4/3/2015 1 Homeostasis What is Homeostasis? Body cells work best if they have the correct Temperature Water levels Glucose concentration Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a constant environment. What is Homeostasis? The maintenance of a constant environment in the body is called Homeostasis Controlling body temperature All mammals maintain a constant body temperature. Human beings have a body temperature of about 37 º C. E.g. If your body is in a hot environment your body temperature is 37 º C If your body is in a cold environment your body temperature is still 37 º C Penguins huddling to keep warm What is one mechanism used to cool the body down? Sweating When your body is hot, sweat glands are stimulated to release sweat. The liquid sweat turns into a gas (it evaporates) To do this, it needs heat. It gets that heat from your skin. As your skin loses heat, it cools down. Sweating The skin REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Males Sex Organ: Penis In males, the testes produce testosterone which causes sperm production to occur. In addition, testosterone causes further development of the penis, prostate gland, deeper voice, broader shoulders, and increased upper body muscle mass. Sperm live in the testes for approximately 30 days, after which their mortality causes an increase in testosterone to produce more sperm.
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4/3/2015
1
Homeostasis
What is Homeostasis?
Body cells work best if they have the correct
Temperature
Water levels
Glucose concentration
Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a
constant environment.
What is Homeostasis?
The maintenance of a
constant environment
in the body is called
Homeostasis
Controlling body temperature
All mammals maintain a constant body
temperature.
Human beings have a body temperature of
about 37ºC.
E.g. If your body is in a hot environment your body
temperature is 37ºC
If your body is in a cold environment your body
temperature is still 37ºC
Penguins huddling to keep warmWhat is one mechanism used to cool
the body down?
Sweating
When your body is hot, sweat glands are
stimulated to release sweat.
The liquid sweat turns into a gas (it evaporates)
To do this, it needs heat.
It gets that heat from your skin.
As your skin loses heat, it cools down.
Sweating
The skin
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Males
Sex Organ: Penis
In males, the testes produce testosterone which causes sperm production to occur. In addition, testosterone causes further development of the penis, prostate gland, deeper voice, broader shoulders, and increased upper body muscle mass. Sperm live in the testes for approximately 30 days, after which their mortality causes an increase in testosterone to produce more sperm.
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2
VAGINA
Females Sex Organ: Ovaries/Vagina
In females, hormonal cycles occur in both estrogen and progesterone. On an approximately 28 day cycle, one ovarywill release an ovum (egg) to potentially become fertilized and produce a new life. The development of the egg and the inner lining of the uterus, the organ where the fetus will develop, are caused by fluctuations in the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
MENSTRUATION
At the beginning of the cycle, estrogen and
progesterone levels that are very low begin to rise
and around day 14 of the cycle, there is a slight
surge in estrogen as the egg is released from the
ovary (ovulation). Levels of estrogen and
progesterone rise causing the uterine lining to
thicken in preparation for a potentially fertilized
egg. If the egg is not fertilized, progesterone
levels drop, the uterine lining dies, and muscle
contractions of the uterus cause the lining to
exit the body through the vagina thereby starting
her “menstrual cycle or period.” Once estrogen
and progesterone levels drop below a particular
level the cycle (feedback loop) begins again.
FERTILIZATION
Fertilization occurs when a sperm meets a egg creating a zygote.
Once an egg is fertilized, it will bury into the
uterine lining. The developing embryo
produces a chemical called human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG). The hCG circulates in the
blood and is filtered out in the urine. The
presence of hCG triggers a positive response
on an Early Pregnancy Test (EPT). Once the
embryo is embedded in the uterine lining
(implantation), a temporary organ known as
the placenta will develop. Cell division in the
embryo will increase as different organs and
organ systems develop until the fetus is born.
DEVELOPMENT There are 3 stages of birth
1. Contractions/breaking of water
2. Expulsion of the baby/birth
3. Expulsion of the placenta/afterbirth
After birth, children go through several different
developmental changes including infancy (birth – 2 years),
Digestion: The process of breaking food down into it’s molecular components so that the nutrients may be absorbed into the blood and then into cells of the body.
