Nutrient Cycles • Biogeochemical Cycles: Processes by which elements are transferred from one sphere to another. – Atmosphere – Biosphere – Hydrosphere – Lithosphere
Nutrient Cycles
• Biogeochemical Cycles: Processes by which elements are transferred from one sphere to another.– Atmosphere
– Biosphere
– Hydrosphere
– Lithosphere
Nitrogen Cycle
Bacteria
Plants
Bacteria are integral to the entire cycle. Animals require plants to obtain useable Nitrogen.
Carbon Cycle
• To Atmosphere• Burning• Respiration• Decomposition
• To Biosphere• Photosynthesis• Food web
• To Hydrosphere• Dissolution• Erosion
• To Lithosphere• Decomposition• Burial
5
EnergyEnergy is constantly transferred from one form to another and from
one type to another.
• electrical to light
• mechanical to sound
• chemical to heat
Relationship between (chemical) energy and mass: e=mc2
Remember: ENERGY IS STORED IN BONDS
ENERGY CAN NEVER BE
CREATED OR DESTROYED
Step Location Goes in Comes out
Light dependent
reaction
Thylakoids (grana) Light and H2O
ADP+P
NADP+
O2
ATP
NADPH
Light independent
reaction
stroma CO2
ATP
NADPH
Sugar
ADP+P
NADP+
6H2O + 6CO2 + light energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
Cellular Respiration
Step Location Goes in Comes out
Glycolysis cytoplasm Sugar
ADP+P
NAD+
½ sugars
ATP
NADH
Kreb’s cycle mitochondrial matrix ½ sugars
NAD+
CO2
NADH
Electron transport
chain and ATP
synthase
mitochondrial membrane O2
ADP+P
NADH
H2O
ATP
NAD+
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
Cellular Respiration
•Only plants and algae photosynthesize.
•Animals and fungi only respire.
•BUT, plants and algae also respire.
SO, plants and algae do both…why?
Aerobic vs Anerobic Respiration
• Aerobic: Uses O2
– All 3 steps
– 30+ ATP/sugar
• Anaerobic: No O2
– Glycolysis only
– <5 ATP/sugar
– Types
• Lactic acid fermentation
• Alcohol fermentation
Trophic Levels
• Only ~10% of the energy in each level is passed to the next.
• Never gets higher than 5 or 6 levels due to limited energy availability.
Energy flow
Ecosystems• The community plus the abiotic factors that influence it
or are influenced by it.– Water– Rock– Nutrients– Energy flow
• Ecosystem type depends on annual temperature and precipitation patterns– Tilt of Earth’s axis– Ocean Circulation– Atmospheric circulation cells– Rainshadow– Lake effect
Ocean Currents•Ocean currents distribute heat throughout the planet.•Detritus and minerals from land masses and productive areas of the ocean sink to the bottom.•These nutrients are collected and carried on the bottom currents to regions of upwelling where they are returned to the surface.
Plate Tectonics•Heat from earth’s core causes convection currents
•Movement of mantle moves crust
•Plate boundaries separate, converge, or slide
Other Geologic Theories
• Uniformitarianism: the same principles that apply now applied in the past.
• Superposition: Older rock layers are on the bottom
• Contiguity: The same rock layers can often be seen on opposite sides of a rift or canyon.
Rock Cycle
• Igneous rock– melting and cooling– Glass, pumice, lava
rock
• Metamorphic Rock– heat and pressure– Marble, granite, slate,
coal
• Sedimentary rock– Erosion and
compaction– Sandstone, shale,
limestone
Ecosystems
Biodiversity: The numbers and types of organisms in an ecosystem.
Productivity: The speed at which nutrients are cycled through the ecosystem. Usually measured by plant growth.