Hormones the perfect storm

Something To Settle The Nerves!!

(An in depth look into the nervous system through recipes!)

Marisa, Courtney, Nathan, Lindsey, Victoria, & Braxten

Volume 4

DRINKS SECTION!

In this section:• Endocrine System

• Hormones• Organs and Glands of the Endocrine

System• Tables

Ingredients: 1. How do the nervous and endocrine systems work

together?2. What is the method in which the endocrine system

undergoes its functions?

Recipe: Endocrine System

DIRECTIONS: 1. The endocrine system is responsible for releasing and regulating hormones;

the nervous system sends signals to release hormones and chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. The master gland is known as the pituitary gland which is known to make these hormones and control other endocrine glands; it is located at the base of the brain. (maintain stability of internal environment.)

2. The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones and chemicals that regulate the body. Hormones are chemical messengers that transfer information from one set of cells to another. The major glands in this system are the hypothalamus: located beneath the thalamus – regulates satiety, metabolism and body temperature. Next is the pituitary gland – “the master gland” located at the base of the brain; it produces hormones and controls other glands in the endocrine system. Its mainly known to secrete growth hormones – located in the neck. It regulates the body’s metabolism and helps with bone growth and development, blood pressure, heart rate and digestion. Adrenal gland – located at the top of each kidney. It regulates metabolism, immune system and help cope with stress. Pineal body – located at the middle of the brain – secretes a hormone called melatonin which helps aid in sleep. Reproductive glands – sex hormones development of female and male growth and reproductive functions.

(25 & 26)

Ingredients: 1. Classify by functions2. Classify by structure3. Describe Steroid Hormones4. Describe Nonsteriod Hormones5. How do Hormones work?

1.Describe Lock and Key2.What happens when Hormones combine?

Recipe: Hormones

DIRECTIONS:

1. Hormone- Hormone molecules can be classified in various useful ways. When classified by general function, hormones can be identified as tropic hormones, which are hormones that target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion. Sex hormones (hormones that target reproductive tissues), anabolic hormones (hormones that stimulate anabolism in their target cells), and many other functional names. In the endocrine system, secreting cells send hormone molecules by way of bloodstream to signal specific target cells throughout the body.

3. All of many hormones secreted by endocrine tissues can be classified simply as steroid or non-steroid. Steroid hormone molecules are manufactured by endocrine cells from cholesterol, and important type of lipid in the human body.

2. (24)

DIRECTIONS: 4. Nonsteroid hormones (water soluble) do not enter the cell but bind to plasma membrane receptors, generating a chemical signal (second messenger) inside the target cell. Five different second messenger chemicals, including cyclic AMP have been identified. Second messengers activate other intracellular chemicals to produce the target cell response.

5. Hormones produce a variety of responses throughout the body and may be grouped according to their actions, although there is overlap between the groups.

5.1 The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete chemical messages we call hormones. These signals are passed through the blood to arrive at a target organ, which has cells possessing the appropriate receptor, they will not connect unless they have the correct receptor, kind of like a lock and key. (22)

5. 2 First there are the metabolic hormones which control the digestion of food, its storage and use. Second are the hormones which regulate the composition of the blood, and hence of all the body fluids. Next are the stress hormones, primarily adrenaline and noradrenaline, which are under the control the autonomic nervous system. The final major group includes those hormones that control other endocrine systems, and therefore interact with the other groups. (23)

Recipe: Organs and Glands of the Endocrine System

1. Prostaglandins2. Pituitary Gland3. Pineal Gland4. Thyroid Gland5. Parathyroid gland6. Adrenal Gland

7. Pancreatic Islet8. Gonads9. Placenta10.Thymus11.Gastric and intestinal mucosa12.Heart

Ingredients:

DIRECTIONS:1. Group of naturally occurring lipid-based substances that act in a hormone like way to affect many body functions, including vasodilation, uterine smooth muscle contraction, and the inflammatory response. Hormones: 16 different prostaglandins falling into 9 structural classes – prostaglandins A-I.

2. Neuroendocrine gland located near base of the brain that has numerous and important regulatory functions; also called the hypophysis. Consists of two separate glands (adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis.)

(1)

DIRECTIONS:3. Endocrine gland located in the diencephalon and thought to be involved with regulating the body’s biological clock; produces melatonin.

4. Hormone that accelerates catabolism of glucose. Hormones: Triiodothyronine, Tertaiodothyronine, and Calcitonin.

5. Endocrine gland located in the neck on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland; secretes parathyroid hormone. Hormones: Parathyroid Hormone.

