Horticultural and cytogenetical characteristics of some Egyptian and foreign garlic cultivars.

African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, Vol. 9. pp. 459 - 465

Printed in Uganda. All rights reserved

ISSN 1023-070X/2009 $ 4.00

© 2009, African Crop Science Society

Horticultural and cytogenetical characteristics of some Egyptian and foreign

garlic cultivars ABSTRACT

A.M. SAYED OSMAN1 & M.M. YASSER MOUSTAFA2 1Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt

2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt

Studying the horticultural and cytogentetical characteristics of garlic genotypes grown under different growing

environments is one of the most important methods of garlic breeding and germplasm selection. In this study, six foreign

and two Egyptian garlic genotypes were imported to be evaluated under the Egyptian cultivation conditions. All the

genotypes differed in their horticultural performance and the introduced foreign cultivars showed most of the preferred

characteristics e.g., the highest values of bulb weight, bulb diameter, clove weight/ bulb and average clove weight.

Moreover, the chromosomal studies showed that all the examined materials have a diploid number of 16 chromosomes (2n

= 16). Considerable variations were found among the examined genotypes at the level of the mean percentage of prophase,

metaphase and ana-telephase cells. The recorded aberrations included chromosomal and chromatid bridges, chromatin

stickiness and chromosomal breaks and fragments. By evaluating the horticultural behavior and cytogenetical profiles of

the tested genotypes, some of the introduced foreign garlic cultivars can be considered promising cultivars for cultivation

in Egypt and similar garlic growing environments.

Keywords: Aberrations, Cultivars, Cytogenetics, Evaluation, Garlic.

1. INTRODUCTION

Evidence has been found to show that garlic was grown

and consumed at the age of building of pyramids in Egypt

about 2780-2100 B.C. (Yamaguchi 1983). It belongs to

the Liliaceae family and genus Allium, which has more

than 600 available species. This family included onions,

shallots, leeks, Japanese bunching onions, Chinese and

common chives. Common garlic cultivars, as reported by

Bozzini (1991) have a somatic chromosome number of

2N=16 (with a karyotypic formula of 6 metacentric

chromosomes, 4 submetacentric chromosomes, and 6

acrocentric chromosomes) and some garlic plants found in

the Campania region of Italy were shown to be tetraploid

with 4N=32. No polyploid forms are found in garlic,

although some varieties might be triploid. Chromosomal

aberrations are common in garlic, due to multiple

translocations which are sometimes involving 8 or even 10

chromosomes. Some sterile varieties have a normal

karyotype (Sanai and Davis 1967; Osman et al., 2007).

The mitotic index is one of the mitotic parameters, which

reflects the genetic control system of division and the

existence of chromosomal aberrations in several

organisms (Swanson, 1990; Kaushik 1996).

It is difficult to explain the extensive variability in size,

color and shape found in garlic cultivars, unless extensive

somatic mutations occur in this species. Most likely, these

have been accumulated after years of clonal propagation

(Vosa 1976). Mostly all Allium crops originate from the

main center of Allium diversity that stretches from the

Mediterranean basin to central Asia (Meer et al. 1997).

The sativum variety, or common garlic, produces a weak

flower stalk, if it bolts and has a bulb with many pure

white or pink-blushed bulblets (Pooler and Simon 1993).

Cultivated garlic cultivars are sexually sterile and are

therefore vegetatively propagated for commercial

production. In garlic breeding program, genetic variation

can be increased only by somaclonal variation, induced

mutations or genetic transformation (Novak 1990; Burba

1993; Kondo et al. 2000). Clonal selection is a major

breeding method for garlic, since plant sterility usually

precludes crop improvement by means of cross

hybridization. Since no segregating population is

available, stability and inheritance of specific traits

obtained through clonal selection is hard to monitor by

normal genetic analysis (Lampasona et al. 2003; Moustafa

et al, 2009).

