Homeostasis Front of card Back of card Body stays in the same state. (glucose, O 2, temperature)

Homeostasis

Front of card Back of card

Body stays in the same state. (glucose, O2, temperature)

1

Nervous System


• Neurotransmitters• Cell-to-cell

communication• Fast• Short duration• Muscle contraction and gland secretion

2

Endocrine System


• Hormones• Travel through blood• Speed varies• Lasts longer• Growth, metabolism

3

N.S. and Endo. System

together


Hypothalamus (brain) controls the pituitary gland (endocrine system)

4

Target Tissue


Has receptors for specific hormones

5

Protein Hormones


Most hormones are protein derived. These are prompt (fast) b/c they bind to receptors on cell membrane. Must be injected.

6

Steroid Hormones


Are slow b/c they enter the cell.Made from lipids. Can be taken orally.

7

Tropic hormones


Made in the anterior pituitary. Affect other glands. 4 of them:TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

8

Master gland


Pituitary gland is called this because it produces tropic hormones. It controls most of the other glands.

9

Exocrine gland


Release substances into ducts. Ex. salivary gland, sweat gland, pancreas (digestive enzymes)

10

Pancreas


Is both an endocrine gland (insulin & glucagon) and an exocrine gland (secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine)

11

Negative feedback


Feedback inhibition.When a hormone level is high enough, it’s production is shut off.

12

Central Nervous System


Brain and spinal cord

13

Peripheral Nervous System


Somatic nerves - Sensory & motor

Autonomic nerves – Sympathetic and parasympathetic

14

Glial cells


Non-conducting cells in the nervous system.

15

Neuron

Front of card Back of card16

Myelin Sheath


Fatty protein that insulates the axon and speeds up transmission. Made from Schwann cells.

17

Speed of transmission


To increase speed:1. Bigger diameter and 2. Myelin sheath

18

Nodes of Ranvier


Gaps in the myelin sheath. Nerve impulses jump from node to node. Called saltatory conduction.

19

White matter


Neurons with a myelin sheath.

20

Grey matter


Neurons without a myelin sheath. Mostly in CNS.

21

Multiple Sclerosis


An autoimmune disease that breaks down the myelin sheath.

22

Types of Neurons

Front of card Back of cardSensory – brings info from affectors to CNS Interneuron – no myelin. In CNSMotor- carries impulse away from CNS to effectors

23

Reflex Arc

Front of card Back of card1. Affector – receptor; receives

stimulus2. Sensory neuron - carries

impulse to CNS 3. Interneuron – interpretation,

carries impulse through CNS4. Motor neuron - carries

impulse out5. Effector – muscle or gland

that responds

24

Polarized

Front of card Back of cardAn unstimulated axon. Resting potential is -70mVinside.

More sodium (Na+) outside than potassium (K+) inside.

25

Depolarized

Front of card Back of cardA stimulated axon. Action potential is +40mV. Inside is positive.

Caused by sodium rushing into the axon.

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Na+/K+ pump

Front of card Back of cardActively transports (ATP) 3Na+ out for every 2K+ in.

Returns the axon to resting potential or repolarizes the axon.

27

Action Potential


Refractory Period


Time it takes the neuron to repolarize before another A.P.

29

Threshold


Minimum stimulus required to cause an AP.

30

All-or-None Response

Front of card Back of cardNeurons either reach threshold and fire, or they don’t. Intensity and speed are the same every time.More neurons = more intensity.

31

Inhibitory Drugs


Lower the resting potential, requiring a greater stimulus to cause an action potential.(causes K+ to exit cell)

32

Synapse

Front of card Back of cardAlso called synaptic cleft. The space between axon ending of a presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of the post-synaptic neuron.

33

Activities at Synapse


Excitatory Synapse


Causes depolarization of the post-synaptic neuron.Na+ goes in.

35

Inhibitory Synapse


Causes hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic neuron.K+ goes out.This inhibits depolarization

36

Summation


Two or more neurons are required to create an action potential in a post-synaptic neuron.