2 Types:
Mechanical: Takes place in the mouth, teeth physically break food into smaller pieces.
Chemical: Happens in mouth and stomach when enzymes and acids to break down food into a “chemical soup”.
Esophagus
The muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach.
A small “flap” near the top, the epiglottis, closes over the trachea (windpipe) when you swallow so that food cannot get into the lungs.
The esophagus pushes food toward the stomach by making muscular “wave” motions called “peristalsis”.
This is why you can swallow your food while upside-down or in space.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o18Uyc
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ctcode=DETB
The stomach is a muscular hollow organ that dissolves food using strong acids- chemical digestion.
The stomach also churns and grinds food- mechanical digestion.
The lining of the stomach is covered in mucus. This prevents the stomach acids from digesting itself.
When a problem occurs and the lining of the stomach starts to get eaten away, we call it an “ulcer”.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWMWs
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Small Intestines
The small intestines can be up to 26 feet long, are called “small” because they are not very wide in diameter.
They absorb nutrients into your blood.
The Large Intestine called the large intestine because it is 2-3 inches wide
but only about 5 feet long.
squeezes the last water and nutrients out of the leftovers.
the “holding tank” for anything that cannot be digested and absorbed.
Exiting the body!
“Poop” aka “feces”, is the squeezed remains of the food you didn’t digest. Feces smells because of bacteria that live in the Large Intestine and help us digest our food.
The bacteria give off a nice mixture of foul smelling gasses also known as flatulence (farts)
Diarrhea happens when the intestines are irritated and release the feces before the last water has been absorbed.
Poop with higher gas content will stay on the surface of the water, thus the name “floater”.
Liver
2 main roles:
1. Adds “bile,” a digestive chemical to the small intestine which helps digest fats. (bile is stored in an organ connected behind the liver called the gallbladder)
2. All the blood in the body passes through the liver every 3 minutes and is filtered of impurities and toxins.
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Pancreas Secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine
that help break down protein, starches, and fats that we eat.
The pancreas helps to regulate insulin levels that control the amount of sugar in the blood.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
It is the body system that removes excess,
unnecessary or dangerous materials from
the body.
It helps to maintain homeostasis within
the body and prevent damage to the body.
BODY SYSTEMS INCLUDED
Respiratory System Waste = Carbon Dioxide
Digestive System Waste = Solid Waste
Urinary System Waste = Liquid Waste
Integumentary System (Skin) Sweat
Since all of these systems remove waste, they are ALL part of the EXCRETORY SYSTEM!
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM…
Removes waste produced by the
activities of cells.
Many of these wastes are eliminated
as liquid urine.
Urine is formed by the Urinary
System.
THE URINARY SYSTEM…
The urinary system is made up of:
1. The Kidneys
2. The Urinary Bladder
3. The Ureters
4. The Urethra
THE KIDNEYS…
Blood enters the kidneys and passes
through millions of tiny filters called
Nephrons.
Liquid waste carried in the blood
collects in the filters and forms Urine.
THE URINARY BLADDER…
Urine is stored in the urinary
bladder until it is eliminated from
the body.
THE URETERS…
Moves urine out of the
kidneys and into the urinary
bladder through long tubes
called ureters.
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THE URETHRA…
Urine exits the body through
the urethra.
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This type of digestion helps to break down your food by chewing it in your mouth.
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Transport materials
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4/3/2015
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Explain two ways food is digested?
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Mechanical and chemical
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Cellular respiration
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Circulatory System
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4/3/2015
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Digestive System
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Small intestine by absorption
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The male sex cell is the what?
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What is homeostasis?
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Ability for the body to maintain a constant internal environment
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Respiratory System
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When a person breathes, the lungs absorb oxygen, which is used by cells to carry out the