Honors Biology2nd Semester Final Exam Review
Remember that the Final is cumulative and covers the entire
course. However, the emphasis is on Second Semester material.
Part I DNA and Genetics
Skills:1) Explain the steps of replicating DNA.2) Identify the
parts that make up a DNA molecule. 3) Identify the 3 parts of a
nucleotide.4) Identify the type of genetic mutation given a problem
strand of DNA.5) Transcribe a strand of DNA into mRNA.6) Identify
the differences between DNA and RNA.7) Translate an mRNA sequence
into a protein using a codon chart.8) Identify the dominant and
recessive trait given a genetic word problem.9) Identify a
phenotype given the genotype.10) Identify the genotype from a given
phenotype.11) Perform crosses using a Punnett square.12) Construct
a dihybrid cross and predict phenotypes.13) Perform Sex-linked
problems.14) Identify inheritance pattern of a disease from a
pedigree.15) Predict blood type of an individual given parental
blood types.16) After completing a cross, identify the genotype and
phenotype ratios.17) Identify the correct chromosome number for a
human cell.18) Provide the reasons for undergoing mitosis and
meiosis.19) Identify the process of mitosis or meiosis from a given
diagram.20) Identify the chromosome abnormality based on the
karyotype.
Practice Problems:1) What are the three (3) parts of a
nucleotide:a.b.c.
2) Where do the following take place in a cell?DNA
replication:Transcription:Translation:
3) Replicate the DNA molecule below:
T A C G G C G T A A A T T T C G
What do the following enzymes do?Helicase:DNA
Polymerase:Ligase:
Transcribe the following DNA strand:
DNA: TACTAAGCGCATTTC
What did you just make? _____________
4) Translate the following mRNA strand:
mRNA:AUGAAAGAGCGUAUGACU
Protein:How many codons? __________
5) What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA?a.b.c.
6) Take a look at the following alleles. Circle the alleles that
are heterozygous and square the alleles that are
homozygous.TtzzSsRrQqVVHh
7) In dogs, brown fur is dominant to white fur. A brown dog has
puppies with a white dog and ALL the puppies are brown. Show a
cross (Punnett square) that could account for the all brown
puppies.
8) Hypertrichosis is a sex-linked dominant disorder. A man with
hypertrichosis has children with a normal woman. What percentage of
their daughters will have hypertrichosis?
9) A man with blood type A has children with a woman with AB
blood. Their first child has O blood. Is the child his?
Explain.
10) In hamsters, short fur is dominant to long fur. A
heterozygous short furred hamster mates with a long furred hamster.
What are the genotypes and phenotypes of their potential
offspring?
Identify the inheritance pattern from the pedigrees below.
Assign genotypes to the individuals.
b)
c)
Identify the stages of the cell cycle: (G1, S, G2, M &
Cytokinesis)
Meiosis: What are you making when your cells undergo meiosis?
_________________ Why is it important for reproduction that your
cell undergo meiosis first BEFORE fertilization?
Cell Cycle Meiosis I Meiosis II
Mitosis: What are you making more of through mitosis?
___________________ What are three reasons for undergoing
mitosis?1.2.3.
Cell Cycle
Use the karyotype below to answer the questions:
# of chromosomes:Male/Female?Problem?Monosomy or Trisomy?
Part II CellsCellular Structures Vocabulary: Know the functions
of the following:
Bacteria (Prokaryotes):Cell membraneCell
WallCapsuleRibosomesPlasmidDNACytoplasmPiliFlagellumPlant/Animal
Cells:Cell MembraneCell
wallChloroplastMitochondriaRibosomesRough/Smooth ER Central Vacuole
Golgi
ApparatusVesicleLysosomePeroxisomeFlagellumCiliaNucleusNuclear
membrane/envelopeDNACytoskeletonCytoplasm
Cell StructuresKnow the structures for each cell type. Not all
are listed use the vocab list above for all terms.
Animal Cell:
Plant Cell:
Practice Problems1. What structures do ALL (prokaryote and
eukaryote) cells have:
2. What structures are unique to the following:
Prokaryote (Bacteria)Animal Cell:Plant Cell:
Cell Homeostasis Practice Problems:1. Draw and label the polar
and nonpolar parts of phospholipids, then explain why the
phospholipids form a bilayer with the tails facing in and the heads
facing outwards.
2. What does a channel protein do for the cell?
3. How are Active and Passive transport similar/different?
ActivePassive
4. Label the graphic below with the following terms:Simple
diffusion, passive transport, and active transport.
1. ______________________
2. ______________________
3. ______________________
Look at the diagram below.
4. What does it mean that the membrane is selectively
permeable?
5. If the membrane were permeable to the molecules, which side
would they diffuse to?
6. If the molecules were in water, which side would the water
move to?
7. If a plant is placed in a hypotonic solution, its cells will
not burst. Why not?
