RUNNING HEAD: MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION TOWARDS INTEGRAL ECOLOGIES: MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Institute for Transformative Learning In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree by Jessica Fuhr Nichol June 12, 2019 Josette Luvmour, Ph.D. Faculty Mentor Sam Crowell, Jr., Ed.D. Faculty Advisor Fionn Wright Learner Colleague Copyright 2019 Jessica Fuhr Nichol, All Rights Reserved
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RUNNING HEAD: MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION
TOWARDS INTEGRAL ECOLOGIES: MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN
HOLISTIC EDUCATION
A Thesis
Presented to the Graduate Institute for Transformative Learning
This intuitive inquiry explores the potentialities of ancient cultural mythologies, the universe story
as a new mythology, and technology with its role in community connection in the context of
holistic education. Intuitive inquiry is a qualitative research methodology that invites an
engagement with the unique interests and passions of the researcher. This study looks through the
lens of the emerging field of archetypal cosmology to examine how and why mythology and
technology can strengthen the soul dimension of holistic education and lead toward integral
ecologies.
Key words: holistic education, archetypal cosmology, mythology, technology, integral ecologies,
the universe story, Journey of the Universe
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
With appreciation and thanks to:
My family: Brad, Lance, and Zoe, for your patience, support, and participation in this project.
My faculty mentors: Josette Luvmour and Sam Crowell, whose guidance shaped this inquiry in
ever-appreciated ways.
My learner-colleague: Fionn Wright, for your affirmative interest in technology.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………….................……… i
Chapter Page I INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 The Situation .......................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................... 3 Archetypal Cosmology ..................................................................... 3 Integral Ecologies ............................................................................. 4 The Approach to the Study ..................................................................... 5 Important Definitions ............................................................................. 6 Cycle 1 .................................................................................................... 7 II LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................... 8 Systems Thinking: The New Paradigm of Science ................................ 9 The Field of Holistic Education ........................................................... 11 Archetypal Principles ........................................................................... 12
Our Place in Time and Space ............................................................... 14 From Ancient Civilizations to the Axial Age and Beyond ............ 14 The Triphasic Pattern, the Spiral, and the Fractal .......................... 16 In Consideration of a Second Axial Age ........................................ 18 Integral Philosophy and Integral Consciousness .................................. 19 Structures of Consciousness Throughout Childhood ........................... 22 Myth and its Role in Culture ................................................................ 22 The New Story to Journey of the Universe .......................................... 24 Look to the Stars: A Path Toward Integral Ecologies .......................... 27 The Historical Dialectic of Archetypal Principles ......................... 30 Understanding Archetypal Principles in Childhood ...................... 31 Care of the Soul in Education ........................................................ 32 Mythology in Holistic Education ................................................... 33 Technology in Holistic Education .................................................. 35 The Potential of the Adult/Child Relationship ............................... 37 Summary and Cycle 2 Lenses .............................................................. 38
III METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 40 Intuitive Inquiry as a Qualitative Research Methodology .................... 40 Research Questions ........................................................................ 42 Context of the Study ............................................................................. 42 Graduate Institute for Transformative Learning ............................ 42 Fourth Industrial Revolution .......................................................... 43 Positionality .......................................................................................... 44 Procedure .............................................................................................. 45 Triphasic Pattern ............................................................................ 48 Hypnogogia .................................................................................... 48 Study Participants ................................................................................. 50 Data Collection ..................................................................................... 51 Validity ................................................................................................. 55
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION
IV FINDINGS/CYCLE 3 ......................................................................... 56 Open Intake .......................................................................................... 56 Open Intake for my Children ................................................................ 58 Sleep/Digestion .................................................................................... 65 Skill/Mastery ........................................................................................ 67 V DISCUSSION ...................................................................................... 82 Cycle 4 .................................................................................................. 82 Cycle 4 Lenses ............................................................................... 83 Open Intake Lenses ........................................................................ 83 Sleep/Digestion Lenses .................................................................. 84 Cycle 2 Lenses ............................................................................... 84 Comparison of Triphasic Cycle 2 and Cycle 4 lenses .......................... 84 Concept: Adult/Child Relationship ................................................ 84 Concept: Technology ..................................................................... 86 Concept: Mythology ....................................................................... 89 Concept: System ............................................................................. 91 Concept: The Unseen ..................................................................... 92 Concept: Our Place in Time and Space .......................................... 97 Concept: Earth/Human Relationship .............................................. 99 Summary ...................................................................................... 101 Cycle 5 ................................................................................................ 102 Integration of Cycle 4 Lenses with Literature Review and Findings ..................................................................................... 102 What is Left Unsaid? .................................................................... 104 Procedures and Plans That Did Not Work ................................... 106 Mistakes Made ............................................................................. 106 The Researcher’s Apprehensions and Puzzlements About the Study and Findings ................................................... 107 The Style of Intuitive Interpretation Used ................................... 108 What Remains Unresolved or Problematic About the Topic or the Method? .......................................................................... 111 Summary ............................................................................................ 112 Summary Implications and Visionary Trajectory ........................ 112 Implications for Practice .............................................................. 113 Limitations of my Research ......................................................... 113 Future Research ............................................................................ 114 Recommendations ........................................................................ 115 Final Reflections .......................................................................... 115
Appendix A ......................................................................................................... 116 Appendix B ......................................................................................................... 117 Appendix C ......................................................................................................... 118 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 119
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 1
Prohibited though it may be from an objective point of view to make statements out of
the blue – that is, without sufficient reason – there are nevertheless some statements
which apparently have to be made without objective reasons.… Since the archetype is not
just an inactive form, but a real force charged with a specific energy, it may very well be
regarded as the causa efficiens of such statements, and be understood as the subject of
them. In other words, it is not the personal human being who is making the statement, but
the archetype speaking through him.
-Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The Situation
When my son was a toddler, he would look out the window on certain dark evenings and
point his chubby young finger towards the sky. "Moonah," he would proclaim. "Moonah!" His
fixation on the moon was the beginning of his interest in space. When no moon is present in the
night sky of the rural area in which I live, the stars twinkle brightly against a backdrop of
darkness. These glittering points of light soon captured the attention of my son’s inner yearning.
Like so many before him, he longed to know more. What are the stars? How far away are they?
His father and I procured a variety of children’s books and began to read aloud Bob Berman’s
Secrets of the Night Sky (1995) in an attempt to satiate his hunger for meaning-making. We
learned together about Betelgeuse. We gazed upon Orion’s Belt, located the Pleiades, and
contemplated the vastness of the Milky Way. My small daughter began to look to the sky as
well, noticing Orion’s constancy in winter whether she was star-gazing from the island of Maui
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 2
or a mountain valley in Colorado. This story of wonder at the depth of creation within the
cosmos is not unique to my family. This story has permeated humanity throughout the ages.
Richard Tarnas and Brian Thomas Swimme, professors in the Philosophy, Cosmology,
and Consciousness (PCC) Department at California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS) gave a
talk entitled The Stars Lead us to Wonder in November 2018 that captures the essence of my
children's experience and this study. Tarnas provided two meanings of the title word "wonder":
1) Numinous mystery (numinous is defined (Merriam-Webster, 2019) as 1) supernatural,
mysterious; 2) filled with a sense of the presence of divinity: holy; 3) appealing to the
higher emotions or the aesthetic sense: spiritual)
2) The feeling of wanting to know something that has caused us curiosity or perplexity.
An urge to understand or solve a mystery.
Tarnas explained that the religious sense of the first definition and the scientific sense of the
second have led to the main worldviews of today. “Lead” in the title focuses attention and
intention.
Through the course of their talk, Tarnas and Swimme spoke about how the stars have (a)
evolved into us over a 14-billion-year period, (b) been crucial through each stage of evolution
and consciousness as they draw forth new capacities and cosmologies at each transition, and (c)
been key to our intellectual development. Swimme stated that we live in a time where we are
ruining the planet with tremendous intelligence and power. His hope that evening was for the
discussion to make a difference to the planetary situation in which we, as humanity, find
ourselves. The PCC program at CIIS echoes this hope in their dedication "to re-imagining the
human species as a mutually enhancing member of the Earth community” (Philosophy,
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 3
Cosmology, and Consciousness, 2019). This intuitive inquiry is conducted in the spirit of the
above-stated re-imagining.
Purpose of the Study
As we float in the midst of such mysterious immensities, is there any deep wisdom that
might help us align our consciousness with the grain of cosmic evolution?
-Brian Thomas Swimme, Journey of the Universe film
This study explores the potentialities of mythology and technology within holistic
education in our current context. In the recently published International Handbook of Holistic
Education (Miller, Nigh, Binder, Novak, & Crowell, 2019) (The Handbook), Bruce Novak
identified an overarching soul dimension of holistic education. Miller (2008) defined soul in his
book The Holistic Curriculum as “a vital and mysterious energy that gives meaning and purpose
to one’s life” (p. 178) and identified mythology, the universe story, and community connections
as among the ways to nurture the soul and allow the self to emerge. What is missing from the
literature as well as The Handbook, and what this study attempts to provide, is a transdisciplinary
look at how and why (a) mythology in its original relationship to ancient civilizations, (b) the
universe story as a new cultural mythology, and (c) technology with its exponentially expanding
role in community connection provide care to the soul and encourage the emergence of the true
nature of the individual. This study posits that the soul dimension will be strengthened by
incorporating mythology and technology into education based on holistic principles for reasons
illuminated by archetypal cosmology.
Archetypal Cosmology
Archetypal cosmology is “a distinctive vision of psyche and cosmos, of the human
being’s co-creative participation in an ensouled, evolving universe” (Tarnas, 2011, p. 65) that
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 4
arose during the 1970s and 80s at Esalen Institute in California and from the 1990s to the present
at CIIS. Tarnas writes of the early days at Esalen:
The unusually profound encounters with the deep unconscious that we were studying
frequently involved direct experiences of an archetypal dimension of reality – whether in
the form of mythic figures and narratives from various cultures, gods and goddesses,
transcendent Platonic Ideas, or Jungian archetypes. (Tarnas, 2011, p. 66)
Academic scholars and researchers began to recognize the larger implications of the evidence for
correlations between planetary movements and patterns of human experience. In response to
extraordinary evidence, the research was pursued more systematically and then integrated into
“relevant ideas and conceptual frameworks from both the admired past, such as the Platonic-
Pythagorean tradition or the work of Johannes Kepler, and the cutting-edge present, from depth
psychology to the new paradigm sciences” (Tarnas, 2011, p. 65). The astrological research
paradigm has “proved highly promising in the study of history and biography, psychology,
philosophy, religion, mythology, culture, and the arts” (Tarnas, 2011, p. 65). Implications of
archetypal cosmology are being considered by scholars within the PCC department at CIIS to
further understanding of the relationship between the psyche and the cosmos (About the MA,
n.d.). Considerations of the relationship between psyche and cosmos, “inner and outer, between
self and world,” (Tarnas, 2007, p. 17) are intrinsic to holistic education and are seen throughout
The Handbook using different vocabulary.
Integral Ecologies
This study aims to encourage transdisciplinary research and dialogue between the field of
holistic education and the multidisciplinary fields within and associated with the PCC
department at CIIS to further a shared interest towards integral ecologies. Integral ecologies are
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 5
“a variety of emerging approaches to ecology that cross disciplinary boundaries in efforts to
deeply understand and creatively respond to the complex matters, meanings, and mysteries of
relationships that constitute the whole of the Earth community” (Mickey, Kelly, & Robbert,
2017, p. 1). Edward Brantmeier explores this shared interest in The Handbook through an
examination of the subfields of holistic, sustainability, and peace education to “shed light on
their confluence and also reveal divergent approaches to ensuring quality of life for the human
species during our tenure on earth and also for planetary well-being for the long haul” (Miller et
al., 2019, p. 80). The transdisciplinary nature of this study may contribute to numerous fields in
addition to holistic education, including depth psychology, the field of religion and ecology, and
ecopsychology. Ecopsychology holds that “the psyche is rooted inside a greater intelligence once
known as the anima mundi, the psyche of the Earth herself that has been nurturing life in the
cosmos for billions of years through its drama of heightening complexification” (Roszak T.,
1995, p. 16).
