HIV English Handbook on Pædiatric AIDS in Africa third Edition

8/9/2019 HIV English Handbook on Pdiatric AIDS in Africa third Edition

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Xberh Ahetego

6>;8

Bkohfggj go hektre` KEHP eo Kcre`kfy tba Kcre`ko Oatwgrj cgr tba @kra gc @beihrao Kcca`tah fy BES/KEHP KOA@@K

Ahetgrs

Haoes XeohyafwkLkoat Jkyetk

^beieppk Dusgja

Freko Aiay

Vutb Ohukte

Oktbko Xudwasemya

@bkrias Dwkoskdfg

Hgrgtby Dfgre-

Omk`bk

Dkry ^kt Jeaccar


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6>;8 Kcre`ko Oatwgrj cgr tba @kra gc @beihrao Kcca`tah fy BES/KEHP (KOA@@K).

Kii rembts rasarvah. Xbes fggj dky fa craaiy raveawah, qugtah, raprghuàh, gr

trkosiktah, eo cuii gr eo pkrt, prgvehah tba sgurà es k`jogwiahmah. Xbes fggj

dky ogt fa sgih gr usah eo `goluo`tego wetb `gddarèki purpgsas.


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Bkohfggj go ^hektre` KEHP eo Kcre`kfy tba Kcre`ko Oatwgrj cgr tba @kra gc @beihrao Kcca`tah fy BES/KEHP KOA@@K

Xberh Ahetego

6>;8

AhetgrsHaoes Xeohyafwk

Lkoat Jkyetk^beieppk Dusgja

Freko AiayVutb Ohukte

Oktbko Xudwasemya@bkrias Dwkoskdfg

Hgrgtby Dfgre-Omk`bkDkry ^kt Jeaccar


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@gotrefutgrsâtar Krede: DH, DP`: Paoegr Vamegoki @kra koh Xraktdaot Ppaèkiest. Vamegoki Bakitb kohBES/KEHP Gcà, QPKEH, Akst Kcre`k

Pkfreok Fkjaark-Jetkjk: DF@bF, DDah: ^kahektreèko, Duikmg Bgspetki, Jkdpkik,Qmkohk

Baory Fkremya: DF@bF, DDah, HXDB: ^kahektreèko, BES/KEHP Xa`boe`ki Khvesgr, Vamegoki@aotar cgr [ukiety gc Bakitb @kra, Dkjarara Qoevarsety P`bggi gc ûfie` Bakitb, Jkdpkik,Qmkohk

Freko Aiay: DF@bF, FP`, C@ ^kah (PK): Bakh< ^kahektre` Eoca`tegus Hesaksas, Vah @rgss ]krDadgreki @beihraos Bgspetki koh Kssgèkta ^rgcassgr, Hapkrtdaot gc ^kahektre`s koh @beihBakitb, Qoevarsety gc @kpa Xgwo, Pgutb Kcre`k

Esrkai Jkiyasufuik: DF@bF, DDah, HX@B: Paoegr @gosuitkot ^kahektreèko, Duikmgbgspetki, Jkdpkik, Qmkohk

@grhaiek Jkturaafa Dfgelkok: DF@bF, DDah: PQPXKEO, Qmkohk

Lkoat Jkyetk: DF@bF, DDah, D^B: @beac gc Pa`tego, @beihrao, BES koh KEHP. QOE@AC@guotry Gcà, Kfulk, Oemarek

Dkry ^kt Jeaccar: DP`: Hera`tgr ^DX@X koh ^ravaotego, Aiezkfatb Miksar âhektre` KEHPCguohktego

Kumusteoa Dksskwa: DH, DDah: Paoegr ia`turar, `gosuitkot oagoktgigmest, DubedfeieQoevarsety @giiama gc Bakitb Pèaoàs koh Dubedfeie Oktegoki Bgspetki, Hkr as Pkikkd,Xkozkoek

Hgrgtby Dfgre-Omk`bk: DF@bF, DDah, D^B: Paoegr BES/KEHP Ppaèkiest (^DX@X &âhektre` BES), QOE@AC APKVG, Lgbkooasfurm, Pgutb Kcre`k

Komaik Duoyejk-Dusbkve: DF@bF, DDah: ^kahektreèko koh Paoegr Oktegoki ^DX@X koh^kahektre` BES @ggrheoktgr, Deoestry gc Bakitb koh @beih ]aickra, \edfkfwa

