Horn Music in the Us

8/13/2019 Horn Music in the Us

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Music of the United States


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Overview

1. Introduction2. Social and cultural identity

3. History of African American Music4. A closer look on some genres

Blues, Jazz, Rock ‘n‘ Roll Rock, Hip Hop

and Reggae


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1) Introduction

Waves of European immigrants & African slavesbrought their own musical traditions

The U.S. did not have centuries of muscial

evolution as a nation but that of many different regional isolated groups -

until the Civil War

Birth of American music(American themes)

Root of later genres like Blues and Jazz


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2) Social and cultural identity

Close connection:music social and cultural aspects

including: social class, race and gender

Most important determiner of musical

meaning in the U.S.:Relationship between music & race


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3) History of African-American music

Music of the AfricanSlaves:

Work songs

Field hollers Spirituals

Foundation for music of

the 20th century

Minstrel showsBanjo


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Music of the African slaves1. Work songs

• A capella, by people working ona physical and often repetitivetask• Improvised verses about

escaping

• To reduce boredom

2. Field hollers• Work songs, expressing

religious feelings & also hintshow to escape slavery

• Close related to spirituals

3. Spirituals• Expressions of religious faith

• Antecedent of the bluesSlaves working on a southern

cotton field


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Minstrel shows Form of entertainment

variety acts, dancing and music

Performed bywhite people in blackface(after the Civil War also blackactors)

Portrayed African- Americans in a

deeply humiliating way Characters: stupid and silly,

exaggerated thick-lipped mouths(open or grinning foolishly)

The way through which African-

American and African-American-influenced music, comedy anddance first reached the Americanmainstream & world audiences


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“Daddy“ Rice

Comedian and creator of

the blackface comedy

His act: song & dance

“ Jump Jim Crow“

Key initial step in a tradition of

popular music in the U.S.

Until ~1910: minstrels =

professional entertainment In the 1950‘s: minstrels lost

popularity as African-Americans

began to resist racism

Jim Crow, the archetypal slave character


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African-American innovationsstrong influence on American popular culture

Almost every new genre in popular

music in the U.S. is due to African-

American innovations


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4) A closer look on some genres

Blues Jazz

Rock and Roll

Rock Hip Hop

Reggae


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B L U E S B L U E S


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The importance of Blues for the USA and for music

– – ““If the U.S. had a nationalIf the U.S. had a nationalsong form, it may well besong form, it may well bethe blues . . . Thethe blues . . . The

thousands of verses of thethousands of verses of theblues . . . fill a regularblues . . . fill a regularMississippi River of songMississippi River of song

that long since overflowedthat long since overflowedits banksits banks

– – into jazz, hillbilly, gospel, opera, pop, and rock. . .into jazz, hillbilly, gospel, opera, pop, and rock. . .

. It is [also] creeping into the ear of the whole. It is [also] creeping into the ear of the wholeworld and may become the first internationalworld and may become the first internationalsong stylesong style”” ---- Alan Lomax Alan Lomax


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Origins of the blues

Origins of the BluesThe first appearance

● between 1870 and 1900 in the North Mississippi Delta

●emancipation of the slaves

● transition from slavery to sharecropping and small-scale

agricultural production

●

functional music


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Influences

● African roots

●Field hollers

●Worksongs

●Ballads

●Church music (spirituals)

●Jump -ups (rhythmic dance tunes)

The Term

●The phrase the blues synonym for the blue devils,

meaning down spirits, depression and sadness.

●

In lyrics = a depressed mood.


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Popularization of the Blues Handy

•Blues music was not popularized until the 1910's, whenblack composer W.C. Handy published Memphis Blues

and St. Louis Blues.

•Widespread exposure of the blues duringthe 1920`s

•Female blues like singers Mamie Smith,Bessie Smith, Victoria Spivey wereextremely popular.

MamieSmith

• The first vocal recording of a blues songwas done by Mamie Smith in 1920 with thesong Crazy Blues.

BessieSmith


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Categories of the record industry in the 1920`s

“race muisc“ (blues)“hillbilly music“ (country)

•to sell music by and for blacksor whites

•no clear musical divisionbetween "blues" and "country,"except for the race of theperformer


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Development of different styles•Blues began to move north during the thirties andforties with the migration of blacks from the South.

Boogie-woogie•important style of 1930s and early '40s•often piano based

Jump Blues•early 1940s urban blues• influenced by big band music characterized by the•use of rhythm guitar and saxophone•jazzy, up-tempo sound,•declamatory vocals•primary basis for rock and roll and rhythm and blues


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Blues tradition mixed with jazz style

●taking the roots of and adding jazz style to

create another form of the music One of was

●B.B. King - pioneer in this style

guitar techniques of jazz with the

melody and tone of the blues.

the 1950s, amplification

●new styles of electric blues music,

●popular in cities such as Chicago, Detroit and KansasCity

●B.B. King


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Chicago, blues center of the early fifties

•Artists came from the Mississippi region and crated

a new style: Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, Willie

Dixon and Jimmy Reed

•use of electric guitar•Singer and guitar became backed up with drums,

piano, bass and harmonica

●use of slide guitar Muddy Waters

●other artists popular at this time, such as T-BoneWalker and John Lee Hooker , showed up differentinfluences which are not directly related to the

Chicago style.●Hookers blues was very personal.