The Approach to the Study
Over the five chapters of this thesis, I utilize the qualitative lens of the five iterative
cycles of intuitive inquiry. Cycle 1 is listed at the end of Chapter I Introduction. Cycle 2 lenses
are listed at the end of Chapter II Literature Review. The next chapter is III Methodology.
Indications for future research and gaps in the literature situate a case study utilizing purposeful
sampling as the ideal research methodology for data collection within the parameter of my
intuitive inquiry. Specifically, the case study explores the incorporation of digital media
(digitized content transmitted over the internet or electronic networks including text, audio,
video, and graphics) and the interweaving of Journey of the Universe (Our Story, n.d.) as a new
cultural mythology for our time into the Live Education! (Live Education: Creative and Caring
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 6
Waldorf Guidance, n.d.) fifth-grade curriculum. The descriptive findings of the Cycle 3 research
are reported using embodied writing accompanied by illustrative examples of participants’ art
and writing in Chapter IV Findings. Chapter V Discussion includes the Cycle 4 lenses, a
comparison to Cycle 2 lenses, and Cycle 5 of the intuitive inquiry.
Important Definitions
Two key terms identified within the focus of this study that can have a variety of
meanings are mythology and technology. The specific ways they are utilized here are defined as
follows:
Mythology - this study defines mythology as a sacred story set within the unfolding universe.
Mythology describes in poetic form the fundamental truths of nature and human life and gives
body to invisible and eternal factors that reach beyond the personal to express imagery reflective
of the archetypal dynamics that shape the universe and every human life.
This definition incorporates the new cultural mythology of Journey of the Universe
(defined in the literature review) and is drawn directly from Thomas Moore's description in his
book Care of the Soul:
A myth is a sacred story set in a time and place outside history, describing in fictional
form the fundamental truths of nature and human life. Mythology gives body to the
invisible and eternal factors that are always part of life but don’t appear in a literal,
factual story…. Myth reaches beyond the personal to express an imagery reflective of
archetypal issues that shape every human life. (Moore, 1994, p. 220)
Technology - is defined in this study as any technology potentially available to create
community connection and “aid the young to identify themselves in the comprehensive
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 7
dimensions of space and time” (Berry, 2003, pp. 86-87), specifically but not limited to digital
media and devices, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and robotics.
Cycle 1
The inspiration for this work came through my graduate studies and specifically from
coursework offered through the Graduate Institute for Transformative Learning:
• Holistic Education: Roots and Praxis - with a Focus on Adolescence, mentored by David
Marshak, Ed.D.
• Catalytic Memes: The Transformative Power of the “New Story,” mentored by Jonathan
Tayler, Ph.D.
During this parallel coursework, I read for the first time Thomas Berry’s 1978 essay The New
Story: Comments on the Origin, Identification, and Transmission of Values (2003). I reread the
text repeatedly, sensing a depth of meaning that was not immediately discernable to me. Several
months later I became familiar with intuitive inquiry as a research methodology, and I re-
engaged with The New Story essay as my Cycle 1 text.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 8
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This study explores through the lens of archetypal cosmology the potential of mythology
and technology to strengthen the soul dimension of holistic education and lead towards integral
ecologies. The Cycle 1 text, Berry’s The New Story (2003) essay, catalyzed the literature review.
The coverage approach was guided by the exercises of Cycle 2 of the intuitive inquiry, as
described in Chapter III Methodology. The transdisciplinary nature of the study provided too
vast a landscape to present an exhaustive review within a single thesis chapter. Therefore, a
purposive sample of literature representing the voices associated with (a) theories that provide
guidance and influence across the fields, (b) the International Handbook of Holistic Education
(Miller et al., 2019), (c) the PCC Department at CIIS, and (d) the faculty members of the
Graduate Institute for Transformative Learning (GIFTLearning) whose teachings influenced my
own meaning-making in relation to the study have been included.
The transdisciplinary nature of this study requires a systems approach, and the literature
review begins with an overview of systems thinking as the new paradigm of science. Organized
conceptually, the review next outlines the field of holistic education, followed by archetypal
principles as a concept fundamental to both archetypal cosmology and this study. Our place in
time and space is situated by connecting historical periods identified across the fields and
exploring the triphasic pattern and spiral as discussed and illustrated in Sean Kelly's (2010)
work. The view of the evolution of human consciousness known as integral philosophy and the
structures of consciousness throughout childhood are related to the previously discussed triphasic
pattern and the spiral. A key concept to this study is mythology. A purposive sample of present
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 9
and past voices within the literature summarize myth's role in culture and the rise of a new
cultural mythology in the universe story.
Finally, the review attempts to synthesize the literature and offer a new perspective as it
attends to Swimme and Tarnas’s indications in their talk The Stars Lead us to Wonder (2018).
Kelly (Mickey, Kelly, & Robert, 2017) identifies evolution and (re) enchantment as the guiding
principles of integral ecologists Swimme and Berry. When viewed through the lens of
archetypal cosmology, the principles of evolution and (re) enchantment position the potentialities
of mythology and technology as a viable study within holistic education. Holistic education is
poised to play an essential role in returning an awareness of soul to twenty-first-century
education as post-modern and integral thinkers examine methodologies with which to move
away from the prevailing mechanistic worldview towards a systems view of life (Capra & Luisi,
2014). The literature highlights advantages of the adult/child relationship for the use of
technology in our current Western educational context; archetypal cosmology links our current
period to the period five hundred years ago that was shaped by the printed book. A co-evolution
of the child and the adult in relationship with each other is emphasized in the literature in light of
the new-science paradigm. A summary and identification of the intuitive inquiry Cycle 2 lenses
conclude the review.
Systems Thinking: The New Paradigm of Science
In the twentieth-century scientists came to realize that analyzing the parts of a living
system does not allow an understanding of the behavior of the whole. “In the systems approach,
the properties of the parts can be understood only from the organization of the whole” (Capra &
Luisi, 2014, p. 66). Systems thinking concentrates on basic principles of organization and is
“contextual,” situating the object of study into the context of a larger whole. The conceptual
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 10
framework of systems thinking is elucidated in The Systems View of Life: A Unifying Vision
(Capra & Luisi, 2014). Systems thinking “includes and integrates life’s biological, cognitive,
social, and ecological dimensions” (Capra & Luisi, 2014, p. xii) with broad implications for
humanity’s continued quest for answers regarding the origin, nature, and meaning of life. “Some
systems theorists, including Capra, Erich Jantsch, and Ervin Lazlo, suggest that the universe
itself can be conceptualized as a vast living system that can be analyzed and explicated using
systems concepts” (Le Grice, 2012, p. 101). Capra and Luisi (2014) emphasize that the shift in
perspective to systems thinking does not eliminate “one perspective in favor of the other, but
rather that there is a complementary interplay between the two perspectives, a figure/ground
shift” (Capra & Luisi, 2014, pp. 79, 83). By including mind, consciousness, and meaning within
the central concepts, systems theory brings understanding to the interior psychological structure
and organization in addition to the material structure and organization (Le Grice, 2012).
Thomas Kuhn introduced the concept of a scientific “paradigm” in his 1962 book The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Capra & Luisi, 2014). According to Kuhn, a scientific
paradigm includes not only concepts and techniques but also values, which are the basis and
driving force of science and its applications to technology. Kuhn described a discontinuous,
revolutionary break in the concepts, values, and techniques shared by a scientific community and
the wider community as a paradigm shift. In recent decades the concepts of a paradigm and a
paradigm shift have been used increasingly within the social sciences where the change in values
can also be observed. Capra and Luisi write:
“The Zeitgeist (“spirit of the age”) of the early twenty-first century is being shaped by a
profound change of paradigms…. The new paradigm may be called a holistic worldview,
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 11
seeing the world as an integrated whole rather than a dissociated collection of parts.”
(Capra & Luisi, 2014, p. 12)
Capra and Luigi say that it can also be called an ecological view in the sense that deep ecological
awareness recognizes the interdependent relationship of individuals and societies embedded
within the cyclical processes of nature. Whichever name one chooses, the new paradigm view
and sciences offer support to the field of holistic education, the emerging field of archetypal
cosmology, and the shared transdisciplinary goal of integral ecologies.
The Field of Holistic Education
The literature suggests that “indigenous peoples were the first holistic educators” (Miller
et al., 2019, p. 5) and the concept of holistic education traces back to Ancient Greece and Rome
(Miller J. P., 2008) in the West, and centuries earlier in the East with Buddhist and Taoist
spiritual traditions (Nakagawa, 2000). Holistic education recognizes the whole person, including
the mind, body, and spiritual aspect (Miller et al., 2019; Miller J. P., 2008; Nakagawa, 2000;
Nava, 2001). An essential element of the holistic perspective is that, in viewing the whole
person, it also includes the context (ecosystem or system) the person is situated within.
Everything is interrelated and cannot separate into parts. By implementing holistic perspectives
in education, educators and learners gain awareness of the systemic nature of our world. There
are many influential teachers in the history of holistic education. Ron Miller (1997) provides
background on the originating theorists: Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Alcott, Channing,
Emerson, and Thoreau. Miller includes Francis W. Parker, whose career took place in the public-
school system, and John Dewey, whose writing has inspired twentieth-century holistic educators.
More recent educators and theorists who contributed to holistic education are Maria Montessori,
Rudolf Steiner, Sri Aurobindo, Howard Gardner, and Jiddu Krishnamurti. All of these theorists
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 12
and educators contributed to the many educators who are teaching with a holistic worldview
today.
In the preface of the International Handbook of Holistic Education (Miller et al., 2019)
John P. Miller links the field of holistic education to the new paradigm, referring to it as the
Holistic Age. The term holistic education arose in the 1980s. Recent decades have brought
relevant publications and developments within the field including conferences around the world
where educators come together to share their work. The Handbook intended to provide an "up-to-
date picture of the field, as it exists around the globe, its theories, practices, and research" (Miller
et al., 2019, p. xxiii). Miller states that perhaps the most significant challenge has been in the
area of empirical research since that area is less developed than others. Miller cites the example
of Toward a Spiritual Research Paradigm: Exploring New Ways of Knowing, Researching, and
Being (Lin, Oxford, & Culham, 2016) as a recent book that has started to address the need for
innovative research methods for holistic educators to utilize. The Handbook’s section on research
in the field includes the qualitative methodologies of phenomenology, arts-based, poetic and
narrative inquiry, action and participatory action, and a quantitative study using scientific
methods. This intuitive inquiry aligns with a spiritual research paradigm (Appendix A) and is
presented as an innovative research methodology within the field of holistic education.
Archetypal Principles
Fundamental to archetypal cosmology and this study is the concept of archetypal
principles. The origin of this concept traces back to ancient Mesopotamian, Greek, and
Hellenistic thought. Significant figures of Western intellectual history have contributed to the
developing understanding of the nature of archetypes, including Plato, Aristotle, Ficino, Kant,
Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Whitehead, Freud, Jung, Hillman, Grof, and Tarnas (About the MA,
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 13
n.d.). A present definition of an archetype is “a universal principle or force that affects – impels,
structures, permeates – the human psyche and the world of human experience on many levels”
(Tarnas, 2007, p. 84). The archetypes have been correlated with planetary movements, and
Tarnas explains the Platonic-Jungian lineage of the astrological thesis in his 2007 major work
Cosmos and Psyche. Tarnas describes the nature of these correlations as an orchestrated
synthesis that combines the “precision of mathematical astronomy with the psychological
complexity of the archetypal imagination, a synthesis whose sources seemingly exist a priori
within the fabric of the universe” (p. 85).
