REINTERPRETATION of HONG KONG HOUSING TYPOLOGIES STUDIO RE 2009 10 06 review 01 CELIA HO SIN SZE TYPOLOGY / noun the systematic classification of the types of something according to their common characteristics. 十 / CRUCIFORM TOWER ONLY? In the 50 years of housing development in Hong Kong, various typologies such as “slab type” and “ tower type” are recorded. However, from the photo next page or from our daily experience, it’s difficult to distinguish variety of typologies within the region. Only one type - the cruciform tower - can be found. The monotonic phenomenon drives my research on housing typologies.
HK Housing REinterpretation
Mar 07, 2016
HK Housing REinterpretation
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REINTERPRETATION of HONG KONG HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
STUDIO RE 2009 10 06 review 01 CELIA HO SIN SZE
TYPOLOGY / noun
the systematic classification of the types of something according to their common characteristics.
十 / CRUCIFORM TOWER
ONLY?
In the 50 years of housing development in Hong Kong, various typologies such as “slab type” and “ tower type” are recorded. However, from the photo next page or from our daily experience, it’s difficult to distinguish variety of typologies within the region. Only one type - the cruciform tower - can be found. The monotonic phenomenon drives my research on housing typologies.
STUDIO RE 2009 10 06 review 01 CELIA HO SIN SZE
Domestic Households by Type of Quarters
Type of Quarters Total Households
Private residential flats 1 109 653
Public rental flats 690 788
HA subsidized sale flats 347 582
Staff quarters 21 018
Simple stone structures/Traditional village houses 19 281
Temporary housing 17 186
HS subsidized sale flats 14 857
Non-domestic quarters 5 281
Marine vessels 900
Total 2 226 546
Distribution of Population by Type of Housing
Type of Housing 1998 2003 2008
Public Permanent Housing 49.4% 49.5% 47.8%
- Rental Flats - 37.5% - 30.9% - 29.4%
- Subsidized Sale Flats - 11.9% - 18.6% - 18.4%
Private Permanent Housing 48.5% 49.6% 51.6%
Public Temporary Housing 0.3% - -
Private Temporary Housing 1.8% 0.9% 0.6%
source: 2006 Population By-census Office,Census and Statistics Department
source: Housing in Figures 2008,Hong Kong Housing Authority
Hong Kong housing comprises PUBLIC HOUSING and PRIVATE HOUSING.
PUBLIC HOUSING are mainly built by the Hong Kong Housing Au-thority and the Hong Kong Housing Society.
PRIVATE HOUSING refers to housing estate developed by a private developer.
STUDIO RE 2009 10 06 review 01 CELIA HO SIN SZE
PUBLIC HOUSING
PUBLIC HOUSING
HKHOUSING
PRIVATE HOUSING
PRIVATE HOUSING
Evolution of Public Housing > to ONE Typology/ Prototype/ TOWER
> MONOTONIC IN HK HOUSING
?
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HOUSING TYPOLOGIESTIMELINE
YEAREV
OLU
TIO
N O
F P
UBL
IC H
OU
SIN
G T
YPO
LOG
IES
1950
19511950
19511950
19521950
19521950
19531950
19531950
19541950
19541950
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
20091960 1970 1980 1990 2000
SLAB
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
CRUCIFORM
LINEAR
H
Y
HARMONY
CONCORD
YEAREV
OLU
TIO
N O
F P
UBL
IC H
OU
SIN
G T
YPO
LOG
IES
1950
19511950
19511950
19521950
19521950
19531950
19531950
19541950
19541950
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
20091960 1970 1980 1990 2000
SLAB
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
CRUCIFORM
LINEAR
H
Y
HARMONY
CONCORD
milestones in
development
1949
Mas
ses
of r
efug
ees
surg
ed in
to t
he t
errit
ory
as a
con
sequ
ence
of t
he C
ivil W
ar o
n th
e m
ainl
and.
The
num
ber
of s
quat
ters
incr
ease
d dr
astic
ally.
1953
A fi
re s
wep
t th
roug
h th
e Sh
ek K
ip M
ei S
quat
ter
area
in K
owlo
on, r
ende
ring
mor
e th
an 5
0 00
0 pe
ople
hom
eles
s ov
erni
ght.
1954
Eig
ht p
erm
anen
t six
-sto
rey
build
ings
- t
he M
ark
I - w
ere
com
plet
ed t
o re
sett
le t
he v
ictim
s of
the
She
k Ki
p M
ei F
ire.
