Homework- 12C url: myhrw.com username:cpiro23 password:x2p4n Chapter 30.1 –Read –Outline –Answer FAQ’s pg 855 (#1-6)

Homework- 12C

url: myhrw.comusername:cpiro23password:x2p4n

• Chapter 30.1– Read– Outline– Answer FAQ’s pg 855 (#1-6)

Do Now:

Breathing is the result of the close coordination of the respiratory and circulatory systems…

What is it like to hold your breath for any length of time?

Explain what impulses you feel or how your body reactswhen forced to hold your breath.

30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

SLO:You should be able to describe the respiratory systemand its functions as well as describe the circulatorysystem and its functions

Essential Question:How do the respiratory and circulatory systems bringoxygen and nutrients to all cells and maintain homeostasis?



Anticipatory Set.

The record for holding one’s breath, which is a state called apnea, is close to nine minutes. To achieve this, one has to slow the heartbeat considerably. Apnea leads to low levels of oxygen, which can produce hypoxia. The body diverts oxygen from the hands and feet to vital organs, usually causing a person to lose consciousness.


• The respiratory system is where gas exchange occurs.– picks up oxygen from inhaled air – expels carbon dioxide and water

nose

sinus

mouth

epiglottistrachea

lungs


pharynx

esophagus

esophagus

The respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood.

• The lungs contain the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. • Millions of alveoli give the lungs a huge surface area.• The alveoli absorb oxygen from the air you inhale.

alveolibronchiole


trachea

• Breathing involves the diaphragm and muscles of the rib cage.

• Air flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure.

Air inhaled.

Muscles contract andrib cage expands.

Diaphragm flattensand moves downward.

Air exhaled.

Muscles andrib cage relax.

Diaphragm relaxesand rises.

PRESSURE INSIDE THE LUNGS IS LOWER THAN PRESSURE OUTSIDE THE LUNGS

PRESSURE INSIDE THE LUNGS IS HIGHER THAN PRESSURE OUTSIDE THE LUNGS

Respiratory System

GAS EXCHANGES

alveolus

capillary

co2

o2

Co2 diffusesinto alveolus.

O2 diffusesinto blood.

Video on Respiration

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2OcGgJbiUk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2OcGgJbiUk

Oxygen-poor blood

Oxygen-rich blood

The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to bring oxygen and nutrients to the cells and maintain homeostasis.

• The circulatory system transports blood and other materials. – brings supplies to cells – carries away wastes – separates oxygen-poor and

oxygen-rich blood


CAPILLARIES

VEINS

ARTERIES

HEART

veins

arteries

The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body.

• The system includes the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. – heart pumps blood throughout body – arteries move blood away from

heart – veins move blood back to heart– capillaries get blood to and from

cells

– collecting waste materials– maintaining body temperature

• There are three major functions of the circulatory system.

– transporting blood, gases, nutrients

MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

1. Apply When you stand up after lying down, why do your heart rate and breathing rate increase?

2. Predict How might damaged alveoli affect the oxygen level in the blood?

3. Infer If a person has a weak heart, how might his or her ability to maintain a stable body temperature be affected?

Independent Practice: Using your online Biology textbook,

answer the following questions.

Exit Ticket

Follow the path of oxygen in the pulmonary system

system beginning with inhalation from the nose/mouth to the

lung and ending with exhalation from the lung back to the

nose/mouth.

You must include all structures involved in sequence.

Homework 12C

30.2 Read and Answer FAQ’s

Do Now.

Using your research skills, use your lap tops to investigate

the question that follows.

Nearly every winter, newspapers carry stories of people

killed by carbon monoxide (CO) gas in their homes. This

colorless, odorless gas escapes from leaks in furnaces

that burn fossil fuels.

What makes CO so deadly?

30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange

Anticipatory Set.

What makes CO so deadly?


Your body readily absorbs it into the blood, which meansless O2 is absorbed. Within a short time, your cells become oxygen starved. You must quickly get to an area where you can breathe fresh air.

SLO:You should be able to summarize gas exchange in thelungs and describe how respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange.

Essential Question:How does the respiratory

system exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide?



trachea

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.

• Oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried by the blood to and from the alveoli.– oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillary – oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells – carbon dioxide difuses from capillary into alveoli

ALVEOLI

capillaries

GAS EXCHANGES

alveolus

capillary

co2

o2

Co2 diffusesinto alveolus.

O2 diffusesinto blood.


Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange.

Lung diseases reduce airflow and oxygen absorption.


1) Emphysema destroys alveoli− occurs when the air sacs in your lungs are gradually destroyed

− turns the spherical air sacs into large, irregular pockets with gaping holes in their inner walls

− reduces the surface area of the lungs and, in turn, the amount of oxygen that reaches your bloodstream

− makes ppl progressively more short of breath

− smoking is the leading cause of emphysema.

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

The surface of a cell, its membrane, is the site of exchange between its interior and its

external environment. This surface must allow sufficient exchange to support the contents

of the cell. As these cubes illustrate the surface area to volume ratio of a small object is

larger than that of a large object of similar shape. This ratio limits how large cells can be.


• Emphysema- leading cause is smoking. – Over time, many alveoli are destroyed. – Gradual reduction of the surface area for gas exchange.