In Jungian terms, the astrological evidence suggests that the collective unconscious is
ultimately embedded in the macrocosm itself, with the planetary motions a synchronistic
reflection of the unfolding archetypal dynamics of human experience. In Platonic terms,
astrology affirms the existence of an anima mundi informing the cosmos, a world soul in
which the human psyche participates as a microcosm of the whole. Finally, the Platonic,
Jungian, and astrological understandings of archetypes are all complexly linked, both
historically and conceptually, to the archetypal structures, narratives, and figures of
ancient myth. (Tarnas, 2007, p. 86)
This study is based on archetypal cosmology’s premises that (a) the archetypes are linked to
ancient myth and planetary movements, (b) the planetary movements are synchronistic with the
archetypal dynamics of human experience, and (c) the anima mundi as World Soul exists a
priori, with the human psyche as a microcosm of the whole. To further situate this study, themes
in the historical periods identified across the fields are examined next, followed by the
consideration of an underlying dialectical pattern in both interior and material structure and
organization.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 14
Our Place in Time and Space
Ancient Civilizations to the Axial Age and Beyond
As Bruce Novak reflected on the six written pieces that constitute Part 1 Foundations of
The Handbook, he arrived at “seven integrated dimensions of holistic education: three related to
our organic nature; three related to the beginnings, middle, and prospective fulfillment of our
being in the world; and a final, single overarching dimension” (Miller et al., 2019, p. 1). The
overarching dimension - the soulful dimension, was introduced in Chapter I of this thesis. The
three related to our organic nature are the neurological dimension (mind), the incarnated
dimension (body), and the aesthetic dimension (feeling/heart/spirit/soul). The three related to
time are of interest here:
• The anthropological dimension: before “civilization” when all human education was
holistic. “Indigenous Worlding” is relayed by Four Arrows aka Don Trent Jacobs in The
Handbook and is now being introduced to holistic educators to encourage a reconnection
to the natural world as it acts as a co-participant in our being and doing, just as it did in
humanity’s early existence.
• The historic dimension: diverse wisdom traditions provide educational resources to
recover our natural wholeness within "civilization." The Axial Age, a term coined by
philosopher Karl Jaspers which refers to the period from @900 to 200 BCE brought
peace and what can now be recognized as holistic consciousness to stem the violence that
arose near the beginning of the historical period in the late second millennium BCE.
During the Axial Age, world religions and the perennial philosophy arose, and great
teachers appeared on the earth including "Buddha, Zoroaster, Lao-tzu, Confucius,
Socrates, Plato, and the Israelite prophets" (Miller et al., 2019, p. 6).
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 15
• The philosophical dimension: “bringing the left brain to know what the right brain can
do” (Miller et al., 2019, p. 3). Novak writes:
this tradition of both teaching and thought, which might be called “The Empathic
and Ecological Enlightenment,” seeks, at its foundation, to engage feeling and
embodied minds in a lively and restorative dance with one another and the world.
And it provides new left-brain conceptual support for a general holistic worldview
in which the full intuitive power of the right brain is reinstated. (Miller et al.,
2019, p. 3)
Sean Kelly, professor at PCC at CIIS, explores the same historical themes as Novak and
articulates an in-depth thesis in his book Coming Home (2010). Kelly provides multiple visuals
that align with this study. In the first diagram, note the three periods arcing towards the same
goal.
(Kelly, 2010, p xi)
In the following diagram, note the historical periods of the inner spiral and the influences coming
from the differing thought streams indicated by the upward-moving arrows located along the
bottom of the diagram.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 16
(Kelly, 2010, p. 162)
The Triphasic Pattern, the Spiral, and the Fractal
Kelly relays Hegel’s logic of the Absolute, known through the concept of the “dialectic
as the movement which leads from an initial position through opposition or negation to a new
position that includes (or, to be more precise, simultaneously transcends, includes, and negates)
the initial position along with its apparent opposite” (Kelly, 2010, p. 15). There are multiple
triads of terms which Hegel associated with the logic of the Absolute: Kelly utilizes identity,
difference, and new identity (see diagrams: I. identity, II. difference, III. new identity). Kelly
explains that the manifestation of the triphasic pattern of separation, initiation, return as
encountered in the hero's journey within mythology is not a return in the literal sense, but rather
a new identity. "The Hegelian triad can also be seen as the deep structure of other – and arguably
all – developmental processes," writes Kelly (2010, p. 17). Numerous examples are provided
from both the East and the West, including Jung’s process of individuation in which self-
actualization occurs and recent variations in the work of Ken Wilber, Stanislav Grof, and Jean
Gebser.
In Coming Home (2010) Kelly narrates a historical account of the triphasic dialectical
pattern (as seen in his diagrams) and explains that the spiral path “can be understood as an
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 17
expression of the dialectically generative potential of the fundamental pattern” (Kelly, 2010, p.
65). The movement towards the modern and postmodern “proceeded by way of a fractal
repetition of the fundamental pattern. A pattern is fractal when there exists a “self-similarity”
between the properties of the overall or larger-scale shape and the parts or regions” (Kelly, 2010,
p. 45) that make up the shape. Mathematical support for the concept of the fractal is credited to
Benoit Mandelbrot who began to study the geometry of irregular shapes in the late 1950s.
Mandelbrot invented a new type of mathematics which he called fractal geometry to analyze the
common features of the shapes. “The most striking property of these fractal shapes is that their
characteristic patterns are found repeatedly at descending scales, so that their parts, at any scale,
are similar in shape to the whole” (Capra & Luisi, 2014, p. 117). Capra and Luisi report that
Mandelbrot uses cauliflower to illustrate “self-similarity” as a property. By breaking a small
piece out of a cauliflower, it looks like a small cauliflower. Kelly (2010) uses the example of a
tree branch looking just like a tree. This study draws on the triphasic dialectical pattern and the
concept of the fractal in relationship to (a) the evolution of human consciousness, (b) structures
of consciousness throughout childhood, and (c) the process of learning (detailed in Chapter III
Methodology). Before addressing (a) and (b), an additional diagram from Kelly is offered about
our place in time and space. The final chart includes the concept of a Second Axial Age with the
principal arc as a middle term between the origin and goal.
(Kelly, 2010, p. 163)
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 18
In Consideration of a Second Axial Age
In Cosmos and Psyche (Tarnas, 2007), Richard Tarnas discusses the Uranus-Neptune-
Pluto triple conjunction that extended in the 590s to the 550s BCE, the very heart of the Axial
Age.
In light of the great triple conjunction of Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto during the Axial
Awakening period of the sixth century BCE, it is striking that many of the impulses
established at that time more than 2500 years ago have been moving toward a climactic
moment of transformation in the course of the past hundred years. Reflecting this epochal
historical development, prophetic voices in the 1990s, such as the theologian Ewert
Cousins, began to suggest the possible coming in our time of a second Axial awakening
comparable to the first.” (Tarnas, 2007, pp. 450-451)
Mythology’s triphasic pattern of separation, initiation, return as experienced in the hero’s
journey (also referred to in the literature as the monomyth) is discussed by Kelly in his article
Gaia and a Second Axial Age (Kelly, 2016). Kelly describes our current moment in time and
space: “For the first time in sixty-five million years, the Earth community is being drawn into a
collective, planet-wide Near-Death-Experience (NDE)” (Kelly, 2016, p. 1). Kelly explains that
NDEs can occur spontaneously or be cultivated in rites of passage or initiation by intentional
processes toward a specific goal and are therefore teleological in nature (telos meaning purpose
or goal). After an explanation of how “the first Axial Age sets up the conditions of possibility for
the eventual emergence of the second” (Kelly, 2016, p. 3), Kelly returns to his theme of
initiation:
We can note that an essential component during the liminal (“threshold”) phase of many
rites of initiation involves introducing the initiate to the sacred stories, myths, and
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 19
symbols of the community into which they are being inducted. In contrast to the situation
in both archaic or indigenous societies and in first Axial traditions, the stories and
symbols required for this collective initiation into a new Gaian identity need to include a
genuinely common narrative core, regardless of language and ethnicity. (Kelly, 2016, p.
4)
A description of the universe story, which Kelly identifies as the only candidate for a
common narrative, is upcoming in the literature review. Kelly affirms the value of existing
stories, myths, rituals and religious doctrines for continued insight into the cosmos, humanity,
and how to navigate forward. In summary, this study is in agreement with Kelly’s view of our
place in time and space as “straddling, or crossing and recrossing, the threshold between” (Kelly,
2010, p. 99) the initiation stage (second phase) of the mythological hero’s journey and the return
(third phase), which requires the shaping of a new identity. This review now returns to the
triphasic dialectical pattern and the concept of the fractal as it relates to (a) the evolution of
human consciousness and (b) the structures of consciousness throughout childhood.
Integral Philosophy and Integral Consciousness
"Integral philosophy is a new understanding of how the influences of evolution affect the
development of consciousness and culture" (2007, p. 2), writes Steve McIntosh in Integral
Consciousness and the Future of Evolution. Integral philosophy began to emerge into a coherent
whole beginning in the late 1990s and is described by McIntosh as “a self-organizing dynamic
system of values” (2007, p. 153). The result of this philosophy, posits McIntosh, is the
worldview of integral consciousness. McIntosh traces the various thought streams that have
contributed to integral philosophy and credits the following founders: Georg Hegel, Henri
Bergson, James Mark Baldwin, Alfred North Whitehead, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Jean
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 20
Gebser, Jurgen Habermas, and Ken Wilber. Developmental psychology is foundational to
integral philosophy because it reveals “the stage-wise development of all historically significant
worldview structures. That is, the structures that organize consciousness are directly related to
the stages of human history” (McIntosh, 2007, p. 29).
The psychologist Clare Graves's research demonstrated that the sequentially emerging
stages organize within a larger dynamic system; a dialectical spiral of development or living
system of evolution (McIntosh, 2007). Spiral Dynamics (1996), authored by Don Beck and
Christopher Cowen, popularized Graves's work and introduced the spiral of development to a
broader audience at a generalized level that facilitates its usefulness. McIntosh qualifies that the
stages of consciousness are "better compared to ocean currents than to architecture…a pattern of
relationships that exhibit systemic properties" (McIntosh, 2007, p. 33). The stages include
archaic, tribal, warrior, traditional, modernist, postmodern, integral, and postintegral. Integral
consciousness is the first stage that recognizes “how the real values of every historically
significant worldview must be included within our larger estimates of what is good and
worthwhile” (McIntosh, 2007, p. 79). “Transcend and include” has become the catchphrase of
integral consciousness and the value of evolution itself is the prime directive.
Critics of the spiral dynamics model point out that its focus is on values and the model
does not adequately account for the other “lines of development” that have been identified by
psychologists and developmentalists. McIntosh acknowledges this claim yet argues that “these
various lines of development are themselves organized within a larger holarchic structure
wherein three primary lines of development encompass the rest” (McIntosh, 2007, p. 241). The
“center of gravity” phenomenon supports McIntosh’s claim. McIntosh points out that integral
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 21
theorist Ken Wilber, who insists that the lines of development are separate, also recognizes a
center of psychic gravity.
McIntosh identified feeling, thought, and will as the three primary lines that
consciousness is organized around before becoming aware of the spiritual paths of Hinduism and
Theosophy as supporters of these same three aspects. Readers familiar with the work of Rudolf
Steiner or Waldorf education will immediately recognize the triad of thinking, feeling, willing,
also referred to as head, heart, and hands, that structures the associated literature and pedagogy.