1958
Nor
th P
oint
Est
ate,
the
firs
t lo
w-c
ost
hous
ing
esta
te b
uilt
by t
he H
ong
Kong
Hou
sing
Aut
horit
y, w
as c
ompl
eted
.
1961
The
Gov
ernm
ent
Low
-cos
t H
ousin
g Pr
ogra
mm
e w
as in
trod
uced
.
1964 T
he T
empo
rary
Hou
sing
Sche
me
was
laun
ched
.
1965
The
res
ettle
men
t bl
ocks
bec
ame
high
-rise
bui
ldin
gs. F
acilit
ies
grad
ually
am
elio
rate
d. In
Mar
k IV
, V a
nd V
I bui
ldin
gs, a
bal
cony
and
toi
let
wer
e pr
ovid
ed in
side
each
flat
.
The
pop
ulat
ion
in p
ublic
hou
sing
esta
tes
reac
hed
one
milli
on.
1971
Wah
Fu
Esta
te w
as c
ompl
eted
. It
was
the
firs
t pu
blic
hou
sing
esta
te in
Hon
g Ko
ng w
here
the
"New
Tow
n" c
once
pt w
as a
pplie
d in
its
plan
ning
.
1972
The
Gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
e Te
n-ye
ar H
ousin
g Pr
ogra
mm
e.
1973 D
evel
opm
ent
of n
ew t
owns
gai
ned
mom
entu
m t
o m
atch
with
the
bui
ldin
g of
larg
e ho
usin
g es
tate
s.
Red
evel
opm
ent
of t
he M
ark
I and
Mar
k II
esta
tes
bega
n, s
tart
ing
at S
hek
Kip
Mei
.
1981
The
pop
ulat
ion
in H
ousin
g A
utho
rity
esta
tes
reac
hed
2 m
illion
.
1982
The
gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
at t
he T
en-y
ear
Hou
sing
Prog
ram
me
wou
ld b
e ex
tend
ed fo
r an
othe
r fiv
e ye
ars
to 1
987.
1985
The
Ext
ende
d R
edev
elop
men
t Pr
ogra
mm
e to
cle
ar s
ub-s
tand
ard
bloc
ks b
uilt
in t
he 6
0's
bega
n.
1987
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.
1988
The
Hou
sing
Aut
horit
y w
as r
eorg
anize
d. It
bec
ame
finan
cial
ly a
uton
omou
s an
d its
Cha
irman
was
to
be a
non
-offi
cial
per
son.
1994
The
Mar
k I a
nd M
ark
II re
deve
lopm
ent
and
re-h
ousin
g pr
ogra
mm
e w
as c
ompl
eted
.
1997
The
Hon
g Ko
ng S
peci
al A
dmin
istra
tive
Reg
ion
Gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d a
ten-
year
hou
sing
plan
.
YEAREV
OLU
TIO
N O
F P
UBL
IC H
OU
SIN
G T
YPO
LOG
IES
1950
19511950
19511950
19521950
19521950
19531950
19531950
19541950
19541950
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
20091960 1970 1980 1990 2000
total population
in HK
2,01
0,00
0 2,99
3,00
0
4,04
5,00
0
5,18
3,00
0 5,75
2,00
0
6,66
5,00
0
7,00
8,00
0
increase inpopulationin 10 yrs
49%
35%
28%
11%
16%
5%
SLAB
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
CRUCIFORMCRUCIFORMCRUCIFORMCRUCIFORMCRUCIFORM
LINEAR
H
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
Y
HARMONYHARMONYHARMONY
CONCORD
YEAREV
OLU
TIO
N O
F P
UBL
IC H
OU
SIN
G T
YPO
LOG
IES
1950
19511950
19511950
19521950
19521950
19531950
19531950
19541950
19541950
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
20091960 1970 1980 1990 2000
flat production
by HA1988-2008
SLAB
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
CRUCIFORM
LINEAR
H
Y
HARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONY
CONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORD
YEAREV
OLU
TIO
N O
F P
UBL
IC H
OU
SIN
G T
YPO
LOG
IES
1950
19511950
19511950
19521950
19521950
19531950
19531950
19541950
19541950
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
20091960 1970 1980 1990 2000
number of household per floor & storeys per
block
no. of household
no. o
f sto
reys
SLAB
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
CRUCIFORM
LINEAR
H
Y
HARMONY
CONCORD
YEAREV
OLU
TIO
N O