Evaluation and selection of local and exotic garlic

varieties is a continuous work as some varieties have

greater adaptability while others provide a variable source

of variability for breeding improved varieties. Therefore,

this study was conducted to evaluate certain horticultural

characteristics and cytogenetical profiles of six new

imported exotic garlic cultivars, and one Egyptian locally

cultivated cultivar along with one clone selected from the

Egyptian cultivar for selection under the Egyptians

cultivation conditions.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Plant materials Six new garlic cultivars

(California Early, California Late, Early Red Italian,

Inchelium Red, Lorz Italian, and White Brazilian) were

imported from the United States of America by MUCIA

(Midwest Universities Consortium for International

Activities). These entries were classified to Artichoke

group, which belongs to Allium sativum subsp. Sativum to

be evaluated under the Egyptian cultivating conditions

along with the Egyptian (Balady) cultivar and a clone

called (Clone 24) selected under El-Minia conditions by

the Vegetable Branch, Horticulture Department, Faculty

of Agriculture, Minia University, Minia, Egypt. Bulbs of

A.M. SAYED OSMAN & M.M. YASSER MOUSTAFA 460

all the imported and the Egyptian varieties were planted in

the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture,

Minia University, Minia, Egypt. These genotypes were

first planted in the winter season of 2007 for propagation,

to adapt with the Egyptian conditions (especially for the

imported genotypes) and to get more bulbs for the next

cultivation seasons in the two winter seasons of 2009 and

2010 years. All the horticultural practices e.g., tilling,

irrigation, fertilization, pests and diseases control … etc.

recommended for garlic production were applied. The

cytological studies were carried out in the Genetics

Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University,

Minia, Egypt.

2.2. Experimental design The above mentioned genotypes were planted (in the two

winter seasons of 2009 and 2010 years) in plots of 3x3.5

m in a replicated Randomized Complete Block Design

(RCBD). Three plots were used as replicates for every

genotype and the genotypes were randomly distributed in

the field. Planting was done in single row on 70 cm wide

and cloves were hand planted approximately 10 cm apart.

The statistical analysis was done by using the MSTATC

program (version 4) as described by Gomez and Gomez

(1984) and means were compared using the L.S.D. range

test using the same program.

2.3. Horticultural recorded data 2.3.1. % of cloves seed germination The germinated

cloves were recorded after one month from planting and

the percentage of germination was calculated by dividing

the germinated cloves on the total cultivated cloves and

multiplied in one hundred.

2.3.2. Average No. of leaves/ plant Leaves of 10 garlic

plants were counted just before bulbing and the average

number was obtained from the three replications.

2.3.3. Average cured bulb weight (g) After harvesting,

the plants were left for curing for 15 days and then the

average cured bulb weight of 10 plants was recorded in

grams.

2.3.4. Bulb diameter (cm) and weight (g) The cured bulb

diameter of five cured bulbs was recorded using a caliper,

then, the average cured cloves weight from 5 bulbs was

estimated.

2.3.5. Average cured cloves weight/ bulb (g) The cloves

were separated from each cured bulb to be weighed

separately without the other bulb leaves and stem then, the

average cured cloves weight from 5 bulbs was estimated.

2.3.6. Average No. of cloves/ bulb Cloves of each bulb

were counted and the average of cloves from five bulbs

was estimated.

2.3.7. Average cured clove weight (g) Ten cloves from

different randomized selected five bulbs were weighed for

each bulb and the average cured ten cloves weight were

calculated by dividing the total cloves weight of the each

bulb on 10 and then the single average clove weight was

measured.

2.4. Cytological preparations and mitotic analysis The

cytological studies were carried out in the Genetics

Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University,

Egypt. For mitotic studies, acetocarmin-squashed

preparations were made from the cooling-pretreated root

tips of 10 cloves of each genotype. Cells with mitotic

chromosome irregularities (chromatin stickiness,

chromosome breaks, bridges, laggards and fragments)

were scored at metaphase and ana-telophase.

The statistical analysis was done by using the MSTATC

program (version 4) as described by (Gomez and Gomez

1984). The good mitotic spreads were photographed using

the SIS computer program with OLYMPUS camera 4040.

3. RESULTS

3.1. Horticultural characteristics of the tested garlic

genotypes 3.1.1. Performance of the garlic genotypes The

evaluated imported and locally cultivated garlic genotypes

differed in their growth and bulbing behavior. The foreign

genotypes had big sized leaves and roots and grew slowly

comparing to the Egyptian cultivar and Clone 24 which

had taller and thinner leaves, small root system and began

to bulb two months faster than the imported cultivars

although their vegetative growth was smaller than that of

the imported cultivars (Fig. 1). Furthermore, the horizontal

section in the bulbs of all the tested genotypes showed that

the imported cultivars have big sized cloves with few

clove number/bulb comparing to the Egyptian cultivar and

Clone 24 which have small sized cloves and are well-

designed around the bulb core (Fig. 1).

