Hofstede Cultural Framework 1.Power Distance 2.Individualism vs. Collectivism 3.Masculinity vs. Femininity 4.Uncertainty Avoidance 5.Long Term Orientation.

Hofstede Cultural Framework

1. Power Distance

2. Individualism vs. Collectivism

3. Masculinity vs. Femininity

4. Uncertainty Avoidance

5. Long Term Orientation

Power Distance

• “...the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.”

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Power Distance at Work

• Hierarchy• Centralization• Salary range• Participation• Ideal Boss• Privilege & status

symbols

Individualism vs. Collectivism

• Individualist societies: ties are loose and everyone looks out for himself or herself

• Collectivist societies: people integrated into strong, cohesive groups; protection is exchanged for loyalty

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Individualism / Collectivism at Work

• Employee-employer relationship

• Hiring and promotion decisions

• Managerial focus• Task vs. relationship

priority

Masculinity vs. Femininity

• Masculine societies: social gender roles are distinct (men focus on material success; women on quality of life)

• Feminine societies: social gender roles overlap (both quality of life)

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Masculinity / Femininity at Work

• Centrality of work• Ways of managing &

decision making• Fem: equality,

solidarity, quality of work life

• Mas: equity, compete, performance

• Conflict resolution

Uncertainty Avoidance

• “…the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.”

• NOT the same as risk avoidance

• Presence of rules

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Uncertainty Avoidance at Work

• Necessity of rules• Time orientation• Precision &

punctuality• Interpretation of

“What is different…”• Appropriateness of

emotional displays

Long term orientation Confucian Dynamism

• The ‘newest’ dimension

• three universal dimensions and two fourth dimensions

• Truth vs. Virtue: What one believes vs. What one does

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Confucian Dynamism

• Short-term orientation• Social pressure to

‘keep up with the Joneses’

• small savings• expect quick results• concern with

possessing Truth

• Long-term orientation• Thrift: being sparing

with resources• large savings• perseverance toward

slow results• concern with

respecting the demands of Virtue

Hofstede Framework Comparisons

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Idiosyncrasies of North American Management Theory

• Stress on Market Processes

• Stress on the Individual

• Stress on Managers rather than Workers