The interested reader will find an insightful overview and critique of the many contributors to
this discussion of consciousness and human development in Chapter 9 Structures of the Human
Mind in McIntosh’s book Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution (2007), as well as
a more in-depth handling of the metastructures of emotion (feeling), cognition (thought), and
volition (will). To conclude, McIntosh's model provides a visual of his integration of the spiral of
evolving values into the three primary lines of development:
Figure 9-4. The spiral’s influence on consciousness through its effect on the lines of development within the human will.
(McIntosh, 2007, p. 264)
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 22
Structures of Consciousness Throughout Childhood
Developmentalists Josette and Ba Luvmour co-created the Natural Learning
Relationships (NLR) theory and program based on “fieldwork and extensive research in child
development, family systems, and pertinent psychological” (Luvmour J., 2016, p. 9) and spiritual
disciplines. With NLR as a ground, J. Luvmour (2016) proposes as ontogeny “recapitulates
phylogeny in the formation of a human fetus, structures of consciousness also manifest in
humans in shorter forms through childhood” (Luvmour J., 2016, p. 283). Luvmour links the
stages of child development as detailed by NLR to each stage of Gebser’s structures of
consciousness (see Appendix B). The emphasis here is that human development is comprised of
predictable stages in childhood that exhibit the dialectical, spiral, and fractal pattern that can be
discerned by the adult for optimal learning. This concept is expanded in relationship to this study
in the upcoming section regarding understanding archetypal principles in childhood.
Myth and its Role in Culture
Drawing from the work of Joseph Campbell, Le Grice outlines the four main functions of
myth (2012, pp. 40-43):
• mystical or metaphysical function – to reconcile the waking consciousness to the universe
as it is, to adapt the human to the numinous mystery that is interior and exterior
• cosmological function – the forming and rendering of an image of the universe
(cosmological image) that is in alignment with the science of our time
• sociological function – that of supporting and maintaining a functioning social moral
order by shaping the individual to the current geographical and historical context
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 23
• pedagogical or psychological function – to initiate the individual into the order of
realities of his or her own psyche, guiding the individual toward spiritual enrichment and
realization
The mythologies of ancient civilizations provided meaning for people about their place in
time and space. The myths of indigenous cultures provided a connection to the universe not only
in the past but also today. The literature suggests the universe story as an appropriate mythology
today and encourages the integration of ancient cultural mythologies, indigenous mythologies,
and religious doctrines (Kelly, 2010). In The Origins of History and Consciousness (Neumann,
1995) Erich Neumann, a student of Jung, provides an analysis of mythology’s archetypal stages
as they relate to the developing ego, both on an individual and historically collective level. One
mythological theme already discussed in this thesis and identified by Neumann is the hero’s
journey. Correlating the archetypal dynamics within each, Neumann identifies the hero myth as a
second cycle embedded within the creation myth.
Additionally, Neumann details the transformation myth. "The development of
consciousness in archetypal stages is a transpersonal fact, a dynamic self-revelation of the
psychic structure, which dominates the history of mankind and the individual" (Neumann, 1995,
p. xxii). Neumann defines transpersonal factors as internal structural elements that are collective.
Neumann states “The archetypes that determine the stages of conscious development form only a
segment of archetypal reality as a whole” (Neumann, 1995, pp. xvi-xvii). Archetypal cosmology,
which emerged as a field of study decades later, gives new meaning to Neumann’s statement. In
The Archetypal Cosmos (2012) Le Grice writes:
Fundamental to this next great movement, I believe, will be an understanding of the
archetypal-cosmological basis of the ‘single symphony’ of our biological and spiritual
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 24
history. It is my contention that a recognition of the archetypal matrix, as the foundation
of an archetypal cosmology, is congruent with the emergence of integral consciousness
and might therefore mark a next stage in the evolution in our understanding of the nature
of myth and its function in human experience. Archetypal astrology, I propose, could
support a new integral mythic world view for our time, addressing each of the four
functions of myth, and presenting a viable alternative to the currently dominant
approaches to understanding myth and religion – as well, of course, as offering a radical
alternative to the modern disenchanted world picture. (Le Grice, 2012, p. 283)
The New Story to Journey of the Universe
In 1978 Thomas Berry (2003) wrote an essay titled The New Story: Comments on the
Origin, Identification, and Transmission of Values about the human story coinciding with the
Earth story. Berry stated that after two centuries of scientific analysis, humanity has mostly lost
touch with the need for a sustainable system in relationship with the earth. As a way forward,
Berry identified three fundamental values that continue to influence current thought streams:
(1) Continued differentiation - likened to the primordial intentions of the Earth process
and seen in the variety of all things.
(2) Subjectivity – also called interiority. Each being has its interior, inner self. Berry
attributes the destruction of the Earth over the last centuries to the loss of this vision of
wholeness and reverence for each being's interiority.
(3) communion – the interrelationship of the universe within itself and of each part to the
whole.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 25
In conclusion, Berry suggested with optimism that the Earth’s guiding process of evolution is the
very process at work in our present moment, bringing awareness to humanity of the Earth-human
connection. Berry wrote:
This web of relationships throughout the universe is what first impinges on the waking
consciousness of the human from the beginning…. It is the destiny of our present and all
future generations to develop this capacity for communion on new and more
comprehensive levels.” (Berry, 2003, p. 86)
Berry continued his part in this destiny of greater communion, authoring The Dream of
the Earth (Berry, 2015) in 1988 and then co-authoring The Universe Story (Berry & Swimme,
1994) with Brian Thomas Swimme in 1992. Berry and Swimme explain that “‘The Universe
Story’ refers of course to the book we have written, but only in a secondary way. The primary
referent of our title is the great story taking place throughout the universe” (p. 5). The Universe
Story unites science and the humanities into “a coherent narrative of the origin and the long
sequence of transformations of the universe and of the planet Earth” (Berry & Swimme, 1994, p.
5). The authors posit that the most significant change in the twentieth century may be the passage
from “a sense of cosmos to a sense of cosmogenesis” (p. 2). The cycle of seasonal renewal that
oriented the consciousness of every past human culture has now given way "to a dominant time-
developmental mode of consciousness, where time is experienced as an evolutionary sequence of
irreversible transformations" (p. 3). The authors go on to explain:
We are now experiencing that exciting moment when our new meaning, our new story is
taking shape. This story is the only way of providing, in our times, what the mythic
stories of the universe provided for tribal peoples and for the earlier classical civilizations
in their times. The final benefit of this story might be to enable the human community to
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 26
become present to the larger Earth community in a mutually enhancing manner. We can
hope that it will soon be finding expression not simply in a narrative such as this but in
poetry, music, and ritual throughout the entire range of modern culture, on a universal
scale. Such expressions will sensitize people to the story that every river and every star
and every animal is telling. The goal is not to read a book; the goal is to read the story
taking place all around us. (Berry & Swimme, 1994, p. 3)
Berry continued his work as an eco-theologian until his death in 2009, contributing two
important additional books: The Great Work (1999) and Evening Thoughts (2006).
Journey of the Universe (Journey) is a project more than three decades in the making, and
2011 marks the first time the story is told in a film (Our Story, n.d.). Swimme and Mary Evelyn
Tucker, a senior lecturer and research scholar at Yale School of Forestry and Environmental
Studies and Yale Divinity School, wrote the film script and book in a ten-year collaboration
while working with scientists and scholars from the history of religions. Journey allows an
update to the science included in The Universe Story (Berry & Swimme, 1994) and provides a
platform for development which consists of an interactive website, online community, the film,
the book, a conversation series, a monthly newsletter, and online courses. Quoting from the
website:
Journey, then, is a cosmological story of the unfolding of the universe and Earth in which
life and humans emerge. This story is told in a poetic manner while relying on our best
knowledge from modern science. Scientific facts and poetic metaphors are interwoven so
that viewers of the film or readers of the book can understand how they arose from these
creative processes and participate in them. This weaving is in the spirit of Loren Eiseley,
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 27
the American anthropologist and nature writer, whose books and voice are a major
influence on Journey of the Universe. (Our Story, n.d.)
Journey of the Universe is the functional cosmology that Thomas Berry suggested in his 1978
“New Story” essay. This study posits that the functional cosmology of the universe story is best
introduced in childhood, in a repeating triphasic dialectical pattern. This position is touched on in
the next section and expanded in the Methodology chapter of this thesis.
Look to the Stars: A Path Toward Integral Ecologies
“Look to the stars” in the title of this section attends to Swimme and Tarnas’s indications
that the stars have (a) evolved into us over a 14-billion-year period, (b) been crucial through each
stage of evolution and consciousness as they draw forth new capacities and cosmologies at each
transition, and (c) been key to our intellectual development (Swimme & Tarnas, 2018). The new
discipline of archetypal cosmology does “look to the stars” in its central supposition “that one
can gain a deep insight into the archetypal dynamics underlying human experience by
interpreting the meaning of the positions of the planets in relationship with each other” (Le
Grice, 2009, p. 4).
Archetypal cosmology includes the study of the correlations between cyclical alignments
of the planets and archetypal patterns in human experience (archetypal astrology), but
goes beyond this to address the theoretical basis of these correlations and their
implications for the wider contemporary world view. Consequently, archetypal
cosmology is a multidisciplinary subject drawing on scholarship from many other areas
such as depth psychology, history, philosophy, cosmology, religious studies, cultural
studies, the arts, and the social and natural sciences. (About the Journal, n.d.)
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 28
This study utilizes the term “integral ecologies” in its plural form to acknowledge and
emphasize the underlying value of differentiation in the evolutionary unfolding of the earth itself
and “different ways of knowing, and the effort to respect but also overcome differences in
searching for solutions” (Mickey et al., 2017, p. xi). This section summarizes multiple thought
streams of integral ecologies to highlight the relationship of the universe story as a part within
the whole of the field. In defining the five principles of integral ecologies (for further reading see
Chapter 8 Five Principles of Integral Ecology (Mickey et al., 2017, pp. 189-227)). Kelly uses the
adjectives evolutionary, planetary, transdisciplinary, (re) enchanted, and engaged to guide the
reader toward the consideration of how a more integral understanding of each begins to emerge
only after considering all five. Kelly goes on to explain that although “each of the five principles
is active in one way or another with all of the integral ecologists considered in this chapter, one
or two tend to take center stage” (Mickey et al., 2017, p. 221). Kelly provides the following
examples:
• Esbjorn-Hargens and Zimmerman – transdisciplinarity (as a system) is primary
• Morin – transdisciplinarity (as method) is primary, with the support of evolution and re-
enchantment, which then have planetary and engagement as support.
• Berry and Swimme – evolutionary is primary, bound intimately with re-enchantment
• Macy – engagement is primary with the other four principles channeling directly through
the primary principle.
Berry and Swimme’s work in bringing forward the universe story, known in its more
recent evolution as the Journey of the Universe (Swimme & Tucker, 2011), has potential to
connect individuals, including children, to their place in time and space. The value of this
evolutionary view has been recognized and implemented in the existing form of holistic
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 29
education known as Montessori education. Montessori trainer Pottish-Lewis describes Cosmic
Education:
Cosmic Education is a way to show the child how everything in the universe is
interrelated and interdependent, no matter whether it is the tiniest molecule or the largest
organism ever created. Every single thing has a part to play, a contribution to make to the
maintenance of harmony in the whole. In understanding this network of relationships, the
child finds that he or she also is a part of the whole, and has a part to play, a contribution
to make. (Lillard, 2007, p. 130)
This study recognizes the ability of Cosmic Education to connect children to their place in time
and space. However, this study posits that an elucidation of our place in time and space that
includes the spiritual aspect of numinous wonder is intensified when the orientation to the
cosmos includes mythology.