F P
UBL
IC H
OU
SIN
G T
YPO
LOG
IES
1950
19511950
19511950
19521950
19521950
19531950
19531950
19541950
19541950
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
20091960 1970 1980 1990 2000
SLAB
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
CRUCIFORM
LINEAR
H
Y
HARMONY
CONCORD
number of typologies per estate
YEAREV
OLU
TIO
N O
F P
UBL
IC H
OU
SIN
G T
YPO
LOG
IES
1950
19511950
19511950
19521950
19521950
19531950
19531950
19541950
19541950
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
20091960 1970 1980 1990 2000
total population
in HK
2,01
0,00
0 2,99
3,00
0
4,04
5,00
0
5,18
3,00
0 5,75
2,00
0
6,66
5,00
0
7,00
8,00
0
increase inpopulationin 10 yrs
49%
35%
28%
11%
16%
5%
flat production
by HA1988-2008
5,75
2,00
05,
752,
000
11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%11%
16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%
5%5%
number of household per floor & storeys per
block
no. of household
no. o
f sto
reys
16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%16%
SLAB
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
CRUCIFORMCRUCIFORMCRUCIFORMCRUCIFORMCRUCIFORM
LINEAR
H
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
5,18
3,00
05,
183,
000
Y
HARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONY
CONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORD
milestones in
development
1949
Mas
ses
of r
efug
ees
surg
ed in
to t
he t
errit
ory
as a
con
sequ
ence
of t
he C
ivil W
ar o
n th
e m
ainl
and.
The
num
ber
of s
quat
ters
incr
ease
d dr
astic
ally.
1953
A fi
re s
wep
t th
roug
h th
e Sh
ek K
ip M
ei S
quat
ter
area
in K
owlo
on, r
ende
ring
mor
e th
an 5
0 00
0 pe
ople
hom
eles
s ov
erni
ght.
1954
Eig
ht p
erm
anen
t six
-sto
rey
build
ings
- t
he M
ark
I - w
ere
com
plet
ed t
o re
sett
le t
he v
ictim
s of
the
She
k Ki
p M
ei F
ire.
1958
Nor
th P
oint
Est
ate,
the
firs
t lo
w-c
ost
hous
ing
esta
te b
uilt
by t
he H
ong
Kong
Hou
sing
Aut
horit
y, w
as c
ompl
eted
.
1961
The
Gov
ernm
ent
Low
-cos
t H
ousin
g Pr
ogra
mm
e w
as in
trod
uced
.
1964 T
he T
empo
rary
Hou
sing
Sche
me
was
laun
ched
.
1965
The
res
ettle
men
t bl
ocks
bec
ame
high
-rise
bui
ldin
gs. F
acilit
ies
grad
ually
am
elio
rate
d. In
Mar
k IV
, V a
nd V
I bui
ldin
gs, a
bal
cony
and
toi
let
wer
e pr
ovid
ed in
side
each
flat
.
The
pop
ulat
ion
in p
ublic
hou
sing
esta
tes
reac
hed
one
milli
on.
1971
Wah
Fu
Esta
te w
as c
ompl
eted
. It
was
the
firs
t pu
blic
hou
sing
esta
te in
Hon
g Ko
ng w
here
the
"New
Tow
n" c
once
pt w
as a
pplie
d in
its
plan
ning
.
1972
The
Gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
e Te
n-ye
ar H
ousin
g Pr
ogra
mm
e.
1973 D
evel
opm
ent
of n
ew t
owns
gai
ned
mom
entu
m t
o m
atch
with
the
bui
ldin
g of
larg
e ho
usin
g es
tate
s.
Red
evel
opm
ent
of t
he M
ark
I and
Mar
k II
esta
tes
bega
n, s
tart
ing
at S
hek
Kip
Mei
.
1981
The
pop
ulat
ion
in H
ousin
g A
utho
rity
esta
tes
reac
hed
2 m
illion
.
1982
The
gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
at t
he T
en-y
ear
Hou
sing
Prog
ram
me
wou
ld b
e ex
tend
ed fo
r an
othe
r fiv
e ye
ars
to 1
987.
1985
The
Ext
ende
d R
edev
elop
men
t Pr
ogra
mm
e to
cle
ar s
ub-s
tand
ard
bloc
ks b
uilt
in t
he 6
0's
bega
n.
1987
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.
