LE THANH XUAN , , .. . , , CAC DANG lOAN VA PHUlJNG PHAP GIAI . . , HOAHOCII • • (PHAN HUU CO) . , (Tl! VA TRAC .... • • ? ,. .... BIEN S04N THEO CHU'IJNG TRINH HOA HQC 11 ca BAN VA NANG CAD r Tcli him ! li n tln'r sclu ) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO Dl)C NAM - - - -
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
mi1u xanh ; dung d!ch Ca (OH )2 trc1 ncn due vi ph ~m (rng v6'i CO , . Nhu vay
chat hu·u co c6 C, II.
5
2. Xac d~nh N: Dun chat hiiu ca co nita v6i H , SO_. d(tc, h6n hap san
ph<.lm t<.to th~mh co (NH 4 )2
SO_. . Cho (NI-1 4 )2
SO_. tac dung NaOH co khf NH,
hay ra l~1m giay quy u6t hoa xanh . Nhtr v~y chflt hfru ca co nita.
3. Xac d~nh halogen Clo : Dot chat hfru ca co Clo cho COc, H,O,
HCI. HCI bict duac nh<r co dung djch AgN01 (t<.to ket ttta AgCI 1) .
II- PHA:-.J TICH DI~H LUONG . .
1. n~nh Iuqng C, H
Dot chay m(g) chat hfru cacho a(g) CO~ va b(g) H,O
Suy ra : - a '( ) . me _ .. -x L g , 44
%C ::.:= me x 100% Ill
2. l)~nh luqng N :
%H = m 11 x IOOo/r. m
Dot chay hoan roan m(g) chat hfru ca co nita cho COc, H 20 , ~ 2 . Cho
s<ln phflm chay qua blnh dvng KOH d~c thl C02 v~t ·H, O b! hap thu ; c<'>n lai
khf N, ra khoi blnh c6 th~ tfch V 1ft (dktc)
v v n, = --(mol) => m, = - - x 2X
' ' 22,4 ' 22,4
01 N _ m :--: x I 00% !Ol -
m
3. f)~nh luqng 0 :
Sau khi tim %C, %H, %N vlt f/c. Clta cac nguyen t6 kh;'ic c()n lai 1~1 O(!t:
%0 == I 00% - ( %C -t- 0/c II -t- % N + .. . )
§3. C()~G THUC PHAN TV H<_jP CHkr HOlJ CO
* Cong thl'rc phan tl:r etta chflt hfru ca cho hict so nguyen ttr etta d.c nguyen to trong phan tl'r chat hfru ca do.
* C6ng thl'rc dan gi<tn nhat cho bict t i 1¢ so nguyen tv etta de nguyen t6 trong phan IV (ti I~ toi gian Clla cac so nguyen).
6
* C6ng thtrc nguyen (th~rc nghi¢m) 1~1 b6i so cua cong tht'rc dan gi:in.
Vi d1;1 : Chflt hfm ca A c6 3 nguyen to C, H, 0 c6:
+ Ti lc C: H : 0 = I : 2 : I.
+ Cong tht'rc dan gi_;\n ci'ta A: CH , O.
+ C<)ng tht'rc nguyen ci'ta A: (CII,O) . - II
Ncu bict khoi ILrqng ph:ln tt'r ct'ta A (VI du M.\ :c_-, 90dvC) thl suy ra (hrac
cong thCrc phftn ti:r:
(CH,O) c6 M = lJOctvC =->- 30n = 90 - , n _.: 3 - II
I- THifr LAP CONG THUt DON GIAN
.Chflt hfru co A c6 4 nguyen to C, H, 0, N.
Ti 1¢ de nguyen tl'r 1~1 :
m e tn,, m, C:H : O:N = -: m 11 :-' :-
12 16 14
CfcC 9(,0 '!o N = -: o/o H:-:-
12 16 14
II - Tlllfi"r LAP CONG THUt PI-IAN TlJ'
1. Xac d!nh ph~m tu· kh6i
+ Thco d!nh nghla :
+ Thco ti khoi hoi d,_
(M · ·- 29) · Kh,·m~ khi - - ·
B
M =" Kh6i luqng
S6 rriol
MA = MA x d .!\ B
2. Thiet hlp cong thuc phan tu Ti:r cong tht'rc don gi ~m suy ra c6ng tht'rc nguyen va d~ra vao M suy ra
c6ng tht'rc phfm ti:r (xem vf du trcn).