John Lee Hooker

●deep rough voice

●a single electric guitar


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Blues since the 1960s

Blues masters continued to perform•inspiring new artists steeped in traditional blues

•In the 1960's,the urban bluesmen werediscovered by young white American andEuropean musicians:Paul Butterfield Blues Band

The Yardbirds,The Rolling StonesCream

Blues revivals.•rock guitarists, such as Eric Clapton, JimmyPage, Jimi Hendrix, and Eddie Van Halen haveused the blues•as a foundation for their styles.


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The latest generation of blues•Robert Cray

•Stevie Ray Vaughan

Subgenres

Classic female bluesCountry bluesDelta bluesJazz blues

Jump bluesPiano bluesBoogie-woogie

Fusion genres

Blues-rockSoul bluesJazz blues

Regional scenes in the US Atlanta PiedmontChicago St. LouisDetroit MemphisKansas City New OrleansLouisiana


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J A Z Z


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Jazz●Jazz music represents the synthesis of manycultural influences

●It is characterized by blue notes syncopation, swing,

call and response, polyrhythms and improvisation

A combination of roots

spirituals

blues

ragtime

religious hymns

hillbilly music

european military band music


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The word “ jazz“

The word jazz itself is rooted in American, slang probably of sexualorigin, although various alternative derivations have been suggested

The term "jass" was rude sexual slang, related either to the term

“jism" or to the jasmine perfume popular among urban prostitutes.


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Early Jazz

The earliest " jazz band" leaders in New Orleans

●“King” Oliver

● Louis Armstrong●Ferdinand “Jelly Roll”

●Style of music - DIXILAND

●Instruments: cornets (or trumpets), clarinets,

trombones, tubas, banjos, and drums

●Collective improvisation above a steady beat

One of the most important early jazz bands was

“The Original Dixiland Jazz Band“

Louis Armstrong


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The Swing Era 1932-1944● jazz music developed into music to dance to

●bands of ten musicians - the big band era

●depression hit the U.S. in 1929

●the entire music business sudddenly failed

●Swing played a large part in people's lives

- shake off the depression by dancing

Characteristics

●fuller sound than Dixiland

●less complex - more organized in its effect


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The 'Bob Era●

created as a revolt against the restrictions●of the big bands of the swing era.

Thelonious Monk

●Most bebop players turned to small combos

●Solidified as a jazz form in

New York in the 1940's

Characteristics

● jumpy - include many twists & turns of melody

●more complicated than

swing

Charlie Parker

http://library.thinkquest.org/18602/history/swing/swingstart.html%22%20%5Ct%20%22_tophttp://library.thinkquest.org/18602/history/swing/swingstart.html%22%20%5Ct%20%22_top


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F th St l 1959 1970


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Further Styles 1959-1970●musicians continued to experiment with new

forms and new sounds

●hard bob,free jazz, acid jazz, avant-garde jazz

Elements of hard bob●more driving and les relaxed than cool jazz

●rhythmical melodies / less complex harmonies

Elements of free jazz

●no strict structure for playing

●allows the musicians to react to one another

during their performance

●most spontaeous / includes much improvisation

Sonny Rollins

John Coltrane

Jazz today


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Jazz today●many artists who continue the tradition of Louis Armstrong,

Charlie Parker, Lester Young, and John Coltrane

●artists aren't interested in creating a new genre of jazz, butrather they want to support a revival of an earlier jazz era

●Some of today's stars are Joshua Redman, TerranceBlanchard, and Joe Lovano

Joshua Redman


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Rock ‘n‘ Roll Emerged in the Southern

U.S. in the early 1950‘s

Fusion of musical

cultures:

elements of blues, jazz,

R&B, gospel and country

music

Earliest form is calledRockability


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Rock ‘n‘ Roll: Origins of the name

The term rocking

first used by gospel singers

in the South (spiritual

rapture)

1947: Roy Brown, bluesartist, pioneer of Rock ‘n‘ Roll

Song: “Good Rocking Tonight“

Double Meaning of

Rocking:

Seemingly about dancing,

but was an allusion to sex


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Rock ‘n‘ Roll After the succes of “Good

Rocking Tonight“

Many other R&B artists usedsimilar titles, including a songcalled “ Rock and Roll“ (BillMoore, 1949)

These songs became known by

mainstream white audiencesthrough white cover versions ofthe black originals

1951: Alan Freed played this

type of music for his whiteaudience in his radio show andcoined the phrase “ Rock andRoll“ to describe the very livelyR&B music that he played

Cover Version by Elvis Presley


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Rock ‘n‘ Roll Rock

Late 1950‘s: evolved into what is now simply

called Rock

Early 1960‘s: emerging of several subgenres ofrock in the underground music scene (like heavy

metal and punk rock)

