

Sikkim 48.6 20.9 20.7 2.3 2.3 1.6 3.6

A&N Island 12.9 15.8 32.3 21.3 8.8 7.5 1.4

D&N Haveli 14.3 17.5 34.1 13.4 15.8 4.8 0.1

Daman&Diu 19.7 10.0 59.0 9.5 0.3 1.1 0.3

Lakshadweep 3.8 87.5 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 17.7 19.3 38.5 13.0 5.4 3.3 2.8


Table 20: Distance to the source of drinking water for OTHERS households (in percentages)

Sector: Rural

States

within

dwelling

outside

dwelling but

within premises

less than

0.2km

0.2 to

0.5km

0.5to 1km

1.0km to

1.5 km

1.5km

or more

Larger States

UP 37.9 25.5 33.8 2.1 0.1 0.0 0.3

Maharashtra 13.4 31.1 45.2 7.8 1.6 0.2 0.6

Bihar 42.5 24.8 29.8 2.7 0.1 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 7.5 23.4 52.1 15.6 1.4 0.0 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 8.2 30.7 50.2 8.5 1.7 0.5 0.3

Madhya Pradesh 8.2 14.3 64.9 10.6 1.5 0.4 0.1

Tamil Nadu 10.5 16.1 67.6 4.0 1.4 0.2 0.1

Rajasthan 12.6 19.1 36.6 21.4 5.3 2.4 2.6

Karnataka 9.8 25.5 57.3 5.3 1.5 0.0 0.6

Gujrat 27.3 32.3 31.3 6.2 2.0 0.6 0.2

Orissa 4.3 13.6 63.6 16.2 2.2 0.2 0.0

Kerala 3.6 74.5 17.4 3.7 0.6 0.2 0.0

Jharkhand 4.6 13.0 61.1 18.7 2.5 0.0 0.0

Assam 4.2 60.5 29.4 5.1 0.8 0.0 0.0

Punjab 43.8 44.0 11.0 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 6.6 11.4 66.6 13.1 1.6 0.6 0.0

Haryana 41.6 24.4 26.7 3.1 3.0 0.3 0.8

Delhi 57.6 7.8 20.1 7.3 7.2 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 30.9 28.3 27.8 10.4 1.6 0.4 0.6

Uttaranchal 17.5 34.3 36.0 10.6 0.7 0.9 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 2.3 42.6 53.2 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 4.8 50.1 41.8 0.2 3.1 0.0 0.0

Manipur 3.2 20.3 49.7 26.2 0.6 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 0.0 85.3 14.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Goa 40.9 44.3 14.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 36.8 37.6 25.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 65.4 34.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 39.1 55.8 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 23.5 46.9 21.9 7.1 0.3 0.2 0.0

A&N Island 15.2 40.5 37.9 6.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 15.0 14.2 70.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 42.2 41.7 16.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 96.3 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All India 19.4 28.2 42.8 7.6 1.3 0.3 0.3


Table 21:Distribution of OTHER households by the distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)

Sector: Urban

States

within

dwelling

outside

dwelling but

within premises

less than

0.2km

0.2 to

0.5km

0.5to

1km

1.0km

to 1.5

km

1.5km

or more

Larger States

UP 72.1 13.5 12.9 1.3 0.0 0.1 0.2

Maharashtra 54.5 26.8 17.7 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0

Bihar 61.2 24.6 13.5 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 35.1 22.4 37.2 3.4 1.0 0.6 0.4

Andhra Pradesh 25.1 45.5 26.4 2.0 0.6 0.4 0.1

Madhya Pradesh 43.5 22.1 31.2 2.5 0.4 0.2 0.1

Tamil Nadu 31.4 35.1 31.4 1.8 0.3 0.0 0.1

Rajasthan 63.3 26.6 5.7 1.9 2.5 0.0 0.0

Karnataka 49.6 26.9 21.8 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.1

Gujrat 64.0 26.1 9.0 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0

Orissa 44.4 23.7 25.3 6.0 0.6 0.0 0.0

Kerala 25.6 56.6 16.1 1.4 0.2 0.0 0.0

Jharkhand 40.0 28.6 29.4 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.0

Assam 32.2 60.8 5.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Punjab 63.2 34.7 1.5 0.4 0.1 0.0

Chattisgarh 34.5 15.0 43.4 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Haryana 67.3 21.3 9.5 1.2 0.1 0.6 0.0

Delhi 76.4 13.5 6.7 2.7 0.6 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 66.7 27.6 5.4 0.3

Uttaranchal 58.4 31.7 9.9 0.1 0.0 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 9.7 71.1 18.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 60.3 29.3 9.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

Manipur 9.0 38.6 34.7 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 7.6 65.1 27.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Goa 63.6 31.7 4.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 61.6 31.0 7.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 44.9 38.3 10.6 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 88.2 5.7 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 82.4 14.9 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.4

A&N Island 46.7 44.1 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 61.0 17.7 21.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 73.7 22.2 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.0 75.5 24.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All India 49.3 28.6 19.9 1.7 0.4 0.1 0.1


Table 22: Distribution of OTHER households by the distance to the source of drinking water (in percentages)

Sector: Rural+Urban

States

within

dwelling

outside

dwelling

but within

premises

less than

0.2km

0.2 to

0.5km

0.5to 1km

1.0km

to 1.5

km

1.5km

or more

Larger States

UP 46.5 22.6 28.7 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.2

Maharashtra 33.4 29.0 31.8 4.4 0.9 0.1 0.3

Bihar 44.8 24.8 27.8 2.5 0.1 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 16.0 23.1 47.5 11.9 1.2 0.2 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 14.0 35.8 42.0 6.3 1.3 0.5 0.2

Madhya Pradesh 19.5 16.8 54.1 8.0 1.1 0.4 0.1

Tamil Nadu 21.7 26.2 48.3 2.8 0.8 0.1 0.1

Rajasthan 29.1 21.6 26.5 15.1 4.4 1.6 1.8

Karnataka 26.3 26.1 42.6 3.5 0.9 0.3 0.4

Gujrat 44.5 29.4 20.9 3.7 1.1 0.3 0.1

Orissa 12.5 15.6 55.8 14.1 1.9 0.1 0.0

Kerala 9.6 69.7 17.0 3.1 0.5 0.1 0.0

Jharkhand 12.4 16.4 54.1 14.9 2.0 0.0 0.0

Assam 7.7 60.5 26.5 4.6 0.7 0.0 0.0

Punjab 53.0 39.5 6.5 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 14.7 12.5 59.9 11.3 1.2 0.5 0.0

Haryana 50.8 23.3 20.5 2.4 2.0 0.4 0.5

Delhi 75.0 13.0 7.8 3.1 1.1 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 39.4 28.1 22.5 8.0 1.2 0.3 0.4