7
§4. eKe TR(;c rHk\\ TV HOP cHKr HDu co
I- TIHJ YI~T CAU TAO 110;\ HOC CLA BUT-Lf:-ROP (I X61)
• N<>i dung hc,>c thuyet
Ibn chtlt hoa hoc ct'ta ph<'\n tLr ch<lt hlilt co phu thu6c vi10 b<tn chfit cua nguyen tLr lf1p th~111h hoi s6 Iuong de nguyen tt'r v~1 h(ti clu tao ho<l hoc cua ph :m ttr ch;\t hCru co cl6.
• Ba Juan diem cua hc,>c thuyet
l. Trong phCm tt'r chflt hCru co, de nguyen tt'r kct hqp v6'i nhau thco nH)t tht.'r tLr nhflt dinh vi'1 thco dung ho<l tri ctia chung . Tlnl· tLr kct hup do chroc goi li't clu tao ho<l hoc. SLr thay ddi thCr tLr kct hop d6 sc tao ra chat m6'i .
.3. Tfnh chflt ct'ta hop ch<lt hli'Lt co phu thu6e vi'1o thi'mh ph<in ph<ln tt'r (lxin ch<lt va s6ltrong de nguyen ILl') va CelLI tao ho;l hoc (thu· Ill' lien kct de nguyen llf).
II- CAC LOA! CC)NG THUC CAL TAO
- Cong tht'rc cau tao khai triC:n : Viet cH\y dtt de nguyen ttr V~l de lien kct giu·a chCtng.
\ ' idu: II II I I ,.....II
11-C-C-C=C . I I I '11 I( 11 II
-- (\)ng thu·c du tao thu gon: C vi't de nguyen ttr II lien kct v6'i no viet chung thi'mh nhom .
\ 'fdu:Cli . -- Cil , CH · CIL . -~ -
- Cong thu·c ci'lu tao thu g9n nh<lt : chi viet l icn ke't vi'1 nhom eht.'rc.'
\ 'fdu: ~
1 I 1 - DONG Pf-IAN
I. Ph~in bi~t d()ng d::1ng va d6ng ph<in
·-· \:hu·ng chC{t dong dang Ccl cJU 1<.10 lL!'Ong tll' nhau, tfnh chat hoa hoc
o) fJ r)ng ph c!n ('(I'll too ( dr)ng jJ/i (/1/ p/l(i ng) : i':hlittg d6ng ph an khac nhau
ve b ~\ n chJt nh6m chCrc goi Ia d6ng ph ;\ n nh6m chCrc ; kh;lc nhau vt mach
cachon goi l~t clong ph <l n mach cachon ; kh ac nhau vt vi trf nh6m cht:i'c goi l ~t
d6ng ph ~tn vi trf nh6m cht:i"c.
h) Orin ,~ p/f()n l£ i jJ til / ( d( )ng fJh cin k/u)ng gion ) : D6ng ph an lfl p th e' Ut
nhlrng d6ng ph;l n co c<lu tao hoa hoc nhu· nhau (ci:t ng c<ing thCrc cau tao ph <""'tng)
nlnrn o kh ;lc nhau vt su· J1h an b6 trono kh6no (J ian (1 itra c;ic nca uvcn tt'r !ronco c · . c cc c .)
ph iln tt'r tu·c lit kh <"ic nhau vc cCiu tn'tc kht'mg gian ct'ta ph ;l n tt'r.