37

Neurotransmitters

Front of card Back of cardChemicals released from synaptic vesicles to carry the impulse across the synapse. Ex. acetylcholine (parasympathetic NS)Norepinephrine (sympathetic NS)

38

Tolerance

Front of card Back of cardNeed larger doses of the drug to get the same effect.

The receptors on your neurons are reduced in number.

39

Sympathetic NS

Front of card Back of card“S” for StressInvoluntary; Fight or flightUses norepinephrine as neurotransmitter.

Causes: HR, BR, dilates pupils, converts glycogen to glucose, blood to skin

40

Parasympathetic NS

Front of card Back of cardRest and DigestInvoluntaryUses acetylcholine as neurotransmitter.

Causes: HR, BR, constricts pupils, converts glucose to glycogen, blood to skin

41

Functions of Spinal cord

Front of card Back of card1. Connects the brain

& the PNS2.Reflex arc

42

Composition of Spinal Cord

Front of card Back of card1. Outside portion is

white matter = myelinated

2. Inside portion is grey matter = unmyelinated

43

Cerebrospinal fluid

Front of card Back of cardSurrounds spinal cord and brain. Provides cushioning and nutrients.

44




Cerebrum

Smell

Cerebrum

Front of card Back of cardSpeech, reasoning, memory & personality. 4 lobes:Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.

48

Hypothalamus

Front of card Back of cardTemperature and metabolism.

Controls hunger, thirst, sleep and sex drive.

49

Pituitary Gland

Front of card Back of cardMaster gland. Produces tropic hormones that control the release of hormones from other glands.

50

Cerebellum


Balance

51

Pons


Relay station.

52

Medulla Oblongata


Autonomic NS.BR, HR, BP

53

Frontal Lobe

Front of card Back of cardMotor controlVoluntary movementsMemory, reasoning, critical thinking, language use and personality.

54

Parietal Lobe


Sensory area

55

Temporal Lobe


Hearing and smelling

56

Occipital Lobe


Vision

57


Sclera


Tough, white layer

59

Cornea


Tough clear layer on front

of eye.

60

Choriod


Black layer, absorbs light, contains blood

vessels

61

Iris


Colored muscle. Controls pupil

size

62

Pupil


Hole

63

Retina


Contains photoreceptors. – Rods and Cones

64

Rods


Photoreceptors for dim light and black and white images

65

Cones


Photoreceptors for bright light, color

and details.

66

Fovea Centralis


Also called Macula. Most cones are

here. In centre of retina

67

Blind Spot


Where the optic nerve leaves the eye. No rods or

cones.

68

Ciliary muscle


Muscle that controls the shape

of the lens.

69

Lens


Changes shape to focus.

70

Accommodation


When the lens changes shape to focus near or far.

71

3D vision


Possible because we have 2 eyes.

72


2 Functions of the Ear


Hearing and Balance

74

Pinna


Outside of ear

75

Auditory Canal


Ear canal. Amplifies sound and carries it to

tympanic membrane

76

Tympanic Membrane


Ear drum. Vibrates when sound hits it.

77

Ossicles


Bones in middle ear.

HammerAnvil

Stirrup

78

Eustachian tube


Connects middle ear to mouth and

nose. Equalization of pressure.

79

Semicircular Canals

Front of card Back of cardFor dynamic

equilibrium. Fluid moves inside and bends hair cells,

which send action potential to cerebellum.

80

Cochlea


For hearing. Basilar membrane in organ of Corti moves, causing hair cells to bend, which send an action potential to

temporal lobe.

81

Organ of Corti


Where hearing happens

Inside the cochlea.

82

Proprioceptors


Stretch receptors that tell your brain what

the parts of your body are doing.

83

Smell(Olfaction)


Need smell to taste. Can smell over 10 000

odours. Chemoreceptors send info to temporal lobe.

84

Taste


Can taste bitter, sour, salty and sweet.

Chemoreceptors on tongue send nerve impulse to parietal

lobe

85

Homeostasis Front of card Back of card Body stays in the same state. (glucose, O 2, temperature)

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