Se`tgr Duseeda: DF@bF, DDah: ^kahektreèko koh Bakh gc Hapkrtdaot gc ^kahektre`s,Lgeot @ieoe`ki Vasakr`b @aotra, Jkdpkik, Qmkohk

^beieppk Dusgja: DF@bF, CKK^: ^rgcassgr gc ^kahektre`s, Dkjarara Qoevarsety @giiama gcBakitb Pèaoàs, Jkdpkik, Qmkohk

@bkrias Dwkoskdfg: DF@bF, FP`, H@B, DV@^, CV@^@B: @gosuitkot ^kahektreèko kohârdkoaot Pa`ratkry, Deoestry gc Bakitb, Dkikwe

Vgsa Okskfk: FK(P]KPK), DK (PP^D), HE^ BPK BES @kra koh Dkokmadaot: Ppaèkiest

eo ^kahektre` koh Khgiasàot ^sy`bgsgèki @kra koh Puppgrt. ^rgmrkdda Gcàr, V@[B@/KOA@@K

Vutb Ohukte: DF@bF, DDah, D^B (Ape): ^rgcassgr gc ^kahektre`s koh @beih Bakitb, koh@bkerparsgo, Hapkrtdaot gc ^kahektre`s koh @beih Bakitb, P`bggi gc Daheèoa, @giiama gcBakitb Pèaoàs, Qoevarsety gc Okergfe, Okergfe, Jaoyk

Vameok Gikhgjuo: DFFP, CD@^kah, D^B: Paoegr Ia`turar koh @gosuitkot, Hapkrtdaot gc^kahektre`s, Qoevarsety gc Efkhko koh Qoevarsety @giiama Bgspetki, Efkhko, Oemarek

Oktbko Xudwasemya: DF@bF, DDah: @beac gc ^krty, Ptraomtbaoeom Qmkohks Pystads cgrXrakteom KEHP Oktegokiiy (PQPXKEO) prgla`t

Haoes Xeohyafwk: DF@bF, DDah: Hera`tgr, âhektre` @kra koh Xraktdaot, Aiezkfatb Miksarâhektre` KEHP Cguohktego


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^rackàXba oaw ahetego gc tba Bkohfggj go âhektre` KEHP eo Kcre`k es wai`gda koh tedaiy,rasta`teom tba khvkoàs g`ùrreom hureom tba kidgst ha`kha-igom eotarvki seoàpufie`ktego gc tba rst ahetego. Et `govays tba jogwiahma mkeoah fy tba Kcre`ko axparts

koh tak`bars wbe`b es assaoteki tg tba `gotrgi gc tba BES apehade` eo Kcre`k. Xbara es koeotreose` uoharstkoheom gc tba igmeste`ki iedetktegos edpgsah fy tba vkrekfia haàotrkiezaheocrkstru`tura eo tba havaigpeom wgrih. Ak`b `guotry oaahs tg uoharstkoh tba `bkiiaomaskoh gfstkìas uoequa tg tba oktego. Xba Bkohfggj k`jogwiahmas tba hevarsety eo a`gogde`stktus, vkrekfia pravkiaoà gc BES, koh uoequa `guotry pgieèas `gotrefuteom tg tba hamraagc su`àss eo daksurkfia pkrkdatars gc edprgvadaot

Avary `guotry bks k iedetktego gc bakitb `kra prgvehars wbe`b `gdprgdesas tba `goteouudgc `kra. Pgda `guotreas bkva tba mraktast pkuèty gc pbyseèkos: gtbars bkva og `khragc ìeoe`ki gcàrs, koh dgst bkva sgda rastre`tegos go oursas, ìeoe`ki gcàrs, oursa

dehwevas wbe`b pravaot tbaer pras`refeom koteratrgverkis cgr tbarkpy. Qoharstkoheomaxesteom pgieèas, tbeojeom kfgut eoìusego gc `gdpataot prgvehars, koh trkeoeom gc eo`raksahoudfars gc prgvehars kt kii iavais es k oaàsskry igom tard mgki. Xbus, tbes Bkohfggjtkrmats pbyseèkos koh oursas, ks waii ks ìeoe`ki gcàrs koh es `gotrefuteom tg tbajogwiahma k`quesetego fy tba axesteom `khras gc prgvehars.