When the imported cultivars were planted in the first

winter season of the 2007 year, different bulb shapes and

different bulbing behaviors were found among the

genotypes (Moustafa et al., 2009) but when they were

replanted in the next seasons, the genotypes began to

adapt with the growing climate conditions (especially day

length and temperature) and then began to give bulbs with

better qualities especially cultivar White Brazilian which

can be considered the best among the imported genotypes

(Fig. 1). The Egyptian cultivar and clone 24 began to

make bulbs about two months earlier than the foreign

imported garlic genotypes and showed well formed bulbs

after curing for two weeks as shown in Fig. 1. Clove-seed

of all the cultivars germinated well after one month from

planting with a percentage of more than 90% in the two

seasons. The Early Red Italian cultivar gave the highest

percentage of germination after one month from planting

(99.8%) in the two seasons as shown in Table 2 with

significant and insignificant differences when compared to

the other genotypes. Clone 24 had the highest number of

leaves/ plant (9.4 and 9.0) in the two seasons and Lorz

Italian gave the lowest number (5.7 and 6.3) in both

seasons with significant differences between them (Table

1). In regards to the bulb weight characteristic of the

evaluated genotypes, the genotypes differed significantly

in their cured bulb weights as White Brazilian had the

highest values of bulb weight in the two seasons (80.7 and

80.3g, respectively) followed by Inchelium Red which

gave (76.3 and 73.3g, respectively) with insignificant diff-

461 Horticultural and cytogenetical characteristics of garlic cultivars

Fig. 1. Performance of the tested garlic genotypes (1, Inchelium Red. 2, Lorz Italian. 3, Early Red Italian. 4, California Early. 5,

California Late. 6, White Brazilian. 7, Egyptian. 8, Clone 24). A) Photos of the whole plants showing plant height and

beginning of bulbing time after 4 months from planting (Up) and photos of cured bulbs for two weeks after harvesting

(Down), the ruler is 30 cm long. B) Horizontal section in bulbs of the evaluated garlic genotypes after curing.

Table 1. Germination % and number of leaves/ plant of the evaluated foreign and Egyptian locally cultivated

garlic genotypes in the two successive seasons of 2009 and 2010, respectively.

Characteristics % of germination No. of leaves/ plant

Genotypes 1st season 2

nd season 1

st season 2

nd season

Inchelium Red 93.4 95.33 7.4 7.3 Lorz Italian 91.4 94.33 5.7 6.3 Early Red Italian 99.8 98.33 8.0 8.3 California Early 92.9 97.33 6.5 6.3 California Late 94.9 91.33 6.4 6.6 White Brazilian 90.2 98.67 7.4 7.3 Egyptian 92.6 97.67 7.9 8.6 Clone 24 96.6 98.00 9.4 9.0

L.S.D. at 0.05 1.02 3.45 0.32 0.89 0.01 1.42 4.79 0.44 1.24

A.M. SAYED OSMAN & M.M. YASSER MOUSTAFA 462

Table 2. Bulb weight and bulb diameter of the evaluated foreign and Egyptian locally cultivated

garlic genotypes in the two successive seasons of 2009 and 2010, respectively.

Characteristics

Bulb weight (g) Bulb diameter (cm)

Genotypes 1st season 2

nd season 1

st season 2

nd season

Inchelium Red 76.3 73.3 5.9 6.2 Lorz Italian 55.4 59.0 5.8 5.4

Early Red Italian 60.4 63.7 6.5 6.4 California Early 53.1 55.7 5.9 6.2 California Late 61.0 61.0 5.8 6.0 White Brazilian 80.7 87.3 6.9 7.9

Egyptian 67.7 50.3 6.1 5.2 Clone 24 49.4 53.0 5.8 5.1

L.S.D. at 0.05 11.67 3.39 0.5 0.28 0.01 16.20 4.72 0.7 0.39

erences between them but it had highly significant

differences with the other cultivars especially Clone 24 as

its bulbs weighed only an average of (49.4 g) in the first

season and Egyptian (50.3g) in the second season (Table

2). The White Brazilian cultivar gave also the highest

values of bulb diameter in the two seasons (6.9 and 7.9cm,

respectively) with significant differences with all the other

tested cultivars and was followed by Early Red Italian

which gave values of (6.5 and 6.4cm, respectively) as

shown in Table 2. The other cultivars were somehow

similar in their bulb diameter.

