1 IRRIGATION OF IRRIGATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS HORTICULTURAL CROPS By: By: Dr. Ahmad Dr. Ahmad Sattar Sattar Khan Khan Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan) Out Line Out Line Importance of water for horticultural plants Factor affecting irrigation requirements Irrigation why, how much and when? Water quality Critical periods Selection of irrigation system for horticultural crops Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan) WHY WATER IS IMPORTANT? WHY WATER IS IMPORTANT? An essential environmental factor controlled by drainage, storage, and irrigation. An optimum supply of water is essential for maximum development of roots. Well developed roots in turn absorb optimal quantities of water and nutrients, producing healthy top growth and higher yields. Excess of water causes unhealthy roots due to poor soil aeration. You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
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IRRIGATION OF IRRIGATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPSHORTICULTURAL CROPS
By:By:Dr. Ahmad Dr. Ahmad SattarSattar KhanKhan
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
Out LineOut Line
Importance of water for horticultural plants
Factor affecting irrigation requirements
Irrigation why, how much and when?
Water quality
Critical periods
Selection of irrigation system for horticulturalcrops
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
WHY WATER IS IMPORTANT?WHY WATER IS IMPORTANT?
An essential environmental factor controlled bydrainage, storage, and irrigation.
An optimum supply of water is essential formaximum development of roots.
Well developed roots in turn absorb optimalquantities of water and nutrients, producinghealthy top growth and higher yields.
Excess of water causes unhealthy roots due topoor soil aeration.
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Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
WATER IN PLANTS WATER IN PLANTS –– A NECESSITYA NECESSITY AA normalnormal constituent ofof allall plantplant tissuestissues.. RateRate ofof formationformation ofof carbohydrates andand organicorganic
WaterWater mustmust bebe presentpresent inin thethe soilsoil toto encourageencouragefixationfixation andand asas aa medium ofof transport forfornutrientnutrient mineralsminerals..
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
Susceptibility ofSusceptibility of Horticultural plants to Horticultural plants to environmental harshnessenvironmental harshness
Horticultural plants are very sensitive to theirenvironment. They react adversely to excessiveheat, frost, dry soil, wet soil, low soil oxygen and airpollution.
Poor irrigation results in areas of soil dryness andexcessively wet soil is a strongly contributing causeof low soil oxygen.
Damage from excessive heat has been observed tobe greater in poorly irrigated soils than in soil whichhas been well irrigated.
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
Kind of plant Plant size Age of plant Climatic conditions Soil characteristics (water holding capacity,
soil texture, depth of irrigation) Intercultural practices Presence or absence of wind breaks
FACTORS AFFECTING IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT OF PLANTS
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Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
IRRIGATION IRRIGATION -- WHY, WHEN & HOW MUCH WHY, WHEN & HOW MUCH
The aim of irrigation should be to wet the soil to aneven depth around the root zone.
Water which penetrates below the root zone cannotbe used by the root and is wasted.
The depth of rooting can markedly affect how long acrop can thrive without the addition of water.
Lettuce, strawberry and radish plants are shallowrooted and deplete the zone of available moisturemore rapidly than do deep rooted crops such astomato and tree crops.
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
IRRIGATION IRRIGATION ––WHY, WHEN & HOW MUCH (Cont…)WHY, WHEN & HOW MUCH (Cont…)
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
Irrigation needs vary from spp. to spp. and fromregion to region.
For example with citrus fruits 30 hectare-cm/hairrigation is needed near the coast and thisrequirement increases to 90 or more hectare-cm/ha in the interior.
Water should be given to the plants when most of theroot zone is nearly dry.
In summer orchards should be irrigated fortnightlyand in winter irrigation is done every monthdepending upon precipitation.
IRRIGATION IRRIGATION –– WHY, WHEN & HOW MUCH (Cont…)WHY, WHEN & HOW MUCH (Cont…)
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Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
WATER QUALITYWATER QUALITY Irrigation water may comes from canals, wells, tube
wells, ponds or lakes, which may contain salts invariable quantities.