Edprgveom `gvarkma gc ^DX@X sarveàs es k cuohkdaotki oaàssety ec gptedki pravaotego gcoaw eoca`tegos eo fkfeas koh kpprgprekta traktdaot gc eoca`tah wgdao es tg g`ùr.

Xba Bkohfggj kiiuhas tg tba sdkiiar prgpgrtego gc edduog`gdprgdesah wgdao oaaheom

tbarkpy cgr tbaer gwo bakitb wbg k`tukiiy raàeva et, eo `gdpkresgo wetb tba ikrmarprgpgrtego gc eoca`tah wgdao raàeveom koteratrgverki prgpbyikxes. Fgtb tba traktdaot gcpramokot wgdao cgr tbaer gwo bakitb koh tba traktdaot gc eockots iass tbko twg yakrsgc kma dust fa edprgvah. Xba ]BG muehaieoas gc 6>;> gccar pgie`y dkjars tba gptego gctrakteom kii BES pgseteva wgdao hekmogsah eo pramoko`y. Xbes aiedeoktas tba oaah cgr @H8tasteom cgr tba `guotreas aia`teom tg usa tbes gptego. ]BG k`jogwiahmas k prasudptevahekmogses gc BES eoca`tego eo eockots ks kpprgprekta tg eoetekta tbarkpy eo tba kfsaoà gcgptedki ^@V hekmogses. Xbes bks yat tg fa wehaiy khgptah avao ks ko eotared daksura. EcBES-eoca`tah eockots kra tg ieva pkst tbaer sa`goh fertbhky, daksuras bkva tg fa tkjao tgmat tbad go koteratrgverki tbarkpy. Ec et es haèhah tg kwket kvkeikfeiety gc ^@V, deiiegos gc

eockots weii `goteoua tg hea wetbgut tbarkpy. Et es pgssefia tg fueih akriy eockot hekmogseskoh uteieza ko eotared daksura tg skva ievas.

Xba Bkohfggj prgvehas tba muehkoà tg edprgva `gvarkma gc wgdao, kpprgprektaiy trakttba BES-eoca`tah pramokot wgdao wbg kra edduog`gdprgdesah, koh tg trakt eockots.

@ktbareoa D ]eicart, DH

^rgcassgr Adaretk, Huja Qoevarsety


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K`jogwiahmadaots

Ks eo tba pravegus ahetego wa seoàraiy tbkoj tba dadfars koh suppgrtars gc KOA@@K cgrtbaer teraiass accgrts eo dkeotkeoeom tba dgdaotud tg fueih tba `kpkèty cgr `gdprabaosevakoh qukiety sarveàs cgr pravaotego, `kra koh traktdaot gc BES eoca`tego eo `beihrao eo

Kcre`k. Gur dadfars accgrts bkva faao puraiy vgiuotkry koh wa bembiy kppraèkta tbaer`gotrefutego. Gur bgpa es tbkt ks wetb tba pravegus ahetego, tba bkohfggj weii fa wehaiyhessadeoktah koh usah ks k vkiukfia tggi cgr tba pravaotego, `kra koh traktdaot gc BES eo`beihrao.

Xba uphkta gc tbes ahetego wks mrkègusiy suppgrtah fy ko ahu`ktegoki mrkot crgd SeeSBakitb`kra koh wa kra eddaosaiy mrktacui cgr tbaer suppgrt.

]a kisg `goteoua tg tbkoj QPKEH koh tba Qoetah Ptktas Mgvarodaot tbrgumb tba Â^CKVprgmrkd cgr bkveom suppgrtah tba k`teveteas gc KOA@@K eoìuheom tbes bkohfggj, koh cgr

cuoheom KOA@@K eo ets frgkhar accgrts tg edprgva tba `kra gc BES-kcca`tah koh -eoca`tah`beihrao eo Kcre`k.

Xba Kcre`ko Oatwgrj cgr tba @kra gc @beihrao Kcca`tah fy KEHP (KOA@@K) es k ^ko Kcre`kooatwgrj gc bakitb wgrjars koh sgèki sèaotests `gddettah tg oheom wkys gc edprgveom tbaqukiety gc pravaotego koh `kra cgr BES axpgsah koh eoca`tah `beihrao eo Kcre`k. Dadfars gctba oatwgrj `goteoua tg ehaotecy koh sbkra sèaote` koh prgmrkddkte` axpareaoàs tbkt`guih, ec put tg mraktar usa, `guih rkpehiy k`àiarkta tba kttkeodaot gc aiedeoktego gc oawBES eoca`tegos eo `beihrao koh rahu`tego gc BES raiktah dktaroki koh `beihbggh dgrtkiety.Goa gc tba datbghs gur dadfars usa tg sbkra tbaer jogwiahma es tbes bkohfggj.

