Homework Read p.g. 326 – 331 Answer practice questions 1 – 6 on p.g. 331.

Homework

• Read p.g. 326 – 331

• Answer practice questions

• 1 – 6 on p.g. 331.

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms

Why do we need to classify?

• Imagine a grocery store…– How do you know where to find the fruits?

The vegetables? The meat? The frozen food?– How is the store organized?

• Think about your computer…– How are the files organized?– Are all of your pictures and music and

documents in the same folder?

• When you have a lot of information, it is best to organize and group items so that you can find them easier or easily see their relationship to other items.

….. This is

why we

classify!

Classifying Organisms

• About 1.5 million species have been named

• Estimated to be millions of species yet to be discovered!

• Taxonomy: groups similar organisms together & assigns each one a name

How do biologists NAME organisms?

• The “common names” people use are often misleading or confusing

• Organisms may have more than one common name (and different names in different languages!) or their common name may cause you to think of another organism…

Spider monkey

Sea monkey

SeahorseHorse

Wolf spider

Gray Wolf

Black Bear

Firefly or Lightning bug

Cottonmouth or Water moccasin

Poplar or aspen

Larch or Tamarack

Mud puppy

Panda Bear

In Chinese: Da xiong mao

Big bear cat ??!!

Red panda

• In order to communicate effectively, scientists must have a consistent naming protocol

• All organisms have only 1 scientific name– Usually Latin or Greek– Developed by Carl Linnaeus (Swedish

botanist, 1707-1778)

• Naming and organizing organisms are both part of taxonomy

Binomial Nomenclature

• 2-word naming system– Written in italics or underlined– 1st word is Capitalized (Genus)– 2nd word is lowercase (species)– Can be shortened to: G. species

• Scientific names are usually based on some characteristic of the organism and show similarities in anatomy, or evolutionary history.

• Members of the same genus are closely related

• Only members of the same species can interbreed (under natural conditions)– Some hybrids do occur under unnatural

conditions, e.g. Ligers are crosses between tigers and lions, Zeedonks are crosses between zebras and donkeys!

Spider monkey

Ateles arachnoides

Sea monkey: Artemia sp.

Seahorse: Hippocampus sp.Horse: Equus ferus

Wolf spider

Hogna lenta

Gray Wolf: Canis lupus

Black Bear: Ursus americanus

Firefly or Lightning bug

Photinus pyralis

Cottonmouth or Water moccasin

Agkistrodon piscivorus

Poplar or aspen

Populus tremula

Larch or Tamarack

Larix decidua

Mud puppy: Necturus maculosusPanda Bear

In Chinese: Da xiong mao

Big bear cat ??!!

Ailuropoda melanoleuca

Red panda: Ailurus fulgens

• Linnaeus also created a system that we use today that places organisms into a few large groups (KINGDOMS) and then those groups are divided into smaller groups.

• KINGDOM• PHYLUM• CLASS• ORDER• FAMILY• GENUS• SPECIES

Each group gets smaller and more specific, just like when you group your files into folders on the computer.

To help you remember…

• King Philip Came Over For Great Soup

Human Cougar Tiger Pintail Duck

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata

Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Aves

Order Primate Carnivora Carnivora Anseriformes

Family Homindae Felidae Felidae Anatidae

Genus Homo Felis Panthera Anas

Species sapiens concolor tigris acuta

Modern Evolutionary Classification

• Linnaeus grouped species mainly on visible similarities and differences

• Today, taxonomists groups organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent (phylogeny)

• Evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms can be shown on a phylogenetic tree or a cladogram

Similarities in DNA and RNA

• DNA & RNA is similar across all life forms

• Genes of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level

• DNA shows evolutionary relationships & helps to classify organisms

The Six Kingdoms

number of Cells energy cell type examples

Eubacteria unicellularautotrophic and heterotrophic

prokaryote bacteria, E. coli

Archaebacteria unicellular

some autotrophic, most chemotrophic

prokaryote "extremophiles"

Protista most unicellularheterotrophic or autotrophic

eukaryoteameba, paramecium, algae

Fungimost multicellular

heterotrophic eukaryotemushrooms, yeast

Plantae multicellular autotrophic eukaryote trees, grass

Animalia multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotehumans, insects, worms

Dichotomous Keys

• A dichotomous key is a written set of choices that leads to the name of an organism.

• 2 choices at each level

• Scientists use these to identify already named unknown organisms

1.Has green colored body ......go to 2

Has purple colored body ..... go to 4

2. Has 4 legs .....go to 3

Has 8 legs .......... Deerus octagis

3. Has a tail ........ Deerus pestis

Does not have a tail ..... Deerus magnus

4. Has a pointy hump ...... Deerus humpis

Does not have a pointy hump.....go to 5

5. Has ears .........Deerus purplinis

  Does not have ears ......Deerus deafus

Answers to questions on P.g. 331• 2. Taxonomy is the science of classification of

organisms. Hierarchical classification is the ordering and organization of living things according to similarities and differences.

• 3. Binomial nomenclature is a method of naming organisms by using two Latin names: the genus and the species.

• 4. Latin provides a common language for all scientists regardless of their national origin. The two-name system provides an added advantage by indicating similarities in anatomy, embryology, and likely evolutionary ancestry.

• 5. The major levels of classification are kingdom, phylum, class order, family, genus, and species.

• 6. A phylogenetic tree is an illustration that shows relationships among organisms. The tree begins with the most ancestral forms and includes the branchings leading to all of its descendants. A phylogenetic tree implies an evolutionary relationship, not simply a grouping by physical characteristics.

• Complete Activity 9.1.1 on Pg.332 – 333

• Identify each Whale and complete the Analysis questions on P.g. 333.

• Do on a new piece of paper so you can hand it in!