Uttaranchal 27.6 33.6 29.6 8.0 0.5 0.7 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 4.3 50.3 43.9 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 34.9 38.9 24.3 0.5 1.4 0.0 0.0

Manipur 5.5 27.6 43.7 22.8 0.4 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 6.7 67.4 25.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Goa 53.2 37.5 9.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 56.4 32.4 10.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 23.7 20.2 36.5 19.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 82.4 11.6 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 34.9 40.7 17.8 5.7 0.3 0.5 0.1

A&N Island 26.8 41.8 27.3 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 43.1 16.3 40.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 54.4 34.1 11.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 85.3 11.9 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 29.6 28.3 34.9 5.6 1.0 0.3 0.3



States

Rural Urban

Yes

no

Yes

no

from excessive

rain

river,sea,etc from

excessive

rain

river,sea,etc

Larger States

UP 10.7 5.0 84.4 2.9 1.7 95.4

Maharashtra 3.0 3.8 93.1 27.7 2.0 70.4

Bihar 23.3 32.4 44.5 9.3 9.0 81.6

West Bengal 22.8 11.1 66.1 16.7 0.7 82.6

Andhra Pradesh 5.1 1.4 93.8 4.2 1.2 94.7

Madhya Pradesh 2.5 1.9 95.6 4.9 0.4 94.7

Tamil Nadu 10.2 1.6 88.2 12.7 1.4 85.9

Rajasthan 2.4 0.4 97.3 1.3 0.2 98.5

Karnataka 1.8 0.8 97.4 2.0 0.1 98.0

Gujrat 8.2 3.6 88.2 11.3 9.4 79.4

Orissa 4.3 23.3 72.4 9.1 3.2 87.7

Kerala 5.5 2.3 92.2 6.1 2.5 91.4

Jharkhand 1.5 1.5 97.0 0.2 0.5 99.3

Assam 13.4 30.2 56.3 4.7 12.1 83.2

Punjab 2.7 2.0 95.3 2.4 0.0 97.6

Chattisgarh 2.2 1.7 96.1 4.1 0.6 95.3

Haryana 4.5 0.5 95.0 9.9 0.5 89.6

Delhi 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.0 0.3 97.7

Jammu&Kashmir 0.1 3.5 96.4 0.4 0.5 99.1

Uttaranchal 3.6 4.6 91.8 6.1 0.1 93.8


Smaller States

Tripura 8.5 4.8 86.6 8.9 3.9 87.1

Meghalaya 22.4 18.4 59.2 0.6 0.0 99.4

Manipur 8.6 18.0 73.4 14.0 16.7 69.3

Nagaland 0.0 0.0 100.0 19.0 0.0 81.0

Goa 0.6 0.1 99.3 0.0 0.2 99.8


Pondicherry 24.0 0.0 76.0 13.5 4.7 81.7

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.8 0.0 98.2

Sikkim 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.1 0.6 99.3

A&N Island 5.1 0.7 94.2 0.0 0.0 100.0

D&N Haveli 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.4 0.0 98.6

Daman&Diu 8.4 0.0 91.6 0.0 0.3 99.7

Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

All INDIA 9.1 8.0 83.4 10.0 2.0 87.9


Table 24: Distribution of households by their experience of flood (in

percentages)

Rural+Urban

States

Yes no

from

excessive rain river,sea,etc

Larger States

UP 8.8 4.2 87.0


Bihar 21.5 29.4 48.9




Tamil Nadu 11.6 1.5 87.0

Rajasthan 2.0 0.3 97.7

Karnataka 1.9 0.5 97.6

Gujrat 9.6 6.3 84.0

Orissa 5.2 19.2 75.5

Kerala 5.6 2.3 92.0

Jharkhand 1.2 1.3 97.5

Assam 12.4 28.0 59.6

Punjab 2.6 1.0 96.4


Haryana 6.4 0.5 93.1

Delhi 1.8 0.3 97.9




Smaller States

Tripura 8.6 4.6 86.8

Meghalaya 10.7 8.5 80.8

Manipur 10.7 17.5 71.8

Nagaland 16.9 0.0 83.1

Goa 0.3 0.1 99.6



Mizoram 0.0 0.0 100.0


Sikkim 0.0 0.1 99.9

A&N Island 3.2 0.4 96.4

D&N Haveli 0.8 0.0 99.2

Daman&Diu 5.1 0.1 94.8


All INDIA 9.4 5.9 84.9



Rural

States

direct opening to

no direct

opening


with street

light

without street

light

with street

light

without street

light

Larger states

UP 2.9 20.3 1.7 56.3 18.7

Maharashtra 30.5 12.4 23.4 19.8 14.0

Bihar 2.1 15.4 1.1 56.7 24.7

West Bengal 2.8 16.6 3.9 58.3 18.3

Andhra Pradesh 52.7 11.2 15.4 13.3 7.3

Madhya Pradesh 4.8 27.4 4.5 42.8 20.4

Tamil Nadu 54.5 8.9 22.4 9.4 4.8

Rajasthan 2.7 25.9 1.5 44.0 26.0

Karnataka 43.3 12.2 20.4 17.9 6.2

Gujrat 13.2 28.0 11.1 32.3 15.5

Orissa 3.3 41.7 0.9 44.5 9.6

Kerala 33.5 21.5 4.4 24.2 16.4

Jharkhand 1.4 23.2 2.2 50.9 22.3

Assam 1.1 20.6 1.0 60.5 16.8

Punjab 5.0 43.3 1.1 45.1 5.6

Chattisgarh 11.1 19.8 8.2 52.3 8.6

Haryana 2.2 47.7 0.7 39.1 10.3

Delhi 36.7 13.4 0.2 47.8 2.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.1 19.3 0.1 37.7 42.9

Uttaranchal 10.2 14.5 2.4 36.6 36.3


Smaller States

Tripura 0.9 16.3 4.8 63.1 14.9

Meghalaya 0.0 14.6 0.0 82.3 3.2

Manipur 10.6 63.5 4.9 18.3 2.8

Nagaland 0.0 2.8 0.0 97.2 0.0

Goa 47.6 17.2 4.8 21.8 8.7


Pondicherry 55.8 0.0 34.0 10.3 0.0

Mizoram 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 78.8 1.4 11.2 7.8 0.8

Sikkim 7.9 12.6 0.7 33.7 45.1

A&N Island 31.0 9.2 15.9 18.5 25.4

D&N Haveli 26.2 23.2 35.8 14.8 0.0

Daman&Diu 47.1 9.2 15.4 26.9 1.3

Lakshadweep 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 17.2 19.5 7.8 39.2 16.2