6. Endocrine gland that rests on the top of each kidney; made up of cortex and medulla regions. Hormones: Aldosterone, Cortisol, Adrenal Androgens, Adrenal Estrogens, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine.

7. Endocrine portion of the pancreas; made up of alpha and beta cells; among others; source of insulin and glucagon. Hormones: Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin, Pancreatic Polypeptide.

8. Sex glands in which reproductive cells are formed; ovaries in women, testes in men.

9. Structure that anchors the developing fetus to the uterus and provides a “bridge” for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and developing baby.

(1)

DIRECTIONS:10. Endocrine gland located in the mediastinum; vital part of the body’s Immune system. Hormones: Thymosin and Thymopoietin.

11. The mucosa lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, like the pancreas, contains cells that produce both endocrine and exocrine secretions. Hormones: Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK), and others, have important regulatory roles in coordinating the secretory and motor activities involved in the digestive process.

12. Organ of circulatory system that pumps the blood; composed of cardiac muscle tissues, a specific area in its wall contains some hormone-producing cells. The cells produce a hormone called atrail natriuretic hormone.

(1)

(8)

(17) Prostaglandins

(18) Intestinal Mucosa

(18) Gastric

Charts Hormone Source Target Principal Action Growth Hormone- releasing hormone (GRH)

Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis (somatotrophs)

Stimulates secretion of growth hormone

Growth Hormone- inhibiting hormone (GIH)

Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis (Somatotrophs)

Inhibits secretion of growth hormone

Corticotrophin- releasing hormone (CRH)

Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Thyrotrophin- releasing hormone (TRH)

Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GNRH)

Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates the release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

Prolactin- releasing hormone (PRH)

Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates secretion of prolactin

Prolactin- inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Inhibits secretion of prolactin

Growth hormone (GH) (somatotropin (STH))

Adenohypophysis (somatotrophs)

General Promotes growth by stimulating protein anabolism and fat mobilization

Prolactin (PRL) (lactogenic hormone)

Adenohypophysis (lactotrophs)

Mammary glands Promotes milk secretion

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adenohypophysis Thyroid gland Stimulates development and secretion in the thyroid gland

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Adenohypophysis Adrenal cortex Promotes development and secretion in the adrenal cortex

Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)

Adenohypophysis Gonads (Primary sex organs)

Female: promotes development of ovarian follicle; stimulates estrogen Males: promotes

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Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Adenohypophysis Gonads Female: triggers ovulation; promotes development of corpus luteum Male: stimulates production of testosterone

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Neurohypophysis Kidney Promotes water retention by kidney tubules

Oxytocin (OT) Neurohypophysis Uterus and mammary glands

Stimulates uterus contractions; stimulates ejection of milk into mammary ducts

Triidothyroninie (T3)

Thyroid gland (follicular cells)

General Increase rate of metabolism

Tetraiodothyronine (T4) of thyroxine

Thyroid gland (follicular cells)

General Increase rate of metabolism (usually converted to T3 first)

Calcitonin (CT) Thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)

Bone tissue Increase calcium storage in bone, lowering blood Ca++ levels

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid glands Bone tissue and kidney

Increase calcium removal from storage in bone and produces the active form o vitamin D in the kidneys, increasing absorption of calcium by intestines and increasing blood Ca++ levels

Charts Continued....

Aldosterone Adrenal cortex Kidney Stimulates kidney tubuals to conserve sodium, which, in turn, triggers the release of ADH and the resulting conservation of water by the kidney

Cortisol (hydrocortisone)

Adrenal cortex General Influences metabolism of food molecules; in large amounts, it has an anti-inflammatory effect

Adrenal androgens Adrenal cortex Sex organs, other effectors

Exact role uncertain, but may support sexual functions

Adrenal estrogens Adrenal cortex Sex organs Thought to be physiologically insignificant

Epinephrine Adrenal medulla Sympathetic effectors

Enhances and prolongs the effects of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Norepinephrine Adrenal medulla Sympathetic effectors

Enhances and prolongs the effects of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Glucagon Pancreatic isles(alpha cells or A cells)

General Promotes movement of glucose from storage and into the blood

Charts Continued....

Insulin Pancreatic islets (beta cells or B cells)

General Promotes movement of glucose out of the blood and into cells

Somatostin Pancreatic isleta (delat cells or D cells)

Pancreatic cells and other effectors

Can have general effects in the body, but primary role seems to be regulation of secretion of other pancreatic hormones

Pancreatic polypeptide

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) or F cells

Intestinal cells and other effectors

Exact function uncertain, but seems to influence absorption in the digestive tract