Reaction against the popular music period


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Rock as cultural phenomenon 1960‘s & early 70‘s: changes in popular music:

professional composed songs singer-songwriters(write, compose & sing own material)

Meaningful, deeply emotional lyrics

Rise of musical movements connected to politicalgoals Civi l Rights movement of the African-Americans

Counterculture movements (like hippies): e.g. against theconservative social morals of the 50‘s and the government‘sintervention in Vietnam


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Rock‘s social impact on the world Music not only for

entertainment, but with amessage Making people aware of

important issues andevents that concern themall (e.g. piece, freedom &equality)

Rock = pioneer of thischange also across the Atlantic, especially Britain Beatles, The Rolling

Stones


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‚Imagine no possesions, I

wonder if you can, no need forgreed or hunger, abrotherhood of man. Imagineall the people, sharing all theworld.‘ (John Lennon)

I‘ve been smiling lately,

dreaming about the world asone. And believe it could be,someday it‘s going to come.‘(Cat Stevens)

Cat Ctevens

John Lennon


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Thomas

Hip Hop

Reggae


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Stylistic origins: Jamaican Dancehall toustingalongside the rhythms of R&B, disco and funk

Cultural origins: late 1960s/early 1970s:Kingston, Jamaica- early 1970s South Bronx,New York city

Typical instruments: Turntable, rapping, drummaschine, sampler, synthesizer, humanbeatboxing

Mainstream popularity: Since late 1980s in theUnited States, worldwide beginning in early1990s, among best-selling genres of music by

early 2000s

http://maltese-cutie.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/hip_hop_graffiti.jpg.w300h196.jpg


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Components of Hip

Hop music: Rapping

Audiomixing and

scratching

Graffiti(tagging)

http://maltese-cutie.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/hip_hop_graffiti.jpg.w300h196.jpg


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Breakdancing


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Term usage:

The terms rap and rap music are often

used to describe hip hop music, the terms

rap music and hip hop music are generallysynonymous, although hip hop is

sometimes used to describe hip hop songswithout vocals


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Rythgmic structure

Beats in hip hop are almost always in 4/4

time

Hip hop is based on an anticipated feel

somewhzat similar to the “ swing”

emphasis found in jazz percussion


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History:

Old school hip hop is the very first hip hop

music to come out of the black parties of

New York City in the 1970s and early 1980s Prominent representors are Kool DJ Here

and Grandmaster Flash


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Musical Impact:

Aside from Hip Hop`s great popularity the

genre has had an impact on most varietiesof popular music

There are performers that combine eitherhip hop beats or rapping with rock and roll,

heavy metal, punk rock, funk, jazz, house,

reggae and soul


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Social impact:

Quotation from Roger Ebert who was the firstfilm critic to win a pulitzer Prize for criticism:

“Rap has a bad reputation in white circles, wheremany people believe it consists of obscene andviolent anti-white and anti-female gutheral.Some of it does. Most doer not.... yet rap playsthe same role today as Bob Dylan did in 1960,giving voice to the hopes and angers of ageneration, and a lot of rap is powerful writing.”


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Reggae

Stylistic origins: R&B, Jazz, Mento Calypso, Ska,

Rocksteady

Cultural origins: 1960s onwards Jamaica,especially Kingston

Typical instruments: bass, drums, guitar, organ,

brass, melodica

Mainstream popularity: from 1970 worldwide


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Main themes of reggae music


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Main themes of reggae music

Criticism of politics- the music attempts to raisethe political consciousness of the audience

Quotation from Jimmy Cliff( Reggae performer):

“The American dream is not what it seem. Whydo you slumber ”?


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“ Never make a politician grant you a favour, they

will always want to control you forever

( Bob Marley)

Marley also called “politics” politricks”

http://nokiathemes.no.funpic.de/wallpaper/Bob%20Marley.jpg


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Criticism of colonialisation:

due to the fact that Africans were exploited and

suppressed by the whites

“ 400 years and it`s still the same philosophy“

Criticism of racism:


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Criticism of racism:

“ Until the basic human rights are equallyguaranteed to all, without regard to race” , dis a

war”

Awareness of history


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Awareness of history

“people without knowledge of there past

history are like trees without roots “


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Other themes: Attidudes towards life

Compassion to women

Religion

Poverty

Unjustice

Cannabis

Colonial education-system


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References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_effects_of_rock_and_roll

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_music

http://www.hippy.com/hippyquotes.htm

http://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/sex.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_blues

http://www.history-of-rock.com/blues.htm

http://plaza.ufl.edu/krislee/project2/history.html

http://www.hippy.com/hippyquotes.htmhttp://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/sex.htmhttp://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/sex.htmhttp://www.hippy.com/hippyquotes.htm


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http://library.thinkquest.org/18602/history/swing/swingstart.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/18602/history/beginnings/beginni

ngstart.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/18602/history/bop/bopstart.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/18602/history/cool/coolstart.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/18602/history/new/newstart.html http://library.thinkquest.org/18602/history/curre

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