Urban

States

direct opening to

no direct

opening


with street

light

without street

light

with street

light

without street

light

Larger states

UP 38.6 13.0 17.9 25.9 4.6

Maharashtra 62.8 8.8 9.7 12.6 6.1

Bihar 27.2 31.3 3.9 31.6 6.1

West Bengal 47.5 6.4 20.8 17.8 7.5

Andhra Pradesh 78.3 2.2 10.5 4.7 4.3

Madhya Pradesh 50.6 16.5 14.0 13.4 5.5

Tamil Nadu 69.1 2.5 16.0 4.8 7.6

Rajasthan 57.0 16.7 11.9 11.9 2.5

Karnataka 84.7 2.8 8.0 3.4 1.1

Gujrat 52.3 11.9 19.2 11.2 5.4

Orissa 57.6 15.5 12.2 11.7 3.0

Kerala 55.1 8.5 6.9 19.8 9.7

Jharkhand 33.9 20.6 6.4 27.4 11.6

Assam 32.3 31.0 9.3 23.5 3.9

Punjab 58.7 13.7 9.4 17.5 0.7

Chattisgarh 45.1 4.0 34.2 10.6 6.1

Haryana 31.3 26.6 14.4 20.7 6.9

Delhi 68.6 7.9 8.5 13.6 1.5

Jammu&Kashmir 19.2 29.8 9.3 30.8 10.9

Uttaranchal 42.7 18.1 11.0 21.6 6.6


Smaller States

Tripura 24.0 11.2 25.6 33.4 5.8

Meghalaya 59.3 6.7 10.6 19.1 4.3

Manipur 25.5 55.1 11.6 7.8 0.0

Nagaland 2.3 15.1 8.8 34.0 39.8

Goa 64.9 3.8 16.4 11.7 3.3


Pondicherry 82.2 0.5 14.9 2.0 0.4

Mizoram 38.2 17.1 2.1 42.5 0.0

Chandigarh 74.9 1.1 14.3 9.8 0.0

Sikkim 68.5 13.3 1.5 13.1 3.7

A&N Island 35.3 5.5 40.0 11.3 7.9

D&N Haveli 68.3 3.9 10.5 14.7 2.7

Daman&Diu 80.3 2.2 11.3 3.6 2.7

Lakshadweep 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.0

All INDIA 58.3 9.8 13.3 13.3 5.2



Rural+Urban

States

direct opening to

no direct

opening


with

street

light

without

street light

with

street

light

without

street light

Larger states

UP 11.8 18.5 5.7 48.8 15.2

Maharashtra 46.3 10.6 16.7 16.3 10.1

Bihar 5.2 17.4 1.4 53.6 22.4

West Bengal 16.5 13.5 9.1 45.9 15.0

Andhra Pradesh 61.5 8.1 13.7 10.4 6.2

Madhya Pradesh 19.4 24.0 7.5 33.4 15.6

Tamil Nadu 62.3 5.5 18.9 6.9 6.3

Rajasthan 20.4 22.9 4.9 33.5 18.3

Karnataka 60.5 8.3 15.2 11.9 4.1

Gujrat 31.5 20.4 14.9 22.4 10.7

Orissa 14.4 36.4 3.2 37.8 8.2

Kerala 39.4 18.0 5.1 23.0 14.5

Jharkhand 8.6 22.6 3.1 45.7 19.9

Assam 4.9 21.9 2.0 56.0 15.3

Punjab 30.4 29.2 5.0 32.0 3.3

Chattisgarh 20.9 15.3 15.7 40.3 7.9

Haryana 12.6 40.1 5.6 32.5 9.1

Delhi 66.1 8.3 7.9 16.2 1.5

Jammu&Kashmir 4.6 21.8 2.3 36.0 35.3

Uttaranchal 18.1 15.4 4.5 32.9 29.0


Smaller States

Tripura 7.1 14.9 10.4 55.1 12.4

Meghalaya 31.9 10.3 5.7 48.3 3.8

Manipur 16.5 60.2 7.5 14.1 1.7

Nagaland 2.0 13.7 7.8 41.2 35.3

Goa 56.9 10.0 11.0 16.3 5.8


Pondicherry 76.6 0.4 18.9 3.8 0.3

Mizoram 20.2 56.3 1.1 22.4 0.0

Chandigarh 75.4 1.1 13.9 9.5 0.1

Sikkim 19.2 12.8 0.8 29.8 37.4

A&N Island 32.6 7.8 24.8 15.8 19.0

D&N Haveli 51.9 11.4 20.3 14.7 1.7

Daman&Diu 60.0 6.5 13.8 17.8 1.9

Lakshadweep 92.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0

All INDIA 31.4 16.2 9.7 30.4 12.4



Sector: Rural

States

< 0.01 0.01-

0.05

0.05-

0.52

0.52-

1.01

1.01-

2.50

2.50-

4.97

4.97-

9.91

9.91-

19.79

>19.79

Larger states

UP 6.9 16.5 18.3 16.8 20.6 13.9 5.8 1.1 0.1

Maharashtra 17.5 16.3 8.2 6.9 15.4 18.1 12.6 4.2 0.9

Bihar 6.4 18.9 22.3 18.6 18.9 10.3 4.2 0.5 0.0

West Bengal 15.4 32.3 23.9 13.2 10.0 3.7 1.2 0.1 0.2

Andhra Pradesh 24.8 24.2 9.9 8.0 12.5 12.1 7.1 1.6 0.2

Madhya Pradesh 10.3 7.0 6.1 8.8 14.8 21.1 23.9 5.1 2.9

Tamil Nadu 22.7 34.2 12.5 8.4 11.2 8.0 2.5 0.4 0.0

Rajasthan 3.4 6.4 7.6 8.0 18.2 24.8 20.8 8.1 2.6

Karnataka 15.9 15.9 10.3 8.6 14.4 21.1 10.6 2.6 0.6

Gujrat 22.6 17.4 8.6 8.9 14.7 13.2 9.0 4.5 1.1

Orissa 7.9 10.8 14.7 16.1 25.1 16.3 8.6 0.4 0.1

Kerala 5.0 19.6 53.8 11.7 6.9 2.2 0.6 0.3 0.0

Jharkhand 3.7 15.9 18.5 17.2 25.9 14.5 4.2 0.2 0.0

Assam 2.8 10.6 16.0 18.6 27.8 18.1 5.6 0.5 0.0

Punjab 10.5 23.4 14.7 7.6 9.9 15.3 11.9 5.0 1.7

Chattisgarh 3.6 10.6 18.3 10.4 18.6 22.7 11.1 3.7 0.8

Haryana 15.9 20.4 10.4 6.9 12.6 15.2 13.0 3.6 2.0

Delhi 50.6 27.1 5.4 13.1 1.6 0.5 1.6 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.8 6.3 19.5 33.2 30.5 8.8 1.0 0.0 0.0

Uttaranchal 14.5 13.3 17.1 20.7 20.5 8.8 2.5 1.8 0.6


Smaller states

Tripura 4.7 20.0 40.6 15.3 15.9 3.4 0.1 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 1.7 7.6 12.7 18.7 18.9 33.4 3.7 3.2 0.0