1988
The
Hou
sing
Aut
horit
y w
as r
eorg
anize
d. It
bec
ame
finan
cial
ly a
uton
omou
s an
d its
Cha
irman
was
to
be a
non
-offi
cial
per
son.
1994
The
Mar
k I a
nd M
ark
II re
deve
lopm
ent
and
re-h
ousin
g pr
ogra
mm
e w
as c
ompl
eted
.
1997
The
Hon
g Ko
ng S
peci
al A
dmin
istra
tive
Reg
ion
Gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d a
ten-
year
hou
sing
plan
.
number of typologies per estate
YEAREV
OLU
TIO
N O
F P
UBL
IC H
OU
SIN
G T
YPO
LOG
IES
1950
19511950
19511950
19521950
19521950
19531950
19531950
19541950
19541950
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
20091960
19611960
1961
19621960
1962
19631960
1963
19641960
1964 1970
19711970
1971
19721970
1972
19731970
1973
19741970
1974 1980
19811980
1981
19821980
1982
19831980
1983
19841980
1984 1990
19911990
1991
19921990
1992
19931990
1993
19941990
1994 2000
20012000
2001
20022000
2002
20032000
2003
20042000
2004
total population
in HK
2,01
0,00
0 2,99
3,00
0
4,04
5,00
0
5,75
2,00
0
7,00
8,00
0
2,01
0,00
0
increase inpopulationin 10 yrs
49%49%49%49%49%49%
35%35%35%35%35%35%
28%28%28%
5%
2,01
0,00
02,
010,
000
flat production
by HA1988-2008
5,75
2,00
0
11%11%11%11%11%
5%
household per floor & storeys per
block
no. of household no. of household no. of household no. of household no. of household no. of household
no. o
f sto
reys
no. o
f sto
reys
no. o
f sto
reys
no. o
f sto
reys
SLAB
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
CRUCIFORMCRUCIFORMCRUCIFORM
LINEAR
H
Y
HARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONYHARMONY
CONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORD
milestones in
development
19
49
Mas
ses
of r
efug
ees
surg
ed in
to t
he t
errit
ory
as a
con
sequ
ence
of t
he C
ivil W
ar o
n th
e m
ainl
and.
The
num
ber
of s
quat
ters
incr
ease
d dr
astic
ally
Mas
ses
of r
efug
ees
surg
ed in
to t
he t
errit
ory
as a
con
sequ
ence
of t
he C
ivil W
ar o
n th
e m
ainl
and.
The
num
ber
of s
quat
ters
incr
ease
d dr
astic
ally..
19
53
A fi
re s
wep
t th
roug
h th
e Sh
ek K
ip M
ei S
quat
ter
area
in K
owlo
on, r
ende
ring
mor
e th
an 5
0 00
0 pe
ople
hom
eles
s ov
erni
ght.
A fi
re s
wep
t th
roug
h th
e Sh
ek K
ip M
ei S
quat
ter
area
in K
owlo
on, r
ende
ring
mor
e th
an 5
0 00
0 pe
ople
hom
eles
s ov
erni
ght.
19
54
Eig
ht p
erm
anen
t six
-sto
rey
build
ings
- t
he M
ark
I - w
ere
com
plet
ed t
o re
sett
le t
he v
ictim
s of
the
She
k Ki
p M
ei F
ire.
Eig
ht p
erm
anen
t six
-sto
rey
build
ings
- t
he M
ark
I - w
ere
com
plet
ed t
o re
sett
le t
he v
ictim
s of
the
She
k Ki
p M
ei F
ire.
Eig
ht p
erm
anen
t six
-sto
rey
build
ings
- t
he M
ark
I - w
ere
com
plet
ed t
o re
sett
le t
he v
ictim
s of
the
She
k Ki
p M
ei F
ire.
19
58
Nor
th P
oint
Est
ate,
the
firs
t lo
w-c
ost
hous
ing
esta
te b
uilt
by t
he H
ong
Kong
Hou
sing
Aut
horit
y, w
as c
ompl
eted
. N
orth
Poi
nt E
stat
e, t
he fi
rst
low
-cos
t ho
usin
g es
tate
bui
lt by
the
Hon
g Ko
ng H
ousin
g A
utho
rity,
was
com
plet
ed.
19
61
The
Gov
ernm
ent
Low
-cos
t H
ousin
g Pr
ogra
mm
e w
as in
trod
uced
.
