Honors World History Imperialism- China/Japan. Imperialism Fueled industrialization; industrialized nations had a “leg up” on most of the world They used.
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Slide 1
Honors World History Imperialism- China/Japan
Slide 2
Imperialism Fueled industrialization; industrialized nations
had a leg up on most of the world They used their technological
advantage to subdue non-Western nations
Slide 3
Contrasting Colonialism and Imperialism Colonialism: Indirect
rule; get raw materials and ship them to the mother country; have
similar if not equal rights; settlements; older form of European
relationships with non-Western world Imperialism: Direct rule;
occupation; territories have few rights; exist to serve as market
for the mother country; starts in mid-late 19th century
Slide 4
Imperialist Ambitions Starts after the unification of Germany
and Italy New problem: Central Europe is no longer a playground for
the great powers of Europe Imperialism: expansion of empire by
gaining territories to rule as a sign of prestige Inherent in
imperialism is racial superiority; European nations believed
themselves to be better because of their dominant culture (military
and technological)
Slide 5
Attitudes and Foundations of Imperialism Social Darwinism led
many to believe that they were superior because of their
advancements Technological superiority enabled European states to
take over less advanced states Improving impulse fueled
imperialists, who desired to raise the rest of the world to
European levels of culture (considered to be the best and highest
form of human life) Belief in racial superiority: ex. British
assimilated themselves at the top of the Indian caste system
Slide 6
European Economic Dominance As industry continues to grow, new
markets and raw material sources were sought European nations found
overseas possessions to be the answer to both problems By owning
these lands, European powers continued to enrich themselves and
simultaneously export their own culture and ideals
Slide 7
Communication Improvements Telegraph, telephone and rapid sea
transit through steam powered vessels makes ruling easier European
monarchs and presidents are able to rule through intermediaries
such as viceroys and other people immediately accountable to the
heads of state European dominance asserted through impressive
military victories and native peoples are subdued (ex.
Omdurman)
Slide 8
Chinas Relationship with the West Reasons for Western Interest
in China Western traders were interested in Chinese silks, tea,
ceramics, spices, etc. (since Marco Polo-13 th Century) Western
missionaries wanted to convert Chinese to Christianity 19 th
century spirit of imperialism encouraged the conquering of
territory China would be an open market for European manufactured
goods
Slide 9
Reaction of Chinese Government Restricted activities of
missionaries Willing to sell goods to Europeans but believed
Europeans had nothing to offer Europeans had to follow tribute
system in which a suitable gift had to be presented to Emperor
Slide 10
Reaction of Chinese Government Chinese considered all
non-Chinese BARBARIANS China limited European trade to port of
Canton until 1757
Slide 11
Opium Wars (1839-42) British sought markets for their opium
crops in Afghanistan and a means of balancing trade Defeated China,
forcing them to accept opium trade and wrested control of port
which becomes Hong Kong
Slide 12
Opium British ships cruised the Chinese coast supplying opium
Many Chinese addicted led to less production and harmful effects on
families
Slide 13
Chests of Opium Brought Into China
Slide 14
Opium Wars (1839-42) Causes China enjoyed a favorable balance
of trade with Britain Britain frustrated with Chinas failure to buy
British products British had been making enormous profits off of
opium trade (from poppy plant in India Chinese government appealed
to British government to stop Chinese government took action
confiscated and destroyed British shiploads of opium British sent
warships Lets Fight!