– Prevention = refrain from smoking.– No cure

• Smoking is the leading cause of lung diseases.




– Asthma constricts airways.

1. Predict How might a sudden rise in CO2 in the blood affect the gas exchange process?

2. Analyze How does the alveoli’s structure relate to the function of gas exchange?

3. Synthesize How does smoking affect gas exchange?

Independent Practice: Using your online Biology textbook,

answer the following questions.

Exit Ticket

Utilizing your technology skills research another lung disease/disorder besides asthma and emphysema.

List the….

1) Name of the disease

2) Cause of the disease (etiology)

3) Effect that it has on the body (symptoms)

4) Treatments

Do Now:

What is the difference between an open circulatory systems and closed circulatory system? Why is a closed system required for vertebrates, such as humans?

30.3 The Heart and Circulation

SLO:You should be able to describe the structure and function of the heart as well as contrast pulmonary and systemic circulation.

Essential Question: How does the heart move the blood through the two physiological pathways?


The total length of all the capillaries in an adult human is approximately 40,000 km (about 25,000 mi).• Blood vessels in a blue whale are so wide that a full-grown trout could swim through them.


1. Analyze The left ventricle is the largest chamber of the heart. How is its size related to its function?

2. Critical Viewing If the valves in the right ventricle do not close properly, where in the body might circulation be affected the most?

3. Infer Why is it important to have two separate pathways for circulation?

Do Now: Review homework questions.


Anticipatory Set.

A defect in the heart can cause an irregular heart rhythm, or arrhythmia.

In some cases, the atrial and ventricular contractions get badly out of sync.

Any uncoordinated contraction of muscle fibers that prevents the smooth

contraction of a muscle is called fibrillation. With the contractions of

the heart muscles out of phase, the heart can no longer pump blood,

circulation stops, and brain death occurs.

By exposing the heart to a strong electric shock, the heart can in

effect “reboot” and reestablish a normal rhythm. This process is called

defibrillation.


The tissues and structures of the heart make it an efficient pump.

• Cardiac muscle tissue works continuously without tiring.

NORMAL HUMAN HEART


CARDIAC muscle MUSCLE

• The heart has four chambers: two atria, two ventricles.

• Valves in each chamber prevent backflow of blood.

• Muscles squeeze the chambers in a powerful pumping action.

aortic valve

left atrium

mitral valve

left ventricle

septum

pulmonary valve

right atrium

tricuspid

right ventricle


– Sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker, stimulates atria to contract

– Atrioventricular (AV) node stimulates ventricles to contract

SA node

AV node

• The heartbeat consists of two contractions.


pulmonary valve

aortic valve

right atriummitral valve

left ventricletricuspid

superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

pulmonary artery

pulmonary veins

left atrium

aorta

• Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway.

1

2 4

3

Circulation Video

• http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hhw/contraction.html

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hhw/contraction.html

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hhw/contraction.html


• Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway.– oxygen-poor blood enters right atrium, then right

ventricle– right ventricle pumps blood to lungs– oxygen-rich blood from lungs enters left atrium, then left

ventricle – left ventricle pumps blood to body

The heart pumps blood through two main pathways.

• Pulmonary circulation occurs between the heart and the lungs.– oxygen-poor blood enters lungs– excess carbon dioxide and water

expelled– blood picks up oxygen – oxygen-rich blood returns to heart

• Systemic circulation occurs between the heart and the rest of the body. – oxygen-rich blood goes to organs,

extremities– oxygen-poor blood returns to

heart • The two pathways help maintain a

stable body temperature.


Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts of the body.

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.– blood under great pressure– thicker, more muscular walls

ARTERY VEINCAPILLARIES

arteriole venule

endothelium

connective tissuesmooth muscle

valve

30.4 Blood Vessels & Transport

• Veins carry blood back to the heart.

– blood under less pressure– thinner walls, larger diameter– valves prevent backflow


arteriole venule

endothelium


valve

• Capillaries move blood between veins, arteries, and cells.


arteriole

endothelium


venule

valve

• Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood pushing against artery walls. – systolic pressure:

left ventricle contracts

– diastolic pressure: left ventricle relaxes

• High blood pressure can precede a heart attack or stroke.

Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory diseases.

• Some choices lead to an increased risk of circulatory diseases.– smoking– long-term stress– excessive weight– lack of exercise – diet low in fruits

and vegetables,high in saturatedfats

• Circulatory diseases affect mainly the heart and the arteries.– artery walls become thick and inflexible– plaque blocks blood flow in arteries

Checking for Understanding

• What do veins rely on to maintain blood flow in one direction?

• If you were to puncture an artery of a living human being, what do expect will happen? Why? Will the same thing occur if you puncture a vein?

• Why don’t arteries need valves to keep blood circulating?• Why do you think that blood moving from the heart to the

lungs must be carried by an artery and not by a vein?• What are long distance truck drivers/pilots at risk of due

to their extended time spent sitting. Explain how this is related to the structures of our veins.

• How can lifestyle choices affect the function of the arteries?

Homework- 12C url: myhrw.com username:cpiro23 password:x2p4n Chapter 30.1 –Read –Outline –Answer FAQ’s pg 855 (#1-6)

Documents

lungs pressure

heart pumps blood

heart veins

heart capillaries

low levels of oxygen

body arteries

low pressure

inhaled air