19
64
The
Tem
pora
ry H
ousin
g Sc
hem
e w
as la
unch
ed.
19
65
The
res
ettle
men
t bl
ocks
bec
ame
high
-rise
bui
ldin
gs. F
acilit
ies
grad
ually
am
elio
rate
d. In
Mar
k IV
, V a
nd V
I bui
ldin
gs, a
bal
cony
and
toi
let
wer
e pr
ovid
ed in
side
each
flat
.T
he r
eset
tlem
ent
bloc
ks b
ecam
e hi
gh-r
ise b
uild
ings
. Fac
ilitie
s gr
adua
lly a
mel
iora
ted.
In M
ark
IV, V
and
VI b
uild
ings
, a b
alco
ny a
nd t
oile
t w
ere
prov
ided
insid
e ea
ch fl
at.
The
res
ettle
men
t bl
ocks
bec
ame
high
-rise
bui
ldin
gs. F
acilit
ies
grad
ually
am
elio
rate
d. In
Mar
k IV
, V a
nd V
I bui
ldin
gs, a
bal
cony
and
toi
let
wer
e pr
ovid
ed in
side
each
flat
.T
he r
eset
tlem
ent
bloc
ks b
ecam
e hi
gh-r
ise b
uild
ings
. Fac
ilitie
s gr
adua
lly a
mel
iora
ted.
In M
ark
IV, V
and
VI b
uild
ings
, a b
alco
ny a
nd t
oile
t w
ere
prov
ided
insid
e ea
ch fl
at.
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
The
res
ettle
men
t bl
ocks
bec
ame
high
-rise
bui
ldin
gs. F
acilit
ies
grad
ually
am
elio
rate
d. In
Mar
k IV
, V a
nd V
I bui
ldin
gs, a
bal
cony
and
toi
let
wer
e pr
ovid
ed in
side
each
flat
.
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
T
he p
opul
atio
n in
pub
lic h
ousin
g es
tate
s re
ache
d on
e m
illion
.
19
71
Wah
Fu
Esta
te w
as c
ompl
eted
. It
was
the
firs
t pu
blic
hou
sing
esta
te in
Hon
g Ko
ng w
here
the
"New
Tow
n" c
once
pt w
as a
pplie
d in
its
plan
ning
. W
ah F
u Es
tate
was
com
plet
ed. I
t w
as t
he fi
rst
publ
ic h
ousin
g es
tate
in H
ong
Kong
whe
re t
he "N
ew To
wn"
con
cept
was
app
lied
in it
s pl
anni
ng.
Wah
Fu
Esta
te w
as c
ompl
eted
. It
was
the
firs
t pu
blic
hou
sing
esta
te in
Hon
g Ko
ng w
here
the
"New
Tow
n" c
once
pt w
as a
pplie
d in
its
plan
ning
.
35%
Wah
Fu
Esta
te w
as c
ompl
eted
. It
was
the
firs
t pu
blic
hou
sing
esta
te in
Hon
g Ko
ng w
here
the
"New
Tow
n" c
once
pt w
as a
pplie
d in
its
plan
ning
.
35%35%
Wah
Fu
Esta
te w
as c
ompl
eted
. It
was
the
firs
t pu
blic
hou
sing
esta
te in
Hon
g Ko
ng w
here
the
"New
Tow
n" c
once
pt w
as a
pplie
d in
its
plan
ning
.
35%35%
Wah
Fu
Esta
te w
as c
ompl
eted
. It
was
the
firs
t pu
blic
hou
sing
esta
te in
Hon
g Ko
ng w
here
the
"New
Tow
n" c
once
pt w
as a
pplie
d in
its
plan
ning
.
35%35%
Wah
Fu
Esta
te w
as c
ompl
eted
. It
was
the
firs
t pu
blic
hou
sing
esta
te in
Hon
g Ko
ng w
here
the
"New
Tow
n" c
once
pt w
as a
pplie
d in
its
plan
ning
.
35%35%
Wah
Fu
Esta
te w
as c
ompl
eted
. It
was
the
firs
t pu
blic
hou
sing
esta
te in
Hon
g Ko
ng w
here
the
"New
Tow
n" c
once
pt w
as a
pplie
d in
its
plan
ning
.
35%CRUCIFORM
Wah
Fu
Esta
te w
as c
ompl
eted
. It
was
the
firs
t pu
blic
hou
sing
esta
te in
Hon
g Ko
ng w
here
the
"New
Tow
n" c
once
pt w
as a
pplie
d in
its
plan
ning
.