Manipur 3.6 2.8 20.4 20.1 43.0 9.1 1.0 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 15.9 12.6 0.0 37.5 0.0 26.4 7.6 0.0 0.0

Goa 22.1 34.5 19.8 8.6 10.8 3.7 0.5 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 35.4 27.4 1.9 19.1 15.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 19.4 0.0 80.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 93.3 2.9 1.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 11.6 14.6 11.2 16.8 29.2 13.3 3.1 0.0 0.0

A&N Island 16.3 22.1 13.3 13.9 18.1 10.4 3.6 2.2 0.0

D&N Haveli 23.4 15.1 43.7 9.2 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 24.6 64.8 4.6 3.6 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 12.3 18.6 16.6 12.6 16.5 13.5 7.8 2.0 0.6



Sector: Urban

States <

0.01

0.01-

0.05

0.05-

0.52

0.52-

1.01

1.01-

2.50

2.50-

4.97

4.97-

9.91

9.91-

19.79

>19.79

Larger states

UP 38.0 43.6 10.2 3.4 2.3 1.6 0.7 0.1 0.1

Maharashtra 72.4 16.7 5.5 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.5

Bihar 24.5 37.7 22.0 6.6 6.8 1.4 0.8 0.0 0.0

West Bengal 43.7 41.0 12.5 2.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 56.9 32.1 5.8 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.3 0.4 0.1

Madhya Pradesh 40.5 28.0 11.7 5.9 4.3 3.0 4.3 1.5 0.9

Tamil Nadu 45.6 37.8 10.8 2.7 2.0 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.0

Rajasthan 29.4 32.8 15.3 7.0 5.4 6.2 2.9 0.9 0.1

Karnataka 35.1 48.2 11.1 1.6 0.8 1.7 1.0 0.2 0.3

Gujrat 56.0 32.1 6.3 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.1 0.0

Orissa 28.7 34.6 21.4 7.2 3.0 4.2 0.8 0.1 0.0

Kerala 10.8 32.0 51.2 3.8 1.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1

Jharkhand 32.1 39.7 18.7 5.6 2.2 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Assam 19.2 28.5 29.8 14.9 4.8 2.3 0.5 0.0 0.1

Punjab 31.2 45.6 13.2 4.5 2.1 1.3 1.4 0.4 0.3

Chattisgarh 36.1 42.4 11.8 4.9 2.8 1.3 0.4 0.0 0.3

Haryana 30.9 48.4 14.1 3.6 1.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.2

Delhi 66.9 26.2 5.6 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 12.8 40.6 32.9 6.4 4.9 1.5 0.4 0.6 0.0

Uttaranchal 52.4 34.4 5.8 5.2 1.3 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0


Smaller states

Tripura 10.9 32.1 49.3 4.6 2.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 38.7 31.0 23.0 6.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Manipur 5.9 7.5 30.2 15.8 30.2 9.4 0.9 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 25.1 22.6 2.6 7.7 19.2 18.5 4.3 0.0 0.0

Goa 51.4 28.8 12.5 6.2 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 37.8 31.4 9.6 6.3 8.7 5.9 0.2 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 81.0 12.1 0.0 6.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 67.0 24.1 1.8 1.7 4.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 55.0 30.7 10.6 2.2 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

A&N Island 37.4 38.6 21.8 0.8 0.1 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 41.0 10.7 46.2 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 24.7 69.4 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 30.0 50.2 19.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 46.0 34.2 11.9 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.3 0.2



Sector: Rural+Urban

States <

0.01

0.01-

0.05

0.05-

0.52

0.52-

1.01

1.01-

2.50

2.50-

4.97

4.97-

9.91

9.91-

19.79

>19.79

Larger states

UP 14.7 23.3 16.3 13.5 16.1 10.9 4.5 0.8 0.1

Maharashtra 44.2 16.4 6.9 4.0 8.3 9.8 7.0 2.4 0.7

Bihar 8.6 21.1 22.2 17.1 17.4 9.2 3.7 0.5 0.0

West Bengal 24.2 35.1 20.5 9.8 7.1 2.6 0.9 0.1 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 35.8 26.9 8.5 5.7 8.5 8.4 5.1 1.2 0.2

Madhya Pradesh 19.8 13.7 7.9 7.9 11.5 15.4 17.7 4.0 2.3

Tamil Nadu 34.9 36.2 11.6 5.3 6.3 4.2 1.3 0.2 0.0

Rajasthan 11.9 15.0 10.1 7.7 14.0 18.7 15.0 5.8 1.8

Karnataka 23.9 29.3 10.6 5.7 8.7 13.0 6.6 1.6 0.5

Gujrat 38.3 24.3 7.5 5.3 8.6 7.7 5.3 2.5 0.6

Orissa 12.1 15.7 16.1 14.3 20.6 13.8 7.0 0.3 0.1

Kerala 6.6 22.9 53.1 9.6 5.4 1.8 0.4 0.2 0.0

Jharkhand 9.9 21.1 18.5 14.6 20.7 11.6 3.3 0.1 0.0

Assam 4.7 12.7 17.7 18.2 25.0 16.2 5.0 0.5 0.0

Punjab 20.3 33.9 14.0 6.1 6.2 8.7 6.9 2.8 1.0

Chattisgarh 12.9 19.8 16.5 8.8 14.1 16.6 8.0 2.6 0.7

Haryana 21.3 30.4 11.7 5.7 8.6 9.9 8.5 2.5 1.4

Delhi 65.6 26.2 5.6 1.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 3.7 14.5 22.7 26.8 24.4 7.0 0.8 0.1 0.0

Uttaranchal 23.8 18.5 14.3 16.9 15.8 6.8 1.9 1.4 0.5


Smaller states

Tripura 6.4 23.2 42.9 12.4 12.4 2.5 0.1 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 21.6 20.1 18.2 12.1 9.3 15.5 1.7 1.5 0.0

Manipur 4.5 4.7 24.3 18.4 37.9 9.2 0.9 0.0 0.0

Nagaland 24.0 21.5 2.3 11.1 17.0 19.4 4.6 0.0 0.0

Goa 37.9 31.4 15.9 7.3 5.4 1.9 0.2 0.0 0.0


Pondicherry 37.3 30.5 8.0 9.1 10.0 4.8 0.3 0.0 0.0

Mizoram 40.5 6.0 9.7 3.5 40.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 70.1 21.6 1.8 1.5 4.2 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0

Sikkim 19.8 17.6 11.1 14.1 23.8 11.0 2.6 0.0 0.0

A&N Island 24.1 28.2 16.4 9.1 11.4 6.6 2.8 1.4 0.0

D&N Haveli 34.2 12.4 45.3 4.8 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Daman&Diu 24.6 66.6 5.1 2.2 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lakshadweep 92.0 5.7 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 23.8 23.8 15.0 9.2 11.5 9.4 5.4 1.4 0.4



