Hollister Kids, a division of Hollister Creative.€¦ · Hollister Kids, a division of Hollister Creative. Sometimes it’s easier to tell when you don’t have civil rights than

Hollister Kids, a division of Hollister Creative.

Sometimes it’s easier to tell when you don’t havecivil rights than when you do.

If you have your civil rights, no one can use your raceto keep you from going to the school or church or syn-agogue or mosque you want. Or applying for a job. Orliving where you want. Or thinking what you want. Orreading what you want. Or eating and shopping whereyou want. Or talking to whomever you want.

If you cannot do these things because you belong toa particular race—or age group or gender or nationality,or because you have a handicap—then someone maybe discriminating against you.

For many years African-Americans did not have civilrights in this country. They could not go where theypleased or eat where they wanted or vote in elections.Often, they could not even worship or learn to read orwrite. And they couldn’t do these things because theywere black.

They are not alone in the struggle for civil rights.Other people, like Native Americans andJapanese-Americans and Jews, havealso fought discrimination.

The Fight for FreedomThe struggle for civil rights has always

been part of the African-American experience.

Before President Abraham Lincoln freedthe slaves in 1863, blacks fought for abasic civil right: to live as free people.

Sometimes, blacks used the courts.Sometimes, they rebelled. Sometimes,they escaped to places like Canadawhere they could live more freely. Butalways, they wanted freedom.

Elizabeth “Mum Bett” Freeman, forexample, sued a Massachusetts court forher freedom in 1780, arguing the state’s new constitutionsaid all men are born free and equal. She won her suit.

In 1822, Denmark Vesey, a free black carpenter, orga-nized a rebellion among slaves in Charleston, South

Carolina. Betrayed by a house slave, he and 47 otherconspirators were executed.

And Henry “Box” Brown escaped slavery in Richmond,Virginia, in 1841 by climbing into a box and shippinghimself to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Right before the Civil War, some African-Americans argued that blacks would befree only if they left the United States andreturned to Africa. So, many left Americaand founded the new country of Liberia.

Others stayed in America and workedas abolitionists, to abolish—or rid—thecountry of the practice of slavery.

The Road to RightsIn 1863, when President Lincoln freed

slaves, civil rights entered a new era. Many states, threatened by the former

slaves’ new freedom, began passinglaws limiting the movements

and rights of black people. These laws were called Jim Crow laws—

taking the name from an unflattering stereo-type of blacks in a song-and-dance minstrelact. These laws required separate—or segregated—public facilities like schools,trains and workplaces.

In addition, many Southern states passedlaws that restricted the vote to people whocould pay certain taxes or read certain thingsor whose grandfathers also had had the rightto vote. These laws kept from the ballot boxmany black people, who were often poor oruneducated and whose grandfathers certainlydid not have the right to vote.

And if these rules didn’t keep black peopleaway from voting, then burnings, lynchings,

murders and threats from the Ku Klux Klan did.African-Americans responded by organizing and

fighting for legal and economic equality. But those battles also took different and varied routes.

A Move for Self-Reliance Booker T. Washington embraced a kind of pro-

segregation economic self-reliance, forming the NationalNegro Business League in the year 1900.“Cast down your buckets where you are,”Washington urged African-Americans. “In all things that are purely social, we canbe as separate as the fingers, yet one asthe hand in all things essential to mutualprogress.”

In 1909, W.E.B. DuBois helped form theNational Association for the Advancementof Colored People—NAACP—which workedfor equality by seeking changes in laws.

In 1941, A. Philip Randolph, president ofthe Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters,organized a march on Washington, D.C. The march was called off only afterPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt said racialand religious discrimination in defenseprograms had to stop.

After that, the NAACP began vigorously using thecourts to argue for integrated schools and public facili-ties. In 1954, that effort led to the dramatic success inthe U.S. Supreme Court’s famous Brown v. Board ofEducation decision, which declared that segregated,separate public schools were not equal in quality forblacks and for whites.

Change Without ViolenceA growing number of people also used non-violent

protests to persuade other citizens that civil rights wereimportant for everyone. Among that group’s mostfamous leaders was the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.

King, an Atlanta-based minister and a founder of theclergy-led Southern Christian Leadership Conference,used the non-violent approach of India’s famous leader Mohandas Gandhi.

In 1960, four students from the North CarolinaAgricultural and Technical College sat-in at a Greensboro

Civil Rights Timeline (1619 - 1758)

Twenty Africans arrive in Jamestown, VA,and are sold as indentured servants.1619

Massachusetts enacts a law protectingenslaved Africanswho flee ownersbecause of ill treatment.

1630

Virginia passes a fugitive slaveorder penalizing those whoassist runaway slaves.

1642Virginia enacts law denyinglegal equality to freed blacks.1668

100,000 African slaves in the West Indies inCaribbean Sea, south of Florida; 5,000 inNorth America.

1675

New York law forbids black and Native Americanslaves from having meetings or carrying firearms.1685

Germantown, PA, Quakers sign first official writtenprotest against slavery in North America.1688

Virginia enacts a law making it legal to killrunaway slaves in the course of recapture.1692

Black and white indentured servants plana rebellion in Gloucester County, VA. Thecitizens put it down violently, and displaythe heads of the slain rebels.

1663

New York and New Jersey recognizelegality of slavery.

Boston traders begin to import black slaves directly from Africa.