Bridging the exteriority of the cosmos with the interiority of the psyche in the education
of the child is at the heart of this study. Archetypal cosmology is a term that manifested via
dialogue within the PCC department at CIIS to bridge the multiple disciplines of cosmology and
psychology with astrology as a meeting point (Tarnas, 2011). This study posits that the
integration of mythologies from multiple ancient civilizations alongside the universe story
encourages the experience of numinous wonder and provides the foundation for an ever-
deepening personal experience of the archetypal dimension of reality. Furthermore, this study
posits that an experience of the archetypal dimension of reality strengthens the soul dimension of
the individual psyche, and therefore the cosmos, in their interrelationship of the microcosm
embedded in the macrocosm (Tarnas, 2007). John P. Miller has written that mythology, the
universe story, and community connections are among the ways to nurture the soul and allow the
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 30
self to emerge. This study posits that the emergence of the true nature of the individual will lead
towards efforts to understand and respond to “our crisis-ridden planetary context” (Mickey et al.,
2017, p. 209). The “insightful analysis of the teleological, evolutionary dimension of history as it
unfolds through the archetypal planetary cycles described in Cosmos and Psyche” (Tarnas, 2011,
p. 69) and Kelly’s (2010) presentation of the Hegelian triad as the deep structure of possibly all
developmental processes provide context and guidance for the procedure of this study.
The Historical Dialectic of the Archetypal Principles
Archetypal cosmology’s foundational concept of archetypal principles can be understood
in three different senses:
in the Homeric sense as a primordial deity and mythic figure; in the Platonic sense as a
cosmic and metaphysical principle; and in the Jungian sense as a psychological principle
(with its Kantian and Freudian background) -with all of these associated with a specific
planet. (Tarnas, 2007, p. 86)
Tarnas provides an example in the archetype of Venus, understood on the
• Homeric level as the Greek mythic figure of Aphrodite (goddess of beauty and love),
Mesopotamian Ishtar, and Roman Venus
• Platonic level as the metaphysical principle of Eros and the Beautiful
• Jungian level as the “psychological tendency to perceive, desire, create, or in some other
way experience beauty and love, to attract and be attracted, to seek harmony and aesthetic
or sensuous pleasure, to engage in artistic activity and in romantic and social relations”
(Tarnas, 2007, p. 87).
Tarnas distinguishes the different levels to acknowledge the complexity inherent to the
archetypes and to emphasize that archetypes are not concrete and definable or restricted to a
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 31
specific dimension. This study considers the three levels identified by Tarnas in relationship to
the education of the child.
Understanding Archetypal Principles in Childhood
As Tarnas and Swimme articulated in The Stars Lead us to Wonder (2018), the stars have
drawn forth new capacities and cosmologies through each stage of evolution and consciousness.
This study has summarized the role of myth in culture and acknowledged the dialectical spiral in
the evolution of consciousness and the structures of consciousness throughout childhood. The
concept of ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, or that the growth and development of the
individual will go through the same evolutionary stages as the species has been considered by
developmentalist Josette Luvmour and is described by Marshak in his book Evolutionary
Parenting (2016). Marshak writes:
As the child unfolds and grows, the evolution of his or her individual consciousness
recapitulates the evolution of the homo sapiens consciousness throughout its evolutionary
history so far, as described by the spiral dynamics model: from archaic to tribal/magical,
to warrior, to traditional, and, with the necessary nurturance and social and cultural
opportunity, to modernist, post-modern, and integral. (Marshak, 2016, p. 18)
Developmentalists have been working toward an increased understanding of
developmental stages in childhood concerning the emerging consciousness of the child. "Kegan's
articulation of the lifelong process of development set the stage for the idea of movement
through the structures of consciousness and emergent self-knowledge as set forth by Gebser, who
mapped the structures of consciousness through historical representations" (Luvmour J., 2019, p.
5). “Developmental knowledge can inform educators about the optimal age for appropriate
communication strategies, for relationship, and for environments that provide the best needed
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 32
support for development of the child’s innate capacities” (Luvmour J., 2019, p. 4). The middle
stage of childhood, from approximately age 8-12, is recognized as a stage nourished by
mythology (Luvmour B., 2006). Mythology correlates with an understanding of the archetypal
principles on the Homeric level and is addressed in the case study research of this intuitive
inquiry. An understanding of archetypal principles on a Platonic and then Jungian level would be
developmentally suited to later structures of consciousness as supported by the dialectic pattern
of development.
Care of the Soul in Education
An underlying theme of the literature across disciplines is a return to interconnection and
wholeness rather than the mechanized view of separation. Care of the soul in education is
directly related to connecting the material of study with the people studying it. “A soul-oriented
education aims at making you a person of character, love, connection, and the creativity that
comes from being a true individual” (Miller et al., 2019, p. 54). Moore focuses on the phrase
“intimately connected” as part of the dictionary definition of “holistic.” The Greek word “eros”
might be used to describe this intimate connection, with examples from nature including gravity
and the orbiting of the planets. Moore emphasizes the use of the entire environment and all of
one’s time as potential resources for learning. Moore points out that his descriptions “stem from
a sense of soul. Soul is that element in us that is our mysterious depth and makes us an individual
while feeling connected to others and to the human community” (Miller et al., 2019, p. 54). As
identified by John P. Miller, mythology, the universe story, and community connections are
among the ways to nurture the soul and allow the self to emerge.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 33
Mythology in Holistic Education
In the chapter "Care of the Soul in Education," Thomas Moore attributes his use of the
phrase "care of the soul" to Werner Jaeger's Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture and asks, with
the Greek polytheistic imagination in mind: which gods are neglected in twenty-first-century
education? Years earlier, Moore's mythology class had determined that Saturn was the only
discernable god and "ruled the campus with his love of hierarchies, authority, exclusive
masculinity, order, testing, and tendency toward depression" (Miller et al., 2019, p. 51). Moore
suggests "One interesting way to imagine holistic education is to picture it mythologically,
rooted in all the gods, not just one" (Miller et al., 2019, p. 51). Through the lens of archetypal
cosmology, Moore could be speaking directly of the archetypes.
If archetypes pertain to nature, the world, and perhaps the universe at large as well as to
the psyche, and if myths arise from archetypes, then we can perhaps say that myths
themselves are expressions of the world, of nature, of the universe. (Le Grice K. , 2016,
p. 107)
Moore shares:
Many readers who have noticed my use of mythology as a means of taking many issues
deeper tell me that the little mythology they learned in school had no relevance to their
lives. But now they see how that subject could have helped them deal with many
significant turning points in their lives. We could say the same about every subject. It
isn’t that the subject matter is not relevant to the student, it’s that the teaching fails to
connect the material of study with the people studying it. (Miller et al., 2019, p. 52)
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 34
Expanding on the stages of child development and the articulation of the common vision
of Steiner, Aurobindo, and Khan, Marshak writes of the second era of childhood: age six through
12-14 years:
As the child learns through his senses, feelings, and imagination in these years, he needs
to be spared from theories and other abstractions that have little meaning for his. Instead
he needs to experience stories and pictures that convey aesthetic and moral values, that he
can visualize and take within himself for guidance and enduring meaning. He has the
capacity to learn profoundly from stories of great and wonderful personalities from myth
and history. Such stories evoke inner imagery, grounded in feelings of reverence and
veneration, and arouse a spirit of emulation in the child’s spiritual being that aids the
growth of his character and moral nature. (Marshak, 2016, p. 22)
Referring to popular science books on the new physics and cosmology Keiron Le Grice
writes "What is notably absent from these and most new paradigm perspectives, however, is an
engagement with and appreciation of the mythic and archetypal dimensions of existence" (Le
Grice, 2012, p. 39). As a new paradigm perspective, holistic education manifests a spectrum of
attunement to the mythic and archetypal dimensions of existence to which Le Grice refers.
Waldorf and Enki Education (Enki Education, n.d.) are examples of holistic pedagogy that utilize
both ancient creation stories and the natural world as primary sources from which to draw forth
learning. However, neither currently includes an interweaving of the universe story as a new
cultural mythology. The Live Education! fifth-grade curriculum, inspired by Waldorf education
and based on the teachings of Rudolf Steiner, is utilized in the case study research of this
intuitive inquiry.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 35
Technology in Holistic Education
Marian de Souza, recognized for publication in the field of spirituality, well-being, and
education (Miller et al., 2019), acknowledges in The Handbook the positive outcomes and
challenges of media and communications technology for children. De Souza's states "As
teachers and parents have found, when used with care and wisdom, media and technology
provide superb and stimulating ways to open up new worlds to children and young people"
(Miller et al., 2019, p. 304). Tony Eaude has written extensively on children's spiritual, moral,
social, and cultural development and the implications for teachers (Miller et al., 2019). Eaude
comments in The Handbook "While technology may bring significant benefits, for instance in
understanding other cultures, children have come to expect immediate responses and might be
uncritical of what they see and hear without explicit guidance" (Miller et al., 2019, p. 62). In
summary, Eaude and de Souza suggest care, wisdom, and guidance from the adults in
relationship with children for technology use to align with holistic principles.
The children who comprise today’s youngest generations are often engaged with
emerging technologies, especially digital media. Karl Mannheim is credited with generational
theory and wrote about it in his 1923 article titled The Problem of Generations (Van Eck
Duymaer van Twist & Newcombe, 2017). As individuals continuously emerge into the cultural
process, they "come into contact anew with the accumulated heritage" (Mannheim, 1952, p. 293)
and assimilate and utilize the events, data, and material they encounter. People who share a birth
period and common location "in the historical dimension of the social process" (p. 290)
experience highly similar mental data. The result is a socializing effect. Mannheim credits the art
historian Pinder with the concept of each generation having an entelechy of its own. “According
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 36
to him [Pinder], the entelechy of a generation is the expression of the unity of its ‘inner aim’ – of
its inborn way of experiencing life and the world” (Mannheim, 1952, p. 283).
Aristotle, a great naturalist, coined the term entelechy to describe how wisdom expresses
itself in humans. Distilled to its essence, entelechy means the essential informing
principle of a living thing.… Froebel, and later Montessori, referred to entelechy to help
describe the vital nature of the child and then developed pedagogies designed to
maximize this vitality. Carl Jung, Gregory Bateson, Thomas Merton and many others
have used entelechy as a springboard to deepen appreciation of the source of knowledge,
of awareness, of self-reflexivity. (Luvmour B., 2005, pp. 6-7)
In light of the astrological research paradigm of archetypal cosmology, this study posits that the
archetypal dynamics of the universe that shape human experience are likely at play in the
concepts of generational theory and each generation having an entelechy of its own.
In his book The Fourth Industrial Revolution, Klaus Schwab (2016) states that a
“transformation of humankind” (p. 1) began at the turn of the century. “The changes are so
profound that, from the perspective of human history, there has never been a time of greater
promise or potential peril” (Schwab, 2016, p. 2). The scale, scope, and speed of new
developments and technologies as “they leverage the pervasive power of digitization and
information technology” (Schwab, 2016, p. 14) is already an aspect of the worldview of the
youngest generations (Generation Z and Generation Alpha). Are educators, specifically holistic
educators who base their view in educating the whole person, holding the technologies and
context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in their conscious awareness as they strive to bring
community connection and meaning within the world to today’s children? Additionally, Tarnas
states that “our present moment in history is most comparable, astronomically, to the period
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 37
exactly five hundred years ago… – a period shaped by the rapid spread of a powerful new
medium of universal communication, the printed book” (Tarnas, 2007, p. 482). Tarnas writes
that humanity, aided by technological advances in communications media, is “more able to think,
feel, and respond together in a spiritually evolved manner to the world’s swiftly changing
realities than has ever before been possible” (Tarnas, 2007, p. 483). Digital media provides
community connection on a local and a global scale.
