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ภาพท 4. กระบวนการเคลอนยาย Na+ และ Cl– ทเยอบล าไสทล าไสเลก (Electrolyte transport in the mammalian colon. โดย Binder HJ, and Sandle GI. In Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. LR. Johnson, editor. Raven Press. New York, USA. 2007; 2133–2172.)
*Rotavirus infection in an animal model of infection. Photographs are from an experimentally infected calf. Reproduced with permission from Zuckerman et al, eds. Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology. 2nd ed. London: John Wiley & Sons;
1990:182. Micrographs courtesy of Dr. Graham Hall, Berkshire, UK.
WHO, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) 10-12 April 2012, on immunization: Following a review of new evidence on rotavirus disease burden, timeliness of vaccination and the safety and effectiveness of different immunization schedules, SAGE continues to recommend that the first dose of rotavirus vaccine be administered as soon as possible after 6 weeks of age as this maximizes disease protection and along with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) doses. Early immunization is favored but the current age restrictions for the first and last dose of rotavirus vaccines would prevent vaccination of many vulnerable children in settings where the DTP doses are given late (i.e. after 15 weeks for DTP1 or after 32 weeks for DTP 2 or DTP3). By allowing children to be immunized at any time with DTP, programmes will be able to immunize children who are currently excluded from the benefits of rotavirus vaccines. However, timelines of vaccination remains a key attribute of effective immunization programmes. SAGE recognized that countries have different burdens of disease and may or may not have introduced rotavirus vaccines. As such, countries that have already introduced rotavirus vaccines, should develop specific plans on vaccine administration in a manner that supports existing programmes and encourages early protection of infants against rotavirus infection.
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วคซนอหวาตปองกน V.cholerae 01 ม 1 ชนดไดแก
B subunit –inactivated whole Vibrio combination (Dukoral,SBL)ม active component คอ mix inactivated classical V.cholerae 01 + El Tor biotype + Inaba + Ogawa + cholera toxin(CT) subunit B กระตน intestinal secretory IgA และ IgG specificส าหรบ CT และ V. cholerae surface antigen (โดยเฉพาะ LPS); serum vibriocidal antibodies ใหกน 2 ครง ในเดกทอายเกนกวา 2 ป
วคซนไทฟอยด
S.Typhi Ty21a (Vivotif-Berna, Biotech ) ม active component คอ gale. Vi-negativemutant strain ของ S.Typhi (plus -26 other mutations) เปนเชอทมชวต กระตน immune response โดย cell-mediated immunity สราง cytokine และ CTLs และ ม IgA ในserum1 และ secretoty IgA specific ส าหรบ surface antigen นอกเหนอจาก Viไดแก 0 และ H กน 3 ครง หางกน48 ชวโมง
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