HoaHocPhoThong

8/9/2019 HoaHocPhoThong

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Chng I.CU TO NGUYN T H THNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T

I. Cu to nguyn t.Nguyn t gm ht nhn tch in dng (Z+) tm v c Z electron chuyn ng

xung quanh ht nhn.1.Ht nhn: Ht nhn gm:

Proton: in tch 1+, khi lng bng 1 .v.C, k hiu (ch s ghi trn l khilng, ch s ghi di l in tch).

Ntron: Khng mang in tch, khi lng bng 1 .v.C k hiuNh vy, in tch Z ca ht nhn bng tng sproton.* Khi lng ca ht nhn coi nhbng khi lng ca nguyn t(v khi lng

ca electron nh khng ng k) bng tng s proton (k hiu l Z) v s ntron (khiu l N):

Z + N A.A c gi l skhi.* Cc dng ng v khc nhau ca mt nguyn t l nhng dng nguyn t khc

nhau c cng sproton nhng khc sntron trong ht nhn, do c cng in tchht nhn nhng khc nhau v khi lng nguyn t, tc l skhi A khc nhau.

2. Phn ng ht nhn: Phn ng ht nhn l qu trnh lm bin i nhng ht nhnca nguyn t ny thnh ht nhn ca nhng nguyn t khc.

Trong phn ng ht nhn, tng sproton v tng skhi lun c bo ton.V d:

Vy X l C. Phng trnh phn ng ht nhn.

3. Cu to v electron ca nguyn t.Nguyn t l h trung ho in, nn selectron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn

bng sin tch dng Z ca ht nhn.Cc electron trong nguyn tc chia thnh cc lp, phn lp, obitan.a) Cc lp electron. K t pha ht nhn trra c k hiu:Bng s th t n = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bng ch tng ng: K L M N O P Q Nhng electron thuc cng mt lp c nng lng gn bng nhau. Lp electron

cng gn ht nhn c mc nng lng cng thp, v vy lp K c nng lng thpnht.

S electron ti a c trong lp th n bng 2n2. C th s electron ti a trong cclp nh sau:

Lp : K L M N S electron ti a: 2 8 18 32 b) Cc phn lp electron. Cc electron trong cng mt lp li c chia thnh cc

phn lp.Lp th n c n phn lp, cc phn lp c k hiu bng ch : s, p, d, f, k t

ht nhn trra. Cc electron trong cng phn lp c nng lng bng nhau.Lp K (n = 1) c 1 phn lp : 1s.


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Lp L (n = 2) c 2 phn lp : 2s, 2p.Lp M (n = 3) c 3 phn lp :3s, 3p, 3d.Lp N (n = 4) c 4 phn lp : 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f.

Th t mc nng lng ca cc phn lp xp theo chiu tng dn nh sau : 1s,2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s

S electron ti a ca cc phn lp nh sau:Phn lp : s p d f.S electron ti a: 2 6 10 14.c) Obitan nguyn t: l khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m kh nng

c mt electron l ln nht(khu vc c mt m my electron ln nht).S v dng obitan ph thuc c im mi phn lp electron.Phn lp s c 1 obitan dng hnh cu.Phn lp p c 3 obitan dng hnh s 8 ni.Phn lp d c 5 obitan, phn lp f c 7 obitan. Obitan d v f c dng phc tp hn.Mi obitan chcha ti a 2 electron c spin ngc nhau. Mi obitan c k hiu

bng 1 vung (cn gi l lng t), trong nu ch c 1 electron ta gi

l electron c thn, nu 2 electron ta gi cc electron ghp i. Obitan

khng c electron gi l obitan trng.4.Cu hnh electron v sphn b electron theo obitan.

a)Nguyn l vng bn: trong nguyn t, cc electron ln lt chim cc mc nnglng tthp n cao.

V d: Vit cu hnh electron ca Fe (Z = 26).1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2Nu vit theo thtcc mc nng lng th cu hnh trn c dng.1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6

Trn cscu hnh electron ca nguyn t, ta d dng vit cu hnh electron cacation hoc anion to ra t nguyn t ca nguyn t.

V d: Cu hnh electron ca

Fe2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6Fe3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5.i vi anion th thm vo lp ngoi cng s electron m nguyn t nhn.V d:S(Z = 16) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4.S2- : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Cn hiu rng : electron lp ngoi cng theo cu hnh electron chkhng theo mcnng lng.

5. Nng lng ion ho, i lc vi electron, m in.a) Nng lng ion ho (I). Nng lng ion ho l nng lng cn tiu th

tch 1e ra khi nguyn t v bin nguyn t thnh ion dng. Nguyn t cng dnhng e (tnh kim loi cng mnh) th I c tr s cng nh.b)i lc vi electron (E). i lc vi electron l nng lng gii phng khi kt hp

1e vo nguyn t, bin nguyn t thnh ion m. Nguyn t c kh nng thu e cngmnh (tnh phi kim cng mnh) th E c tr s cng ln.

c) m in (). m in l i lng c trng cho kh nng ht cpelectron lin kt ca mt nguyn ttrong phn t.

m in c tnh t I v E theo cng thc: Nguyn t c cng ln th nguyn t ca n c kh nng ht cp e lin kt

cng mnh.


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m in thng dng tin on mc phn cc ca lin kt v xt cchiu ng dch chuyn electron trong phn t.

Nu hai nguyn t c bng nhau sto thnh lin kt cng ho tr thun tu. Nu m in khc nhau nhiu ( > 1,7) s to thnh lin kt ion. Nu m in khcnhau khng nhiu (0 < < 1,7) s to thnh lin kt cng ho tr c cc.II. Hthng tun hon cc nguyn tho hc.

1.nh lut tun hon.Tnh cht ca cc nguyn tcng nh thnh phn, tnh cht ca cc n cht v

hp cht ca chng bin thin tun hon theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn.2. Bng h thng tun hon.Ngi ta sp xp 109 nguyn t ho hc ( tm c) theo chiu tng dn ca in

tch ht nhn Z thnh mt bng gi l bng h thng tun hon.C 2 dng bng thng gp.a.Dng bng di: C 7 chu k (mi chu k l 1 hng), 16 nhm. Cc nhm c

chia thnh 2 loi: Nhm A (gm cc nguyn t s v p) v nhm B (gm nhng nguynt d v f).Nhng nguyn tnhm B u l kim loi.

b.Dng bng ngn: C 7 chu k (chu k 1, 2, 3 c 1 hng, chu k 4, 5, 6 c 2 hng,

chu k 7 ang xy dng mi c 1 hng); 8 nhm. Mi nhm c 2 phn nhm: Phnnhm chnh (gm cc nguyn t s v p - ng vi nhm A trong bng di) v phnnhm ph (gm cc nguyn t d v f - ng vi nhm B trong bng di). Hai h nguynt f (h lantan v h actini) c xp thnh 2 hng ring.

Trong chng trnh PTTH v trong cun sch ny sdng dng bng ngn.3.Chu k.Chu k gm nhng nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng slp electron.Mi chu ku mu bng kim loi kim, kt thc bng kh him.Trong mt chu k, i t tri sang phi theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.- S electron lp ngoi cng tng dn.- Lc ht gia ht nhn v electron ho trlp ngoi cng tng dn, lm bn knh

nguyn t gim dn. Do :+ m in ca cc nguyn t tng dn.+ Tnh kim loi gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn.+ Tnh bazca cc oxit, hiroxit gim dn, tnh axit ca chng tng dn.- Ho tr cao nht i vi oxi tng t I n VII. Ho tri vi hiro gim t IV

(nhm IV) n I (nhm VII).4.Nhm v phn nhm.Trong mt phn nhm chnh (nhm A) khi i t trn xung di theo chiu tng

in tch ht nhn.- Bn knh nguyn t tng (do s lp e tng) nn lc ht gia ht nhn v cc

electron lp ngoi cng yu dn, tc l kh nng nhng electron ca nguyn ttng dn. Do :+ Tnh kim loi tng dn, tnh phi kim gim dn.+ Tnh bazca cc oxit, hiroxit tng dn, tnh axit ca chng gim dn.- Ho tr cao nht vi oxi (ho tr dng) ca cc nguyn t bng s th t ca

nhm cha nguyn t.5. Xt on tnh cht ca cc nguyn t theo v tr trong bng HTTH.Khi bit s th t ca mt nguyn t trong bng HTTH (hay in tch ht nhn Z),

ta c th suy ra v tr v nhng tnh cht cbn ca n. C 2 cch xt on.:


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Cch 1: Da vo s nguyn t c trong cc chu k.Chu k 1 c 2 nguyn t v Z c s tr t 1 n 2.Chu k 2 c 8 nguyn t v Z c s tr t 3 10.Chu k 3 c 8 nguyn t v Z c s tr t 11 18.Chu k 4 c 18 nguyn t v Z c s tr t 19 36.Chu k 5 c 18 nguyn t v Z c s tr t 37 54.

Chu k 6c 32 nguyn t v Z c s tr t 55 86.Ch :- Cc chu k 1, 2, 3 c 1 hng, cc nguyn tu thuc phn nhm chnh (nhm A).- Chu k ln (4 v 5) c 18 nguyn t, dng bng ngn c xp thnh 2 hng.

Hng trn c 10 nguyn t, trong 2 nguyn tu thuc phn nhm chnh (nhmA), 8 nguyn t cn li phn nhm ph (phn nhm ph nhm VIII c 3 nguyn t).Hng di c 8 nguyn t, trong 2 nguyn tu phn nhm ph , 6 nguyn tsau thuc phn nhm chnh. iu th hin s sau:

Du * : nguyn t phn nhm chnh.

Du : nguyn t phn nhm ph.V d: Xt on v tr ca nguyn t c Z = 26.V chu k 4 cha cc nguyn t Z = 19 36, nn nguyn t Z = 26 thuc chu k 4,

hng trn, phn nhm ph nhm VIII. l Fe.Cch 2: Da vo cu hnh electrong ca cc nguyn t theo nhng quy tc sau:- Slp e ca nguyn tbng sthtca chu k.- Cc nguyn tang xy dng e, lp ngoi cng (phn lp s hoc p) cn cc lp

trong bo ho th thuc phn nhm chnh. S th t ca nhm bng s e lpngoi cng.

- Cc nguyn tang xy dng e lp st lp ngoi cng (phn lp d) th thuc

phn nhm ph.V d: Xt on v tr ca nguyn t c Z = 25.Cu hnh e: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2.- C 4 lp e chu k 4.ang xy dng e phn lp 3d thuc phn nhm ph. Nguyn t ny l kim

loi, khi tham gia phn ng n c th cho i 2e 4s v 5e 3d, c ho tr cao nht 7+.Do , n phn nhm ph nhm VII. l Mn.


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BI TP CHNG I.1. Electron c tm ra vo nm 1897 bi nh

bc hc ngi Anh Tom - xn (J.J. Thomson).

c im no sau y khng phi ca

electron?

A. Mi electron c khi lng bng khong

11840

khi lng ca ngt nh nht l H.

B. Mi electron c in tch bng -1,6 .10-19 C,

ngha l bng 1- in tch nguyn t.

C. Dng electron b lch hng v pha cc m

trong in trng.

D. Cc electron ch thot ra khi ngt trong

nhng iu kin c bit (p sut kh rt thp,

in th rt cao gia cc cc ca ngun in).

2. Cc ng vc phn bit bi yu t no

sau y?A. S ntron. B. S electron ho tr.

C. S proton D. S lp electron.

3. K hiu no trong s cc k hiu ca cc

obitan sau l sai?

A. 2s, 4f B. 1p, 2d

C. 2p, 3d D. 1s, 2p

4. phn lp 3d s electron ti a l:

A. 6 B. 18

C. 10 D. 14

5. Ion, c 18 electron v 16 proton, mang sin tch nguyn t l:

A. 18+ B. 2 -

C. 18- D. 2+

6. Cc ion v ngt: Ne, Na+, F_ c im

chungl:

A. S khi B. S electron

C. S proton D. S notron

7. Cu hnh electron ca cc ion no sau y

ging nh ca kh him?

A. Te2- B. Fe2+

C. Cu+ D. Cr3+

8. C bao nhiu electron trong mt ion 5224 Cr3+?

A. 21 B. 27

C. 24 D. 52

9. Tiu phn no sau y c s proton nhiu

hn s electron?

A. Ngt Na. B. Ion clorua Cl-.

C. Ngt S. D. Ion kali K+.

10. Ngt ca nguyn t c in tch ht nhn

13, s khi 27 c s electron ho tr l:

A. 13 B. 5

C. 3 D. 4

11. Ngt ca nguyn t ho hc no c cuhnh electron di y:

Cu hnh electron Tn nguyn

t

(1) 1s22s22p1 ...

(2) 1s22s22p5 ...

(3) 1s22s22p63s1 ...

(4) 1s22s22p63s23p2 ...

12. Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion sau:

Ion cu hnh electron

(1) Na+ .

(2) Ni2+ .

(3) Cl- .

(4) Fe2+ .

(5) Ca2+ .

(6) Cu+

13. Ngt ca nguyn t ho hc c cu hnh

electron1s22s22p63s23p64s1 l:

A. Ca B. K

C. Ba D. Na14. Chu k bn r, thi gian cn thit lng

cht ban u mt i mt na, ca P3215 l 14,3

ngy. Cn bao nhiu ngy mt mu thuc

c tnh phng x cha P3215 gim i ch cn li

20% hot tnh phng x ban u ca n.A. 33,2 ngy B. 71,5 ngyC. 61,8 ngy D. 286 ngy

15. U23892 l nguyn t gc ca h phng x t

nhin uran, kt thc ca dy ny l ng v bnca ch Pb20682 , s ln phn r v l:

A. 6 phn r v 8 ln phn r

B. 8 phn r v 6 ln phn r

C. 8 phn r v 8 ln phn r

D. 6 phn r v 6 ln phn r 16. S h phng x t nhin l:


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A. 2 B. 3

C. 4 D. 5.

17. Trong cc cu hnh electron sau, cu hnh

nosai?A.1s22s22p2x2py2pz B.1s

22s22p2x2p2

y2p2z3s

C.1s22s22p2x 2py D.1s22s22px2py2pz

18. Cc electron thuc cc lp K, M, N, Ltrong ngt khc nhau v:

A. Khong cch t electron n ht nhn

B. bn lin kt vi ht nhn

C. Nng lng ca electron

D. Tt c A, B, C u ng.

19. Trong ngt, cc electron quyt dnh tnh

cht ho hc l:

A. Cc electron ho tr.

B. Cc electron lp ngoi cng.

C. Cc electron lp ngoi cng i vicc nguyn t s,p v c lp st ngoi cng vi

cc nguyn t h d, f.

D. Tt c A, B, C u sai.

20. Khoanh trn vo ch nu pht biu

ng, ch S nu pht biu sai trong nhng

di y:

A. Nng lng ca cc electron thuc cc

obitan 2px, 2py 2pz l nh nhau

- S

B. Cc electron thuc cc obitan 2px, 2py, 2pzch khc nhau vnh hng trong khng gian

- S

C. Nng lng ca cc electron cc phn lp

3s, 3p, 3d l khc nhau - S

D. Nng lng ca cc electron thuc cc

obitan 2s v 2px nh nhau

- S

- S E. Phn lp 3d bo ho khi xp

y 10 electron - S

21. Cu hnh electron biu din theo lng tno sau y l sai?

A. B.

C. D.

22.Mt nguyn t ho hc c nhiu loi ngt

c khi lng khc nhau v l do no sau y?