The Potential of the Adult/Child Relationship
“Fritjof Capra has noted that we are living at a crucial time in the history of humankind, a
time of crisis that embodies both conflict and opportunity, a point of bifurcation to either
overcome our dilemmas or to drown in them” (Nava, 2001, p. 20). A review of the literature
indicates that a paradigm shift is underway. Ramon Gallegos Nava (2001) describes what this
means for holistic education:
The new-science paradigms provide holistic education with a vision of a dynamic,
complex, open reality and with a human sensitivity that goes beyond the fragmented,
mechanical, positivist, reductionist, dualist vision of eighteenth-century mechanical
science. Developments in the new science, such as the holographic theory of the brain,
implicate order, chaos theory, morphogenetic fields, synchronicity, the Gaia hypothesis,
and quantum physics have afforded holistic education a more accurate and open vision of
our universe. (Nava, 2001, pp. 31-32)
“The paradigm shift that is emerging now, in this time of our lives, is focusing on the
relationships and interconnections among all things. Knowledge itself is evolving and emerging
in the context of relationships” (Luvmour J., 2016, p. 209).
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 38
Luvmour’s (2016) research confirms that adults and children develop in relationship with
each other, and by doing so, access wisdom – each in relationship to their developmental
moment. Luvmour describes the adult’s access to wisdom as “the ability to see and accept
multiple perspectives with an awareness of change and uncertainty in life” (Luvmour J., 2016, p.
245). Marshak echoes Luvmour's research in his discussion of evolutionary parenting and his
research on the common vision as "a path to follow that will nurture this growth for ourselves
and our children, a path that leads both to survival and to co-evolution" (Marshak, 2016, p. 47).
In his 2019 book The New Childhood, Jordan Shapiro emphasizes the importance of the
adult/child relationship within the current technological landscape, as opposed to the child
navigating the new technologies without adult guidance. Diana Graber, a digital literacy educator
and advocate, offers a curriculum designed for digital citizenship (www.cyberwise.org) and
emphasizes the importance of learning to navigate the digital world in her book Raising Humans
in a Digital World (2019). This intuitive inquiry will utilize Shapiro and Graber’s indications for
adult participation with children in the use of technology during the Cycle 3 research.
Summary and Cycle 2 Lenses
Systems thinking as the new paradigm of science offers support to the field of holistic
education, the emerging field of archetypal cosmology, and the shared transdisciplinary goal of
integral ecologies. Our place in time and space is situated not only by common themes across the
fields but by a triphasic dialectical pattern that suggests the formation of a historical new identity
for humanity. The triphasic spiral of development can also be seen in the evolution of human
consciousness in relation to values and structures of consciousness throughout childhood.
Mythology fulfilled mystical, cosmological, sociological, and pedagogical functions in ancient
civilizations and now a new cultural mythology is offered in the universe story. Journey of the
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 39
Universe is a living cosmology that weaves the entire evolution of the universe, Earth, and
humanity into a unifying story of creation and connection. With the prevailing mechanistic
worldview of separation called into question, educators who sense the shift towards wholeness
have been calling for attention to the soul. Mythology strengthens the soul dimension in
education when the images it brings to the child correspond to the child's structure of
consciousness and stage of development. With community connection identified as a way to
nurture the soul and allow the self to emerge, technology warrants the care, wisdom, and
guidance of an adult within a holistic learning environment. The Cycle 2 lenses of this intuitive
inquiry are (a) archetypal cosmology, (b) the soul dimension of holistic education, (c) integral
ecologies, (d) our place in time and space, (e) triphasic pattern, (f) Journey of the Universe, (g)
mythology in holistic education, (h) technology in holistic education, and (i) the adult/child
relationship.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 40
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Intuitive Inquiry as a Qualitative Research Methodology
Qualitative research encompasses multiple philosophical orientations and approaches,
including constructivism and phenomenology, the antecedents of which can be traced back to
anthropology, sociology, and applied fields of study such as journalism, education, social work,
medicine, and law (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). Emphasis on experience, understanding, and
meaning-making are features of qualitative inquiry. According to Merriam and Tisdell (2016),
the four primary characteristics of qualitative research are:
• a focus on process, understanding, and meaning
• the researcher is the primary instrument of data collection and analysis
• the process is inductive
• the product is richly descriptive
Intuitive inquiry is a hermeneutical process of interpretation that joins intuition to
intellectual precision (Anderson, 2004). Anderson began developing this methodology in 1995 in
a doctoral-level research course that emphasized feminist approaches to research and heuristic
research (2011). Over time, Anderson included elements from biblical hermeneutics, philosophic
hermeneutics, embodied phenomenology, and scholars’ descriptions of intuitive and embodied
practices among indigenous peoples. According to Anderson and Braud (Anderson & Braud,
2011), the method seeks to make known new ways of being human in the world.
In honoring the archetypal, symbolic, imaginal, and the possible latent in all human
experience, the analysis and interpretations provided by an intuitive inquiry tend toward
wholeness and wellness, regardless of the topic chosen. Often, intuitive inquirers explore
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 41
topics that require attention by the culture at large, as though they are called to envision
anew. What may seem like a researcher’s zeal for a topic may be the tip of an iceberg of a
call for change from the culture at large.
Epistemologically, intuitive inquiry is a search for new understandings through
the focused attention of one researcher’s passion and compassion for her- or himself,
others, and the world. In so doing, intuitive inquiry affirms a world reality in flux and
mutable and, therefore, challenges conventional notions of a static worldview that is
separate and distinguishable from the knower. (Anderson & Braud, 2011, pp. 17-18)
Several of Anderson’s students working with intuitive inquiry have referred “to the five cycles as
a “sacred” container because each cycle gives directions on what is and what is not needed to
complete that portion of the method and move the study forward successfully” (Anderson &
Braud, 2011, p. 18).
As researcher, I remained committed to the five iterative cycles of intuitive inquiry while
becoming increasingly aware of the triphasic pattern shaping Cycles 1, 2, and 3. This chapter and
Chapter IV Findings provide descriptions of the interplay of the triphasic learning process with
the cycles of intuitive inquiry. The interplay is further elaborated within Cycle 4 in the
comparison of Cycle 2 and Cycle 4 lenses. In an intuitive inquiry, the researcher identifies a
topic based on unique interests and passions. Topic identification in this method is in contrast to
established research practice where a researcher reviews the current research in a scholarly area
of interest and then identifies a relevant next study. The following questions were formulated
concerning the topic:
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 42
Research Questions
• Does the study of Journey of the Universe as a new cultural mythology aid the 8-12-year-
old child in situating themselves in time and space?
• Does Journey of the Universe as a new cultural mythology, when studied in relationship
with the mythologies of ancient civilizations, invoke numinous wonder in the 8-12-year-
old child or in the adult guiding the study?
• What experience(s) of an archetypal dimension of reality does the interweaving of
technology, ancient cultural mythologies, and the study of Journey of the Universe
invoke for the participants of the study?
Context of the Study
As I am engaged in a distributed learning program, I conducted my intuitive inquiry in
the location of my home on the Western Slope of Colorado, USA as well as in locations of
family travel.
Graduate Institute for Transformative Learning
The Graduate Institute for Transformative Learning (GIFTLearning) is a low-residency
interdisciplinary program with a distributed and relational learning model grounded in learner-
driven inquiry (Vision, Mission, and Goals, n.d.). Moreover, GIFTLearning is an interactive
learning experience that responds to the personal and professional lives of learners. Faculty
mentors are accessible and available after facilitating courses for questions and consultations.
The GIFTLearning community of scholar-practitioners addresses personal, societal, educational,
and ecological concerns in pursuit of a more sustainable world.
GIFTLearning’s mission is to nurture each learner’s authoring of his/her learning and life
within a learning community of scholar-practitioners. GIFTLearning builds on two hundred
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 43
years of cultural evolutionary legacy, the transcendentalists in the 19th century, Maria
Montessori, Rudolf Steiner, Sri Aurobindo, Hazrat Inayat Khan, Jean Gebser, Teilhard de
Chardin, A.S. Neill, humanistic psychology and Spiral Dynamics, and Ken Wilber’s Integral
Model (About Us, n.d.). The Graduate Institute for Transformative Learning offers a Master of
Arts in Transformative Learning and a Certificate Program. Every learner in the M.A. Program is
invited to self-design their program. Faculty mentors and colleagues support each learner in this
effort as they use the knowledge and tools gained in their MA program to become active agents
of change who make a difference in their world.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution
A basic premise of this study is that education and the social-economic system are
intricately interconnected. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is happening right now. Although
many people may be aware of the latest smartphone release or read an article or two about self-
driving cars, they likely remain unaware of the magnitude of impact that the Fourth Industrial
Revolution is predicted to have. This study proposes to elevate awareness among holistic
educators of the importance of the adult /child relationship in cultivating care, wisdom, and
guidance in the engagement of digital media as a form of community connection and new
technologies as a way to situate the child in time and space. Klaus Schwab (2016) describes the
Fourth Industrial Revolution as different from the Third Industrial Revolution because the pace
is faster, it is more extensive in breadth and depth and has a broader systems' impact. Schwab
states that the Fourth Industrial Revolution will combine physical, digital, and biological worlds.
The technology he refers to is artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of things (IoT),
autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, material science, Energy
storage, and quantum computing.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 44
Positionality
I am a parent homeschooling my children per the laws of the state of Colorado. My
position as a homeschooling parent provides me with the unique opportunity to learn and
interweave holistic principles of education from multiple pedagogies, established curriculum
providers, and emerging sources. I have explored a variety of educational and developmental
philosophies including Waldorf Education, Montessori, Enki Education, Charlotte Mason,
SelfDesign, Natural Learning Relationships, and Partnership Education. My studies have
allowed an evolution of my worldview from the modern mechanistic paradigm to a systems view
of life.
To homeschool my children, I have drawn on my art background, musical education
through secondary school, an undergraduate degree in finance, and my own knowing of the
world. I have gained knowledge about child development and learning through self-study,
parent/child classes at the local Waldorf school, Enki Teacher Training courses and curriculum,
the Live Education! curriculum, and my graduate studies with the Graduate Institute for
Transformative Learning. My exposure to diverse methodologies has provided the insight to
follow my children's self-inquiry as well as create and implement my own curriculum at
appropriate intervals to meet my children's unique interests. I consider myself engaged in a
continuous co-evolution with my children.
David Marshak wrote in his book The Common Vision that he believes that it was
Steiner's
understanding of the relationship between the freedom of the child as an ideal and each
teacher’s own unfoldment as a limitation that led Steiner to develop the original Waldorf
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 45
School as he did. The teachers in his school in 1919 needed a teacher-centered pedagogy
and a detailed curriculum, given their levels of unfoldment, and Steiner provided them
with both. This same understanding also helps to make sense of the movement towards a
more teacher-directed pedagogy at the Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education.
Over time the teachers in the school learned about how much freedom they could offer to
students, given their own levels of unfoldment. (Marshak, 2016, p. 187)
I draw on Steiner’s indications as a foundation in my use of the Live Education! fifth-grade
curriculum as a current source of study with my children. Additionally, I have the freedom to
explore the relationship of Journey of the Universe and digital media alongside a Waldorf based
curriculum to provide data for future educators and researchers to consider.
Procedure
In this research project, I conducted an intuitive inquiry by engaging in the five iterative
cycles of hermeneutic interpretation that comprise the methodology of the approach (Anderson
& Braud, 2011). Basic instructions for all experiential exercises include a quiet time and place
with art and journaling supplies and specific directions to come into a relaxed, meditative state.
The steps of each cycle are outlined as follows:
• Cycle 1: The researcher clarifies the topic via the specified creative process (experiential
exercise 1). The intended audience is identified (experiential exercise 2). After a
continued imaginal dialogue with the “text” (anything that represents the topic to the
researcher in some way such as an “art object, sculpture, painting, photo, poem, reading
from scripture or prose, movie, statistical equation, or graph” (Anderson & Braud, 2011,
p. 33)), the researcher articulates a precise statement of the research topic at the end of
Cycle 1.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 46
• Cycle 2: The researcher articulates in words his or her values, assumptions, and
understanding of the research topic as preliminary interpretive lenses before the data
gathering of Cycle 3. Cycle 2 consists of three stages:
1. The intuitive inquirer becomes familiar with theoretical, empirical, historical, and
literary texts relevant to the topic and chooses a set of texts that are directly related to
the topic.