CRUCIFORM
19
72
The
Gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
e Te
n-ye
ar H
ousin
g Pr
ogra
mm
e.
19
73
Dev
elop
men
t of
new
tow
ns g
aine
d m
omen
tum
to
mat
ch w
ith t
he b
uild
ing
of la
rge
hous
ing
esta
tes.
Dev
elop
men
t of
new
tow
ns g
aine
d m
omen
tum
to
mat
ch w
ith t
he b
uild
ing
of la
rge
hous
ing
esta
tes.
R
edev
elop
men
t of
the
Mar
k I a
nd M
ark
II es
tate
s be
gan,
sta
rtin
g at
She
k Ki
p M
ei.
19
81
The
pop
ulat
ion
in H
ousin
g A
utho
rity
esta
tes
reac
hed
2 m
illion
.T
he p
opul
atio
n in
Hou
sing
Aut
horit
y es
tate
s re
ache
d 2
milli
on.
The
pop
ulat
ion
in H
ousin
g A
utho
rity
esta
tes
reac
hed
2 m
illion
.
19
82
The
gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
at t
he T
en-y
ear
Hou
sing
Prog
ram
me
wou
ld b
e ex
tend
ed fo
r an
othe
r fiv
e ye
ars
to 1
987.
The
gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
at t
he T
en-y
ear
Hou
sing
Prog
ram
me
wou
ld b
e ex
tend
ed fo
r an
othe
r fiv
e ye
ars
to 1
987.
The
gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
at t
he T
en-y
ear
Hou
sing
Prog
ram
me
wou
ld b
e ex
tend
ed fo
r an
othe
r fiv
e ye
ars
to 1
987.
The
gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
at t
he T
en-y
ear
Hou
sing
Prog
ram
me
wou
ld b
e ex
tend
ed fo
r an
othe
r fiv
e ye
ars
to 1
987.
The
gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
at t
he T
en-y
ear
Hou
sing
Prog
ram
me
wou
ld b
e ex
tend
ed fo
r an
othe
r fiv
e ye
ars
to 1
987.
The
gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
at t
he T
en-y
ear
Hou
sing
Prog
ram
me
wou
ld b
e ex
tend
ed fo
r an
othe
r fiv
e ye
ars
to 1
987.
The
gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
at t
he T
en-y
ear
Hou
sing
Prog
ram
me
wou
ld b
e ex
tend
ed fo
r an
othe
r fiv
e ye
ars
to 1
987.
The
gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
at t
he T
en-y
ear
Hou
sing
Prog
ram
me
wou
ld b
e ex
tend
ed fo
r an
othe
r fiv
e ye
ars
to 1
987.
The
gov
ernm
ent
anno
unce
d th
at t
he T
en-y
ear
Hou
sing
Prog
ram
me
wou
ld b
e ex
tend
ed fo
r an
othe
r fiv
e ye
ars
to 1
987.
19
85
The
Ext
ende
d R
edev
elop
men
t Pr
ogra
mm
e to
cle
ar s
ub-s
tand
ard
bloc
ks b
uilt
in t
he 6
0's
bega
n.T
he E
xten
ded
Red
evel
opm
ent
Prog
ram
me
to c
lear
sub
-sta
ndar
d bl
ocks
bui
lt in
the
60'
s be
gan.
The
Ext
ende
d R
edev
elop
men
t Pr
ogra
mm
e to
cle
ar s
ub-s
tand
ard
bloc
ks b
uilt
in t
he 6
0's
bega
n.T
he E
xten
ded
Red
evel
opm
ent
Prog
ram
me
to c
lear
sub
-sta
ndar
d bl
ocks
bui
lt in
the
60'
s be
gan.
The
Ext
ende
d R
edev
elop
men
t Pr
ogra
mm
e to
cle
ar s
ub-s
tand
ard
bloc
ks b
uilt
in t
he 6
0's
bega
n.T
he E
xten
ded
Red
evel
opm
ent
Prog
ram
me
to c
lear
sub
-sta
ndar
d bl
ocks
bui
lt in
the
60'
s be
gan.
The
Ext
ende
d R
edev
elop
men
t Pr
ogra
mm
e to
cle
ar s
ub-s
tand
ard
bloc
ks b
uilt
in t
he 6
0's
bega
n.
19
87
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
HARMONY
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.