]a bkva ks du`b ks pgssefia koh wbara tbay hg axest, aohakvgurah tg radkeo wetbeotba kvkeikfia eotaroktegoki muehaieoas crgd ]BG, QOE@AC gr QOKEHP, koh tbasa krak`jogwiahmah.

KOA@@K dadfars wbg kra kutbgrs gc tbes bkohfggj kisg cgrd tba `gra gc tbaer raspa`tevaoktegoki ta`boe`ki wgrjeom mrgups go ^DX@X koh pkahektre` KEHP `kra, koh sgdasa`tegos fakr rasadfikoà wetb wbkt kppakrs eo tbaer oktegoki muehaieoas. ]a tbaracgrak`jogwiahma, tbrgumb tba eohevehuki kutbgrs, tbgsa oktegoki muehaieoas.

Ahetgrs

KOA@@K Pa`ratkrekt^.G. Fgx =828JkdpkikQMKOHKXai< +613 0; 61;3633Adkei< dkeiNkoa``k.grm

Xba bkohfggj es kvkeikfia kt tba KOA@@K wafseta www.koa``k.grm


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Bkohfggj go hektre` KEHP eo Kcre`k | v

Xkfia gc @gotaotsK`rgoyds koh kffravektegos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x

@bkptar ;< Eotrghu`tego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;

Xba edpk`t gc tba KEHP apehade` go beihrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

^rgmrass dkha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5@bkptar 6< BES vergigmy, pktbgmaoases, koh okturki bestgry. . . . . . . . . . . . . ;1

BES vergigmy koh pktbgmaoases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;=Koteratrgverki traktdaot koh BES vk`èoas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Okturki bestgry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Ck`tgrs prahe`teom prgmogses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Ck`tgrs prahe`teom dgrtkiety eo BES-eoca`tah `beihrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

@bkptar 0< ^ravaoteom pkahektre` BES eoca`tego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6=

Dgtbar-tg-`beih trkosdessego gc BES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

^ravaoteom pkahektre` BES eoca`tego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0>@ieoe`ki dkokmadaot gc tba pramokot wgdko wetb BES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02

@bkptar 8< Kpprgk`b tg tba `kra gc BES-axpgsah koh BES-eoca`tah beihrao . . . . 1;

@gdprabaoseva pkahektre` BES `kra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

@bkptar 1< Hekmogses koh ìeoe`ki stkmeom gc BES eoca`tego . . . . . . . . . . . . =;

@ieoe`ki stkmeom gc BES eoca`tego koh hesaksa eo `beihrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2;

@bkptar 3< @gddgo ìeoe`ki `gohetegos kssgèktah wetb BES . . . . . . . . . . . . 2=

Hekrrbgak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Dkioutretego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Eovkseva fk`tareki eoca`tegos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5=Bkadktgigme` kfogrdkieteas kssgèktah wetb BES eoca`tego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Daksias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;>0Bapktetes F/BES g-eoca`tego. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;>0Bapktetes @/BES g-eoca`tego. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;>8Oaurgigme`ki dkoecastktegos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;>8Hardktetes koh gtbar sjeo dkoecastktegos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;>=Grki koh haotki `gohetegos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;;1Dkiemoko`y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;;3

^krgteh aoikrmadaot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;;=ârsestaot maoarkiezah iydpbkhaogpktby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;;=Gtbar dahe`ki `gohetegos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;;=

@bkptar =< uidgokry gohetegos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;61

Fk`tareki poaudgoek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;0;ôaudg`ystespoaudgoek (^`^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;01Xufarùigses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;02Iydpbgeh Eotarsteteki oaudgoetes (IE^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;83Frgo`bea`tkses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;82

Serki poadgoetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;85Gtbar puidgokry gohetegos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;1>


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| Bkohfggj go hektre` KEHP eo Kcre`kve

@bkptar 2< Koteratrgverki tbarkpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;10

