Honors.ch.1.pp1

• 1. CHAPTER 1: EARLY HUMANSAND THEIR CULTUREB EGINNING OF CI VI L I ZAT IONS

2. WHAT IS CULTURE? The ways of living built up by a group andpassed on from one generation to another?What are the defining traits of culture? Ideas, beliefs, institutions, food, practices,language, gestures, material things like ourclothing, shelter and housingWhy is language important to our identity? allows us to transmit ideas enables human adaptions facilitates in the passage of culture fromgeneration to generation 3. PALEOLITHIC AGE 1,000,000-10,000 B.C.E. (Old StoneAge) No plant cultivation Hunter-gatherers Small nomadic tribes Little control over nature Some evidence of religious faithand use of magic Division of labor by sex 4. NEOLITHIC AGE 10,000-3500 B.C.E. (NEWSTONE AGE) Agricultural Revolution Domestication of animals Birth of first civilizations Beginning of settled societies Rise of complex human societies 5. NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION Systematic agriculture Humans shifted from hunting & gathering tokeeping animals & growing food on a regularbasis Advances in stone tools = surplus of foodproduction = growth of population = growth ofvillages = led to first cities Emergence of new professions in cities such asartisans, merchants, craftsmen 6. WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY? Skills and tools people use to help themmeet their basic needs and wants 7. 7 DEFINING FEATURES OF CIVILIZATION Organized government complex religion job specialization social classes art and architecture public works writingforms ofcommunicationWhy are the Arts and Architecture important? 8. OTHER IMPORTANT FEATURES OFCIVILIZATION Urbanization Social change Growth in population Technological and industrial change Bronze Age following Neolithic Age Long-distance trade 9. MESOPOTAMIA (IRAQ) Ancient Mesopotamiaincluded 3 generalareas:1. Assyria2. Akkad3. Sumer between Tigris andEuphrates Rivers Part of the FertileCrescent Knows of rich soil helped produce surplusof crops = able to sustainearly civilizations 10. MESOPOTAMIA 11. WHAT IS FERTILE CRESCENT AND WHYARE RIVERS IMPORTANT? 12. EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION Sumerians: Created the 1st Mesopotamian civilization Created city-states: basic units of Sumerian civilizations Sumerian cities: Surrounded by walls Many had defense towers dwellings built of sun-dried bricks Sumerian beliefs Polytheistic Believed that gods owned the citied Built temples for gods Writing Invented cuneiform earliest writing system Government: Theocracy Kings derived power from gods and were agents of gods 13. CUNEIFORM WRITING 14. AKKADIANS 2340 B.C.E. Sargon, leader of the Akkadiansoverran Sumerian city-states Established first empire in world history Empire: large political unit or state, usuallyunder a single leader that controls manypeople and territory 15. BABYLONIANS1792 B.C. New Empire in Babylon underKing HammurabiHammurabi expanded the city-state ofBabylon along the Euphrates River to uniteall of southern Mesopotamia.Code of Hammurabi a collection of 282 laws and standards first code of law that was written down based on system of strict justice many of its ideas would find their way intoHebrew civilization consumer protection laws