HARMONY
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.T
he L
ong T
erm
Hou
sing
Stra
tegy
(19
87-2
001)
was
intr
oduc
ed.
The
Lon
g Ter
m H
ousin
g St
rate
gy (
1987
-200
1) w
as in
trod
uced
.
19
88
1
98
8 T
he H
ousin
g A
utho
rity
was
reo
rgan
ized.
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ecam
e fin
anci
ally
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onom
ous
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hairm
an w
as t
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on-o
ffici
al p
erso
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ousin
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utho
rity
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reo
rgan
ized.
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ecam
e fin
anci
ally
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onom
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hairm
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ffici
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erso
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ousin
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ized.
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ecam
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ousin
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ecam
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ousin
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ousin
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ousin
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ousin
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ecam
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aut
onom
ous
and
its C
hairm
an w
as t
o be
a n
on-o
ffici
al p
erso
n.
HARMONY
The
Hou
sing
Aut
horit
y w
as r
eorg
anize
d. It
bec
ame
finan
cial
ly a
uton
omou
s an
d its
Cha
irman
was
to
be a
non
-offi
cial
per
son.
HARMONYHARMONY
The
Hou
sing
Aut
horit
y w
as r
eorg
anize
d. It
bec
ame
finan
cial
ly a
uton
omou
s an
d its
Cha
irman
was
to
be a
non
-offi
cial
per
son.
HARMONY
The
Hou
sing
Aut
horit
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eorg
anize
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ame
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cial
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uton
omou
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Cha
irman
was
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-offi
cial
per
son.
The
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sing
Aut
horit
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anize
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ame
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cial
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d its
Cha
irman
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to
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-offi
cial
per
son.
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sing
Aut
horit
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ame
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cial
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irman
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-offi
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per
son.
The
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sing
Aut
horit
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ame
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irman
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per
son.
The
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sing
Aut
horit
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irman
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irman
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son.
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anize
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sing
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cial
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son.
19
94
1
99
4
19
94
1
99
4
CONCORD19
94
CONCORDCONCORD19
94
CONCORD
The
Mar
k I a
nd M
ark
II re
deve
lopm
ent
and
re-h
ousin
g pr
ogra
mm
e w
as c
ompl
eted
.T
he M
ark
I and
Mar
k II
rede
velo
pmen
t an
d re
-hou
sing
prog
ram
me
was
com
plet
ed.
The
Mar
k I a
nd M
ark
II re
deve
lopm
ent
and
re-h
ousin
g pr
ogra
mm
e w
as c
ompl
eted
.T
he M
ark
I and
Mar
k II
rede
velo
pmen
t an
d re
-hou
sing
prog
ram
me
was
com
plet
ed.
The
Mar
k I a
nd M
ark
II re
deve
lopm
ent
and
re-h
ousin
g pr
ogra
mm
e w
as c
ompl
eted
.T
he M
ark
I and
Mar
k II
rede
velo
pmen
t an
d re
-hou
sing
prog
ram
me
was
com
plet
ed.
19
97
1
99
7
19
97
1
99
7
CONCORD19
97
CONCORDCONCORD19
97
CONCORD
The
Hon
g Ko
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dmin
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ernm
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he H
ong
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cial
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inist
rativ
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ong
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Spe
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number of typologies per estate
1982
1984
1985
19861980
19821980
1982
19831980
1983
19841980
1984
1982
1983
1984
1985
19861980
19831980
1983
19841980
1984
1982
1983
1984
1985
1983
1984
1985
1983
1984
1985
1983
1984
1985
1984
1987
1988
1989
19911990
1987
1988
1989
1991
1987
1988
1989
1988
1989
1988
1989
1988
1989
1989
The
res
ettle
men
t bl
ocks
bec
ame
high
-rise
bui
ldin
gs. F
acilit
ies
grad
ually
am
elio
rate
d. In
Mar
k IV
, V a
nd V
I bui
ldin
gs, a
bal
cony
and
toi
let
wer
e pr
ovid
ed in
side
each
flat
.T
he r
eset
tlem
ent
bloc
ks b
ecam
e hi
gh-r
ise b
uild
ings
. Fac
ilitie
s gr
adua
lly a
mel
iora
ted.
In M
ark
IV, V
and
VI b
uild
ings
, a b
alco
ny a
nd t
oile
t w
ere
prov
ided
insid
e ea
ch fl
at.