A. Ht nhn c cng s ntron nhng

khc nhau v s proton.

B. Ht nhn c cng s proton. nhng

khc nhau v s ntron

C. Ht nhn c cng s ntron nhng

khc nhau v s electronD. Phng n khc

23. Ngt khi trung bnh ca ng kim loi l

63,546. ng tn ti trong t nhin vi hai loi

ng v l 63Cu v 65Cu. S ngt63Cu c trong

32g Cu l:

A. 6,023. 1023 B. 3,000.1023

C. 2,181.1023 D. 1,500.1023

24. Ngt ca nguyn t A c tng s electron

trong cc phn lp p l 7. Ngt ca nguyn t

B c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s

ht mang in ca A l 8. A v B l cc

nguyn t:

A. Al v Br B. Al v Cl

B. C. Mg v Cl D. Si v Br

25. in y cc thng tin vo cc ch

trng trong nhng sau: cho hai nguyn t A v

B c s hiu ngt ln lt l 11 v 13.

- Cu hnh electron ca A: - Cu hnh electron ca B..

- A chu k, nhm, phn

nhm A c kh nng to ra ion A+

v B c kh nng to ra ion B3+. Kh nng

kh ca A l..so vi B, kh nng oxi

ho ca ion B3+ l..so vi ion A+.

26. Mt ngt R c tng s ht mang in v

khng mang in l 34, trong s ht mang

in gp 1,833 ln s ht khng mang in.

Nguyn t R v v tr ca n trong bng HTTH

l:

A. Na 11, chu k III, nhm IA

B. C. Mg 12, chu k III, nhm IIA

C. F 9, chu k II, nhm VIIA

D. Ne 10, chu k II, nhm VIIIA


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27. Ngt ca mt nguyn t X c tng s ht

cbn l 82, trong s ht mang in nhiu

hn s ht khng mang in l 22.

S hiu ngt ca X l: S khi:

v tn nguyn t.l: .

Cu hnh electron ca ngt X:.

Cu hnh electron ca cc ion to thnh t X:

Cc phng trnh ho hc xy ra khi:

X tc dng vi Fe2(SO4)3;

X tc dng vi HNO3c, nng

28. Cation X3+ v anionY2- u c cu hnh

electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p6. K hiu

ca cc nguyn t X,Y v v tr ca chng

trong bng HTTH l:A. Al 13, chu k III, nhm IIIA v

O 8, chu k II, nhm VIA.

B. Mg 12, chu k III, nhm IIA v

O 8, chu k II, nhm VIA.

C. Al 13, chu k III, nhm IIIA v

F 9, chu k II, nhm VIIA.

D. Mg 12, chu k III, nhm IIA v

F 9, chu k II, nhm VIIA.

29. Nhng c trng no sau y ca ngt cc

nguyn t bin i tun hon:A. in tch ht nhn ngt. B. T khi.

C. S lp electron. D. S e lp ngoi

cng.

30. Xc nh tn nguyn t theo bng s liu

sau:

STT Proton Ntron ElectronNguyn

t

1 15 16 15

2 26 30 26

3 29 35 29

31. Ngt ca nguyn t no lun cho 1e trong

cc phn ng ho hc?

A. Na S th t 11. B. Mg S th t 12.

C. Al S th t 13. D. Si S th t 14.

32. Cc ngt ca nhm IA trong bng HTTH

c s no chung ?

A. S ntron. B. S electron ho tr.

C. S lp electron D. S e lp ngoi cng.

33. Cc n cht ca cc nguyn t no sau

y c tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau?

A. As, Se, Cl, Fe. B. F, Cl, Br, I.

C. Br, P, H, Sb . D. O, Se, Br, Te.

34. Dy nguyn t ho hc c nhng s hiungt no sau y c tnh cht ho hc tng t

kim loi natri?

A. 12, 14, 22, 42 B. 3, 19, 37, 55.

C. 4, 20, 38, 56 D. 5, 21, 39, 57.

35. Nguyn t no sau y c tnh cht ho hc

tng t canxi?

A. C B. K

C. Na D. Sr

36. Ngt ca nguyn t no trong nhm VA c

bn knh ngt ln nht?A. Nit B. Photpho

C. Asen D. Bitmut

37. Dy ngt no sau y c xp theo chiu

bn knh ngt tng?

A. I, Br, Cl, P B. C, N, O, F

C. Na, Mg, Al, Si D. O, S, Se,Te.

38. S bin i tnh cht kim loi ca cc

nguyn t trong dy Mg - Ca - Sr - Ba l:

A. tng B. khng thay i

C. gim D. va gim va tng49. S bin i tnh cht phi kim ca cc

nguyn t trong dy N - P - As -Sb -Bi l:


C. gim D. va gim va tng

40. Cp nguyn t ho hc no sau y c tnhcht ho hc ging nhau nht:

A. Ca, Si B. P, AC. Ag, Ni D. N, P

41. Mc oxi ho c trng nht ca cc

nguyn t h Lantanit l:A. +2 B. +3C. +1 D. +4

42. Cc nguyn t ho hc nhm IA ca

bng HTTH c thuc tnh no sau y ?

A. c gi l kim loi kim.

B. D dng cho electron.

C. Cho 1e t cu hnh bn vng.

D. Tt cu ng.


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43. Tnh cht bazca hiroxit ca nhm IA

theo chiu tng ca s th t l:



44. Nhit si ca cc n cht ca ccnguyn t nhm VIIA theo chiu tng s th

t l:A. tng B. khng thay i


45. S hiu ngt ca cc nguyn t trong bng

tun hon cho bit:

A. S electron ho tr

B. S proton trong ht nhn.

C. S electron trong ngt.

D. B, C ng.

46. Trong 20 nguyn tu tin trong bng h

thng tun hon, s nguyn t c ngt vi haielectron c thn trng thi cbn l:

A. 1 B. 2

C. 3 D. 4

47. m in ca dy nguyn t F, Cl, Br, I

bin i nh sau:



48. m in ca dy nguyn t Na, Al, P,

Cl, bin i nh sau:

A. tng B. khng thay iC. gim D. va gim va tng

49. Tnh cht baz ca dy cc hiroxit:

NaOH, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 bin i nh sau:



50. Tnh cht axit ca dy cc hiroxit:

H2SiO3, H2SO4, HClO4 bin i nh sau:



51. Chn cc t v cm t thch hp invo nhng ch trng trong cc sau:

a. Tnh baz ca cc oxit v hiroxit ca

cc nguyn t thuc nhm IIA ............ theo

chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.

b. Tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t thuc

nhm VIIA .............. theo chiu tng ca

in tch ht nhn.

c. m in c trng cho kh nng

.................. ca ngt nguyn t trong pht.

d. Ngt c m in ln nht l............., ngt c m in nh nht

l.......................

52. Nguyn t Cs c s dng ch to t

bo quang in v:

A. Gi thnh r, d kim.

B. C nng lng ion ho thp nht.

C. C bn knh ngt ln nht.

D. C tnh kim loi mnh nht.

53. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X l1s22s22p63s23p1, in t, hay nhm t thch

hp vo cc khong trng sau:

A. Nguyn t X thuc chu k , phn

nhm nhm .

B. Nguyn t X c k hiu

C. Trong cc phn ng ho hc X th hin

tnh.mnh

54. Mt nguyn t thuc nhm VIIA c tng

s proton, ntron v electron trong ngt bng28. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t l:

A. 1s22s22p63s23p5 B. 1s22s22p5

C. 1s22s22p63s23p6 D. 1s22s22p6

55. Hai nguyn t A v B ng k tip nhau

trong mt chu k c tng s proton trong hai

ht nhn ngt l 25. A v B thuc chu k v

cc nhm:

A. Chu k 2 v cc nhm IIA v IIIA

B. Chu k 3 v cc nhm IA v IIA.

C. Chu k 3 v cc nhm IIA v IIIA.

D. Chu k 2 v cc nhm IVA v VA.

56. Cho 6,4g hn hp hai kim loi thuc hai

chu k lin tip, nhm IIA tc dng ht vi dd

HCl d thu c 4,48 l kh hiro (ktc). Cc

kim loi l:

A. Be v Mg B. Mg v Ca

C. Ca v Sr D. Sr v Ba


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61: Chn ng nht:

A- Nguyn tc cu to bi 3 loi ht :

p, n, e

B- Nguyn tc cu to bi ht nhn

v v e

C- Nguyn t cu to bi ht nhn mang

in (+) v lp v mang in (-)D- Nguyn t cu to bi cc ht mang

in (+) v cc ht mang in (-)

62: Chn pht biu khng ng :

A- Nguyn t l thnh phn nh b nht

ca vt cht, khng b chia nh trong cc

phn ng ho hc

B- Nguyn t l mt h trung ho in

tch

C- Trong nguyn t, nu bit in tch ht

nhn c th suy ra s prton, ntron,

electron trong nguyn ty

D- Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t ho hc

th thuc mt loi v ng nht nh nhau

63: Trong nguyn t ta s bit s p, n, e nu :

A- Bit s p, e C. Bit s e, n

B- Bit in tch ht nhn

D. C 3 u ng

64: Chn pht biu sai:

A- Trong mt nguyn t lun lun sproton bng s electron bng sin tch

ht nhn

B- Tng s prton v s electron trong

mt ht nhn c gi l s khi

C- S prton bng in tch ht nhn

D- ng v l cc nguyn t c cng s

prton nhng khc nhau v s ntron

65: Chn ng:

A- Khi lng ring ca ht nhn ln hn

khi lng ring ca nguyn tB- Bn knh nguyn t bng bknh ht

nhn

C- Bn knh ngt bng tng bknh e, p, n

D- Trong nguyn t cc ht p, n, e xp

kht nhau thnh mt khi bn cht

66: Chn pht biu ng v cu to ht nhn

nguyn t:

A- Ht nhn ngt cu to bi cc ht n

B- Ht nhn ngt cu to bi cc ht

prton

C- Ht nhn nguyn t cu to bi cc ht

ntron mang in (+) v cc ht prton

khng mang in

D- Ht nhn nguyn t cu to bi cc htproton mang in (+) v cc ht ntron

khng mang in

67: Chn ng:

A- S khi l khi lng ca mt ngt

B- S khi l khi lng ca cc ht

prton v ntron

C- S khi mang in dng

D- S khi c th khng nguyn

68: Trong mt nguyn tIu khng nh sau

y bao gicng ng:

A- S hiu ng t bng in tch ht nhn

B- S proton bng s ntron

C- S prton trong ht nhn bng s

electron lp v

D- Ch c B l sai

69: S hiu nguyn t c trng cho mt

nguyn t ho hc do:

A- L k hiu ca mt nguyn t ho hc

B- L thn ca mt ngt ho hcC- Cho bit tnh cht ca mt nguyn t

ho hc

D- Lun thay i trong mt phn ng

ho hc

70: Mnh no sau y l ng:

A- Ch c ht nhn nguyn t Nitmi c

7 proton

B- Ch c ht nhn nguyn t Nitmi c

7 ntron

C- Ch c ht nhn nguyn t Nitmi cs proton = s ntron

D- Ch c nguyn t Nitmi c s khi

bng 14

71: Chn nh ngha ng ca ng v:

A- ng v l nhng ngt c cng s khi

B- ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng

in tch ht nhn


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C- ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng

in tch ht nhn v c cng s khi

D- ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng

s prton, khc nhau s ntron

72: Chn nh ngha ng v nguyn t ho

hc:

A- Tt c cc nguyn t c cng sntron u thuc mt nguyn t ho hc

B- Tt c cc nguyn t c cng in tch

ht nhn u thuc mt nguyn t ho hc

C- Tt c cc nguyn t c cng s khi

u thuc mt nguyn t ho hc

D- C 3 nh ngha trn u ng

73 : Hir c 3 ng v: 1H1, 1H

2, 1H3

xi c 3 ng v: 8O16, 8O

17, 8O18

S phn t H2O c hnh thnh l:

A- 6 phn t C- 9 phn t

B- 12 phn t D. 10 phn t

74: Cc bon c k hiu 6C12. nh ngha no

ng nht:

A- 1 VC l khi lng ca 6,02. 1023

nguyn t cc bon

B- 1 VC c gi tr = 1.12 gam

C- 1 VC c gi tr = 1. 12 khi lng

nguyn t cac bon

D- 1 VC c gi tr gn bng 1. 12 khilng nguyn t cac bon

75; Trong t nhin Cu c 2 ng v:

29Cu65 chim 27%

29Cu63 chim 73%

Vy nguyn t lng trung bnh ca Cu l:

A- 63,45 B. 63,54

B- C. 64,21 D.64,54

76 : xi trong t nhin l hn hp cc ng

v:

8O16 chim 99,757 %8O

17 chim 0,039%

8O18 chim 0,204 %

Khi c 1 nguyn t8O18 th c :

A- 5 nguyn t 8O16

B- 10 nguyn t 8O16

C- 500 nguyn t 8O16

D- 1000 nguyn t 8O16

77: Vi 2 ng v6C12 v 6C

14 v 3 ng v8O16,

8O17, 8O

18 th s phn t CO2c to ra l:

A- 6 loi C. 9 loi

B- 18 loi D. 12 loi

78 : Mt nguyn t c tng s ht l 40 ht

trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht

khng mang in l 12 ht . Vy nguyn tl :

A- Ca B. Al

B- C. Mg D. Na

79 : Mt xit c cng thc X2O trong tng

s ht ca phn t l 92 ht, s ht mang in

nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 28 ht,

vy xit ny l:

A- Na2O B. K2O

B- C. Cl2O D. H2O

80 : Trong mt ht nhn t s ca tng s cc

ht ntron v tng s ht proton (n/p ) l :

A- n/p = 1 C. 0< n/p < 1

B- 1< n/p < 1,52 . 1 < n/p< 2

81: Nguyn t Na c 11 proton, 12 ntron, 11

electron th khi lng ca nguyn t Na l :

A- ng bng 23 g B. Gn bng 23 g

C. ng bng 23VC D. ~ bng 23 VC

82 : S proton ca O, H, C, Al ln lt l 8, 1,

6, 13 v s ntron ln lt l 8, 0, 6, 14 xtxem k hiu no sau y l sai :

A- 6C12 B. 1H

2

B- C. 8O16 D. 13Al

27

83 Cho 2 k hiu nguyn t : 11A23 v 12B

23

chn tr li ng :

A- A v B cng c 23 electron

B- A v B c cng in tch ht nhn

C- A v B l ng v ca nhau

D- Ht nhn ca A v B u c 23 ht

84 : Trong k hiu ZXA th :A- Z l sin tch ht nhn

B- Z l s proton trong ht nhn

C- Z l s electron lp v

D- C 3 trn u ng

85 : Cho k hiu ca Clo l : 17Cl35 v 17Cl

37 .