Table 3 showed that bulbs of the Egyptian cultivar and

Clone 24 had big numbers of cloves in the two seasons

(43.0, 46.3 and 44.0, 41.0, respectively) comparing to all

the other genotypes especially California Early and White

Brazilian (9.0, 10.3 and 12.0, 11.0, respectively) with

highly significant differences among them. This

characteristic is not recommended in garlic genotypes as

garlic bulbs with small and big sized cloves are preferred

by consumers. On the other hand, the White Brazilian

cultivar showed the highest values of cured cloves

weight/bulb when all its cloves were removed from the

bulbs and were separated from the other parts of the bulbs

e.g., stem and inner leaves beneath the cloves in both

seasons with values of (79.3 and 69.7g, respectively) as an

average of the five weighed bulbs (Table 3). While,

California Early gave the lowest values of cured cloves

weight/ bulb (35.0g) in the first season and Clone 24 gave

only (38.7g) in the second season with highly significant

difference with White Brazilian. The Egyptian cultivar

gave moderate values of clove weight/ bulb in both

seasons (62.4 and 62.4g, respectively) comparing to White

Brazilian but it had a big number of cloves/ bulb (Table

3).

When the single cloves were weighed, the average clove

weights of White Brazilian were the highest in the two

seasons (7.0 and 7.7g, respectively) when compared with

all of the other cultivars. The Egyptian cultivar and Clone

24 gave the lowest values of the single cured clove weight

in both seasons (1.5, 1.3 and 0.9, 1.1g, respectively) and

the other cultivars gave values bigger than that of the

Egyptian cultivar and clone but smaller than that of the

White Brazilian cultivar (Table 3).

3.2. Cytological studies Statistical analysis (ANOVA and

LSD at 0.05) were made for the mitotic index (MI),

prophase index, metaphase index, and ana-telophase

index.

Table 3. Number of cloves/ bulb, clove weight/ bulb and average clove weight of the evaluated foreign and Egyptian

locally cultivated garlic genotypes in the two successive seasons of 2009 and 2010, respectively.

Characteristics No of cloves/ bulb Clove weight/ bulb (g) Average clove weight (g)

Genotypes 1st season 2nd season 1st season 2nd season 1st season 2nd season Inchelium Red 14.3 15.0 43.6 46.3 3.2 3.9 Lorz Italian 13.3 12.3 40.4 41.3 3.0 3.1 Early Red Italian 18.7 19.7 40.2 45.0 2.2 2.8 California Early 9.0 10.3 35.0 44.3 4.0 4.2 California Late 19.3 20.3 51.2 48.0 2.9 3.3 White Brazilian 12.0 11.0 79.3 69.7 7.0 7.7 Egyptian 43.0 46.3 62.4 39.7 1.5 1.3

Clone 24 44.0 41.0 40.2 38.7 0.9 1.1

L.S.D. at 0.05 5.08 1.73 8.45 2.56 1.17 0.34 0.01 7.04 2.39 11.73 3.55 1.63 0.48

463

A.M. SAYED OSMAN & M.M. YASSER MOUSTAFA

3.2.1. Mitotic index The mitotic index (MI) values of the

eight studied garlic genotypes are given in Table (4). Data

showed that the highest value of MI is obtained from the

plants of the Egyptian cultivar (11.720) while those of

Lorz Italian exhibited the lowest one (8.300) with

significant differences between them and the MI of the

other garlic genotypes ranged in between both of the two

cultivars.

3.2.2. Percentage of mitotic stages The mean percentages

of the different mitotic stages; prophase, metaphase and

ana-telophase observed in plants of the eight garlic

genotypes are given in Table 4. The most prominent

features of these data are:

3.2.3. Percentages of cells at prophase Data revealed

that the highest percentages of prophase index are found

in plants of the cultivar Inchelium Red (44.443%), while

the lowest values were found in the Egyptian selected

clone “Clone 24” (36.707%) with significant differences

between them.