Sector: Rural

States

grass /straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

Timber

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron

or

other

metal

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 3.3 21.3 0.0 0.5 0.1 68.8 0.0 6.0 0.1

Maharashtra 4.9 22.0 0.4 0.5 0.2 65.5 0.7 5.7 0.2

Bihar 27.8 20.0 0.0 1.1 0.2 43.3 0.0 7.5 0.2

West Bengal 13.6 41.8 0.2 1.0 1.1 31.9 1.6 8.6 0.2

Andhra Pradesh 3.9 17.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 73.8 0.0 4.9 0.1

Madhya Pradesh 2.4 37.6 0.2 1.5 0.6 54.4 0.0 3.2 0.0

Tamil Nadu 3.5 30.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 56.1 0.0 9.8 0.1

Rajasthan 3.6 19.1 0.0 0.7 0.1 75.2 0.0 1.1 0.1

Karnataka 1.6 39.2 0.1 1.5 0.2 51.9 0.1 5.1 0.2

Gujrat 1.1 20.7 0.1 2.5 0.0 67.7 0.3 5.2 2.4

Orissa 2.6 52.3 0.1 1.6 0.1 38.9 0.3 3.8 0.2

Kerala 0.9 19.1 0.1 0.6 0.4 70.1 0.1 6.8 2.0

Jharkhand 2.0 53.2 0.1 1.0 0.0 38.5 0.2 5.0 0.0

Assam 45.5 30.6 0.1 0.8 0.5 13.0 0.6 7.9 0.9

Punjab 0.2 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 86.2 0.0 11.0 0.0

Chattisgarh 0.9 54.4 0.1 0.7 0.6 42.2 0.0 1.1 0.1

Haryana 0.1 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.8 87.9 0.0 9.7 0.0

Delhi 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 74.0 0.0 25.9 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.2 30.2 0.0 1.9 1.2 61.4 0.4 4.7 0.0

Uttaranchal 1.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.4 84.6 0.0 11.1 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 24.9 59.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 6.0 4.5 4.6 0.3

Meghalaya 53.4 14.9 0.0 3.2 2.4 13.6 0.0 12.4 0.2

Manipur 19.8 68.2 0.3 1.4 0.0 5.0 0.0 5.1 0.0

Nagaland 49.5 40.1 0.0 0.0 7.6 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

Goa 2.8 21.6 0.0 0.7 0.0 64.5 0.0 7.7 2.6


Pondicherry 6.9 22.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 64.8 0.0 5.7 0.0

Mizoram 99.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 66.3 0.0 33.5 0.0

Sikkim 7.8 33.7 0.6 0.6 5.6 5.6 0.0 45.4 0.6

A&N Island 50.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.8 0.0 11.9 29.7 0.0

D&N Haveli 0.0 34.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.2 0.0 16.2 0.0

Daman&Diu 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 45.4 0.0 53.9 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 7.7 26.2 0.1 0.8 0.3 57.7 0.3 6.2 0.3



Sector: Urban

States

grass /straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

Timber

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron or

other

metal

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 0.5 2.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 80.3 0.0 16.6 0.2

Maharashtra 0.5 2.6 0.0 0.1 0.7 85.6 2.2 8.2 0.1

Bihar 6.5 6.9 0.1 2.0 0.2 72.1 0.3 11.7 0.2

West Bengal 2.8 3.4 0.1 0.3 0.5 69.2 1.5 22.0 0.2

Andhra Pradesh 1.1 3.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 70.8 0.5 23.5 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 0.1 6.4 0.1 0.1 0.8 81.2 0.2 11.2 0.0

Tamil Nadu 0.7 7.7 0.0 0.5 0.2 77.9 0.0 13.0 0.0

Rajasthan 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.3 91.5 0.0 6.4 0.3

Karnataka 0.9 6.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 58.1 0.1 33.9 0.0

Gujrat 0.1 2.4 0.1 0.2 1.2 75.2 0.4 19.9 0.4

Orissa 0.4 10.5 0.2 0.0 0.3 65.9 0.0 22.8 0.0

Kerala 0.8 9.0 0.0 0.4 0.6 78.5 0.0 10.4 0.2

Jharkhand 0.6 5.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 76.7 0.5 16.7 0.0

Assam 13.6 10.2 0.0 0.2 0.9 34.2 0.5 39.7 0.6

Punjab 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 70.9 0.0 28.6 0.0

Chattisgarh 0.8 17.5 0.1 0.5 0.2 75.5 0.1 4.7 0.5

Haryana 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 81.0 0.0 17.8 0.3

Delhi 0.0 2.7 0.1 0.0 1.3 40.5 0.0 55.4 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.3 3.0 0.6 0.0 0.7 91.3 1.9 2.2 0.0

Uttaranchal 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 75.0 0.0 24.6 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 20.6 17.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.9 11.7 13.6 0.0

Meghalaya 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 10.8 15.4 3.8 68.5 0.0

Manipur 13.0 57.8 0.1 0.7 2.1 18.0 0.1 8.3 0.0

Nagaland 35.0 26.4 0.0 0.0 1.6 2.0 8.2 26.9 0.0

Goa 0.0 1.4 0.5 1.0 0.0 67.5 0.0 29.6 0.0


Pondicherry 2.6 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 55.5 0.0 38.7 0.0

Mizoram 27.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.3 14.8 38.2 11.7

Chandigarh 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 34.4 0.0 63.7 0.6

Sikkim 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 3.4 0.1 90.8 0.0

A&N Island 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.6 0.0 1.7 64.2 0.0

D&N Haveli 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 40.1 0.0 54.9 0.1

Daman&Diu 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.2 0.0 52.3 0.0

Lakshadweep 11.2 0.0 0.0 20.6 0.0 43.8 0.0 19.7 4.7

All INDIA 1.1 4.4 0.1 0.3 0.5 74.4 0.6 18.5 0.1



Sector: Rural+Urban

States

grass /straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

Timber

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron or

other

metal

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 2.6 16.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 71.7 0.0 8.6 0.1

Maharashtra 2.7 12.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 75.0 1.5 6.9 0.1

Bihar 25.1 18.3 0.0 1.2 0.2 46.7 0.0 8.0 0.2

West Bengal 10.3 30.1 0.2 0.8 0.9 43.4 1.6 12.7 0.2

Andhra Pradesh 2.9 12.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 72.5 0.2 11.3 0.1