Chn tr li sai:

A- Hai nguyn t trn l ng v ca nhau


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B- Hai nguyn t trn c cng s electron

C- Hai nguyn t trn c cng s ntron

D- Hainguyn t trn c cng mt s hiu

nguyn t

86: Cho k hiu nguyn t 35Br80 . Chn sai:

A- S hiu nguyn t l 35, s electron l

35B- S n trong ht nhn hn s proton l 10

C- S khi ca nguyn t l 80

D- Nu nguyn t ny mt 1e th s c k

hiu l 34X80

87 : Hy cho bit trong cc ng v sau y

ca M th ng v no ph hp

vi t l :15

13=

notrons

protons

A. 55M B. 56M

C. 57M D. 58M

88 : Chn pht biu ng:

A- Chuyn ng ca electron trong

nguyn t theo mt quo nht nh hnh

trn hay hnh bu dc

B- Chuyn ng ca eletron trong nguyn

t trn cc obital hnh trn hay hnh bu

dc

C- Electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht

nhn khng theo mt quo xc nh tom my electron

D- Cc electron chuyn ng c nng

lng bng nhau

89. Chn tr li sai:

A- Trong m my electron, mt

electron l nh nhau

B- Mi electron chuyn ng quanh ht

nhn nguyn t theo cc mc nng lng

ring

C- Nhng eletron gn ht nhn nht cmc nng lng thp nht

D- Nhng electron xa ht nhn nht c

nng lng cao nht

90 :Chn tr li ng :

A- Cc electron c mc nng lng bng

nhau c xp v 1 lp

B- Cc electron c mc nng lng gn

bng nhau c xp vo 1 phn lp

C- Mi lp n c 2n phn lp

D- Mi lp n c ti a 2n2 e

91:Yu tnh hng ti tnh cht ho hc ca

1 nguyn t

A- in tch ht nhnB- S electrn lp ngoi cng

C- S electrn lp trong cng

D- Ton b s electrn lp v nguyn

t

92:S phn b electrn vo cc lp v phn

lp cn c vo

A- in tch ht nhn tng dn

B- S khi tng dn

C- Mc nng lng tng dn

D- S bo ho cc lp v phn lp

electron

93:S e ti a trong lp th 3 l:

A- 9 e B. 18 e

B- C. 32 e D. 8 e

94:Obitan nguyn t l:

A- Khi cu m tm l ht nhn

B- Khu vc khng gian ht nhn m ta c

th xc nh c v tr e tng thi im

C- Khu vc xung quanh ht nhn m xcsut c mt electrn l ln nht

D- Tp hp cc lp v cc phn lp

95: Hnh dng ca obitan nguyn t ph thuc vo:

A- Lp electrn

B- Nng lng electrn

C- S electrn trong v nguyn t

D- c im mi phn lp electrn D.

Khi lng nguyn t

96:S lng obitan nguyn t ph thuc vo

A- S khiB- in tch ht nhn

C- S lng lp electrn

D- c im mi phn lp electrn

97: Cu hnh electrn l : s sp xp cc

electrn vo cc lp v phn lp theo th t

A- Tng dn ca nng lng

B- Ca lp v phn lp t trong ra ngoi


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C- Tng dn ca nguyn t lng

D- Tng dn ca in tch ht nhn

98 : Da vo nguyn l vng bn, xt xem s

xp xp cc phn lp no sau y sai :

A- 1s < 2s C. 4s > 3s

B- 3d < 4s D. 3p < 3d

99 : K hiu ca nguyn t : 21X45 s c cuhnh electron l:

A- 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1

B- B. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d2

C- 1s22s22p63s23p63d3

D- 1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2

100 : Nguyn t c s e l 13 th cu hnh

lp ngoi cng l :

A- 3s23p2 C. 3s23p1

B- 2s22p1 D. 3p14s2

101: Tng s ht p,n,e trong mt nguyn

t l 21 th cu hnh electron l:

A- 1s22s22p4 B. 1s22s22p2

B- C. 1s22s22p3 D. 1s22s22p5

102: Xt cc nguyn t1H, 3Li, 11Na, 7N, 19F,

2He, 10Ne, 8O . Hy xc nh nguyn t c s

electron c thn = 0

A : H, Li, Na, F B : O

C: N D: He, Ne

103 : Ccu bn ca kh trl:A: C 2 hay 8 electron ngoi cng

B: Mt trong cc cu hnh bn thng gp

C: C 2 lp tr ln vi 18 electron lp

ngoi cng

D: B-C ng

104. S e lp ngoi cng ca cc halogen:

A : C 7 electron

B : C 7 ntron

C : Khng xc nh c s ntron

D : C 7 proton105: Xt cu hnh electron ca Bo c g l sai :

A: C 2 Obitan trng

B : C 1 electron c thn

C : C 3 electron c thn

D : C 3 electron lp ngoi cng

106 : Nguyn t M c in tch ht nhn l

25, th iu khng nh no sai

A: Lp ngoi cng c 2 electron

B : Lp ngoi cng c 13 electron

C : C 5 electron c thn

D: L kim loi

107 : Nguyn t Clo c s hiu nguyn t

l17 th s electron c thn l:

A : C 5 electron c thnB : C 3 electron c thn

C : Khng c electron c thn

D : C 1 electron c thn

108 : T cu hnh electron ta c th suy ra:

A: Tnh kim loi phi kim ca 1 nguyn t

B : Ho tr cao nht vi Oxi hay vi Hyro

C: V tr ca nguyn t trong bng h

thng tun hon

D: Tt cu ng.

109: thn ca cc nguyn t l:X (Z= 6),

Y(Z= 7 ), M(Z= 20), N(Z= 19)

Nhn xt no sau y ng

A.X, Y l phi kim -- M,N l kim loi

B.X,Y,N l phi kim -- N l kim loi

C.X l phi kim -- Y l kh tr -- M,N l

kim loi

D. Tt cu l phi kim

110:T 49 nhn xt no ng

A. X thuc phn nhm chnh nhm VB. Y,M thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II

C. M thuc phn nhm ph nhm II

D. N thuc phn nhm chnh nhm I

111:T 49 nhn xt no ng

A. C 4 nguyn t trn thuc 1 chu k

B. M, N thuc chu k 4

C. Y,M thuc chu k 3

D. N thuc chu k 3

112:Nguyn t X c s th t Z=16 v tr

ca nguyn t X trong bng HTTH lA-Chu k 3, nhm IV A

B- Chu k 4, nhm VI A

C- Chu k 3, nhm VI A

D-Kt qu khc

113:Chn mnh ng


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A. Khi nguyn t A nhn thm mt s

electron, nguyyen t A s bin thnh nguyn

t khc

B. Khi nguyn t A mt bt 1 s

electron, nguyn t A s bin thnh nguyn

t khc

C. Khi nguyn t A nhn thm 1 selectron, nguyn t A s bin thnh in

mang in (-)

D. Khi nguyn t A mt bt 1 s

electron, nguyn t A s bin thnh in

mang (-)

114:Chn pht biu sai

A. Nguyn t Mg v in Mg2+ c cng s

proton trong ht n

B. Nguyn t Mg c s e nhiu hn in Mg2+

C. KLNT Mg gn bng KLNT in Mg2+

D. Nguyn t Mg, in Mg2+ c cng tnh cht

ho hc

115: Chn cu hnh e sai

A. O (Z=8) 1s22s22p4

B. F--(Z=9) 1s22s22p6

C. Mg (Z=12) 1s22s22p63s2

D. Mg2+ (Z=12) 1s22s22p63s23p4

116: In Y+ c cu hnh e:

1s

2

2s

2

2p

6

3s

2

3p

6

V tr ca Y trong bng hthng tun hon l

A. Chu k 6 nhm IIIA

B. Chu k 3, nhm IA

C. Chu k 4, nhm II A

D. Chu k 4, nhm I A

117: In A-- c cu hnh e : 1s22s22p6 V tr

ca A trong bng h thng tun hon l

A. Chu k 3, nhm VI A

B. Chu k 2, nhm VII A

C. Chu k 2, nhm VI BD. Chu k 3, nhm VII A

118: Natri c Z= 11, vy in Na+ c nhn

xt no l sai

A. C 10 proton B. C 10 e

C. C 11 proton D. C 12 ntron

119: Chn cu hnh e sai

A. F (Z= 9) 1s22s22p5

B. F1-- (Z= 9) 1s2222p6

C. Na (Z= 11) 1s22s22p63s1

D. Na+ (Z= 11) 1s22s22p63s2

120: Cc in Na+, Mg2+, Al3+ c cng

A. S electron ngoi cng B. S proton

C. S ntron D. C 3 u ng121:In A2-- c cu hnh lp ngoi cng l

3s23p6 . Cu hnh lp ngoi cng ca

nguyn t A l

A. 3s23p4 B. 3s23p6

C. 4s2 D. 3s23p5

112: Cu hnh e ca Ar l :1s22s22p63s23p6.

Cu hnh tng t ca Ar l

A. Ca2+ B. Na+

C. F-- D. Mg2+

113 : Cu hnh e ca nguyn t X3919 l

1s22s22p63s23p64s1. Vy nguyn t X c c im

A. Thuc chu k 4, nhm I A

B. S ntron trong ht nhn nguyn t l 20.

C. X l nguyn t kim loi c tnh kh mnh,

cu hnh ca electron ca Catrion X+ l

1s22s22p63s23p6

D. C A,B, C u ng.

114 : Cu hnh electron ca 1 ion ging

nh cu hnh electron ca Ne (1s

2

2s

2

2p

6

). Vycu hnh ca electron ca nguyn t c lp

v ngoi cng c th l :

A. 3s1 B. 3s2

C. 2s22p5 D. A, B, C u ng.

115: Tm pht biu sai :

A - Trong chu k, cc nguyn tc sp xp

theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn.

B- Trong chu k cc nguyn t c s lp

electron = nhau.

C. Trong chu k s electron ngoi cng tngdn t 1 n 8

D. Chu k no cng mu l kim loi in

hnh, kt thc l mt phi kim in hnh.


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CHNG II.LIN KT HA HC

1. Lin kt ion.Lin kt ion c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t c m in khc nhau nhiu

( 1,7). Khi nguyn t c m in ln (cc phi kim in hnh) thu e canguyn t c m in nh (cc kim loi in hnh) to thnh cc ion ngc du.

Cc ion ny ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in to thnh phn t.V d :

Lin kt ion c c im: Khng bo ho, khng nh hng, do hp cht ionto thnh nhng mng li ion.Lin kt ion cn to thnh trong phn ng trao i ion. V d, khi trn dd CaCl2 vi

dd Na2CO3 to ra kt ta CaCO3:

3. Lin kt cng ho tr:3. 1. c im.Lin kt cng ho trc to thnh do cc nguyn t c m in bng nhau

hoc khc nhaukhng nhiu gp chung vi nhau cc e ho tr to thnh cc cp e linkt chuyn ng trong cng 1 obitan (xung quanh c 2 ht nhn) gi l obitan phn t.Da vo v tr ca cc cp e lin kt trong phn t, ngi ta chia thnh :

3.2. Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc. To thnh t 2 nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t. V d : H : H, Cl : Cl. Cp e lin kt khng b lch v pha nguyn t no. Ho tr ca cc nguyn tc tnh bng s cp e dng chung.3. 3. Lin kt cng ho tr c cc. To thnh t cc nguyn t c m in khc nhau khng nhiu. V d : H : Cl. Cp e lin kt b lch v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn. Ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong lin kt cng ho tr c cc c tnh bng s cp

e dng chung. Nguyn t c m in ln c ho tr m, nguyn t kia ho tr dng.V d, trong HCl, clo ho tr 1, hiro ho tr 1+.

3.4. Lin kt cho - nhn (cn gi l lin kt phi tr). l loi lin kt cng ho tr m cp e dng chung ch do 1 nguyn t cung cp v

c gi l nguyn t cho e. Nguyn t kia c obitan trng (obitan khng c e) cgi l nguyn t nhn e. Lin kt cho - nhn c k hiu bng mi tn () c chiut cht cho sang cht nhn.

V d qu trnh hnh thnh ion NH4+

(t NH3 v H+

) c bn cht lin kt cho - nhn.

Sau khi lin kt cho - nhn hnh thnh th 4 lin kt N - H hon ton nh nhau. Do, ta c th vit CTCT v CTE ca NH+4 nh sau:


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CTCT v CTE ca HNO3:

iu kin to thnh lin kt cho - nhn gia 2 nguyn t A B l: nguyn t Ac 8e lp ngoi, trong c cp e t do(cha tham gia lin kt) v nguyn t Bphi c obitan trng.

3.5. Lin kt v lin kt .V bn cht chng l nhng lin kt cng ho tr.a)Lin kt. c hnh thnh do s xen ph 2 obitan (ca 2e tham gia lin kt)dc

theo trc lin kt. Tu theo loi obitan tham gia lin kt l obitan s hay p ta c cc loilin kt kiu s-s, s-p, p-p:

Obitan lin kt c tnh i xng trc, vi trc i xng l trc ni hai ht nhnnguyn t.

Nu gia 2 nguyn tchhnh thnh mt mi lin ktn th l lin kt . Khi, do tnh i xng ca obitan lin kt , hai nguyn t c th quay quanh trc linkt.

b)Lin kt. c hnh thnh do s xen ph gia cc obitan p hai bn trc linkt. Khi gia 2 nguyn t hnh thnh lin kt bi th c 1 lin kt , cn li l lin kt. V d trong lin kt (bn nht) v 2 lin kt (km bn hn).

Lin kt khng c tnh i xng trc nn 2 nguyn t tham gia lin kt khng ckh nng quay t do quanh trc lin kt. l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng ng

phn cis-trans ca cc hp cht hu cc ni i.3.6. S lai ho cc obitan. Khi gii thch kh nng hnh thnh nhiu loi ho tr ca mt nguyn t (nh ca

Fe, Cl, C) ta khng th cn c vo s e c thn hoc s e lp ngoi cng m phidng khi nim mi gi l "slai ho obitan". Ly nguyn t C lm v d:

Cu hnh e ca C (Z = 6).

Nu da vo s e c thn: C c ho tr II.Trong thc t, C c ho tr IV trong cc hp cht hu c. iu ny c gii thch

l do s "lai ho" obitan 2s vi 3 obitan 2p to thnh 4 obitan q mi (obitan lai ho) cnng lng ng nht. Khi 4e (2e ca obitan 2s v 2e ca obitan 2p)chuyn ngtrn 4 obitan lai ho q v tham gia lin kt lm cho cacbon c ho tr IV. Sau khi laiho, cu hnh e ca C c dng:

Cc kiu lai ho thng gp.