3.2.4. Percentages of cells at metaphase Data in Table 4

showed that the highest value of percentages of metaphase

index is obtained from the plants of California Late

(17.523%) which significantly differed from those found

in Clone 24 (11.307%).

3.2.5. Percentages of cells at ana-telophase The highest

percentages of ana-telophase index are found in plants of

Clone 24 (51.990%), while the lowest values (40.517%)

were obtained from those of Inchelium Red with

significant differences between them (Table 4).

3.2.6. Mitotic irregularities The recorded Mitotic

aberrations are only obtained at metaphase and ana-

telophase cells. These abnormalities (as shown in Fig. 2)

included chromosomal and chromatid bridges, chromatin

stickiness, chromosomal breaks and fragments. Data in

Table 4 showed that cultivars Inchelium Red and Early

Red Italian have the highest values of total chromosomal

abnormalities (8.92 and 7.94%, respectively) while the

Egyptian and white Brazilian cultivars gave the lowest

values (0.52 and 1.52%, respectively). The remaining

genotypes suffered from abnormalities ranged from 3.08

to 4.34.

4. DISCUSSION

Eight imported and two Egyptian locally cultivated garlic

cultivars and clones were cultivated under Minia

governorate conditions, Egypt and exhibited high

variation in some morphological and cytogenetical

features. These variations depended upon the genotypic-

environmental interaction and therefore it is expected that

selection for adaptability could be done. The imported and

locally cultivated garlic genotypes differed in their

horticultural performance (vegetative growth and bulbing

behavior) which maybe due to their different origins and

different genetic characteristics as plants of the local

genotypes showed good vegetative growth and bulbed

well because of their good adaptability to the Egyptian

growing environment. These results confirmed those

obtained by (Hussein et al. 1995; Gad El-Hak and Abd El-

Mageed 2000; Rahim et al., 2003; Islam et al., 2004;

Zahedi et al., 2007; Moustafa et al. 2009) who found

variations in bulb weights and No. of cloves/bulb within

their tested garlic genotypes and with those obtained by

(Osman and Abd El-Hameid 1990) who claimed that

garlic genotypes from different parts of the world grown

in different environments vary much in their bulbing

behavior. A wide range of adaptability to soil types,

temperatures and day length, makes garlic farming

possible from tropics to temperate latitudes (Hussein et al.

1995; Gad El-Hak and Abd El-Mageed 2000).

Clonal selection is a major breeding method for garlic,

since plant sterility usually precludes crop improvement

by means of cross hybridization. Moreover, since no

segregating population is available, stability and

inheritance of specific traits obtained through clonal

selection is hard to be monitored by normal genetic

analysis (Lampasona et al. 2003).

A solution is sought in the use of domestic ecotypes,

which are fully adapted to local conditions and are

important genetic resources and initial clonal selection

materials (Gvozdanovic-Vagar et al. 2002). This was done

in this research to make a clonal selection of the tested

materials to select the best of them suitable for Egyptian

and similar garlic cultivation conditions. We also, studied

the growth and cytological features of those tested garlic

genotypes and found that all the investigated materials

have a diploid number of 16 (2n = 16) and the mitotic

index (MI) varied among the studied garlic genotypes.

Furthermore, there were considerable variations among

the studied genotypes at the level of the mean percentages

of prophase, metaphase and ana-telophase and the

recorded abnormalities included chromosomal and

chromatid bridges, chromatin stickiness, chromosomal

breaks and fragments and polyploidy. This is in agreement

with Osman et al. (2007). Studying the mitotic parameters

such as the mitotic index and mitotic irregularities allowed

a preliminary figure about cytogenetic variations among

the genotypes of interest to be drawn. However, making

karyotypes of these materials wasn’t easy because of the

apomictic nature of garlic which, might lead to the

existence of extensive somatic mutations (Ata, 2005). The

means of mitotic index (MI) were significantly different

among the studied genotypes as some clones exhibited

high variability in the percentage values of mitotic stages.