Dt")ng ph ttn l(tp th e' qucn thu6c tit d6ng ph tm hlnh h()C c is :..._ trans .
f)/)//g p/1(/n hinli /we cis - Irons : !~1 loai cl<)ng ph{in lap th e' chic<> cl 6 i vc1 i ' / hop chtlt c6 li en kct d{J i C = C do mwycn tt'r, nh6m ngU)'en tt'r li en ke·t v~10
. / ' ~ ~
1C ct'ta li en kct cl6i ,·r nhi.i·ng vi trf kha c nhau trong kh(mg gian.
- ~cu hai ngu ye n tt'r gi()ng nh au ho;k hai nh6m ng.uycn tt'r giong nhau
li en kc"t V{IO ltai cacbon Clla li en kct cl6i nam cLillg VC llHll phfa d6i v6i m:n
ph ~111g li en kct d()i goi l ~t cis, nguoc lai , <'1 vc hai ph fa go i l ~t trans .
\ ·i du : II, /II
C =C CII-:" ' e ll .
.1 .)
C I S
II, / CII1
/C=C, l'li1 I I
1 ratJs
- Di t u ki ¢n de' ch~lt hi.i'Lt co co dong ph ftn c is - trans Ut : !lop chCit ph ;\ i ' / -c6 /C = c, "~' tron g hai c ac bon ct'ta lien k. c t d<) i, nH) i cacbon ph~ii li e n kct ha i
VI trong phan til c6 I nguyen ti'r 0 nen cong thuc phan til cua A Ia
C 6 H 50Na.
D(lng 5 TIM CONG THUC DON GI.<\N CUA MOT CHAT HUU CO CHUA 3
NGUYEN TO C,H,O, KHI BAI TOAN CHO BIET% KHOI LlfQNG
MOT NGUYEN TO HOAC CHO BIET TI L~ THE TiCH HOAC
TONG THE TicH cAc CHAT
Pl11rCJng pluip
Trong thvc te khong c6 cong thuc dan gian vi v~y khi giai toan ta phai
d~t cong thuc phan ti'r chat hli'u CO' Ia e x H YO I roi tim ti I~ nguyen duang toi
gi an X : y : z. Neu dii li~u bai loan cho Ia dol chay chat hiiu CO' va cho ti 1~ th~ I tfch de khf th1 nen gia s ll' dot 1 mol ho~c 1 1ft chat hiiu ca. .
19
Vf du 1. Dot cluly ho~m to~m chflt hfru co X c6 thanh phan C, H, 0 thu dtroc
C02 Y~l H 20, trong d6 Yeo, =% YII.O =c_ % Yo. ph;i ll trll!' (do ci:mg di~u ki~n). nm c6ng thtrc don gian CLia X.
Gidi
D~t cong thCrc phan ti:r chat hfru co Ia CJ1 ) 0 ~..
Gia sLr dot 1 1ft x.
(I ft)
C H 0 +- x +- - - 0 , ___, xCO~ + - H,O ( y z) y
Xyl. 4 2 - -2 -
y z ~x + - -- ~x
4 2 ~r
2
3 3 y 8x Ttr Yeo_.= -
4 VH _. o suy ra: x = -X- => y = -
4 2 3
, 6 6( y ZJ Ttr y ('() = - y(J' h' u· suy ra: X = - X + - -- -' 7 : jl ,Ill I I~ 7 4 2
8x .::::} 7x = 6x + 1,5y - 3z => 3z = J,5y - x = 1,5 X-- X => Z = X . 3
Y~ty x:y:z = 3:8:3
Cong thuc don gian ella X: C 1H 80 , .
Vf dt1 2. a) Tim cong tht.'rc don gi<'m ella A cht.'ra 3 nguyen t6 C, H, 0 va
53,33 % oxi v~ kh6i Iuong.
b) Khi phan tfch chflt hfru co A chCra C, H, 0 thay c6
me+ m 11 = 3,5 m 0 . Tim cong thCrc don gi<in cua A.
c) Dot chay hoan to~m 0,0 15g chat hfru co A chi thu dtroc C0 1 va
H 20 c6 t6ng th~ tfch 22,4ml (dktc). Tim COIJg thCrc don gian cua A.
Gidi
a) D~t c6ng thCrc ph~m ti:r cua A Ia C , HyOz co khoi ltrqng ph an tv la