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a)Lai ho sp3. l kiu lai ho gia 1 obitan s vi 3 obitan p to thnh 4 obitanlai ho qnh hng t tm n 4 nh ca t din u, cc trc i xng ca chngto vi nhau nhng gc bng 109o28'. Kiu lai ho sp3c gp trong cc nguyn tO, N, C nm trong phn t H2O, NH3, NH

+4, CH4,

b)Lai ho sp2. l kiu lai ho gia 1 obitan s v 2obitan p to thnh 3 obitan laiho qnh hng t tm n 3 nh ca tam gic u. Lai ho sp2c gp trong ccphn t BCl3, C2H4,c)Lai ho sp. l kiu lai ho gia 1 obitan s v 1 obitan p to ra 2 obitan lai ho qnh hng thng hng vi nhau. Lai ho sp c gp trong cc phn t BCl2, C2H2,4. Lin kt hiro

Lin kt hiro l mi lin kt ph (hay mi lin kt th 2) ca nguyn tH vinguyn tc m in ln (nh F, O, N). Tc l nguyn t hiro linh ng b htbi cp e cha lin kt ca nguyn t c m in ln hn.

Lin kt hiro c k hiu bng 3 du chm ( ) v khng tnh ho tr cng nhsoxi ho.

Lin kt hiro c hnh thnh gia cc phn t cng loi. V d: Gia cc phn tH2O, HF, ru, axit

hoc gia cc phn t khc loi. V d: Gia cc phn t ru hay axit vi H2O:

hoc trong mt phn t (lin kt hiro ni phn t). V d :

Do c lin kt hiro to thnh trong dd nn:+ Tnh axit ca HF gim i nhiu (so vi HBr, HCl).+ Nhit si v tan trong nc ca ru v axit hu ctng ln r rt so vi

cc hp cht c KLPT tng ng.


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BI TP1. Cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t, tr khhim, c th lin kt vi nhau thnh phn thoc tinh th v:A. Chng c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cngcha bo ho, km bn vng.B. Chng lin kt vi nhau t cu hnhelectron lp ngoi bn vngC. Chng lin kt vi nhau bng cch cho,nhn electron hoc gp chung electron.D. A, B ng.2. Cc phn t sau u c lin kt cng ho trkhng phn cc:A. N2, Cl2, HCl, H2, F2 .B. N2, Cl2, I2, H2, F2 .C. N2, Cl2, CO2, H2, F2 .D. N2, Cl2, HI, H2, F2.Cc ion Na+, Mg2+, F- c im chung l:

A. C cng s proton. B. C cng selectron.C. C cng s ntron.D. Khng c im g chung.4. Cc ion S2-, Cl- v nguyn t Ar c imchung l:A. C cng s proton. B. C cng s ntron.C. C cng s electron.D. Khng c im g chung.5. Tinh th nc cng v nh hn nclng, iu ny c gii thch nh sau:

A. Nc lng gm cc phn t nc chuynng d dng v gn nhau.B. Nc c cu trc t din u rng, ccphn t nc c sp xp cc nh ca tdin u.C. Lin kt gia cc phn t nc trong tinhth nc l lin kt cng ha tr, mt loilin kt mnh.D. A, B ng.6. iu kin hnh thnh lin kt cng ho trkhng phn cc l:A. Cc nguyn t hon ton ging nhau.B. Cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t vc s electron lp ngoi cng ln hn hocbng 4 v nh hn 8.C. Cc ngt ca cc nguyn t gn ging nhauD. Cc nguyn t c hiu m in < 0,4.7. Cho nguyn t canxi (Z = 20), cu hnhelectron ca ion Ca2+ l:A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 B. 1s22s22p63s23p6

C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s24p1 D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2

8. Khoanh trn vo ch nu pht biu ng,ch S nu pht biu sai trong nhng cu diy:a. Mui NaCl c lin kt ion, tan nhiu trongnc - S

b. Phn t HCl c lin kt cng ho tr khngphn cc - Sc. Phn t CO2 c c dng ng thng.

- Sd. Phn t nc c lin kt cng ho tr phn cc - Se. Dung mi khng cc ho tan phn ln cccht khng cc - S9. Nguyn t natri v nguyn t clo u chi, nguy him cho s sng. Tuy nhin, hp

cht to nn t hai nguyn t ny l mui n(NaCl) li l thc n khng th thiu trongcuc sng. iu gii thch no sau y lng?A. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t khc cuhnh electron ca ion.B. Tnh cht ca n cht khc vi hp cht.C. Hp cht bn hn so vi n cht.D. A, B ng.10. Khoanh trn vo ch nu pht biung, ch S nu pht biu sai trong nhng cu

di y:a. Lin kt n bn hn lin kt i - Sb. Lin kt i bn hn lin kt ba - Sc. Cc cht c kiu lin kt ion c nhit nng chy, nhit si cao hn cc cht ckiu lin kt cng ho tr iu chng trng lin kt ion bn hn lin kt cng ho tr. - Sd. Cc cht SO2, H2SO3, KHSO3 c im chung ltrong phn t lu hunh c s oxi ho +4

S

e. Tinh th nguyn t bn hn tinh th phn t - S

11. Cho cc cht sau: NH3, HCl, SO3, N2.Chng c kiu lin kt ho hc no sau y:A. Lin kt cng ho tr phn cc.B. Lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc.C. Lin kt cng ho tr.D. Lin kt phi tr.


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12. Khi cp electron chung c phn b mtcch i xng gia hai nguyn t lin kt,ngi ta gi lin kt trong cc phn t trn l:A. Lin kt cng ho tr phn cc.B. Lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc.C. Lin kt cng ho tr.D. Lin kt phi tr1 in cc t hay cm t cho sn, sao choon vn sau c ngha:

m in l (1).. c trngcho kh nng ca nguyn t trong phn t htelectron v pha mnh. Lin kt cng ho trgia hai nguyn t ging nhau u l lin kt(2)., hiu m in cng ln,phn t cng(3)..Ngi ta quy cnu hiu s m in nh hn 0,4 v ln hnhay bng 0 th phn t c kiu lin kt cng

ho tr(4)..Nu hiu s m in lnhn 0,4 nhng nh hn 1,7 th phn t c kiulin kt cng ho tr(5)..Nu hiu sm in ln hn 1,7 th phn t c kiu linkt (6)..a. c cc b. khng cc c. iond. i lng e. phn ccTh tin t:

1; 2;3;4; 5; 6

14. Cho cc cht NaCl, HBr, MgCl2, Br2, H2O, O2.

a. Cc cht c kiu lin kt cng ho tr phncc l..b. Cc cht c kiu lin kt cng ho tr khngphn cc l..c. Cc cht c kiu lin kt ion lCho bit m in ca cc nguyn t trnnh sau:O = 3,44, Br = 2,96, Cl = 3,16,Mg =1,31 H = 2,20, Na = 0,9315. Cc cp phn t no sau y c hnh dng

phn t ging nhau nhiu nhtA. BeH2 v H2O B. BF3 v NH3C. CO2 v SiO2 D. BeH2 v C2H216. Trong phn t clo, xc sut tm thyelectron dng chung tp trung ln nht :A. khu vc cch u hai ht nhn nguyn t clo.B. lch v pha mt trong hai nguyn t clo.C. khu vc nm v hai pha trn ng ni haiht nhn nguyn t clo.

D. ton b khng gian ca phn t clo17. Cho cc cht HCl, C2H4, Cl2, C2H2, C2H6,BeH2, H2O.a. Cc phn t c hnh dng cu to thng l:.b. Cc phn t c hnh dng cu to gc l:c. Cc phn t c lin kt i trong phn t l:d. Cc phn t ch c lin kt n trong phnt l: 18. A, B, C, D l cc nguyn t c s hiunguyn t ln lt l 8, 9, 11, 16

a. Cu hnh electron ca A, B, C, D l:

b. Lin kt ho hc c th c gia A vC, A v D, B v C l:

19. Trong cc hp cht sau, lu hunh c trngthi oxi ho +4 l dy cht no?

A. H2SO3, SO3, Na2SO3, KHSOB. H2SO4, SO3, Na2SO4, KHSOC. H2SO3, SO2, Na2SO3, KHSO

D. H2SO3, H2S, Na2SO3, KHSO20. Phn t metan c nguyn t cacbon trngthi lai ha t din. K hiu ca lai ha t dinl:

A. sp B. sp2C. sp3 D. sp3d2

3,21. Phn t BeH2 c nguyn t Be trngthi lai ha sp. Nguyn t Be trong phn tBeH2 thuc kiu lai ha no sau y?

A. Lai ha ng thng.B. Lai ha tam gic.

C. Lai ha t din.D. Lai ha bt din.

22. Lin kt xich ma () l lin kt ha hc,trong xc sut tm thy electron dng chungtp trung :A. khu vc cch u hai ht nhn nguyn t.B. lch v pha mt trong hai nguyn t.C. khu vc nm v hai pha trn ng ni haiht nhn nguyn t.


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D. trn on thng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t.

2 Lin kt pi () l lin kt ha hc, trong xc sut tm thy electron dng chung tptrung :A. khu vc cch u hai ht nhn nguyn t.B. lch v pha mt trong hai nguyn t.C. khu vc nm v hai pha trn ng ni haiht nhn nguyn t.D. trn on thng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t.

24. Lin kt pi () l lin kt ha hc, trong cc obitan xen ph theo kiu no sau y?A. Xen ph trc. B. Xen ph bn.C. Xen ph bn p - p. D. Xen ph trc s - p.25. Lin kt n gia hai nguyn t l loi linkt no sau y?

A. Lin kt xich ma (). B. Lin kt pi ().C. Lin kt ion. D.Lin kt cho, nhn.

26. Lin kt i l lin kt ha hc gm:A. Hai lin kt pi ().

B. Hai lin kt xich ma ().C. Mt lin kt xich ma v mt lin kt pi.D. Mt lin kt pi v hai lin kt xich ma.27. Lin kt ba l lin kt ha hc gm:

A. Hai lin kt pi () v mt lin kt xich ma ().

B. Hai lin kt xich ma () v mt lin kt pi ().C. Mt lin kt xich ma v mt lin kt pi.D. Hai lin kt pi v hai lin kt xich ma.28. Khi xt bn ca cc lin kt n, linkt i v lin kt ba, iu khng nh no sauy lun lun ng?A. Lin kt n bn hn lin kt i.B.Lin kt i bn hn lin kt ba.C. Lin kt i bn bng hai ln lin kt n.D. Lin kt ba bn hn lin kt i v lin kti bn hn lin kt n.29. Phn t nit (N2) rt bn, hu nh trvmt ha hc nhit thng. L do no sauy c th gii thch c s bn vng, km hot

ng ha hc ca n cht nit? Trong phn tnitc:

A. Mt lin kt pi () v hai lin kt xich ma ().

B. Hai lin kt xich ma () v hai lin kt pi

().

C. Mt lin kt xich ma v ba lin kt pi.D. Lin kt ba rt bn vng.30. Cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong phntc tnh bng:A. S electron ha tr ca nguyn t.B. S electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t.C. S lin kt ha hc ca nguyn t trongphn t.D. S obitan nguyn t tham gia lai ha.31. in ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong cchp cht ion c tnh bng:A. in tch ca ion trong hp cht.B. S electron m nguyn t ca nguyn tnhng i.C. S electron m nguyn t nguyn t nhn thm.D. S cp electron dng chung ca nguyn t

nguyn t vi cc nguyn t ca nguyn tkhc.32. S oxi ha ca nit trong NH4

+, HNO3,NO2, N2O ln lt l:A. +5, +4, +1, -3 B. +4, +1, -3, +5.C. -3, +5, +4, +1. D. +4, +5, +1, -3 Mt nguyn t c tng s electron thuc ccphn lp d l 7. Cng thc phn t ca hpcht nguyn t ny vi hiro l:

A. H2S B. HBrC. HF D. HCl

34. Loi tinh th no sau y c th dn inkhi ha tan trong nc hoc nng chy?A. Tinh th nguyn t. B. Tinh th phn t.C. Tinh th ion. D. Tinh th kim loi.35. Mui n (NaCl) c nhit nng chy l8010C, trong khi nc nng chy 00C.T s liu thc nghim trn, hy cho bit nhnxt no sau y lsai?A. Tinh th ion bn hn tinh th phn t.B. Tinh th nc l tinh th phn t.C. Lin kt trong tinh th phn t l lin kt

yu.D. Lin kt ion bn hn lin kt cng ha tr.


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CHNG III. DUNG DCH - IN LI pHI. DUNG DCH

1. nh ngha.Dd l hng thgm hai hay nhiu cht m t l thnh phn ca chng c th

thay i trong mt gii hn kh rng.

Dd gm: cc cht tan v dung mi.Dung mi l mi trng phn b cc phn t hoc ion cht tan. Thng gpdung mi lng v quan trng nht l H2O.

2. Qu trnh ho tan.Khi ho tan mt cht thng xy ra 2 qu trnh. Ph hu cu trc ca cc cht tan. Tng tc ca dung mi vi cc tiu phn cht tan.Ngoi ra cn xy ra hin tng ion ho hoc lin hp phn t cht tan (lin kt

hiro).Ngc vi qu trnh ho tan l qu trnh kt tinh. Trong dd, khi tc ho tan bng

tc kt tinh, ta c dd bo ho. Lc cht tan khng tan thm c na.

3. tan ca cc cht. tan c xc nh bng lng cht tan bo ho trong mt lng dung mi xcnh. Nu trong 100 g H2O ho tan c:

>10 g cht tan: cht d tan hay tan nhiu.


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V d : Tnh nng mol ca dd axit H2SO4 20%, c D = 1,143 g.mlGii : Theo cng thc trn ta c :

II. S IN LI1. nh ngha.Sin li l qu trnh phn li cht tan thnh cc ion di tc dng ca cc phn

tdung mi (thng l nc) hoc khi nng chy.Ion dng gi l cation, ion m gi l anion.Chtin ly l nhng cht tan trong nc to thnh dd dn in nh phn ly

thnh cc ion.V d: Cc cht mui axit, baz.Cht khng in li l cht khi tan trong nc to thnh dd khng dn in.V d: Dd ng, dd ru, Nu cht tan cu to t cc tinh th ion (nh NaCl, KOH,) th qu trnh in ly

l qu trnh in li l qu trnh tch cc ion khi mng li tinh th ri sau ion kthp vi cc phn t nc to thnh ion hirat.

Nu cht tan gm cc phn t phn cc (nh HCl, HBr, HNO3,) th u tinxy ra s ion ho phn t v sau l s hirat ho cc ion.

Phn t dung mi phn cc cng mnh th kh nng gy ra hin tng in li ivi cht tan cng mnh.

Trong mt s trng hp qu trnh in li lin quan vi kh nng to lin kt hiroca phn t dung mi (nh sin li ca axit).

2. Sin li ca axit, baz, mui trong dd nc.a) Sin li ca axitAxitin li ra cation H+ (ng hn l H3O

+) v anion gc axit.

n gin, ngi ta ch vit

Nu axit nhiu ln axit th sin li xy ra theo nhiu nc, nc sau yu hn nctrc.

b) Sin li ca baz.Bazin li ra anion OHv cation kim loi hoc amoni.

Nu baznhiu ln bazth sin li xy ra theo nhiu nc, nc sau yu hn nctrc.


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c) Sin li ca mui.Mui in li ra cation kim loi hay amoni v anion gc axit, cc mui trung ho

thng chin li 1 nc.