2. A unique set of texts is identified (experiential exercise) from among the
literature and research on the topic for the Cycle 2 imaginal dialogue. During this
time a literature review is written up on the topic, as in regular research reports.
3. After an ongoing imaginal dialogue with the texts, the researcher prepares a list
of preliminary interpretive lenses that express an understanding of the topic before
data collection.
Note that in intuitive inquiry, the articulation of lenses is not intended to identify
and separate pre-understandings from influencing the research process. Rather,
the method is boldly hermeneutic in nature. Lenses are articulated in order to
track and record how they change and transform in the course of the study.
(Anderson & Braud, 2011, p. 44)
• Cycle 3: Utilizing an experiential exercise for (a), "the researcher (a) identifies the best
source(s) of data for the research topic, (b) develops criteria for the selection of data from
among these sources, (c) collects the data, and (d) presents a summary report of data in as
descriptive manner as possible” (Anderson & Braud, 2011, p. 45). Some interpretation of
the data is explicit in the summary report, yet interpretation should be minimized so that
the reader can draw their own conclusions before reading Cycle 4.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 47
• Cycle 4: The researcher refines and transforms the preliminary interpretive lenses
developed in Cycle 2 per the data gathered in Cycle 3. The lenses are then revised to
reflect the researcher’s more advanced understanding of the topic. Changes are
anticipated and elaborated in detail. The researcher’s intuitive style is illuminated by an
experiential exercise.
• Cycle 5: “Based on working the hermeneutic process of Cycles 1 through 4, in Cycle 5,
the intuitive inquirer presents authoritative theoretical speculations and theory related to
the topic of study” (Anderson & Braud, 2011, p. 58). The researcher returns to the
literature review done before the data collection and reevaluates it in light of the findings.
An experiential exercise guides the researcher to ask: What is left unsaid? What
unimagined possibilities are there? What are the visionary trajectories based on this
study? The research discussion will also include “(a) mistakes made, (b) procedures and
plans that did not work, (c) the researcher’s apprehensions and puzzlements about the
study and findings, (d) the style of intuitive interpretation used, and (e) what remains
unresolved or problematic about the topic or the method” (p. 59).
Five types of intuition are: (a) unconscious, symbolic, and imaginal processes, (b) physic
or parapsychological experiences, (c) sensory modes, (d) empathetic illumination, and (e) the
illuminating presence of wounds in the personality (Anderson, 2004, 2011). Four distinctive
features of intuitive inquiry are (a) the transformative potential for the researcher and others,
(b) auspicious bewilderment (being taken entirely by surprise by unanticipated insights, likened
to the trickster’s energy), (c) writing in the researcher’s voice, and (d) theory-building potential.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 48
Triphasic Pattern
The triphasic pattern has been recognized within the literature as described in Chapter II
of this thesis. Intuitive inquiry as a methodology recognizes the triphasic pattern of “the dialectic
process of each of the five cycles. Each cycle of intuitive inquiry is explicitly dialectic, requiring
ongoing reflection and engagement with either texts or data” (Anderson & Braud, 2011, p. 61).
Specific attention is drawn to the triphasic pattern of the dialectic within the parameter of this
study due to its pervasive influence throughout Cycles 1, 2, and 3. I was introduced to the
triphasic pattern in learning through Waldorf curriculum materials and further attuned to the
pattern through engagement with the Enki Education curriculum and participation in Enki
Education teacher training courses. Beth Sutton, the founder of Enki Education, describes
learning as a three-fold process: (a) open intake, (b) sleep/digestion, (c) skill/mastery (Sutton,
2005). This terminology is utilized within Chapter IV Findings to illuminate with honesty the
three-fold learning process that pervaded this study as a dialectical overlay, at times crossing the
cycle boundaries of the intuitive inquiry.
Hypnogogia
In addition to the experiential exercises, I utilized hypnogogia (Anderson & Braud, 2011)
to guide my Cycle 2 literature review to completion. As mentioned, the three-fold learning
process permeated this study. Once I had brought the literature review to what I thought was
near-end two times, I recognized the process for what it was: three-fold. I experienced the duality
of energization at the realization of arriving at the third stage as well as fatigue from the arduous
process already undertaken. I genuinely enjoy listening to Dennis Klocek read Rudolf Steiner’s
work aloud, and it was at this moment in time that I reviewed rudolfsteineraudio.com for
material that might have some relevance to my study. I came across the lecture series Dying
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 49
Earth and Living Cosmos. Lecture 3 given in Berlin, February 5, 1918, was of interest to me. In
the talk, Steiner describes the moment of falling asleep and the moment of waking as
intermediate states that are “extremely important in our overall consciousness” (Steiner, 2015, p.
35). Steiner describes the way to enter into correspondence with an individual disembodied soul
during these states:
I’ll describe this very specifically. In the sensory world you speak to another person and
the other replies. You are aware that you are creating the words you speak with your
voice, and that these words originate in your thoughts. You feel that you are the creator of
your words. While you are speaking, you hear yourself; and then hear the other when he
replies. And you know that as the other speaks you are listening, you have fallen silent.
We become very accustomed to this form of interpersonal communication, to awareness
of it. Communication with disembodied souls is different. However strange it sounds, it is
the very opposite. When you yourself communicate your thoughts to a disembodied soul,
it is not you who speaks but the other. It is just as if you were speaking with another
person and he, not you, expressed what you were thinking and wished to communicate.
And what a so-called dead soul replies to you, does not come towards you from without,
either, but rises from within you: you experience it as your inner life. Clairvoyant
consciousness first has to accustom itself to this: to being a questioner within the other,
and to receiving his reply within oneself. (Steiner, 2015, pp. 36-37)
Anderson and Braud describe hypnogogic (sleep-entering) and hypnopompic (sleep-
leaving) states as a way to access “information that otherwise might remain unconscious”
(Anderson & Braud, 2011, p. 235). The authors refer the reader to Mavromatis 1987 for further
reading, and briefly summarize an encouragement of hypnogogia:
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 50
One way to use a hypnogogic state for accessing previously unconscious material is
simply to pay greater attention to your mental content, especially your imagery, whenever
you are drifting into sleep. You can use specific intentions for fostering greater awareness
and memory for what happens during the hypnogogic state. (Anderson & Braud, 2011, p.
235)
In summary, I was able to cultivate much greater awareness and duration of the sleep-entering
and sleep-leaving states during the writing of my “skill/mastery” review of the literature. I did
this with intention over approximately two weeks, and I do believe the process provided
guidance towards the resources I then utilized to complete the literature review. I continued to
encourage hypnogogia at various intervals throughout the remainder of my study.
Study Participants
Per Cycle 3 instructions, I identified the best source of data for my research topic to be a
qualitative case study. “A case study is an in-depth description and analysis of a bounded
system” (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016, p. 37). The unit of analysis, in this case, is the learning
community of The Meadow School, which consists specifically of me and my two children in
our home learning environment. The Meadow School was created as a learning community eight
years ago when I began to “homeschool” with attention and intention. The name creation filled
an immediate need to provide my children with an answer to the never-ending question from
friends and strangers alike of “Where do you go to school?”
As previous playmates started preschool, I began to shape the days with my children
using indications from Waldorf-oriented curriculum sources. I utilized Live Education!
Kindergarten for a year and then Enki Education Kindergarten for two years before I began Enki
Education Grade One with my son. My daughter, 28 months younger, did not engage in the same
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 51
academics as my son at this time, yet was better met being present with us rather than separated
during “school” time. I continued to use the Enki Education curriculum as my primary source for
grades 1-3. With the Enki Education curriculum currently available to purchase only through
grade three, I returned to Live Education! as a central resource for fourth and fifth grade. Over
these many years, I at times provided separate main lesson stories to meet the developmental
needs of each child. The majority of the time, however, the children were met either listening to
both sets of stories or a back and forth to meet one age and then the other. Regular exposure to
museum exhibitions has cultivated our knowledge of culture, nature, and space.
At the time of this study, the participants are: (a) an eleven-year-old boy, (b) a (just-
turned) nine-year-old girl, and (c) me, a forty-one-year-old woman. The participants have been
in a relationship for the entire duration of the children’s lives and together in an intentional
learning community for eight years. In the months leading up to the research cycle, the children
came into coordinated study across all areas of learning. The use of this single significant case in
combination with self-study as purposeful sampling (Ravitch & Carl, 2016) allowed the
deliberate selection of individuals with whom to explore the research questions.
Data Collection
Cycle 3 step (b) is to develop criteria for the selection of data from amongst the sources.
Data collection consisted of embodied writing, participant artwork and participant writing to
present the data in as descriptive a manner as possible. The three-fold learning process provided
a thematic organization for the data.
Epistemologically aligned with philosophic phenomenology and phenomenological
research methods, embodied writing seeks to portray experience from the point of view
of the lived body…. The researcher collects, analyzes, and presents research findings,
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 52
fully intending to invite readers to encounter the narrative accounts for themselves and
from within their own bodies through a form of sympathetic resonance…. The readers’
perceptual, visceral, sensorimotor, kinesthetic, and imaginal senses are invited to come
alive to the words and images as though the experience were their own. (Anderson &
Braud, 2011, p. 268)
Seven distinctive features of embodied writing that a researcher may choose to employ are:
• True-to-life, vivid depictions intended to invite sympathetic resonance in the readers or
audience.
• Inclusive of internal and external data as essential to relaying the experience.
• Written specifically from the inside out.
• Richly concrete and specific, descriptive of all sensory modalities, and often slowed
down to capture nuance.
• Attuned to the living body.
• Narratives embedded in experience, often first-person narratives.
• Poetic images, literary style, and cadence serve embodied depictions and not the other
way around. (Anderson & Braud, 2011, p. 269)
As this study proposes that mythology and technology can strengthen the soul dimension
of holistic education, I will seek to illuminate basic elements of soul within the study. In the
chapter “Care of the Soul in Education” in The Handbook, Thomas Moore lists ten qualities
associated with soul and considers their role in education. I will utilize Moore’s ten soul qualities
to discern elements of soul as experienced during the research process. The qualities are:
1. Home and Family: The base of the soul’s life. Qualities of home and family can be part of
all learning – the setting and means of relating.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 53
2. Friendship: Historically the basic way to relate with soul. The spirit of friendship could be
in all contacts between teachers and learners.
3. Poetics and Metaphor: Go deeper into facts by perceiving the layers of meaning through
an appreciation of narrative, poetics, and metaphor.
4. Dream: Dreams reveal the deep stories lived now at the level of soul. Regular, simple
dream telling and discussing would deepen any form of education.
5. Spirituality: Every aspect of education has a spiritual dimension and relates to (holism)
infinite mystery, the sublime, strong values, and an expansive sense of community.
6. Nature: In the ancient teaching of anima mundi (soul of the world) the natural world is
alive with presence and metaphorical meaning. Experiences in nature are indispensable to
a soul-oriented, holistic education.
7. Art: Both an appreciation of all arts as sources of meaning and fulfillment, as well as
creative experiences in painting, music, building, dancing, photography, and all the arts
make for an educated and sophisticated person.
8. Service: Essential to the soulful life is service to humanity – both local and in an
increasingly larger sense. You learn some things only through the experience of service.
9. Life’s Work: Soul offers a strong individual identity that is not superficial but rises from
deep currents and inspirations. A soul-based education is interested in a job as an element
in the larger quest for a meaningful and contributing life work.
10. Learning for Learning’s Sake: Holistic education is lifelong and may change in style over
the course of a life. It reaches maturity when a person loves learning for its own sake.