Water containing salts at 2000 mgL-1 or abovecauses injury to most horticultural plants, and evenlower concentrations may prove dangerous unlessthey are diluted or drained away by rain or liberalirrigation.
Chlorides and sodium salts are most harmful.
Chlorides are said to be more injurious thansulphates, while carbonates are considered to be themost injurious of all salts.
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
WATER QUALITYWATER QUALITY
If there is any sign of salt accumulation in the soil,an irrigation of at least 15 hectares-cm isrecommended.
When the natural salt content of the soil orirrigation water is high, water should be applied inexcess of the needs of plants in order to reduce theconcentration of soluble salts in the root zone.
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Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
FACTORS AFFECTING FACTORS AFFECTING SUITABILITY OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMSUITABILITY OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Suitability of various irrigation methods, e.g., Suitability of various irrigation methods, e.g., surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation, depends mainly surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation, depends mainly on the following factors: on the following factors:
natural conditions (type and slope of soil, wind, (type and slope of soil, wind, water quality)water quality)
type of type of crop (trees or vegetables)(trees or vegetables)
previous experience with irrigationwith irrigation
required required labour inputs (maintenance)inputs (maintenance)
costs and and benefits
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR VEGETABLE CROPSVEGETABLE CROPS
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
BORDER IRRIGATION SYSTEMBORDER IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
SUB SURFACE IRRIGATION
Water is applied under the soil surface in the root zone of the plants through emitters.
It is continuously available, loss of water is minimized, there is no loss of water from the soil surface, and more soil can be utilized for vegetable raising.
On the other hand, it is very costly and difficult to install and operate.
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Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
SUBSUB--SURFACE IRRIGATIONSURFACE IRRIGATION
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
SPRAY IRRIGATIONSPRAY IRRIGATION
It is an application of water to crops in the form It is an application of water to crops in the form of a spray similar to of a spray similar to gentle rain..
Irrigation by this method can be used for Irrigation by this method can be used for vegetables growing on all types vegetables growing on all types of soils, and on both leveled and rolling land..
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
MERITS & DEMERITS OF SPRAY MERITS & DEMERITS OF SPRAY IRRIGATIONIRRIGATION
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
METHODS OF IRRIGATION FOR METHODS OF IRRIGATION FOR FRUIT CROPSFRUIT CROPS
Channel systemChannel system Channel basin systemChannel basin system Modified basin systemModified basin system Flooding Flooding Furrow irrigation systemFurrow irrigation system Sprinkler irrigation systemSprinkler irrigation system Drip or trickle irrigation systemDrip or trickle irrigation system AlternateAlternate––middle irrigation systemmiddle irrigation system
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
Stream size is too small to wet the ridgeStream size is too small to wet the ridge
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
SPRINKLER IRRIGATIONSPRINKLER IRRIGATION
Sprinkler can be used under a variety of Sprinkler can be used under a variety of conditions, and can be adapted to rolling or conditions, and can be adapted to rolling or steep lands and to soil of steep lands and to soil of non uniformtopography. topography.
AdvantageAdvantage isis thatthat theythey needneed nono land leveling
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMDRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
ALTERNATE MIDDLE IRRIGATIONALTERNATE MIDDLE IRRIGATION In this system, every other space between rows is
watered with under tree sprinklers leaving half thebetween row spaces un watered.
At the next irrigation the previously un wateredmiddles are irrigated.
Thus one side of every tree in the orchard receiveswater at each irrigation. It is helpful in overcomingthe effects of water shortage. This method is based on fact that water absorbed
by an portion of the roots system is freelytranslocated to any part of branches and leaves ofthe trees.
Hort-102 IHS, Univ. of Agri. Fsd. (Dr. Ahmad Sattar Khan)
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