Mui axit, mui bazin li nhiu nc :

Mui baz:

d) Sin li ca hiroxit lng tnh.

Hiroxit lng tnh c thin li theo 2 chiu ra c ion H+ v OH.

3. Cht in li mnh v cht in li yu.a) Chtin li mnh.Chtin li mnh l nhng cht trong dd nc in li hon ton thnh ion. Qu

trnh in li l qu trnh mt chiu, trong phng trnh in li dng du =. V d:

Nhng cht in li mnh l nhng cht m tinh th ion hoc phn t c lin kt

phn cc mnh. l: Hu ht cc mui tan. Cc axit mnh: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, Cc bazmnh: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2,b) Chtin li yu Cht in li yu l nhng cht trong dd nc ch c mt phn nh s phn tin

li thnh ion cn phn ln tn ti di dng phn t, trong phng trnh in li dngdu thun nghch

V d:

Nhng cht in li yu thng gp l: Cc axit yu: CH3COOH, H2CO3, H2S, Cc bazyu: NH4OH, Mi cht in li yu c c trng bng hng sin li (Kl) - l hng s cn

bng ca qu trnh in li. V d:


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Trong : [CH3COO

], [H+] v [CH3COOH] l nng cc ion v phn t trong ddlc cn bng. Kl l hng s, khng ph thuc nng . Cht in li cng yu th Klcng nh.

Vi cht in li nhiu nc, mi nc c Kl ring. H2CO3 c 2 hng sin li:

4. in li .in li ca chtin li l t sgia s phn t phn li thnh ion Np

v tng sphn t chtin li tan vo nc Nt.

V d: C 100 phn t cht tan trong nc c 25 phn tin li th in li

bng:

T sny cng chnh l t snng mol cht tan phn li (Cp) v nng molcht tan vo trong dd(Ct).

Gi tr ca bin i trong khong 0 n 10 1

Khi = 1: cht tan phn li hon ton thnh ion. Khi = 0: cht tan hon tonkhng phn li (cht khng in li).

in li ph thuc cc yu t: bn cht ca cht tan, dung mi, nhit vnng dd.

5. Quan h gia in li v hng sin li.Gi s c cht in li yu MA vi nng ban u Co, in li ca n l , ta c:

Hng sin li:

Da vo biu thc ny, nu bit ng vi nng dd Co, ta tnh c Kl v ngc

li.V d: Trong dd axit HA 0,1M c = 0,01. Tnh hng sin li ca axit (k hiul Ka).

Gii: Trong dd, axit HA phn li:

6. Axit - baz.


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a)nh nghaAxit l nhng cht khi tan trong nc in li ra ion H+ (chnh xc l H3O

+).Bazl nhng cht khi tan trong nc in li ra ion OH.i vi axit, v d HCl, sin li thng c biu din bng phng trnh.

Nhng thc ra axit khng t phn li m nhng proton cho nc theo phng trnh.

V H2O trong H3O+ khng tham gia phn ng nn thng ch ghi l H+

i vi baz, ngoi nhng cht trong phn t c sn nhm OH (nh NaOH,Ba(OH)2) Cn c nhng baz trong phn t khng c nhm OH (nh NH3)nhng nhn proton ca nc to ra OH

Do nu ln bn cht ca axit v baz, vai tr ca nc (dung mi) cn nhngha axit - baznh sau:

Axit l nhng cht c kh nng cho proton.

Bazl nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton.y l nh ngha ca Bronstet v axit - baz.b) Phn ng axit - baz.Tc dng ca dd axit v dd baz.Cho dd H2SO4 tc dng vi dd NaOH, phn ng ho hc xy ra to nhit lm dd

nng ln.Phng trnh phn t:

Phng trnh ion:

Hoc l:

H2SO4 cho proton (chuyn qua ion H3O+) v NaOH nhn proton (trc tip l ion

OH).Phn ng ca axit vi bazgi lphn ng trung ho v lun to nhit.Tc dng ca dd axit v bazkhng tan. dd HNO3 vo Al(OH)3, cht ny tan dn. Phn ng ho hc xy ra.Phng trnh phn t:

Phng trnh ion

Hoc l:

HNO3 cho proton, Al(OH)3 nhn proton.


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Tc dng ca dd axit v oxit bazkhng tan. dd axit HCl vo CuO, un nng, phn ng ho hc xy ra, CuO tan dn:Phng trnh phn t:

Phng trnh ion

Hoc l

HCl cho proton, CuO nhn proton, n ng vai tr nh mt baz.Kt lun:Trong cc phn ng trn u c s cho, nhn proton - l bn cht ca phn ng

axit - baz.c)Hiroxit lng tnh.C mt s hiroxit khng tan (nh Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3) tc dng c c vi dd axit

v c vi dd bazc gi l hiroxit lng tnh.V d: Zn(OH)2 tc ng c vi H2SO4 v NaOH.

Hoc l:

Km hiroxit nhn proton, n l mt baz.

Km hiroxit cho proton, n l mt axit.Vy:Hiroxit lng tnh l hiroxit c hai kh nng cho v nhn proton, ngha l

va l axit, va l baz.7. Sin li ca nca)Nc l chtin li yu.

Tch s nng ion H+ v OH trong nc nguyn cht v trong dd nc mi

nhit l mt hng s .

Mi trng trung tnh : [H+] = [OH] = 107 mol/lMi trng axit: [H+] > [OH]

[H+] > 107 mol/l.Mi trng baz: [H+] < [OH]

[H+] < 107 mol/l


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b) Chshiro ca dd - pH Khi biu din nng ion H+ (hay H3O

+) ca dd di dng h thc sau:

th h s a c gi l pH ca ddV d: [H+] = 105 mol/l th pH = 5, V mt ton hc th pH = lg[H+]

Nhvy:Mi trng trung tnh: pH = 7Mi trng axit: pH < 7Mi trng baz: pH > 7pH cng nh th dd c axit cng ln, (axit cng mnh);pH cng ln th dd c

bazcng ln (bazcng mnh). Cch xc nh pH:V d 1: Dd HCl 0,02M, c [H+] = 0,02M. Do pH = lg2.102 = 1,7.V d 2: Dd NaOH 0,01M, c [OH] = 0,01 = 102 mol/l. Do :

c) Cht chth mu axit - baz.Cht ch th mu axit - baz l cht c mu thay i theo nng ion H+ ca dd.

Mi cht ch th chuyn mu trong mt khong xc nh.Mt s cht chthmu axit - bazthng dng:

8. S thu phn ca mui.Chng ta bit, khng phi dd ca tt c cc mui trung ho u l nhng mi

trng trung tnh (pH = 7). Nguyn nhn l do: nhng mui ca axit yu - bazmnh(nh CH3COOHNa), ca axit mnh - bazyu (nh NH4Cl) khi ho tan trong nc tc dng vi nc to ra axit yu, baz yu, v vy nhng mui ny khng tn titrong nc.N b thu phn, gy ra sthay i tnh cht ca mi trng.

a) S thu phn ca mui to thnh t axit yu -bazmnh. V d: CH3COONa,Na2CO3, K2S,

Trong dd d ion OH, do vy pH > 7 (tnh baz).Vy: mui ca axit yu - bazmnh khi thu phn cho mi trng baz.b) Sthu phn ca mui to thnh taxit mnh - bazyu. V d: NH4Cl, ZnCl2,

Al2(SO4)3.

Trong dd d ion H3O+ hay (H+), do vy pH < 7 (tnh axit).

Vy mui ca axit mnh - bazyu khi thu phn cho mi trng axit.


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c) Sthu phn ca mui to thnh taxit yu - bazyu. V d: Al2S3, Fe2(CO3)3.

9. Phn ng trao i ion trong dd in li.Phn ng trao i ion trong dd in li chxy ra khi c s to thnh hoc cht kt

ta, hoc cht bay hi, hoc cht tin li (in li yu).

a) Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta.Trn dd BaCl2 vi dd Na2SO4 thy c kt ta trng to thnh. xy ra phn ng.Phng trnh phn t:

Phng trnh ion:

b) Phn ng to thnh cht bay hi.Cho axit HCl tc dng vi Na2CO3 thy c kh bay ra. xy ra phn ng.Phng trnh phn t:

Phng trnh ion

c) Phn ng to thnh cht tin li. Cho axit H2SO4 vo mui axetat. Phn ng xy ra to thnh axit CH3COOH t

in liPhng trnh phn t:

Phng trnh ion

Hoc cho axit HNO3 tc dng vi Ba(OH)2. Phn ng trung ho xy ra to thnhcht t in li l nc.

Phng trnh phn t:

Phng trnh ion

Ch : Khi biu din phn ng trao i trong dd in li ngi ta thng vitphng trnh phn tv phng trnh ion. phng trnh ion, nhng cht kt ta, bayhi, in li yu vit di dng phn t, cc chtin li mnh vit di dng ion (dochng in li ra). Cui cng thu gn phng trnh ion bng cch lc b nhng ionnh nhau 2 v ca phng trnh.


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BI TP CHNG III

1: Dd mui, axt, bazl nhng cht inli v:A. Chng c kh nng phn li thnh hirattrong dd.B. Cc ion hp phn c tnh dn in

C. C s di chuyn ca electron. to thnhdng electron dn in.D. Dd ca chng dn in.2: no di y gii thch ng Sacaroz

l cht khng in li ?1 . Dd ng khng dn in.2. Phn tng khng c kh nng phnli thnh ion trong dd.3. Trong dd ng khng c dng electrondn in.

A.(1) C. (1) & (3)B.(1) & (2) D. (2)

3: Chn nhn nh khng ng trong scc sau:A. Mui n l cht in li.B. Ru etylic l cht khng in li.C. Canxi hiroxit l cht khng in li.D. Axit axetic l cht in li.4: Chn dd in li:

A. Ru C. GlucozB. Nc ct D. Axit axetic5: Chn hp cht khng phi l cht dn

in trong dd cc cht sau:A.CH3OH C. CaSO4B.HCOOH D. Ba(OH)2

6: Cht in li yu l:A. HNO3 C. H2CO3B. KI D. AgNO3

7: no ng trong cc kt lun sau:A. Mi axit u l cht in li.B. Mi axit u l cht in li mnh.C. Mi axit mnh u l cht in li mnhD. Mi cht in li mnh u l axit.8: Hy tm nhng nguyn nhn ch yu ca

s phn li cht thnh ion.

1. S hirat ho cc ion c trong dd (dungmi nc).2. Lc lin kt gia cc hp phn yu.3. S sonvat ho cc ion c trong dd (dungmi phn cc khng phi l nc).A. Ch c (3) C. Ch c (1)B. (1) v (2) D. (1) v (3)9:Ion kali hirat K+.nH2O c hnh thnhkhi:

A. Ho tan mui KCl vo nc.

B. C cn dd KCl.C. Ha tan mui KCl vo nc c

pha axit v clong.D. C cn dd KOH.

10: Chn nh ngha ng v y nht

v sin li:A. S phn li thnh ion dng v

ion m ca phn t cht in li di tcdng ca dng in mt chiu.

B. S phn li thnh ion dng v ionm ca phn t cht in li di tc dngca cc phn t phn cc ca dung mi.

C. S b gy lin kt ca cc ion hpphn trong phn t cht in li.

D. S tng tc gia cc phn tcht tan v cc phn t dung mi.11: Trong dy cc cht di y, dy no

m tt c cc cht u l cht in li mnh?A. KCl, Ba(OH)2, Al(NO3)3.B. CH3COOH, Ca(OH)2, AlCl3.C. CaCO3, MgSO4, Mg(OH)2, H2CO3D. NaCl, AgNO3, BaSO4, CaCl2.12: Phng trnh in li ca CH3COOH l:

CH3COOH = CH3COO- + H+ K

Biu thc tnh hng s cn bng Kl:

A. K =[CH3COOH]

]H[CH3COO-][ +

C. K = [ ][ ]23 +HCOOHCH C.K=

]H[CH3COO-][

]H[CH3COO-][

++

D. K =[CH3COOH]

]H[CH3COO-][ 2+

13: Sin li hon ton Nhm sunfat to ra:A.Al3+, SO4

2- C. 2Al3+, 3SO42-

B.Al3+, 3SO42- D. 2Al3+, SO4

2-14: Phng trnh phn li ca axt axetic

l:

HC2H3O2 = H

+

+ C2H3O2-

KBit [HC2H3O2] = 0,5M v trngthi cn bng [H+] = 2,9.10-3M.

Hng s cn bng K ca axt l :A. 1,7.10-5 C. 8,4.10-5B.5,95.104 D. 3,4.10-5

15: Sin li hon ton amoni phtphatto ra:A.NH4

+, PO43- C. NH4

+, 3PO43-

B.3NH4+, 2PO4

3- D. 3NH4+, PO4

3-


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16: Phng trnh in li ca axit cacbonic l:H2CO3 = H

+ + HCO3- K

Bit axit cacbonic 0,5M phn li toion c nng mol/l l 0,1. Vy hng sphn li K ca n l:

A.2.10-2 C. 2.10-3B.1.10-2 D. 2.102

17: Phn ng sau xy ra trong dung minc :FeCl2 + KMnO4 + HCl FeCl3 +

MnCl2 + KCl + H2OPhng trnh ion thu gn ca n l:

A. Fe2+ = Fe3+B.5Fe2++MnO4

-+8H+=5Fe3++Mn2++4H2OC.Fe2++MnO4

-+8H+= Fe3++Mn2+ + 4H2OD. MnO4

- + 8H+ = Mn2+ + 4H2O18: Ho tan 12,5 g CuSO4 .5H2O vo mt

lng nc va thnh 200 ml dd. Nng mol/l ca cc ion Cu2+, SO4

2- trong dd

ln lt l:A. 0,5M ; 0,5M C. 0,25M ; 0,25MB.0,025M ; 0,025M D. 0,05M ; 0,05M19: Trong 150ml dd c ho tan 6,39g

Al(NO3)3 . Nng mol/l ca ion NO3- c

trong dd l:A.0,2M C. 0,06MB.0,3M D. 0,6M

20: Tng nng cc ion ca ddAl2(SO4)3 0,01M l:

A.0,02M C. 0.04MB.0,03M D. 0,05M

21: Dd no sau y c cha s ion bngs ion ca dd AlCl3 1M ? (Th tch cachng u ly bng nhau).

A. Dd FeCl3 0,5M.B. Dd NaCl 2M.C. Dd Na2SO4 2M.D. Dd CuCl 21,5M.

22: Mt cc nc c cha a mol Ca2+,b mol Mg2+, c mol Cl-, d mol HCO3

- . Hthc lin h gia a,b,c,d l:A.2a+2b=c-d C. 2a+2b=c+d

B.a+b=c+d D. a+b=2c+2d23 : Cho 200 ml dd NaOH 2M vo 300ml dd KOH 1,5M. Nu th tch dd khngthay i, ta c nng ion OH- trong ddmi l:

A.1,7M C. 1,8MB.1M D. 2M

24: Trong dd Fe2(SO4)3 long c cha0,6 mol SO4

2- th trong dd c cha:A. 1,8 mol Fe2(SO4)3

B. 0,9 mol Fe2(SO4)3C. 0,2 mol Fe2(SO4)3D. 0,6 mol Fe2(SO4)3

25: nh nghi no sau y l nh nghaaxit, bazca Bronxted:

A.- Axit l hp cht m phn tgm c mt hay nhiu nguyn t hir lin

kt vi gc axt. Baz l hp cht gmnguyn t kim loi lin kt vi mt haynhiu nhm hiroxit.