Circulatory/Respiratory Systems:
1. Use the following words: lungs, alveoli, heart, arteries,
veins, hypertonic, hypotonic, diffusion to explain the
following:
How does oxygen get from the air into the cells in your
toes?
How does CO2 get from the cells in your toes to the air?
Part III Evolution1. Darwins theory of evolution is referred to
as survival of the fittest. What does that mean? Be sure to use the
word adaptation in your answer.
2. What is a mutation? How can a mutation lead to natural
selection?
3. A scientist is comparing the DNA sequences of mice, humans,
and fish. It was found that the DNA sequences of humans and mice
were 94% the same. The DNA sequences of mice and fish were 50% the
same and the DNA sequences of humans and fish were only 30% the
same. What does this data suggest about the relative relatedness of
mice, humans and fish?
4. The half-life of an isotope is 4 days. You have 8g of the
isotope. How much will you have in 20 days?
5. Give examples of the following:
Analogous Structures
Homologous Structures
Vestigial Structures:
6. Explain how the following scenarios can affect
microevolution:
Bottleneck Effect
Founder Effect
Gene Flow 7.
Which characteristic results in the reptiles and birds diverging
from the main branch?
What is the closest relative to the sharks?
Part IV Pig AnatomyPig structures are fair game on the final. Be
able to identify the structures on a pig diagram.
Part V Ecology
1. In the diagram above, how many primary consumers are present?
_______________
2. Using the diagram above, draw a food chain that begins with a
primary producer and ends with a tertiary consumer. Be sure your
arrows point the correct direction.
3. If the producers have 10,000 units of energy in the first
trophic level, how much energy will be available at the secondary
consumer trophic level.
4. Distinguish between Species, Community, Population, and
Ecosystem.
5. How do energy and matter movements through an ecosystem
differ?
6. Distinguish between primary producers, carnivores,
herbivores, scavengers, and decomposers.
7. Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors in an
ecosystem.
8. Summarize the flow of carbon and nitrogen through an
ecosystem.
9. What is carrying capacity and how is it determined?
10. Give examples of mutualism, commensalisms, and
parasitism.
11. Explain the importance of keystone species.
12. How do invasive species impact an ecosystem?
13. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.
Part VI Cell Energy (Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration)
Skills:1) Explain how cellular respiration and photosynthesis
work as a cycle.2) Identify where photosynthesis and cellular
respiration occur in a cell.3) Identify the substrates and products
of Photosynthesis.4) Identify the substrates and products of
Cellular Respiration.5) Identify the conditions (aerobic/anaerobic)
under which photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation
take place.
Practice Questions:1. Summary:ProcessSubstrateProductAnaerobic
or AerobicPlant, Animal or Both?
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis:
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
ETC
Photosynthesis
Light RXNS
Calvin Cycle
Fermentation
Alcohol Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Where does photosynthesis take place?
Where does cellular respiration take place?
EXPLAIN how photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a
continuous cycle?
2. What is the net production of ATP in cellular
respiration?
3. Summarize the steps involved in light reaction and Calvin
Cycle during Photosynethesis.
4. What is the difference between fermentation in muscles and
fermentation in yeast?
Part VII Biochemistry and Enzymes1. Draw a water molecule that
shows why a water molecule is considered to be a polar
molecule:
2. Complete the following table:
BiomoleculeElementsMonomerPolymer(s)Energy content per gram
(cal/g)
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Protein
3. Given the following list of food items, place the food items
into the correct category (C, L or P).ChickenBreadButterOlive
OilRiceLollipopAppleSteak
4. If I were running a race, what type of food (C, L or P) would
I want to eat a lot of before the race? Explain why in terms of
energy.
5. Digestive Enzymes:EnzymeWhere the enzyme is foundWhat the
enzyme breaks downWhat the enzyme produces
MouthGlucose
Protease
Lipids
Carbonic anhydrase6. Carbon dioxide + water
-------------------------------- carbonic acidIn the enzymatic
reaction equation above:a. b. Enzyme=c. substrate(s)=d.
product(s)
7. How would this graph look different if an enzyme were used to
catalyze the reaction?EXPLAIN WHY!!!!!!
8. Using the carbonic anhydrase reaction from question #1, DRAW
the enzyme reaction (PacMan). Label the enzyme, active site,
substrate, and product.
- What two things are left over when the reaction is
complete?1)2)
9. Draw a biochemical reaction based on the data given
below:
Enzyme SubstrateProduct
1YA
2BC
3AB
4CD
5ZY
10. Use the graph below to answer the questions:
1. At what temperature does the ChesAdams Enzyme work the best
in?
2. At what temperature does the GlenKeppie Enzyme work the best
in?
3. If the enzymes were to work together, at what temperature
would the environment need to be for the two enzymes to work
optimally?
4. What happens to the GlenKeppie enzyme if the temperature goes
above 89oC?
- How do you know from looking at the graph?