The
res
ettle
men
t bl
ocks
bec
ame
high
-rise
bui
ldin
gs. F
acilit
ies
grad
ually
am
elio
rate
d. In
Mar
k IV
, V a
nd V
I bui
ldin
gs, a
bal
cony
and
toi
let
wer
e pr
ovid
ed in
side
each
flat
.T
he r
eset
tlem
ent
bloc
ks b
ecam
e hi
gh-r
ise b
uild
ings
. Fac
ilitie
s gr
adua
lly a
mel
iora
ted.
In M
ark
IV, V
and
VI b
uild
ings
, a b
alco
ny a
nd t
oile
t w
ere
prov
ided
insid
e ea
ch fl
at.
The
res
ettle
men
t bl
ocks
bec
ame
high
-rise
bui
ldin
gs. F
acilit
ies
grad
ually
am
elio
rate
d. In
Mar
k IV
, V a
nd V
I bui
ldin
gs, a
bal
cony
and
toi
let
wer
e pr
ovid
ed in
side
each
flat
.T
he r
eset
tlem
ent
bloc
ks b
ecam
e hi
gh-r
ise b
uild
ings
. Fac
ilitie
s gr
adua
lly a
mel
iora
ted.
In M
ark
IV, V
and
VI b
uild
ings
, a b
alco
ny a
nd t
oile
t w
ere
prov
ided
insid
e ea
ch fl
at.
The
res
ettle
men
t bl
ocks
bec
ame
high
-rise
bui
ldin
gs. F
acilit
ies
grad
ually
am
elio
rate
d. In
Mar
k IV
, V a
nd V
I bui
ldin
gs, a
bal
cony
and
toi
let
wer
e pr
ovid
ed in
side
each
flat
.T
he r
eset
tlem
ent
bloc
ks b
ecam
e hi
gh-r
ise b
uild
ings
. Fac
ilitie
s gr
adua
lly a
mel
iora
ted.
In M
ark
IV, V
and
VI b
uild
ings
, a b
alco
ny a
nd t
oile
t w
ere
prov
ided
insid
e ea
ch fl
at.
The
res
ettle
men
t bl
ocks
bec
ame
high
-rise
bui
ldin
gs. F
acilit
ies
grad
ually
am
elio
rate
d. In
Mar
k IV
, V a
nd V
I bui
ldin
gs, a
bal
cony
and
toi
let
wer
e pr
ovid
ed in
side
each
flat
.T
he r
eset
tlem
ent
bloc
ks b
ecam
e hi
gh-r
ise b
uild
ings
. Fac
ilitie
s gr
adua
lly a
mel
iora
ted.
In M
ark
IV, V
and
VI b
uild
ings
, a b
alco
ny a
nd t
oile
t w
ere
prov
ided
insid
e ea
ch fl
at.
The
res
ettle
men
t bl
ocks
bec
ame
high
-rise
bui
ldin
gs. F
acilit
ies
grad
ually
am
elio
rate
d. In
Mar
k IV
, V a
nd V
I bui
ldin
gs, a
bal
cony
and
toi
let
wer
e pr
ovid
ed in
side
each
flat
.T
he r
eset
tlem
ent
bloc
ks b
ecam
e hi
gh-r
ise b
uild
ings
. Fac
ilitie
s gr
adua
lly a
mel
iora
ted.
In M
ark
IV, V
and
VI b
uild
ings
, a b
alco
ny a
nd t
oile
t w
ere
prov
ided
insid
e ea
ch fl
at.
The
res
ettle
men
t bl
ocks
bec
ame
high
-rise
bui
ldin
gs. F
acilit
ies
grad
ually
am
elio
rate
d. In
Mar
k IV
, V a
nd V
I bui
ldin
gs, a
bal
cony
and
toi
let
wer
e pr
ovid
ed in
side
each
flat
.T
he r
eset
tlem
ent
bloc
ks b
ecam
e hi
gh-r
ise b
uild
ings
. Fac
ilitie
s gr
adua
lly a
mel
iora
ted.
In M
ark
IV, V
and
VI b
uild
ings
, a b
alco
ny a
nd t
oile
t w
ere
prov
ided
insid
e ea
ch fl
at.
CONVERGENCE > MONOTONIC
RESEARCH FORDIVERGENCE
UNDER THEHYPOTHESIS
:
MORE TYPES PER ESTATEBETTER LIVING
?PRIVATE
HOUSING
PUBLIC HOUSING
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