B.- Axt l nhng cht khi tan trongnc th to thnh ion H+. Baz l nhngcht khi tan trong nc th to thnh ion OH-

C.- Axit l nhng cht c kh nngcho H+. Baz l nhng cht c kh nngcho OH-.

D.- Axit l nhng cht c kh nngcho H+. Baz l nhng cht c kh nngnhn H+.

26: Nhng tnh cht no trong s cctnh cht di y c th gip bn phnbit c bazkim v bazkhng tan?

1. Tnh tan trong nc.2. Phn ng vi dd axt.3. Phn ng nhit phn.4. Phn ng vi oxit axt.

A. (1) &(3) C. (1),(2)&(3)B. (1),(3)&(4) D. (1)&(4)27: Phn ng no sau y khng phi

l phn ng axit-baz?A. 2HCl + Ca(OH)2 = CaCl 2 + 2H2O

B. HCl + AgNO3 = AgCl + HNO3C. 2HNO3 + CuO = Cu(NO3)2 + H2OD. 2KOH + CO2 = K2CO3 + H2O28: Hirxit no sau y khng phi l

hiroxit lng tnh?A.Cu(OH)2 C. Al(OH)3B.Zn(OH)2 D. Pb(OH)2

29: Tr s pH ca dd axit foomic 1M(Ka=1,77.10

-4) l :A.1,4 C. 1,68B.1,1 D. 1,88

30: Nng ion H

+

ca dd HCl pH=3 l:A.0,003M C.0,3MB.0,001M D. 3M

31: trung ho 2 lt dd H2SO4 3Mngi ta phi dng bao nhiu ml dd NaOH5M ?

A.600 ml C. 900 mlB.1200 ml D. 2400 ml


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32: Th tch (ml) ca dd NaOH 0,3Mcn thit trung ho 3lt dd HCl 0,01Ml:

A.10 C. 1000B.300 D. 100

33: Cho phng trnh phn ng :HA + B HB+ + A-

Theo Bronxted th trong phngtrnh phn ng ny axit l:A.A- C. HA, HB+B.HA D. HB+

34: Th tch dd H2SO4 0,5M cn thit trung ho ht 100 ml dd NaOH 0,2M l:A.400 ml C. 200 ml B. 40 ml D. 20 ml35: Hirxit lng tnh l nhng cht :

A. D b oxiho v kh .B. C kh nng phn ng vi oxit

axit v oxit baz.C. C kh nng phn ng vi dd

axit v dd baz.D. C th phn ng vi axit v c

v bazkim.36: Trong cn bng sau: HF + H2O =

H3O+ + F- nhng cht no ng vai tr

bazca Bronxted:A.H2O C. H2O v F

-B.HF v H3O

+ D. H2O v H3O+

37: Cn bao nhiu ml dd NaOH 0,5M phn ng va vi 50 ml dd NaHCO30,2 M ?

A.20 ml C. 50 mlB.100 ml D. 40 ml

38: Trn ln 30 ml dd NaOH 2M v 20ml dd H2SO4 1,5M. Vy dd thu c ctnh :

A.Axit C. Trung hoB.Baz

39: Bit rng ion HS- c th c nhngphn ng nh sau:

HS- + H3O+ = H2S + H2O

HS- + OH- = S2- + H2OVy theo Bronxted th ion HS- l:

A. Axit C. BazB. Ion lng tnh D. Tt cu sai40: nhn nh no sau y ng nht?

A. Zn(OH)2 l mt baztan.B. Zn(OH)2 l mt bazmnh .C. Zn(OH)2 l mt baz lng tnh.D.Zn(OH)2 l mt hirxit lng tnh.41: Bazlin hp ca H3O

+ l:A. H+ C. OH-B. H2O D. H2O, OH

-

42: Cho bit : pKa(CH3COOH) = 4,75pKa(H3PO4) = 2,13 pKa(H2PO4

-)=7,21

v pKa = -lgKa.Hy sp xp theo th t tng dn

tnh axit ca cc axit trn:A. CH3COOH < H2PO4

- < H3PO4B. H2PO4

-< H3PO4 < CH3COOH

C. H2PO4-

< CH3COOH < H3PO4D. H3PO4 < CH3COOH < H2PO4-

43: Ion no sau y c th va laxit,va l baz theo quan im caBronxted:

A. HSO4- C. HSO3

-

B. S2- D. CO32-

44: Khi lng NaOH c trong 0,5 ltdd nng 0,3M l:A. 6 g C. 24g B.12g D. 18g45: Cho bit:

1. Al(OH)3 + 3HCl =AlCl3 + 3H2O

2. Al(OH)3 + NaOH = NaAlO2+ 2H2O3. 2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 + 3H2O

Nhng phn ng no trong s ccphn ng trn chng minh tnh cht lngtnh ca Al(OH)3 ?

A. (1) & (3) C. (2) & (3)B. (1) & (2) D. (1), (2) & (3)

46: Theo Bronxted th nhng kt lunno sau y ng ?

1. Dd NH3 l mt baz. 2.CaCl2 l mt baz.

3. CuO l mt baz.

4. H2PO4- l mt ion lng tnh .A. (2), (3), (4) C. (1), (3), (4)B. (1), (4) D. (1), (2)47: nh gi mnh ca axt, baz

ngi ta da vo:A. Kh nng cho hoc nhn proton.B. in li.C. pH.D. Hng s axit,baz.48: Cho bng sau:

Axit Ka250C

H2SO3 1,7.10-2

NH4+ 5,6.10-10

H2S 8,9.10-8

HSO4- 1,2.10-2

HSO3- 5,6.10-8

Hy sp xp theo th t tng dntnh axt ca cc axt trn:A. NH4

+ < H2S < HSO3-< HSO4

-< H2SO3B. NH4

+ < HSO3-< H2S < HSO4

-< H2SO3C. H2S < NH4

+ < HSO3-< HSO4

-< H2SO3


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D. H2SO3 < HSO4-< H2S < HSO3

-< NH4+

49: Dy cc cht v ion no di yc tnh baz?A. S2-, CH3COO

-, PO43-, FeO

B. NH4+, Na+, ZnO, CuO

C. Cl-, CO32-, HCO3

-, CaOD. HSO4

-, HCO3-, NH4

+, Cu( OH)2

50: Hy tm dy cc cht v ion lngtnh trong cc dy cht v ion sau:A. Al2O3, PbO, ZnO, HSO4

- B.Al2O3, PbO, HSO4

-, HCO3-

C. H2O, Al2O3, HCO3-, ZnO D.

Al2O3, NH4+, PbO, HS-

51: Dy cc cht v ion c tnh axit l:A. HSO4

-, NH4+, CH3COOH, HCO3

-B. NH4

+, HCO3-, CH3COO

-, SO32-

C. ZnO, Al2O3, HSO4-, NH4

+

D. HSO4-, NH4

+, CH3COOH, H2S52: Trong cn bng :

H2O + NH3 = NH4+ + OH-Cp axt - bazlin hp ng l :

A. H2O, NH4+ C. H2O, H

+B. H2O, NH3 D. H2O, OH

-53: Th tch dd NaOH 2M ti thiu

hp th ht 5,6 lt kh SO2(ktc) l:A. 250 ml C. 275 mlB. 125 ml D. 500 ml

54: Dd axit clohiric c th phn ngvi cc cht no trong cc dy cht diy?

A. BaSO4, CaCO3, Na2SO4B. CuS, PbS, Na2SO3C. NaOH, CaCO3, FeSD. KCl, CaSO4,NH4OH

55: Cho 2,24 lt kh CO2(ktc) vo 20lt dd Ca(OH)2, ta thu c 6 gam kt ta .Vy nng mol/l ca dd Ca(OH)2l:

A. 0,004 M C. 0,006 MB. 0,002 M D. 0,008 M

56: Trn ln 100 ml dd KOH 1M vi50 ml dd H3PO4 1M th nng mol/l camui trong dd thu c l:

A. 0,44 M C. 0,66 MB. 0,33 M D. 1,1 M

57: Dd A cha NaOH 1M v Ca(OH)20,01M . Sc 2,24 lt kh CO2 vo 400 mldd A, ta thu c mt kt ta c khilng:

A. 10 g C. 4 gB. 1,5 g D. 0,4 g

58: Cho cc cht v ion sau: HCO3-,

H2O, Al2O3, ZnO, HSO4-, Cu(OH)2,

CH3COONH4, H2SO3. Theo Bronxted, cccht v ion no l lng tnh ?.A. Al2O3, ZnO, HSO4

-, H2SO3B. HCO3

-, H2O, Al2O3, ZnO, CH3COONH4

C. HCO3-, Al2O3, ZnO, Cu(OH)2

D. HSO4-,CH3COONH4,Al2O3, ZnO,HCO3

-59: Trn ln 100 ml dd KOH 1M vi 100

ml dd HCl 0,5 M c dd D. Nng mol/lca ion OH-v K+ trong dd D ln ltl:A. 0,05M; 0,25M C. 0,05M; 0,05MB. 0,25M; 0,05M D. 0,25M; 0,5M60: Trn ln 100 ml dd Ba(OH)2 0,5M

vi 100 ml dd HCl 0,5 M c dd A. Thtch (ml) dd H2SO4 1M va trungho dd A l:

A. 250 ml C. 50 mlB. 25 ml D. 150 ml

61: Tm biu thc sai trong s cc biu

thc sau:A. pH = - lg[H+] C. pH = lg[H+]B. pH + pOH = 14 D.[H+ ] =10-14.[OH-]62: Nng mol/l ca dd NaOH bng

bao nhiu nu pH =11 ?A. 10-11M C. 103MB. 1011M D. 10-3M

63: Nng mol/l ca dd Ba(OH)2bng bao nhiu nu nng ion H3O

+ l2.10-14 ?

A. 2,5.10-1M C. 5.10-2MB. 5.10-1M D. 2,5.10-2M

64: pOH ca dd KOH 0,0001 M l:A. 3 C. 4B. 10 D. 11

65: Dd axt axetic trong nc c nng 0,1 M . Bit 1% axt b phn li . Vy pHca dd bng bao nhiu ?

A. 11 C. 10B. 3 D. 4

66: pOH ca dd HCl 1 M l:A. 1 C. 14B. 13 D. 0

67: Nu pOH ca dd A l 2,5 v pH cadd B l 3,5 . iu nhn nh no sau y lng ?A. Dd A c nng H+ cao hn B.B. Dd B c tnh bazcao hn A.C. Dd A c tnh axt cao hn B.D. Dd A c tnh bazcao hn B.68: pH ca dd HCl 10-13 M l :

A. 1 C. 7B. 14 D. 13


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69: Cn thm mt th tch nc (V2)gp bao nhiu ln th tch ban u (V1) pha long dd c pH=3 thnh dd c pH=4 ?

A. V1= 9V2 C. V2=10V1B. V2=9V1 D. V2=V1

70: Cho dd NaOH c pH=12 (dd A) .Cn pha long dd A bao nhiu ln thu

c dd NaOH c pH=11?A. 8 C. 10B. 9 D. 11

71: Cho 0,011 mol NH4Cl vo 100 mldd NaOH c pH=12 . un si dd, sau lm ngui v thm vo vi git phenolphtalein. Hy tm xem trong s cc ktlun di y, no m t cha ng hintng ca th nghim trn?

A. Dd c mu hng khi nhphenolphtalein vo.

B. Dd khng c mu khi nh

phenolphtalein vo.C. Khi un si dd c kh thot ra

lm ho mui mu trng mt a c tmdd HCl c.

D. Khi un si dd c kh mi khaithot ra.72: Mt dd c nng ion hirxit l

1,4.10-4 M, th nng ion H3O+ trong dd

bng bao nhiu?A. 7,2.10-11M C. 1.10-14MB. 1,4.10-10M D. 7,2.10-15M73: pH ca dd c nng ion H3O

+

bng 1,2 .10-4M l:A. 3,8 C. 8,2B. 3,92 D. 10,08

74: pH ca dd HCN 0,01M (Ka= 4.10-

10) l:A. 10,3 C. 8,3B. 3,7 D. 5,7

75: pH ca dd CH3COOH 1M l 3,5.Hy xc nh phn trm ion ho ca axtaxtic :

A. 3,1 C. 0,31B.3,5 D. 0,031

76: Mt dd axit H2SO4 c pH=4.Hyxc nh nng mol/l ca dd axit trn.

A. 5.10-4M C. 1.10-4MB. 5.10-5M D. 2.10-4M

77: Trn ln 50 ml dd HCl 0,12M vi50 ml dd NaOH 0,1M .Vy pH ca dd thuc bng bao nhiu?

A. 2 C. 4B. 3 D. 1

78: Dn 3,36 lt kh HCl (ktc) vo1500 ml nc . Gi s th tch dd khngthay i th dd thu c c pH bng baonhiu?

A. 2 C. 1B. 1,5 D. 3

79: pH ca nc tinh khit bng:

A. 14 C. 7B. 5 D. 1080: Thay i mt dd c pH = 5 thnh dd c

pH = 8 ta phi:A. Cho dd bay hi nc . B.

Thm vo mt t baz.C. Thm vo mt t axit .D. Phi tin hnh bng cch khc.

81: Thay i mt dd t pH=12 thnh dd cpH=6 ta phi :

A. Cho thm nc vo dd .B. Cho dd bay bt hi nc.

C. Thm vo mt t axit .D. Thm vo mt t baz.

82: S ion H+ trong 1 ml dd c pH=11l :

A. 10-11 C. 6,023.1012B. 10-14 D. 6,023.109

83: S ion OH- trong 100 ml dd cpH=9 l :

A.10-6 C. 6,023.1014B. 10-9 D. 6,023.1017

84: Nng ion H+ trong dd thay ith no pH ca dd tng ln 1 n v ?

A. Gim i 10 ln .B. Tng ln 10 ln .C. Gim i 1 mol/l .D. Tng thm 1 mol/l .

85: Trn ln 20 ml dd HCl 0,05M vo20 ml dd H2SO4 0,075M. Nu trong qutrnh trn khng lm co gin th tch thpH ca dd thu c l:

A. 1 C. 3B. 1,5 D. 2

86: pH ca mt dd ch c gi tr t 1n 14 v l :

A. Nng H+ hay OH- ca dd chc gi tr t 10-7M n 10-14 M.

B. Trong thc t khng c nhngdd axit hay bazm [H+] 7M hay [OH-] 7M.

C. Hm pH=-lg[H+] m [H+] nmtrong on [10-1,10-14].

D. pH ch c dng onng axit hay bazca nhng dd axit


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hay bazm [H+] 10-1M hay [OH-] 10-1M v trong cc dd long, rt long , talun c [H+][OH-]=10-14.87: C th to c bao nhiu dd trong

sut t cc ion sau: K+, Ba2+, Mg2+, SO42-,

Cl- .A. 4 C. 5

B. 6 D. 388: Chn nhng dy ion c th cngtn ti trong mt dd.

A. H+, NO3-, Fe3+, Ca2+

B. Mg2+, CO32-, K+, SO4

2-

C. Cu2+, Cl-, S2-, Fe2+

D. Na+, Ag+, NO3-, Cl-

89: nhn nh no sau y sai ?A. Dd bazc cha ion OH-. B. Dd

axit c cha ion H+.C. Dd trung ho c pH=7. D.