This might be due to differences in genetic control

systems of mitosis (cell cycle program) and/or the quantity

of somatic mutations (Kaushik, 1996; Yasuhara and

Shibaoka, 2000). The chromosomal irregularities (at

metaphase and ana-telophase stages) in some of the

studied materials (Inchelium Red and Early Red Italian)

were relatively high as these cultivars are recently

imported and cultivated under new environmental

conditions in Egypt. The existence of chromosomal

aberrations in genus Allium was considered to be an

important source of garlic diversity (Al-Zahim et al. 1999;

D’Emerico and Pignone 1998; Vosa, 2000). Chromosomal

breaks were the most frequent aberration in all the studied

A.M. SAYED OSMAN & M.M. YASSER MOUSTAFA

464

Table 4. Total No. of examined cells, mitotic index and the percentages of mitotic abnormalities at metaphase and ana-

telophase in eight imported and Egyptian locally cultivated garlic genotypes.

Genotypes

Total No. of

examined cells Mitotic

index Prophase

index Metaphase

index Ana-elophase

index Mean of aberrations

except prophase Inchelium Red 9727 8.717 44.443 15.040 40.517 8.92 Lorz Italian 14279 8.300 42.883 15.890 41.220 3.56 Early Red Italian 10725 8.470 43.680 14.543 41.507 7.94 California Early 13521 11.163 44.287 13.913 41.803 4.34 California Late 9846 10.227 37.737 17.523 45.243 3.90 White Brazilian 9785 10.850 37.537 14.040 48.423 1.52 Egyptian 6255 11.720 37.377 13.317 49.297 0.52 Clone 24 8929 9.340 36.707 11.307 51.990 3.08 Mean 10383.38 9.448 40.581 14.384 45.000 4.223

L.S.D. at 0.05 - 1.347 4.018 2.463 3.864 -

Fig. 2 Mitotic chromosomes of different garlic cultivars showing a- normal metaphase plate, b- breaks and fragments with different

sizes , c- metaphase with micronucleus, d- normal anaphase, e- normal telophase, f-telophase with mulibridges, g- telophase

with bridge, h-anaphase with fragment and bridge, i- telophase with laggard, j- metaphase with stickiness, k- telophase with

micronucleus. Scale bar= 20 µ.

genotypes. These findings indicated that various structural

aberrations (e.g. translocations and inversions) are

expected as a result of breaks-reunion cycle (McClintock,

1941; Etoh and Pank 1996; Osman et al. 2007).

The present results further showed a high relation between

mitotic index and the percentage of cells with

chromosomal abnormalities in the tested garlic materials

e.g., the Egyptian cultivar showed a high value of MI and

465 A.M. SAYED OSMAN & M.M. YASSER MOUSTAFA

lower values of chromosomal abnormalities followed by

that of White Brazilian. On the other hand, California

Early showed a higher value of MI than that of White

Brazilian but with higher value of chromosomal

abnormalities. Such studies could help us in designing a

breeding program and improving the productivity of the

garlic genotypes tested in Egypt.

Although the Egyptian cultivar and clones have

great characteristics e.g., early planting and early

maturing, good flavor, the white color of their cloves, high

contents of total flavonoides and allicin (Moustafa et al.

2009), the imported cultivars can be considered promising

cultivars because of their bulb’s white color, small number

of cloves/ bulb, and high yield and all these characteristics

are preferred by garlic growers and consumers in whole

world.

5. CONCLUSION

The imported garlic genotypes from different regions of

the world showed promising desirable traits when

compared with the locally cultivated cultivars (e.g., White

Brazilian and California Late). These results lead us to

select the best plants with good bulbs and high yield from

these genotypes (which will be done in the next growing

winter seasons) to get the best adapted clones to the

Egyptian environmental growing conditions and similar

conditions, and then will be given to the garlic farmers to

grow and spread their cultivation. These selected clones

may behave like the introduced Chinese cultivars since

1964 (which are broadly cultivated in Egypt nowadays)

and maybe considered new promising garlic genotypes for

cultivation in Egypt and other countries with similar garlic

growing conditions in the coming years. Moreover, the

cytogenetic findings in this work can be considered good

results for garlic interested researchers.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors appreciate the Chain-Value project of the

Midwest Universities Consortium for International

Activities (MUCIA), USA for their help, support and

introduction of clove-seeds of the foreign garlic

genotypes.

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