Madhya Pradesh 1.7 27.7 0.2 1.0 0.7 63.0 0.1 5.8 0.0

Tamil Nadu 2.0 18.3 0.0 0.3 0.2 67.7 0.0 11.5 0.1

Rajasthan 2.5 13.2 0.0 0.6 0.2 80.5 0.0 2.8 0.1

Karnataka 1.3 25.6 0.1 0.9 0.2 54.5 0.1 17.1 0.1

Gujrat 0.6 12.1 0.1 1.4 0.6 71.2 0.4 12.1 1.5

Orissa 2.2 43.8 0.2 1.3 0.1 44.4 0.3 7.7 0.2

Kerala 0.9 16.3 0.1 0.5 0.4 72.4 0.1 7.8 1.5

Jharkhand 1.7 42.6 0.0 0.9 0.0 46.9 0.3 7.5 0.0

Assam 41.6 28.1 0.1 0.8 0.6 15.6 0.6 11.8 0.9

Punjab 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 79.0 0.0 19.3 0.0

Chattisgarh 0.8 43.8 0.1 0.6 0.5 51.8 0.0 2.1 0.2

Haryana 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.7 85.4 0.0 12.6 0.1

Delhi 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 43.0 0.0 53.1 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 0.2 23.7 0.2 1.5 1.1 68.6 0.7 4.1 0.0

Uttaranchal 0.7 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 82.3 0.0 14.4 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 23.8 48.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 6.4 7.0 0.2

Meghalaya 25.5 6.9 0.0 1.5 6.9 14.6 2.0 42.6 0.1

Manipur 17.1 64.1 0.3 1.1 0.8 10.2 0.0 6.4 0.0

Nagaland 36.6 28.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.0 7.3 23.8 0.0

Goa 1.3 10.7 0.3 0.9 0.0 66.1 0.0 19.5 1.2


Pondicherry 3.5 7.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 57.5 0.0 31.7 0.0

Mizoram 61.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 7.8 20.2 6.7

Chandigarh 0.0 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 38.1 0.0 60.1 0.5

Sikkim 6.3 27.4 0.5 0.5 5.6 5.2 0.0 53.9 0.5

A&N Island 33.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.5 0.0 8.1 42.4 0.0

D&N Haveli 0.0 15.3 0.0 0.0 1.2 43.6 0.0 39.9 0.1

Daman&Diu 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.8 0.0 53.3 0.0

Lakshadweep 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 93.6 0.0 2.3 0.5

All INDIA 5.4 18.8 0.1 0.6 0.4 63.5 0.4 10.4 0.3



Sector:Rural

States

grass/straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

tile/slate

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron,zinc or

other metal

sheet/asbestos

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 14.2 8.6 0.3 2.5 9.7 25.7 1.6 35.5 1.6

Maharashtra 3.0 1.3 0.3 1.3 23.8 2.9 43.3 20.5 3.7

Bihar 36.2 1.2 0.1 1.7 17.1 3.7 8.0 31.0 1.1

West Bengal 20.1 1.1 0.7 0.8 26.5 1.5 27.4 21.5 0.3

Andhra Pradesh 16.2 1.5 0.0 0.3 19.4 8.4 8.1 45.7 0.3

Madhya Pradesh 3.3 3.4 0.2 1.5 40.2 34.4 5.2 11.4 0.3

Tamil Nadu 17.7 0.5 0.0 0.9 40.5 2.9 4.6 32.7 0.2

Rajasthan 14.5 2.6 0.1 1.0 9.0 63.2 2.7 6.5 0.3

Karnataka 4.5 9.9 0.2 1.0 50.0 6.2 12.8 14.2 1.1

Gujrat 2.5 0.4 0.2 5.2 34.3 7.0 15.4 34.5 0.3

Orissa 38.0 0.5 0.2 2.8 21.2 0.7 8.9 26.7 1.0

Kerala 2.1 0.0 0.1 1.0 43.6 0.4 8.3 44.4 0.2

Jharkhand 13.0 0.7 0.0 2.9 49.2 10.0 3.1 21.1 0.0

Assam 35.6 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 61.6 2.0 0.2

Punjab 2.3 1.5 0.0 0.9 5.3 45.2 0.2 44.1 0.6

Chattisgarh 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.0 67.4 8.3 1.0 16.1 4.9

Haryana 1.9 0.5 0.1 0.7 6.1 32.0 0.6 33.3 24.9

Delhi 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.3 0.6 19.8 2.0 69.7 6.0

Jammu&Kashmir 7.5 9.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 62.5 19.0 0.1

Uttaranchal 1.7 0.5 0.0 0.4 3.5 22.7 6.3 63.6 1.4


Smaller States

Tripura 5.6 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.7 90.8 1.4 0.0

Meghalaya 31.1 7.9 0.0 7.7 0.0 0.0 51.9 1.3 0.0

Manipur 21.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 72.7 5.7 0.0

Nagaland 87.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.0 0.0 0.0

Goa 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 59.2 12.9 1.6 25.8 0.0


Pondicherry 28.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.4 1.6 10.0 51.2 0.0

Mizoram 75.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.9 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 99.1 0.0

Sikkim 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 69.3 22.7 0.0

A&N Island 14.29 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.00 80.96 4.37 0.00

D&N Haveli 7.77 0.77 0.00 0.00 33.00 17.87 14.16 26.43 0.00

Daman&Diu 1.36 1.95 0.00 0.81 7.18 10.77 6.01 71.92 0.00

Lakshadweep

All INDIA 14.89 2.92 0.20 1.50 23.50 13.60 13.61 28.33 1.54



Sector: Urban

States

grass/straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

tile/slate

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron,zinc or

other metal

sheet/asbestos

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 1.8 1.7 0.2 0.7 1.7 23.0 2.8 66.8 1.4

Maharashtra 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 5.4 2.6 36.1 54.2 0.8

Bihar 11.0 0.5 0.2 0.6 10.1 5.2 7.8 64.4 0.2

West Bengal 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 20.0 5.2 12.9 60.3 0.3

Andhra Pradesh 3.2 0.0 0.6 0.0 5.3 2.7 14.4 73.5 0.2

Madhya Pradesh 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 10.8 24.2 13.1 49.8 0.6

Tamil Nadu 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 21.2 3.9 5.0 65.5 0.5

Rajasthan 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.0 58.1 1.5 37.4 0.5

Karnataka 0.4 1.3 0.1 0.2 13.5 3.2 14.1 66.9 0.4

Gujrat 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.6 7.4 3.6 13.0 74.5 0.3

Orissa 5.7 0.0 0.2 0.2 6.4 3.6 20.8 62.8 0.2

Kerala 1.2 0.0 0.1 0.5 31.0 1.2 5.5 60.4 0.2

Jharkhand 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 17.9 4.9 13.6 62.4 0.0

Assam 2.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 66.5 30.5 0.2

Punjab 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 18.2 0.3 78.9 0.9

Chattisgarh 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0 29.4 8.1 10.9 45.0 5.5