Dd mui c tnh axit.

90: S thu phn Natri axetat to ra :A. Axt mnh v bazmnh .B. Axt yu v bazmnh .C. Axt mnh v bazyu .D. Axt yu v bazyu .

91: Mui c to thnh bng phn ngtrung ho ca mt axit mnh v mt bagyu l:

A. KNO3 C. CH3COONH4B. Na2CO3 D. NH4Cl

92: S thu phn amoni nitrat to ra:A. Mt bagyu v mt axit mnh.B. Mt bagyu v mt axit yu.C. Mt bagmnh v mt axit yu.D. Mt bagmnh v mt axit mnh.93: Trong s cc dd sau: Na2CO3, KCl,

CH3COONa, NaHSO4, NH4Cl. Nhng ddno c pH < 7A. KCl, NH4Cl C. CH3COONa,Na2CO3B. Na2CO3, NaHSO4 D. NH4Cl,NaHSO494: Trong cc mui cho di y:

NaCl, Na2CO3,K2S, K2SO4,NaNO3,

NH4Cl,ZnCl2Nhng mui no khng b thu phn ?A. NaCl, NaNO3, K2SO4B. Na2CO3, ZnCl2, NH4ClC. NaCl, K2S, NaNO3, ZnCl2D. NaNO3, K2SO4, NH4Cl

95: Mui no sau y b thu phn todd c pH >7

A. CaCl2 C. (NH4)2 SO4B. Al2(SO4)3 D. Na2S

96: Cho qu tm vo dd ca cc muisau y: KCl, NH4Cl, AlCl3, Na2SO3,(CH3COO)2Ca

Dd no lm cho qu tm chuynsang mu xanh ?

A. KCl, NH4ClB. Na2SO3, (CH3COO)2Ca

C.NH4Cl, (CH3COO)2CaD. AlCl3 , Na2SO397: Trong cc mui cho di y, mui

no khng phi l mui axit ?A. NaHCO3 C. Na2HPO3B. NaH2PO4 D. NaH2PO3

98: Dy cc dd mui no sau y ctnh axit ?

A. KCl, Na2SO4, Na2CO3B. AlCl3, NH4NO3, CH3COOKC. K2S, CH3COONa, K2 SO3D. ZnCl2, NH4Cl, Cu(NO3)2

99: Dy cc dd mui no sau y ctnh bag?

A. Na2CO3, K2S, Na3PO4B. NaNO3,CaCl2, Na2SO3C. NaCl, K2SO4, Al(NO3)3D. CH3COONa, K2SO4, K2S

100: Dd mui no sau y c pH=7 ?A. Fe2(SO4)3 C. K3PO4B. KNO3 D. K2SO3

101: iu khng nh no sau y lkhng ng ?

A. Dd cha cc ion: Na+, K+, S2- c

mi trng baz.B. Dd cha cc ion: Na+,Cl-, SO4

2-mi trng trung tnh .

C. Dd cha cc ion: NH4+, Fe3+,

NO3- c mi trng axit .

D. Dd cha cc ion: Na+, K+,PO43-

c mi trng trung tnh.102: Nhn vo cn bng : CO3

2- + H2O= HCO3

- + OH- cho php ta kt lun rngdd K2CO3 c:A. Mi trng axit .B. Mi trng baz.C. pH = 7D. pH < 7103: Mui no sau y khi b thu phn

to ra dd c pH >7 ?A. BaCl2 C. K2SO3B. NH4Cl D. FeCl3

104: Trong s cc dd cho di y:Na2SO3, K2SO4, NH4NO3, (CH3COO)2Ca,


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NaHSO4, Na2S, Na3PO4, K2CO3, c baonhiu dd c pH >7?

A. 5 C. 4B. 3 D. 6

105: Kt lun no sai trong s cc sau ?A. Dd cha cc ion : NH4

+, NO3-,

K+ c pH = 7 .

B. Dd cha cc ion : Ba2+

, Na+

,Br-

c pH = 7 .C. Dd cha cc ion : K+, CH3COO

-,Cl- c pH > 7 .

D. Dd cha cc ion : Cu2+, Cl-,SO4

2- c pH < 7 .106: C 4 dd : HCl, K2CO3, Ba(OH)2,

KCl ng trong 4 l ring bit . Nu chdng qu tm th c th nhn bit c :

A. HCl, Ba(OH)2B. HCl, K2CO3 , Ba(OH)2C. HCl, Ba(OH)2, KCl

D. C bn dd.107: Cho dd cha cc ion sau: {K+,

Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, H+, Cl- }. Mun tchc nhiu cation ra khi dd m khnga ion l vo th ta c th cho dd trntc dng vi dd no trong s cc dd sau :A. Na2SO4 va . D. Na2CO3 va .B. K2CO3 va . C. NaOH va .108: Theo nh ngha axit, baz ca

Bronxted, hy xt cc cht v ion sau:HCO3

-, HSO4-, NH4

+, Al2O3, CH3COO- .

Nhng cht hay ion no c tnh axit ?

A.HSO4- , NH4+ , HCO3 B. Al 2 O3 , HSO4

- , CH3COO-

C. NH4+ , HCO3

D. HSO4

-, NH4+

109: Theo nh ngha axit, baz caBronxted, hy xt cc cht v ion sau:Ca2+, HSO3

-,SO32-, HSO4

-, NH4+, Al2O3,

CH3COO-. Nhng cht hay ion no c tnh

baz?A. SO3

2- , CH3COO

B. SO32-, CH3COO

-, HSO3-

C. NH4+, Ca2+, Al 2 O3

D. HSO4-, HSO3-, NH4+110: Theo nh ngha axit, baz ca

Bronxted, hy xt cc cht v ion sau:HCO3

-, H2O, HSO4-, ZnO, Al2O3, Fe(OH)2

. Nhng cht hay ion no c tnh lngtnh ?

A. Al 2 O3, ZnO, HSO4-, H2O

B.Al 2 O3, ZnO, HSO4- , HCO3

-

C. Al 2 O3, ZnO, Fe(OH)2, HSO4-

D. Al 2 O3, ZnO, H2O, HCO3-

111: Theo nh ngha axit, baz caBronxted, hy xt cc ion sau: K+, Cl-,CO3

2-, NH4+, HS -, S2-,Ba2+ .

Nhng ion no l ion trung tnh ?A. Ba2+, Cl-, HS - C. K+, Cl-, Ba2+

B. HS-

, CO32-

, NH4+

D. Cl-

, S2-

, NH4+

112: Cp cht no di y khng thtn ti trong mt dd?A.KNO3 & CuCl2 C. NaHCO3 &NaOHB. CuSO4 & HNO3 D. Na2SO4 & KCl113: Phng trnh ion thu gn ca phn

ng gia dd HCl v dd amoniac l:A. HCl + NH3 = NH4

+ + Cl-B. H+ + NH3 = NH4

+C. H+ + NH4OH = NH4

+ + H2OD. H+ + NH4

+ + OH- = H2O + NH4+

114: Cp cht no sau y khng cphn ng ho hc xy ra trong dd ?A. HNO3 + K2CO3 C. Na2S + H2SO4B.NH4Cl + KNO3 D. MgCl2 + NaOH115: Theo phng trnh ion thu gn th

ion OH- c th phn ng vi nhng ionno di y ?A.H+, NH4

+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, K+B. NH4

+, HCO3-, Cu2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, HSO4

-C. H+, HCO3

-, CO32-, Fe2+, HSO4

-

D. H+, NH4+, Cu2+, CO3

2-, HSO4-

116: Ion CO32- khng phn ng vi cc

ion no sau y ?A.NH4

+, K+, Na+

B. H+, NH4+, K+, Na+

C.Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+

D. Ba2+, Cu2+, NH4+, K+

117: Nu qui nh rng hai ion gy raphn ng trao i hay trung ho l mt cpion i khng th tp hp cc ion no sauy c cha ion i khng vi ion OH- ?

A. Ca2+, K+, SO42-, Cl-

B. Ca2+, Ba2+, HCO3-, HSO3

-

C. Ca2+, K+,Ba2+, Cl-

D. Na+, Ba2+, NO3-, SO42-118: C 4 dd ng trong 4 l b mt

nhn l : (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, Na2SO4,NaOH . Nu ch c php dng mtthuc th nhn bit 4 cht lng trn, tac th dng thuc th no sau y ?A. DD AgNO3 C. DD KOHB. DD BaCl2 D. DD Ba(OH)2.


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119: Mt cc ng 200 ml dd AlCl3 2M .Rt vo cc ny 200 ml dd NaOH nng a mol/l, ta thu c mt kt ta, em sykh v nung n khi lng khng i thc 5,1g cht rn. Hi a c gi tr no sauy ?A. 1,5M C. 1M hay 1,5M

B. 1,5M hay 3M D. 1,5M hay 7,5M120: Mt cc ng 100 ml dd AlCl31M . Rt vo cc ny V ml dd NaOH nng 2M, ta thu c mt kt ta, em sykh v nung n khi lng khng i thc 5,1g cht rn. Vy gi tr ca V l :A. 150 ml C. 150 ml hay 750 mlB. 750 ml D. 150 ml hay 650ml121: Cho cc dd X, Y, Z, T cha cc

tp hp ion sau :X: {Na+, NH4

+, SO42-, Cl-}

Y: {Ca2+,Ba2+, Cl-, OH-}

Z: {Ag+, K+, H+, NO3-}T: {K+, NH4

+, HCO3-, CO3

2-}Trn hai dd vo nhau th cp no s

khng c phn ng ?A. X + Y C. Z + TB. Y + Z D. X + T

122: Hai ion ngc du gy ra phn ngtrao i hay trung ho c gi l mt cpion i khng. Hai ion i khng gp nhauth nht nh c phn ng d rng mttrong hai ion ang dng hp cht rnhay dng ion a nguyn t. Cc phn ng

no sau y l nhng th d v kt luntrn ?(1)HCO3

- + OH- = H2O + CO32-

(2)CaCO3+ 2H+ = Ca2+ + H2O + CO2

(3)Zn + 2H+ = Zn2+ + H2(4)FeS + 2H+ = Fe2+ + H2S(5)Cu(OH)2 + 2H

+ = Cu2+ + 2H2O(6)CaO + CO2 = CaCO3

A. (1), (2), (3), (4)

B. (2), (3), (4), (5)C. (1), (2), (4), (6)D. (1), (2), (4), (5)

123: Trong cc tp hp ion di y:T1 = {Ca

2+, Mg2+, Cl-, NO3-} T2 =

{H+, NH4+, Na+, Cl-, SO4

2-}T3 = {Ba

2+, Na+, NO3-, SO4

2-}

T4 = {Cu2+

, Fe2+

, Cl-

, SO42-

, OH-

}T5 = {NH4+, H+, CO3

2-, Cl-}Tp hp no cha cc ion c thng

thi tn ti trong cng mt dd?A. T1, T3, T4 C. T3, T4, T5B. T1, T2 D. T2, T4

124: Trong cc tp hp ion di y:T1 = {Ba

2+, Mg2+, Cl-, NO3-} T2 =

{K+, NH4+, Na+, S2-, PO4

3-}T3 = {Ba

2+, Ca2+, NO3-, SO4

2-}T4 = {Zn

2+, Fe3+, Cl-, SO42-, OH-}

T5 = {NH4+, H+, SO3

2-, Cl-}

Tp hp no cha cc ion khngthng thi tn ti trong cng mt dd ?

A. T3, T4, T5 C. T1, T2B. T2, T4, T5 D. T3, T5

125: Cho cc phn ng sau :(1)Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2(2)CuCl2 + H2S = CuS + 2HCl(3)Al + 4HNO3= Al(NO3)3 +NO +2H2O(4)CaCO3 + 2H

+ = Ca2+ + H2O + CO2(5)CuCl2 +2NaOH = Cu(OH)2 + 2NaCl

Nhng phn ng no l phn ng

trao i ion ?A. (1), (2), (5) C. (1), (3), (5)B. (3), (4), (5) D. (2), (4), (5)126: Nhng cation no di y s to

mui tan vi nhng anion sau: CH3COO-,

Cl-, Br -, I-, S2-, SO42-, PO4

3-.A. Zn2+, Pb2+, K+ C. NH4

+, K+, Ca2+

B. NH4+, K+, Na+ D. Fe2+, Ca2+, Cu2+


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CHNG IV.

PHN NG HA HC PHN NG OXI HA KH

IN PHN TC PHN NG V CN BNG HA HC

I. PHN NG HA HC

Qu trnh bin i cc cht ny thnh cc cht khc c gi l phn ng ho hc.Trong phn ng ho hc tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khilng cc cht to thnh sau phn ng.

Cc dng phn ng ho hc cbn:a) Phn ng phn tch l phn ng trong mt cht b phn tch thnh nhiu cht

mi.V d: CaCO3 = CaO + CO2b) Phn ng kt hp l phn ng trong hai hay nhiu cht kt hp vi nhau to

thnh mt cht mi.V d. BaO + H2O = Ba(OH)2.c) Phn ng thl phn ng trong nguyn t ca ngyn t ny dng n cht

thay th nguyn t ca nguyn t khc trong hp cht.V d. Zn + H2SO4 long = ZnSO4 + H2 d) Phn ng trao i l phn ng trong cc hp cht trao i nguyn t hay

nhm nguyn t vi nhau.V d. BaCl2 + NaSO4 = BaSO4 + 2NaCl.e) Phn ng oxi ho - kh

II. PHN NG OXI HA KH

1. S oxi ho. thun tin khi xem xt phn ng oxi ho - kh v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t,ngi ta a ra khi nim s oxi ho (cn gi l mc oxi ho hay in tch ho tr).

Soxi ho l in tch quy c m nguyn tc c nu gi thuyt rng cp e linkt(do 2 nguyn t gp chung) chuyn hon ton vpha nguyn tc m in lnhn.

S oxi ho c tnh theo quy tc sau : Tng i s s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong phn t trung ho in bng 0. Tng i s s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong mt ion phc tp bng in tch

ca ion. V d trong ion , s oxi ho ca H l +1, ca O l 2 ca S l +6.

+ 1 + 6 + (2. 4) = 1. Trong n cht, s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng 0.V d: Trong Cl2, s oxi ho ca Cl bng 0. Khi tham gia hp cht, s oxi ho ca mt s nguyn t c tr s khng i nh

sau.+ Kim loi kim lun bng +1.+ Kim loi kim th lun bng +2.+ Oxi (tr trong peoxit bng 1) lun bng 2.+ Hiro (tr trong hirua kim loi bng 1) lun bng 2.