(Miller et al., 2019, pp. 54-55)
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 54
In the final chapter of The Handbook, in the section titled “Future Directions,”, Tobin
Hart provides “five gateways – approaches to knowing or inquiry” (Miller et al., 2019, p. 340). I
will utilize Hart’s gateways to illustrate my perception of their presence within my Cycle 3 data
collection. The gateways to knowing or inquiry are:
• Contemplation – to develop strength and flexibility of attention, to witness one’s own
consciousness which leads to metacognition, a steadier mind, and balanced emotions.
“This opening of consciousness can bring vitality, depth, and meaning to existence”
(Miller et al., 2019, p. 340).
• Empathy – a capacity to put oneself in another’s shoes, to close the gap between self and
object, to resonate with the other and experience interconnection.
• Imagination – a process fundamental to our knowing, a source of insight that opens new
possibilities to change both consciousness and culture.
• Beauty – to appreciate, behold, or encounter, “beauty embodies something both
immanent and transcendent that resonates deep within us” (Miller et al., 2019, 342).
Nature is a primary source.
• Embodiment – contemporary cognitive science has affirmed the connection of the body
as central to knowing, returning the body to education. 4E cognition refers to enacted; we
shape and activate the world we perceive, embodied; we know through our bodies,
extended; our consciousness extends beyond our physical self into the environment; and
embedded; we exist within a context.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 55
Validity
Anderson and Braud offer investigator validation and participant validation as ‘the most
straightforward and direct ways to determine the validity or trustworthiness of the results of a
qualitative study” (Anderson & Braud, 2011, p. 290). Anderson and Braud cite Moustakas:
The question of validity is one of meaning: Does the ultimate depiction of the experience
derived from one’s own rigorous, exhaustive self-searching and from the explications of
others present comprehensively, vividly, and accurately the meanings and essences of the
experience? This judgement is made by the primary researcher, who is the only person in
the investigation who has undergone the heuristic inquiry from the beginning [through its
various phases]. (Moustakas 1990 as cited by Anderson & Braud, 2011, p. 293)
Participant validation, an important supplement to investigator validation, is achieved in this
study by including participant writings and artwork within the research findings to fully honor
each participants’ view.
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 56
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS/ CYCLE 3
My experience of the three-fold learning process has led me to believe that the process
can be undertaken with intention or arise naturally as an aspect embedded in the nature of the
universe itself. In the case of my intuitive inquiry, I experienced an initial stage of Cycle 3
research findings, which I refer to in this chapter as open intake, without intention. Several
weeks later I began my research stage of incorporating digital media and Journey of the Universe
alongside the Live Education! fifth-grade curriculum, only to discover that it was in fact step 1)
open intake of learning for my children. In this chapter I use the triad of terms utilized by Enki
Education for the three-fold learning process: 1) open intake, 2) sleep/digestion, 3) skill/mastery.
Following each embodied writing is an indication of which of Moore’s basic elements associated
with soul pertain to that moment as well as an identification of Hart’s gateways to knowing or
inquiry, if present (Moore’s elements of soul and Hart’s gateways are defined under data
collection in Chapter III Methodology).
Open Intake
“Earth is the basic curriculum” (Frabel & St. John, 2003, p. 99) writes Mary Evelyn
Tucker. The warm ocean breezes caress my skin and ruffle my hair as I sit alone on the balcony
that has become a familiar yearly retreat. The sunlight is hot on my back, but not too hot. I cross
my legs at the ankle and elevate them on the outdoor table. My mind and my body feel relaxed.
My notebook and pen seem to request engagement. Each breath is a co-mingling of Pacific air
and words from Teilhard in the 21st Century: The Emerging Spirit of Earth. “The narrative story
of evolution provides the most comprehensive context for any curriculum, especially for an
understanding of world history, literature, and religion” (Frabel & St. John, 2003, p. 99).
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 57
Moore’s elements of soul: Nature, Poetics and Metaphor
Hart’s gateway to knowing or inquiry: Embodiment
I hear the celebratory voices and laughter of birthday revelers on the balcony below. The
screen door is the only barrier between me and whatever the night has to offer. The song of the
waves is just beyond my neighbors’ chatter, and from the other room drifts the low buzz of
television commentary narrating a surfing competition recorded earlier today. The lamp casts a
soft glow onto the pages of my open book. I read while the activities continue beyond the
periphery of my own space. First a man, and then a woman sings and plays guitar. The woman’s
voice is especially passionate and beautiful, and I’m engaged in her expression of emotion at this
moment, though I cannot make out many of her words. Teilhard felt that the evolutionary
process is in one of its most significant transitions. “As the movement of human affairs enters the
supreme transformation experience toward its final convergence a new intensity of psychic effort
is required” (Frabel & St. John, 2003, p. 61). Berry writes about the human struggling with
identity now more than ever; that no model exists from past cultures. “Only when science and its
associated technologies take on this activating role in following and fostering the spontaneities of
nature will science have discovered its true identity” (Frabel & St. John, 2003, p. 71).
Moore’s elements of soul: Spirituality, Service, Life’s Work
Hart’s gateway to knowing/inquiry: Beauty
The day is early. The sand is cool beneath my bare feet yet already the children are at
play in the rhythm of the waves. This is what we come for. As of yet, no other landscape has
invoked the depth of immersive play in my son as that of the sand and surf. A small crab
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 58
emerges from its hole in the sand and just as quickly retreats. I anticipate the cold water
enveloping me later when the heat of the sun reaches the beach. I’ll kick down and swim with
the humuhumunukunukuapuaa and yellow tangs. One inner image has been constant for me
throughout the fall season: swimming under water. I’m comfortable there. I was a mermaid in
my childhood. Now as an adult, at play with my children, I may be the shark, or I may be the
prey. Today I’ll swim alone under the waves.
Moore’s elements of soul: Home and Family, Poetics and Metaphor, Spirituality, Nature
Hart’s gateway to knowing/inquiry: Imagination, Embodiment
One week later: I’ve traced the lineage of Thomas Berry’s essay The New Story to the
Journey of the Universe film.
Moore’s elements of soul: Life’s Work, Learning for Learning’s Sake
Open Intake for my Children
“Lay on your mat.” My dog has successfully caught every piece of tossed popcorn, and I
want to enjoy my own snack in peace. The blanket feels wonderfully cozy to me after coming in
from a dog walk in the gusting north wind. I settle in, my children nestled beside me, to watch
the Journey of the Universe film. I’ve seen it once recently, with my husband. I feel confident
that my son will enjoy the film because he loves to learn about space. Brian Swimme begins his
narration:
Many of the world’s greatest stories begin with a journey, a quest to answer life’s most
intimate questions. Where do we come from? Why are we here? From the dawn of time,
all cultures have created stories to help explain the ultimate nature of things, and perhaps
a new story is emerging in our time. One grounded in contemporary science and yet
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 59
nourished by the ancient religious wisdom of our planet. What if the universe, even the
earth itself, has its own unique story to tell? One in which we play a profound role?
(Journey of the Universe film, 2011)
Moore’s elements of soul: Home and Family, Poetics and Metaphor, Spirituality
Hart’s gateway to knowing/inquiry: Empathy (my children and I resonate with others and
experience interconnection through our own knowing of the mythologies of ancient civilizations)
I’m sitting between my children at their school table. I have my laptop, and they each
have an iPad with a newly added keyboard. Both children have used the iPads in small time
durations (20-40 minutes) once or twice a week for a couple of years to watch a NASA video or
explore a health app, star constellation app, or more recently, Google Earth. We’ve also used the
iPads for the Scratch Jr. programming app and for Lego EV3 and Lego Boost programming. In
the past, both children have wandered onto shopping sites if left unsupervised or would use the
iPads without permission, so only my husband and I know the security code to open each device.
A feeling of burden washes over me as I type in the code for each of our three separate devices.
It is our first day using OneNote. The WIFI does not work as quickly in our school space as it
does in other parts of the house. I feel tension gathering between my shoulder blades as I wait for
OneNote to sync the newly added sections and pages between the three devices. The children’s
voices express impatience. I didn’t anticipate this intense contraction when I observed the
children proudly carrying their “new” iPads with keyboards up the steps to our school space
earlier this morning. I announce that we will spend only one hour on this, and then we will move
on to something else.
Moore’s elements of soul: Home and Family, Service, Life’s Work
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 60
I’m sitting between my children at their school table. I have my laptop, and they each
have their hands hovering over their own keyboard, typing into our shared OneNote project. I
scroll through the images and brief descriptions that my children and I have compiled as a
summary of key historical contributors to the unfolding universe story. I enjoy the art images that
portray the historical figures of the past, especially Edwin Hubble’s picture with his pipe. I’m
reminded of my maternal grandfather, Papa, enjoying his pipe on the back porch during the
muggy summer evenings in Missouri. I can almost hear the cicadas singing. I review the page
dedicated to Chapter 2 Galaxies Forming. We’ve collected some beautiful images that begin to
orient us within our own galaxy. No ideas come to me for visual orientation of our place in space
that would be more effective than the images we’ve collected from the internet. I feel that any
attempt to accurately draw these images would have been extremely contracting.
Moore’s elements of soul: Friendship, Art, Learning for Learning’s Sake
Hart’s gateway to knowing/inquiry: Beauty
Written by my eleven-year-old son in OneNote: The center of things: Humans like to
orient themselves by determining the center of things. This is seen in sacred cities as the center,
the previous notion the Earth was the center which then changed to the sun as the center.
Through science, we have come to realize that there is not one center, but millions! This is
compared to raisin bread rising where each raisin is the center with everything else expanding
away from it. The Milky Way galaxy is one of several dozen galaxies revolving around each
other (picture the cookies orbiting around each other). This system (cookies) moves around the
Virgo Cluster of galaxies, along with other groups. This entire system is called the Virgo
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 61
Supercluster. Science shows that the Virgo Supercluster is at the very center of the cosmic
expansion. There are also other superclusters at the very center of the cosmic expansion (like the
raisins in the bread).
The Milky Way is a spiral. The spiral structure enables it to continue making stars.
Moore’s elements of soul: Poetics and Metaphor, Nature, Learning for Learning’s Sake
Hart’s gateway to knowing/inquiry: Imagination
Written by my nine-year-old daughter in OneNote: I believe that there’s no city that’s the
middle of the universe. And I like that Brain Swimme and Mary Evelyn Tucker talked about an
object to explain whatever it is, like the raisin bread which explained the galaxies moving away
from each other.
Moore’s elements of soul: Friendship, Spirituality, Nature
In Journey’s Chapter 1 Beginning of the Universe, Swimme and Tucker describe the
transformation that a proton and neutron undergo in order to bond. “The proton and the neutron
each give over part of their mass, which becomes a flash of light released into the universe. Who
could have imagined this?” (Swimme & Tucker, 2011, p. 8). As my children and I paint this
moment of creation, I contemplate the flash of light that begins many ancient creation stories as
well as this new story based in the science of our time.
Moore’s elements of soul: Poetics and Metaphor, Spirituality, Art
Hart’s gateway to knowing/inquiry: Contemplation
MYTHOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN HOLISTIC EDUCATION 62
daughter, age nine son, age eleven myself, age forty-one watercolor on paper
As a child, I was considered a good student. I was very obedient, and this very nature
provided a drive to learn the material presented to me. There are many synonyms for obedient
that match up with my inner feelings toward the various school subjects I encountered as a child.
In art class, I was devoted. In math class I was respectful, and in history class I was compliant. In
science class I was subservient. I often struggled in science to achieve my desired high grade
because many areas of science held no meaningful connection for me to other areas of my
knowledge. Connecting the elements to the stars during the study of Journey of the Universe has
provided a new context of meaning for me. What a revelation!
Moore’s elements of soul: Poetics and Metaphor, Art