Haryana 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 25.5 0.6 62.5 5.2

Delhi 1.3 0.3 0.1 1.7 0.7 8.2 1.7 85.6 0.4

Jammu&Kashmir 1.5 0.3 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 47.2 47.4 2.1

Uttaranchal 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 10.9 5.1 82.6 0.1


Smaller States

Tripura 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 8.8 71.9 18.0 0.0

Meghalaya 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 54.7 43.4 0.9

Manipur 5.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 77.7 13.9 0.0

Nagaland 13.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 74.2 12.5 0.0

Goa 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.5 0.1 5.9 64.4 0.0


Pondicherry 6.7 1.4 1.9 0.0 3.9 0.7 6.0 79.5 0.0

Mizoram 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.3 56.7 0.0

Chandigarh 0.8 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 8.6 89.3 0.1

Sikkim 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.6 90.4 0.0

A&N Island 1.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 76.38 19.93 2.35

D&N Haveli 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.80 21.52 15.43 60.24 0.00

Daman&Diu 2.12 0.00 0.00 0.07 8.87 4.71 3.60 80.63 0.00

Lakshadweep 11.16 0.00 0.00 20.60 43.78 0.00 4.72 19.74 0.00

All INDIA 0.92 0.30 0.11 0.27 6.29 9.55 13.65 68.47 0.68



Sector: Rural+Urban

States

grass/straw/

leaves/reeds/

bamboo,etc

mud/unburnt

brick

canvas/cloth

other

katcha

tile/slate

burnt

brick/stone/lime

stone

iron,zinc or

other metal

sheet/asbestos

sheet

cement/RBC/RCC

other

pucca

Larger States

UP 11.1 6.9 0.3 2.1 7.8 25.1 1.9 43.4 1.6

Maharashtra 1.8 0.7 0.2 0.7 14.8 2.7 39.8 36.9 2.3

Bihar 33.1 1.1 0.1 1.6 16.2 3.9 8.0 35.1 0.9

West Bengal 14.2 0.8 0.6 0.6 24.5 2.7 22.9 33.4 0.3

Andhra Pradesh 11.7 1.0 0.2 0.2 14.6 6.5 10.2 55.3 0.2

Madhya Pradesh 2.6 2.4 0.2 1.1 30.9 31.1 7.7 23.6 0.4

Tamil Nadu 10.2 0.2 0.0 0.5 30.2 3.4 4.8 50.2 0.4

Rajasthan 10.2 1.8 0.1 0.7 6.4 61.5 2.3 16.6 0.3

Karnataka 2.8 6.4 0.2 0.7 34.8 5.0 13.4 36.1 0.8

Gujrat 1.4 0.2 0.3 3.1 21.7 5.4 14.3 53.3 0.3

Orissa 31.4 0.4 0.2 2.3 18.2 1.3 11.3 34.1 0.8

Kerala 1.8 0.0 0.1 0.9 40.1 0.6 7.5 48.7 0.2

Jharkhand 10.4 0.6 0.0 2.3 42.3 8.9 5.4 30.2 0.0

Assam 31.5 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 62.2 5.5 0.2

Punjab 1.6 0.8 0.0 0.5 3.1 32.4 0.2 60.6 0.7

Chattisgarh 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.0 56.4 8.2 3.9 24.4 5.1

Haryana 1.4 0.3 0.0 0.5 5.9 29.7 0.6 43.8 17.8

Delhi 1.2 0.2 0.2 1.6 0.7 9.1 1.7 84.4 0.8

Jammu&Kashmir 6.1 7.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.8 58.8 25.8 0.5

Uttaranchal 1.3 0.4 0.0 0.5 2.6 19.8 6.0 68.3 1.1


Smaller States

Tripura 4.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 2.9 85.8 5.9 0.0

Meghalaya 14.4 3.7 0.0 3.6 0.5 0.0 53.5 23.9 0.5

Manipur 15.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 74.7 9.0 0.0

Nagaland 21.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 67.2 11.1 0.0

Goa 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.2 6.0 3.9 46.7 0.0

Arunachal

Pradesh

44.6

0.3

0.7

1.0

0.0

0.4

40.4

12.5

0.2

Pondicherry 11.3 1.1 1.5 0.0 4.8 0.9 6.9 73.5 0.0

Mizoram 35.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.6 29.9 0.0

Chandigarh 0.7 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 7.6 90.4 0.1

Sikkim 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 58.2 35.4 0.0

A&N Island 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 79.3 10.1 0.9

D&N Haveli 16.3 46.3 96.7 58.5 212.4 392.4 14.8 43.5 0.0

Daman&Diu 1.7 1.2 0.0 0.5 7.8 8.4 5.1 75.3 0.0

Lakshadweep 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.4 5.0 0.0 0.5 90.8 0.0

All INDIA 10.4 2.0 0.2 1.1 18.7 12.4 13.6 40.3 1.3



Rural

States

mud

bamboo

/

log

wood/plan

k

brick/limestone/ston e

cemen

t

mosaic/tile

s

other

s

Larger States

UP 72.8 0.3 0.1 6.3 19.9 0.5 0.1

Maharashtra 44.2 0.1 0.0 17.7 22.2 15.4 0.3

Bihar 70.3 0.4 0.5 9.4 19.3 0.2 0.1

West Bengal 64.6 0.4 0.4 4.3 30.0 0.1 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 18.5 0.1 0.0 36.2 41.4 4.1 0.0

Madhya Pradesh 66.7 0.9 0.4 11.8 18.8 1.3 0.1

Tamil Nadu 17.7 0.0 0.0 1.6 74.1 6.3 0.2

Rajasthan 36.5 0.2 0.0 16.8 44.6 1.8 0.1

Karnataka 23.5 0.4 0.1 23.2 45.4 7.4 0.1

Gujrat 36.6 0.3 0.1 2.8 36.6 23.4 0.2

Orissa 55.2 0.0 0.0 1.9 42.1 0.7 0.0

Kerala 6.3 0.0 0.0 1.7 73.0 18.3 0.7

Jharkhand 71.4 0.7 0.2 5.9 21.6 0.2 0.0

Assam 78.7 0.5 0.4 2.7 17.5 0.1 0.2

Punjab 22.1 0.0 0.0 18.2 56.3 3.3 0.0

Chattisgarh 72.0 0.5 0.1 9.7 15.8 1.8 0.0

Haryana 19.6 0.0 0.0 18.0 59.2 3.2 0.0

Delhi 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.9 73.0 19.1 0.0

Jammu&Kashmir 45.4 1.3 0.8 2.2 50.2 0.1 0.0

Uttaranchal 28.4 0.6 5.0 15.9 43.5 6.6 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 85.7 0.2 0.0 2.5 11.7 0.0 0.0