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+ Al thng bng +3.Ch : Du ca s oxi ho t trc gi tr, cn du ca ion t sau gi tr.V d:

2. nh ngha phn ng oxi ha khPhn ng oxi ho - khl phn ng trong c strao i e gia cc nguyn t

hoc ion ca cc cht tham gia phn ng, do lm thay i soxi ho ca chng.V d:

Cht nhng e gi l cht kh(hay cht b oxi ho).Cht thu e gi l cht oxi ho (hay cht b kh).Qu trnh kt hp e vo cht oxi ho c gi l skhcht oxi ho

Qu trnh tch e khi cht khc gi l soxi ho cht kh:

3. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxi ho - kh.Nguyn tc khi cn bng : Tng s e m cht kh cho phi bng tng s e m cht

oxi ho nhn v s nguyn t ca mi nguyn tc bo ton.Qu trnh cn bng tin hnh theo cc bc:1) Vit phng trnh phn ng, nu cha bit sn phm th phi da vo iu kin

cho bi suy lun.2) Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t c s oxi ho thay i. i vi nhng

nguyn t c s oxi ho khng thay i th khng cn quan tm.3) Vit cc phng trnh e (cho - nhn e).4) Cn bng s e cho v nhn.5) a h s tm c t phng trnh e vo phng trnh phn ng.6) Cn bng phn khng tham gia qu trnh oxi ho - kh.V d: Cho ming Al vo dd axit HNO3 long thy bay ra cht kh khng mu,

khng mi, khng chy, nh hn khng kh, vit phng trnh phn ng v cn bng.Gii: Theo u bi, kh bay ra l N2.Phng trnh phn ng (bc 1):

Bc 5:

Bc 6: Ngoi 6 HNO3 tham gia qu trnh oxi ho - kh cn 3.10 = 3OHNO3 tothnh mui nitrat (10Al(NO3)3).

Vy tng s phn t HNO3 l 36 v to thnh 18H2O.Phng trnh cui cng:

Dng ion:


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Ch : i vi nhng phn ng to nhiu sn phm trong nguyn tnhiu s

oxi ho khc nhau, ta c th vit gp hoc vit ring tng phn ng i vi tng snphm, sau nhn cc phn ng ring vi h s t l theo iu kin u bi. Cuicng cng gp cc phn ng li.

V d: Cn bng phn ng:

GiiCc phn ng ring ( cn bng theo nguyn tc trn):

c t l mol trn, ta nhn phng trnh (1) vi 9 ri cng 2 phng trnh li:

4. Mt s dng phn ng oxi ho - khc bit

1. Phn ng oxi ho kh ni phn t.Cht oxi ho v cht kh l nhng nguyn t khc nhau nm trong cng mt phnt.

V d.

2. Phn ng t oxi ho - t khCht oxi ho v cht kh cng l mt loi nguyn t trong hp cht.V d: Trong phn ng.

c) Phn ng c 3 nguyn tthay i soxi ho.V d: Cn bng phn ng sau theo phng php cn bng e

d) Phn ng oxi ho - khc mi trng tham gia.mi trng axitthng c ion H+ tham gia to thnh H2O. V d:

mi trng kim thng c ion OH tham gia to thnh H2O. V d:

mi trng trung tnh c th c H2O tham gia. V d:


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III. S IN PHN

1. nh ngha.in phn l s thc hin cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh trn bmtin cc nh

dng in mt chiu bn ngoiQu trnh in phn c biu din bng sin phn. V d: Sin phn

NaCl nng chy.

catt: xy ra qu trnh kh.

ant: xy ra qu trnh oxi ho.

Phng trnh in phn NaCl nng chy:

2. in phn hp cht nng chy. trng thi nng chy, cc tinh th cht in phn b ph vthnh cc ion chuyn

ng hn lon. Khi c dng in mt chiu chy qua, ion dng chy vcatt v bkh, ion m chy vantv b oxi ho .

V d: in phn KOH nng chy.

Phng trnh in phn

in phn nng chy xy ra nhit cao nn c th xy ra phn ng ph gia snphm in phn (O2, Cl2 ... ) v in cc (ant) thng lm bng than ch. V d: inphn Al2O3 nng chy (c pha thm criolit 3NaF.AlF3) 1000

oC

Phng trnh in phn

Phn ng ph:


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(Than ch lm ant b mt dn, nn sau mt thi gian phi b sung vo in cc).

ng dng: Phng php in phn hp cht nng chy c dng iu chcckim loi hotng mnh:

iu chkim loi kim: in phn mui clorua hoc hiroxit nng chy.iu chkim loi kim th: in phn mui clorua nng chy.iu chAl: in phn Al2O3 nng chy.3. in phn dd nca)Nguyn tc:Khi in phn dd, tham gia cc qu trnh oxi ho - khin cc ngoi cc ion ca

cht in phn cn c th c cc ion H+ v OH ca nc v bn thn kim loi lmin cc. Khi qu trnh oxi ho - kh thc t xy ra ph thuc vo so snh tnh oxiho - kh mnh hay yu ca cc cht trong bnh in phn.

b) ThtkhcattKim loi cng yu th cation ca n c tnh oxi ho cng mnh v cng d b kh

catt (tr trng hp ion H+). C th p dng quy tc sau:Dkhnht l cc cation kim loi ng sau Al trong dy thin ho (tr ion

H+), trong ion kim loi cng ci dy cng d b kh.Tip n l ion H+ ca ddKh khnht l cc ion kim loi mnh, ktAl, vpha u dy thin ho.(Al3+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, ). Nhng ion ny thc t khng bao gib kh khi in

phn trong dd.c) Thtoxi ho cantNi chung ion hoc phn t no c tnh kh mnh th cng d b oxi ho. C th p

dng kinh nghim sau:

Db oxi ho nht l bn thn cc kim loi dng lm ant. Trtrng hp anttr(khng bn mn) lm bng Pt, hay than ch (C).Sau n cc ion gc axit khng c oxi: I, Br, Cl, Ri n ion OHca nc hoc ca kim tan trong dd.

Kh b oxi ho nht l cc anion gc axit c oxi nh , , Thc tccanion ny khng b oxi ho khi in phn dd.

d)Mt sv d p dng quy tc trn.V d 1: in phn dd CuCl2 vi in cc than ch:

Phng trnh in phn:

V d 2: in phn dd NiCl2 vi in cc bng niken


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Thc cht qu trnh in phn l s vn chuyn Ni t ant sang catt nh dngin. Phng php c ng dng tinh ch kim loi.

V d 3: in phn dd Na2SO4 vi in cc Pt:

Phng trnh in phn:

V d 4: in phn dd NaCl vi ant bng than ch:

Phng trnh in phn:

Trong qu trnh in phn, dd khu vc xung quanh catt, ion H+ b mt dn., H2Otip tc in li, do khu vc ny giu ion OH to thnh (cng vi Na+) dd NaOH.

ant, ion Cl b oxi ho thnh Cl2. Mt phn ho tan vo dd v mt phn khuchtn sang catt, tc dng vi NaOH to thnh nc Javen:

V vy mun thu c NaOH phi trnh phn ng to nc Javen bng cch dngmng ngn bao bc ly khu vc ant ngn kh Cl2 khuch tn vo dd.

V d 5: in phn dd KNO3 vi ant bng Cu.

Khi in phn, khu vc catt, ion H+ mt dn, nng OH tng dn, dd ctnh kim tng dn. ant ion Cu2+ tan vo dd.


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Trong dd xy ra phn ng.

Phng trnh in phn:

Bn thn KNO3 khng b bin i nhng nng tng dn.

ng dng ca in phn dd:iu ch kim loi ng sau Al trong dy thin ho. Tinh ch kim loi. M v c kim loi bng in.iu ch mt s ho cht thng dng: H2, Cl2, O2,, hiroxit kim loi kim Tch ring mt s kim loi khi hn hp dd.4. Cng thc Faray

Trong : m l khi lng cht c gii phng khi in phn (gam)A l khi lng mol ca cht .n l s e trao i khi to thnh mt nguyn t hay phn t cht .Q l in lng phng qua bnh in phn (Culng).F l s Faray (F = 96500 Culng.mol-1)l l cng dng in (Ampe)t l thi gian in phn (giy)V d: Tnh khi lng oxi c gii phng ant khi cho dng in 5 ampe qua

bnh in phn ng dd Na2SO4 trong 1 gi20 pht 25 giy.Gii:p dng cng thc Faray:A = 16, n = 2, t = 4825 giy, I = 5;

IV. HIU NG NHIT CA PHN NGa) Nng lng lin kt. Nng lng lin kt l nng lng c gii phng khi

hnh thnh lin kt ho hc tcc nguyn tc lp.Nng lng lin kt c tnh bng kJ.mol v k hiu l E1k. V d nng lng lin

kt ca mt s mi lin kt nh sau.H - H Cl - Cl H - ClE1k = 436 242 432b) Hiu ng nhit ca phn ngl nhit to ra hay hp th trong mt phn ng

ho hc. Hiu ng nhit c tnh bng kJ.mol v k hiu l Q.Khi Q >0: phn ng to nhit.Khi Q


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- Mun tnh hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng to thnh cc hp cht tn chthoc phn hu mt hp cht thnh cc n cht ta da vo nng lng lin kt.

V d: Tnh nng lng to ra trong phn ng.H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl.Da vo nng lng lin kt (cho trn) ta tnh c.Q = 2E1k (HCl) - [E1k(H2) + E1k(Cl2)] = 2 . 432 - (436 + 242) = 186kJ.mol.

- i vi phn ng phc tp, mun tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ta da vonhit to thnh ca cc cht (tn cht), do n cht trong phn ng khng tnhn (phn ng trn, nhit to thnh HCl l 186.2 = 93 kJ.mol

V d: Tnh khi lng hn hp gm Al v Fe3O4 cn phi ly khi phn ng theophng trnh.

to ra 665,25kJ, bit nhit to thnh ca Fe3O4 l 1117 kJ.mol, ca Al2O3 l 1670kJ.mol.

Gii:Tnh Q ca phn ng: 3Fe3O4 + 8Al = 4Al2O3 + 9Fe (1)

Theo (1), khi lng hn hp hai cht phn ng vi nhit lng Q l :3 . 232 + 8 . 27 = 912g ta ra lng nhit 665,25 kJ th khi lng hn hp cn ly :

V. TC PHN NG V CN BNG HA HCa)nh ngha: Tc phn ng l i lng biu th mc nhanh chm ca phn

ng. K hiu l Vp..

Trong : C1 l nng u ca cht tham gia phn ng (mol/l).C2 l nng ca cht sau t giy phn ng (mol/l).b) Cc yu tnh hng n tc phn ng: Ph thuc bn cht ca cc cht phn ng. Tc phn ng t l thun vi nng cc cht tham gia phn ng. V d, c

phn ng. A + B = AB.Vp. = k . CA . CB.Trong , k l hng s tc c trng cho mi phn ng. Nhit cng cao th tc phn ng cng ln. Cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng nhng bn thn n khng b thay i v s

lng v bn cht ho hc sau phn ng.

c) Phn ng thun nghch v trng thi cn bng ho hc. Phn ng mt chiu (khng thun nghch) l phn ng ch xy ra mt chiu v c

th xy ra n mc hon ton.V d:Phn ng thun nghch l phn ng ng thi xy ra theo hai chiu ngc nhau.V d: CH3COOH + CH3OH CH3COOCH3 + H2O Trong h thun nghch, khi tc phn ng thun (vt) bng tc phn ng

nghch (vn) th ht ti trng thi cn bng. Ngha l trong h, phn ng thun v


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phn ng nghch vn xy ra nhng nng cc cht trong h thng khng thay i. Tani htrng thi cn bng ng. Trng thi cn bng ho hc ny s b ph vkhi thay i cc iu kin bn ngoinhnng , nhit, p sut(i vi phn ng ca cht kh).VI. HIU SUT PHN NGC phn ng: A + B = C + D

Tnh hiu sut phn ng theo sn phm C hoc D:

Trong :qt l lng thc t to thnh C hoc D.qlt l lng tnh theo l thuyt, ngha l lng C hoc D tnh c vi gi thit hiu

sut 100%.Ch : Khi tnh hiu sut phn ng phi tnh theo cht sn phm no to thnh t chtu thiu, v khi kt thc phn ng cht u phn ng ht.

C th tnh hiu sut phn ng theo cht phn ng A hoc B tu thuc vo cht

no thiu. Cn phn bit gia % cht tham gia phn ng v hiu sut phn ng.V d: Cho 0,5 mol H2 tc dng vi 0,45 mol Cl2, sau phn ng thu c 0.6 mol

HCl. Tnh hiu sut phn ng v % cc cht tham gia phn ng.Gii: Phng trnh phn ng:H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl

Theo phng trnh phn ng v theo u bi, Cl2 l cht thiu, nn tnh hiu sut phnng theo Cl2:

Cn % Cl2 tham gia phn ng =

% H2 tham gia phn ng =

Nh vy % cht thiu tham gia phn ng bng hiu sut phn ng.i vi trng hp c nhiu phn ng xy ra song song, v d phn ng crackinhbutan:

Cn ch phn bit:+ Nu ni "hiu sut phn ng crackinh", tc ch ni phn ng (1) v (2) v phn

ng (3) khng phi phn ng crackinh.+ Nu ni "% butan tham gia phn ng", tc l ni n c 3 phn ng.+ Nu ni "% butan b crackinh thnh etilen" tc l ch ni phn ng (2).


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CU HI V BI TP1: Pht biu no sau y lun lun ng:

A. Mt cht hay ion th hoc ch c tnh kh,hoc ch c tnh oxi ho

B. Trong mi phn nhm chnh ca bng hthng tun hon, ch gm cc nguyn t kimloi hoc gm cc nguyn t phi kim.

C. S nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong cngthc phn t lun lun l s nguyn dng

D. Tt c cc pht biu trn u lun lunng

2: nh ngha ng v phn ng oxi ho- kh:

A- Phn ng oxi ho- kh l phn ng trong tt c cc nguyn t tham gia phn ng uphi thay i s oxi ho

B- Phn ng oxi ho- kh l phn ng khngkm theo s thay i s oxi ho cc nguyn t.

C- Phn ng oxi ho- kh l phn ng trong nguyn t hay ion ny nhng e chonguyn t hay ion khc

D- Phn ng oxi ho- kh l phn ng trong qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh khngdin ra ng thi.

3: Chn nh ngha sai:

A- Cht oxi ho l cht c kh nng nhn e

B- Cht kh l cht c kh nng nhn e

C- Cht kh l cht c kh nng nhng e

D- S oxi ho l qu trnh cho e

4: Chn nh ngha ng v cht kh:

A- Cht kh l cc ion cho e

B- Cht kh l cc nguyn t cho eC- Cht kh l cc phn t cho e

D- Cht kh l cc nguyn t, phn t hayion c kh nng cho e

5: Pht biu no sau y sai:

A- Oxi ho mt nguyn t l ly bt e canguyn t, lm s oxi ho ca nguyn ttng ln

B- Cht oxi ho l cht c th thu thm eca cc cht khc

C- Tnh cht ho hc cbn ca kim loi l

HoaHocPhoThong

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