Slide 15
Treaty of Nanking 1842 unequal treaty Forced China to open five
ports to trade Concessions Hong Kong was ceded to Britain China had
to pay $21 million to Britain = indemnity Extraterritoriality =
foreigners could live in treaty ports exempt from Chinese laws
Chinese not allowed to set tariffs in treaty ports
Slide 16
Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 Causes Hong Xiuchuan leader
self-declared brother of Jesus Called for social reforms Divide
land according to household size Treat women as equals; organized
into fighting units Wanted to set up Taiping (Great Peace) Heavenly
Kingdom
Slide 17
Taiping Rebellion Civil War Manchu rulers faced internal
dissatisfaction and peasant unrest Several rebellions occurred
Foreign nations were afraid trade would be disrupted
Slide 18
Taiping Rebellion - Effects One of the most destructive civil
wars in history 20 million people died Foreign nations sent troops
Manchu government suffered a loss of power and prestige because of
foreign presence signs of Manchu emperor losing Mandate of Heaven
Led to a questioning within China Many scholars believed China
wanted to adopt some of Western technological achievements Some
industrialization was made too little, too late not enough to stop
Western inroads
Slide 19
Open Door Policy 1899 Proposed by US Secretary of State John
Hay Purpose: prevent US exclusion from trade with China US
encouraged Western nations to adopt this policy that all nations
would have equal trading rights in China and would recognize the
territorial integrity of China
Slide 20
Boxer Rebellion 1900 Chinese rebellion against foreign presence
in China and the Empress inability to do anything about it Boxers =
Righteous Order of Harmonious Fists Symbol = clenched fist
Slide 21
Boxer Rebellion Boxers organized attacks against Chinese
Christians and foreigners Killed about 250 foreigners and attacked
embassies in Beijing where the foreigners fled for protection
Troops held off Boxers for two months Western response: An
international relief force of 20,000 American, French, British,
German, Russian, and Japanese troops put down the rebellion Chinese
had to pay indemnities to each foreign nation and had to allow
foreign troops within the capital
Slide 22
Slide 23
Opening Japan Historically, Japanese had expelled all Europeans
Mainly feudal society One Japanese port remained open once a year
to European trade with the Dutch United States asserts itself in
1853 Recovering shipwrecked sailors from maltreatment Commodore
Matthew C. Perry sailed into Edo bay with a major gunship force to
open negotiations Edo was location of new shogunate Some daimyo
tried to fight US forces and were demolished
Slide 24
Results of Perrys Visit: Treaty of Kanagawa 1854 Japans
Reaction: amazed by fire power of US warships; were against
American demands but realized American technology was more
powerful; decided to cooperate and learn US technology Japan agreed
to allow US ships to refuel and resupply in Japanese ports Japan
agreed to aid shipwrecked sailors (instead of killing them!) Japan
agree to trade with US in two ports
Slide 25
Many Japanese saw Tokugawa shogun as weak because he agreed to
US terms Other countries like Britain, Netherlands, and Russia
signed similar agreements with Japan Americans got right of
extraterritoriality Known as the unequal treaties Japan wanted to
avoid being carved up into spheres of influence like China so they
adapted quickly to the new technology
Slide 26
Sadahide (sa-dah-hee-day) was one of the few artists who drew
Yokohama from direct observation Foreigners in Treaty-Port
1859-1872
Slide 27
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Slide 29
1868 Meiji Restoration Daimyo overthrew Tokugawa Shogun due to
his weakness Motto: Revere the emperor and expel the barbarians!
Restored 15-year old Emperor Matsuhito to power Ended 700 year rule
of shogunate Moved capital from Kyoto to Edo (Tokyo)
Slide 30
1868 Meiji Restoration Meiji = peace and enlightenment 100
daimyo ruled in name of the emperor and used Western technology to
modernize Japan Plan: borrow Western inventions, technology, and
institutions that would enable Japan to take its place among the
worlds great powers Abolished feudalism Divided daimyo land into
prefectures ruled by governors; paid daimyo for the land Goal: a
rich nation, a strong army Ended samurais official status as
warrior class by requiring peasants to serve in military on equal
basis
Slide 31
1877 Saigo Takamori led an army of 40,000 samurai to overthrow
Meiji government 9 months of bloody fighting rebellion was finally
crushed and Saigo committed seppuku
Slide 32
Japanese Reforms- Meiji Restoration New land tax based on land
ownership and paid in cash New monetary system based on the yen
Modern banking system Created a postal system Created a telegraph
system Built railroad lines connecting key cities and ports
Improved harbors to help shipping and trade Built factories and
mills to industrialize Japan Brought in experts and engineers from
Western nations to teach them Set up technical schools
Slide 33
Japanese Reforms- Meiji Restoration Opened up weapons factories
and naval shipyards to build up Japans military power Built a
modern army and navy Zaibatsu family business monopolies that
worked with Japanese government to build economy (ex. Mitsubishi)
Visited Western nations to learn from businesspeople,
industrialists, government officials and military leaders Created a
national system of public education to train Japan to be a modern
society
Slide 34
Japans March of Aggression Real plan: Modernize and create the
Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere Become the greatest power
in Asia, subordinate other Asian nations to Japan Asian nations
would provide Japan with raw materials and markets and Japan would
sell them manufactured goods and provide protection
Slide 35
Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 Japan v. China Over Korea (buffer
zone) Japan overran Korea and entered Manchuria Destroyed Chinese
fleet Treaty of Shimonoseki: Japan got Formosa (Taiwan) and a piece
of Manchuria from China
Slide 36
Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Japan v. Russia Russia took their
spot in Manchuria and seized control of naval base at Port Arthur
1904 launched surprise attack on Russian fleet at Port Arthur,
sinking part of the Russian fleet destroyed whole fleet (38 ships)
by 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth arranged by Teddy Roosevelt; Japan
back in Manchuria and took Korea