Meghalaya 54.6 1.0 14.6 4.8 25.0 0.0 0.0

Manipur 79.5 2.4 0.1 0.7 16.8 0.6 0.0

Nagaland 83.4 0.0 13.8 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0

Goa 14.3 0.0 2.0 1.6 57.5 24.7 0.0


Pondicherry 21.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 67.0 5.9 4.5

Mizoram 0.0 75.1 24.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 98.7 0.0 0.3

Sikkim 31.0 0.0 11.5 0.3 56.6 0.6 0.0

A&N Island 42.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 57.3 0.0 0.0

D&N Haveli 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.9 34.1 0.0

Daman&Diu 7.8 0.0 0.0 22.5 20.3 49.4 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 48.3 0.3 0.4 11.5 35.0 4.8 0.1


Table39: Distribution of households by the type of floor (in percentages)

Urban

States

mud

Bamboo

/log

wood/

plank

brick/limestone/ stone

cemen

t

Mosaic

/tiles

others

Larger States

UP 13.6 0.0 0.1 12.7 61.0 12.3 0.2

Maharashtra 3.3 0.0 0.1 16.5 26.7 53.3 0.1

Bihar 25.6 0.0 0.0 8.6 58.0 6.7 1.0

West Bengal 9.5 0.0 0.1 3.0 76.8 10.6 0.0

Andhra Pradesh 3.2 0.0 0.0 32.6 40.6 23.1 0.4

Madhya Pradesh 14.2 0.2 0.1 11.8 55.7 17.5 0.4

Tamil Nadu 2.3 0.0 0.0 3.6 65.2 28.6 0.3

Rajasthan 3.4 0.0 0.0 26.6 47.5 22.4 0.0

Karnataka 2.7 0.0 0.1 13.7 42.3 41.0 0.2

Gujrat 2.2 0.0 0.0 8.9 27.2 61.3 0.3

Orissa 7.2 0.0 0.0 1.0 83.3 8.3 0.2

Kerala 2.6 0.0 0.2 2.9 60.7 32.4 1.2

Jharkhand 16.1 0.0 0.3 0.7 78.6 4.3 0.0

Assam 23.1 0.3 0.1 4.9 67.1 4.5 0.0

Punjab 2.0 0.0 0.0 16.9 70.8 9.9 0.4

Chattisgarh 17.6 0.0 0.8 13.1 54.4 14.0 0.1

Haryana 3.7 0.0 0.0 20.5 68.1 7.6 0.1

Delhi 0.4 0.0 0.0 14.2 70.6 13.2 1.4

Jammu&Kashmir 14.5 0.0 0.1 12.7 70.3 2.2 0.2

Uttaranchal 2.4 0.0 0.0 6.1 64.6 26.9 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 34.5 0.1 0.0 14.4 50.4 0.5 0.0

Meghalaya 0.6 0.0 21.9 0.0 71.0 6.5 0.0

Manipur 61.5 0.2 1.1 4.6 30.6 2.1 0.0

Nagaland 37.6 0.0 2.8 2.8 56.8 0.0 0.0

Goa 2.6 0.0 0.0 1.3 35.2 60.8 0.0


Pondicherry 3.4 0.0 0.0 3.3 45.1 44.1 4.1

Mizoram 10.6 0.0 19.1 0.0 70.3 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 0.7 0.0 0.0 33.2 56.0 6.2 3.9

Sikkim 0.5 0.0 0.9 0.3 94.2 4.1 0.0

A&N Island 5.5 0.9 2.5 0.0 86.6 4.5 0.0

D&N Haveli 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.9 47.5 0.0

Daman&Diu 1.5 0.0 0.0 8.1 17.1 73.4 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 6.2 0.0 0.1 13.2 52.3 27.8 0.3



Rural+Urban

States

mud

bamboo/

log

wood/

plank

brick/lime stone/

stone

cement

mosaic/tile

s

other

s

Larger States

UP 58.3 0.2 0.1 7.9 30.1 3.5 0.1

Maharashtra 24.2 0.0 0.1 17.1 24.4 33.8 0.2

Bihar 64.6 0.4 0.4 9.3 23.9 1.0 0.2

West Bengal 47.9 0.3 0.3 3.9 44.4 3.4 0.1

Andhra Pradesh 13.2 0.1 0.0 34.9 41.1 10.6 0.2

Madhya Pradesh 50.0 0.7 0.3 11.8 30.6 6.5 0.2

Tamil Nadu 9.5 0.0 0.0 2.7 69.4 18.2 0.2

Rajasthan 25.7 0.1 0.0 20.0 45.5 8.5 0.1

Karnataka 14.8 0.2 0.1 19.2 44.1 21.3 0.2

Gujrat 20.5 0.1 0.1 5.7 32.2 41.2 0.2

Orissa 45.4 0.0 0.0 1.7 50.5 2.2 0.1

Kerala 5.3 0.0 0.1 2.0 69.7 22.1 0.8

Jharkhand 59.2 0.5 0.2 4.8 34.2 1.1 0.0

Assam 71.8 0.4 0.4 2.9 23.6 0.6 0.1

Punjab 12.6 0.0 0.0 17.6 63.2 6.4 0.2

Chattisgarh 56.4 0.4 0.3 10.7 26.9 5.3 0.0

Haryana 13.9 0.0 0.0 18.9 62.4 4.8 0.0

Delhi 0.4 0.0 0.0 13.8 70.8 13.7 1.3

Jammu&Kashmir 38.0 1.0 0.7 4.7 55.0 0.6 0.0

Uttaranchal 22.0 0.5 3.7 13.5 48.7 11.6 0.0


Smaller States

Tripura 71.9 0.1 0.0 5.7 22.1 0.1 0.0

Meghalaya 25.6 0.5 18.5 2.2 49.7 3.5 0.0

Manipur 72.4 1.5 0.5 2.2 22.3 1.2 0.0

Nagaland 42.8 0.0 4.1 2.5 50.6 0.0 0.0

Goa 8.0 0.0 0.9 1.4 45.5 44.2 0.0


Pondicherry 7.3 0.0 0.0 2.8 49.7 36.0 4.2

Mizoram 5.6 35.5 21.8 0.0 37.1 0.0 0.0

Chandigarh 0.7 0.0 0.0 29.4 61.0 5.5 3.5

Sikkim 25.3 0.0 9.5 0.3 63.7 1.2 0.0

A&N Island 28.8 0.4 0.9 0.0 68.1 1.7 0.0

D&N Haveli 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.5 42.3 0.0

Daman&Diu 5.4 0.0 0.0 16.9 19.0 58.7 0.0

Lakshadweep 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

All INDIA 33.7 0.2 0.3 12.1 40.9 12.7 0.2


HOUSING CONDITION IN INDIA With special focus …nirdpr.org.in/nird_docs/srsc/srsc-pub-020517-2.pdfHOUSING CONDITION IN INDIA With special focus on Rural Areas and Socially Disadvantaged

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