1664

President AbrahamLincoln freed slaves

with the EmancipationProclamation in 1863.

Booker T. Washingtonurged African-American

self-reliance with the National Negro

Business League.

Dutch West India Co. exports 11 male slaves to New York.1626

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Philadelphia, PA, permits whites to “take up”and imprison any black found without a pass.1693

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Civil rights today are very different from what theywere 50 years ago. A good way to find out whatchanges have taken place is to ask the oldest peopleyou know how life was like when they were young.

Ask them these questions and write down theiranswers in the space provided...

■ How old is the person you questioned? _ _ _ _ _

■ Where did they grow up?_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

■ Were their schools segregated? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

■ Their neighborhoods? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

■ Their churches, temples or mosques? _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

■ Could they shop where they wanted? _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

■ Go to the movies where they wanted? _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

■ How do they feel about these changes? _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Discuss your answers with your classmates and makea list of changes on the chalkboard. After making thelist, vote as a class and rate the changes in order ofimportance. Number them in order of their importance,with (1.) being the most important change in the viewof your class. Now look around you...

■ Is your classroom integrated?■ What about your neighborhood? ■ The places you shop?

As a class, make a list of civil rights goals for the future.

1,000 blacks in New England colonies;Boston becomes slave trade center forNew England; first anti-slavery pamphletpublished in New England.

1700

Boston, MA, slaves accused of setting adozen fires in one week. The next year,Boston imposes curfews on non-whites.

1723

Benjamin Franklin organizesthe Junto, an anti-slaverygroup, in Philadelphia, PA.

Blacks and Native Americansrevolt in Middlesex andGloucester Counties in Virginia.

1727

Pennsylvania outlaws slave trade.1712

South Carolina limits the vote to freewhite Christian men.1721

Spain promises freedom in Spanish Floridato slaves escaped from English colonies.1733

Indentured black servant petitions Massachusettscourt and wins his freedom after the death ofthe white woman he works for.

1737

Slaves revolt in South Carolina.1739

South Carolina law prohibits teaching slaves to write.1741

South Carolina passes laws requiringslaves to wear clothing identifyingthem as slaves; newly freed slavesmust leave the state within six monthsor risk re-enslavement.

1735

restaurant where laws kept them from eating. That sit-insparked the forming of the Student Non-ViolentCoordinating Committee and many other protests.African-Americans soon were riding in segregated busesand defying other laws they believed were bad.

In 1963, more than 250,000 people marched onWashington, D.C., to push for civil rights. “I have adream,” King said in the most famous civil rights speechever, “that one day this nation will rise up and live outthe true meaning of its creed—we hold these truths tobe self-evident, that all men are created equal.”

The Sixties StrugglesIn the 1960s, the civil rights movement again took

many different forms. Some people, like members ofthe Southern Christian Leadership Conference, workedto integrate cities. Others, like the youthful members of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee(SNCC), worked mostly in southern rural areas to register African-Americans to vote.

Still others, like Black Panther party members,believed that working to stop discrimination by whiteswouldn’t solve the major problems of blacks: povertyand lack of education. Inspired by a tradition thatbegan before the Civil War and was tied to the back-to-Africa movement of Marcus Garvey, the BlackPanthers and SNCC urged blacks to rely on themselves.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the quest for civil rights sawgreat failures and great successes. Some civil rightsprograms have grown unpopular with people whomight have supported them in the past. The U.S.Supreme Court and many politicians have attackedprograms that established quotas—numbers set inadvance for the share of jobs or college admissionsthat would go to minorities. And the gap between

those who have wealthand those who do not inthis country has growneven more unequal.

In 2008, unhappinesswith the direction thenation was going ledAmerican voters to make a historic decision in politics. Barack Obama, a U.S. Senator from Illinoiswho was in his first term,became the first African-American to be electedPresident of the UnitedStates. The fact Obamawon the nomination of the Democratic Party wasground-breaking in itselfbecauses no African-American had ever been

nominated for president by a major party.In winning the presidency, Obama drew enormous

support from African-American voters and energizedyoung voters of all races to get involved in politics forthe first time.

While he lost support of many voters in the 2010 elections for U.S. Congress, his presidency continuedto write new chapters in African-American history.

As he often said in the 2008 campaign, “in no other country on Earth is my storyeven possible.”

Our Ancestors

The photographs a newspaperprints are a window on the life of your

community or world. Look through the paper page by page and

write down who is pictured. How many areAfrican-American? How many are white? Howmany are of other ethnic heritage?

If you had looked through a paper of 30years ago how do you think your findingswould be different? Go to a library and lookat a newspaper from 30 years ago.

Use your math skills to make a bar graph ofthe different types of people pictured in bothpapers. With the help of your teacher, write out the numbers as fractions or percentages.

Repeat this for a week using the daily news-paper and make a report on the photos inyour paper. What conclusions can you make?

CHECK OUT THE PAPER!

Britain’s Queen Anne overrules a newPennsylvania colonial law prohibiting slavery.

1711

Carolina, split over slavery issue, dividesinto separate colonies, North and South.1729

South Carolina law prohibits slaves from learningabout medicines or becoming doctors.1751

Future President George Washingtonacquires the Mount Vernon, VA,estate and its 18 slaves. Eventually he owns 200 slaves.

1752

Philadelphia opens schools for black children.1758

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Protest marches like the 1963 March on Washington, D.C., were a way to voice African-American concerns.

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