Honey Bees: A New Species for Veterinarians? American College of Veterinary Prevention Medicine (ACVPM) & Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity (COCA) Webinar Thursday, March 23, 2017 Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response Division of Emergency Operations 1
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Honey Bees: A New Species for Veterinarians? · Honey Bees: A New Species for Veterinarians? American College of Veterinary Prevention Medicine (ACVPM) & Clinician Outreach and Communication
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Honey Bees: A New Species for Veterinarians?
American College of Veterinary Prevention Medicine (ACVPM) &
Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity (COCA)Webinar
Thursday, March 23, 2017
Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response
Division of Emergency Operations
1
Objectives
At the conclusion of this session, the participant
will be able to:
Describe why beekeepers are now calling veterinarians.
Explain the veterinary client patient relationship as it applies to veterinarians, beekeepers, and honey bees.
Describe common bacterial infections of honey bees and use of antibiotics in honey bees.
List some of the opportunities for veterinarians in honey bee veterinary medicine.
2
Continuing Education Disclaimer
CDC, our planners, and their spouses or partners wish to disclose they have no financial interests or other relationships with the manufacturers of commercials products, suppliers of commercial services, or commercial services, with the exception of Dr. Cripps. He would like to disclose that he will mention the availability, use, and status of Fumagilin which is an antibiotic used to control Nosema. Fumagilin is allowed into the US from Canada under FDA enforcement discretion.
Planners have reviewed content to ensure there is no bias.
3
To Ask a Question
Using the Webinar System
Select the “Questions” tab on the webinar screen
Type your question
OR
Click on the “raise your hand” icon on the webinar screen
• New York – Greenwich• Arrived in 1995 with 6 hives, all my stuff, and $10 in the
back of a U-haul
• Kept up to 12 hives, sold honey, moved bees for pollination
• Worked as dairy veterinarian at Battenkill Veterinary Bovine
• September 2012 – bought Betterbee (bee supply business) and left veterinary practice??? Now partners with veterinarians Joe Cali and Jack Rath
Honey Bee Veterinary Practices
• With 3 veterinarians, I thought we had the largest group of veterinarians in honey bees
• Visited Wilbanks Apiary in Claxton, Georgia
• 7 veterinarians worked there one year-Argentinians
Honey Bees
• Veterinary curricula in many countries include honey bees
• USA and Canadian schools do not include bees• Don’t worry, you did not miss it, it is not offered
• New antibiotic labeling and registration requires a veterinarian to write an order for any antibiotic to be fed to animals
• Honey Bees are Food Producing Animals that have been fed antibiotics
• Only insect listed as food producing animal
FDA
• Food Safety Modernization Act• Start to work proactively to eliminate problems
• National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
• Eliminate use of medically-important antibiotics for growth promotion in food-producing animals and bring other agricultural uses of antibiotics for treatment, control and prevention of disease under veterinary oversight.
• Redo approvals of Over the Counter antibiotics as prescription or veterinary feed directive and remove growth promotion claims
• January 1, 2017 took effect and changes done.
Honey Bees and AntibioticsHow did it work previously?
• Antibiotics with labels for Honey Bees:
• Oxytetracycline• Tylosin• Lincomycin
• Indications: for the control of American or European Foulbrood
• Self-reporting survey 2015 of ~5000 beekeepers about 1/14 reported antibiotic use
• They averaged ~900 hives• Small beekeepers less apt to use
antibiotics
Honey Bees and AntibioticsHow did it work before?
• Commercial beekeepers feed antibiotics to prevent disease
• mostly oxytetracycline mixed in sugar that has been over the counter
• Little understanding of bacteriology• Oxytet to start• Tylosin used if oxytet doesn’t work• Lincomycin seldom used
• Gather hives in highly populated areas for pollination – California almonds, Maine blueberries
• “Cesspools of disease” that cannot be avoided because the pay is so good and may mean the difference between having a profit or loss for the year
Honey Bees and AntibioticsHow did it work before?
• Prior to transportation, must obtain a certificate of inspection
• Issued by state apiarist
• Bee inspectors visit apiaries, remove brood from a percent of hives (~10%). Submit samples to USDA if any concerns or issue health certificate if no concerns
• Veterinary epidemiologist might help – what percentage of frames should be inspected to find disease assuming 1% prevalence?
Honey Bees and AntibioticsHow did it work before?
• Positive American Foulbrood (AFB) may invoke state-mandated burning of affected hives
• Long lasting spores are contagious to other hives within 3 mile radius
• Burning beehives worth $500 each makes beekeepers wary of outside inspection
Beekeepers Like Other Food Producers
• Frugal
• Expect value for money spent
• Veterinarians sell what?• Knowledge and disease control techniques
• Signature on antibiotic orders that beekeeper did not previously need to have
• If you come to the table to offer services, make sure you offer value
• Get Educated!
Important Points in Bee Biology
• Complete Metamorphosis
• Eggs, Larvae, Pupae, Adult• 1 to 2,000 eggs per day
• Worker egg to adult • 21 days
• Queen egg to adult• 16.5 days
• Drone egg to adult• 24 days• Important for Varroa
Mites!
Important Points in Bee Biology
• 3 distinct castes of bees:• Queen (diploid) – fertile
female that lays eggs
• Workers (diploid) –infertile females that care for young (brood), gather food, clean and defend hive.
• Drones (haploid) – males that breed queens
Bee Sex and Genetics
• Queen emerges from cell
• After a week of maturing in the hive, starts mating flights
• Mates with 8-20+ drones over next week
• Never mates again
• Does not mate with drones in hive
• Sperm must live many years in queen’s spermatheca
• Effect of sub-lethal insults?• Pesticides, temperature, viruses
Reverend Lorenzo Langstroth• Langstroth 1852
• “Bee Space” = 3/8 inch
• If combs are spaced that far apart, bees will respect the space and not fill it with comb or propolis (gums and resins from plants)
• Combs built in frames can be removable so disease inspection is possible.
• Legal requirement in all states
Wax Production
• Carbohydrate drives glands on abdomen in young workers
• Feeding sugar can push more wax production
• Wax used to make all comb
• Paper used by wasps and hornet, not bees!
• Lipophilic chemicals persist in wax
• Chronic pesticide exposure
Lots of brood leads to a lot of bees which lead to a lot of honey
• Package of bees is 3 lbs• Common way to start
• Contains ~10,000 bees
• Colony that survived winter will be small and grow through the year
• Having a lot of bees leads to more pollination or nectar collection.
Starter Bee Colonies• Beekeepers obtain small
starter colonies.
• Packages • 3 lb bees with queen and food
• Nucleus colony• Small established colony with
laying queen
• Swarm• Local hive trying to reproduce
by issuing a swarm
• With active queen, lots of brood and colony grows
Active Bee Colonies
Honey Bee Food Storage
• Protein = pollen• Need variety of pollens
for a balanced Amino Acid profile
• Carbohydrates = nectar• Perhaps 20% solids
converted to 17% water• Invertase, dehydration
• Mixture, ferment = bee bread
• Do fungicides hurt bees?
Honey Bees, Directions and Food
• Drifting
• Bees make orientation flights to determine where their hive is before foraging.
• Bees may return to wrong hive if many in same area
• Welcomed if they have food
• Robbing
• Strong hives defend themselves from robbing
• Weak hives robbed by strong hives
• Drifting and Robbing can lead to disease spread
Winter Time• Honey bees keep
cluster heated throughout the winter
• ~95deg F when raising brood in January
• Hornets and wasps overwinter on or under ground as individuals
Winter Time
• Bees don’t defecate in hive
• Bees eat honey, vibrate muscles to generate heat to keep hive warm
• Need to fly to defecate
• “Cleansing Flights”
• Once below 50⁰F, cannot operate muscles, fall out of air
Protective Clothing
• Wear what you need to be comfortable
• Veils• Our eyes blinking attracts
bees
• Gloves• Leather cannot be cleaned• Avoid leather or use
Click on the “raise your hand” icon on the webinar screen
Ask your question
Continuing Education for COCA Calls
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Those who participate in the COCA Conference Calls and who wish to receive CE credit/contact hours and will complete the online evaluation by April 22, 2017 will use the course code WC2286. Those who wish to receive CE credits/contact hours and will complete the online evaluation between April 23, 2017 and April 22, 2019 will use course code WD2286. CE certificates can be printed immediately upon completion of your online evaluation. A cumulative transcript of all CDC/ATSDR CE’s obtained through the CDC Training & Continuing Education Online System will be maintained for each user.
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