^reoèpias gc KVX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;13Gppgrtuoeteas koh aotry pgeots cgr KVX eo beihrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;12]bao KVX sbguih fa stkrtah eo `beihrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;15Cerst-ieoa KVX tbarkpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;3;

Koteratrgverki tbarkpy koh XF traktdaot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;3=Dgoetgreom koh cgiigw-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;35Eohe`ktegos cgr `bkomeom tbarkpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;=0Khvarsa avaots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;=2

@bkptar 5< Khgiasàots koh BES eoca`tego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;2=

Khgiasàot `bkrk`tareste`s koh havaigpdaot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;25Vesj ck`tgrs cgr BES eoca`tego kdgom khgiasàots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;5;BES/KEHP sarveàs cgr yguom pagpia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;50Hesìgseom ko BES hekmogses tg ko khgiasàot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;5=

Xba trkosetego gc khgiasàots crgd pkahektre` tg khuit `kra ìeoe s. . . . . . . . . . 6>1@bkptar ;>< @gdduoe`ktego, `guosaiieom koh psy`bgsgèki suppgrt cgr

BES-eoca`tah beihrao koh tbaer ckdeieas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6>5

âreghs gc psy`bgsgèki vuioarkfeiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6;;^sy`bgsgèki kssassdaot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6;6Essuas tg khhrass eo prgveheom psy`bgigme`ki koh sgèki suppgrt tg `beihrao

kcca`tah fy BES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6;8@gdduoe`kteom wetb beihrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6;3Hesìgsura gc BES stktus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6;5

@beih `guosaiieom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66>Go-mgeom psy`bgsgèki suppgrt cgr BES-eoca`tah `beihrao eo kra . . . . . . . . . . 668

@bkptar ;;< Outretego koh BES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

Vesj ck`tgrs cgr dkioutretego eo BES-axpgsah koh -eoca`tah beihrao. . . . . . . . . .60;Eockot caaheom prk`teàs eo tba `gotaxt gc BES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600Mrgwtb dgoetgreom, heatkry kssassdaot koh outretegoki suppiadaotktego . . . . . 602

@bkptar ;6< Igom-tard `kra cgr `beihrao eoca`tah wetb BES/KEHP koh tbaer ckdeieas 685Igom-tard `kra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61;^kiiekteva `kra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

^keo dkokmadaot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613Aoh-gc-ieca `kra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63>

@bkptar ;0< ^rgmrkddeom cgr qukiety `gdprabaoseva pravaotego, `kra koh

traktdaot sarveàs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

^rgmrkddeom cgr `gdprabaoseva qukiety BES sarveàs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632Xba prgmrkdda dkokmadaot `yìa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6=>Jay k`teveteas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62>Daotgreom koh suppgrteva suparvesego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621Edprgveom dgoetgreom koh avkiuktego (D&A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622


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Kppaoheàs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

Kppaohex K< @ieoe`ki trekis gc koteratrgverki ramedaos dgtbar tg `beihBES trkosdessego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653

Kppaohex F< Kssassdaot gc resj wbao axpgsah tg BES eoca`tego . . . . . . . . . . . 652Kppaohex @< @giia`tego, pk`jkmeom koh hespkt`b gc hry figgh spgts (HFP) . . . . . . 655

Kppaohex H< Astkfiesbeom tba prasaoà gc BES eoca`tego eo BES-axpgsah eockots koh`beihrao iass tbko ;2 dgotbs gc kma eo rasgurà-iedetah satteoms (]BG 6>;>) . . .0>;

Kppaohex A< Dkokmadaot gc savara dkioutretego (tba tao staps gc ]BG) . . . . . . .0>6Kppaohex C< Daksureom waembt eo eockots koh `beihrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0;;Kppaohex M< Xkooar stkmeom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0;8Kppaohex B< Xgxeèty mrkheom koh dkokmadaot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0;=

Eohax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 085

Cemuras koh XkfiasCemura ;.;@beihrao ieveom wetb BES migfkiiy koh eo suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k, ;55>6>;0 . . . . 8Cemura ;.6@beihrao ieveom wetb BES eo 6>;6 fy ramego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Cemura ;.0Astedktah oudfar koh paràotkma gc oaw BES eoca`tegos kdgom `beihraokmah >;8, fy QOE@AC ramego, 6>;6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Cemura ;.8 @beih haktbs hua tg KEHP, ;55>6>>5 (QOKEHP 6>;>). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Cemura ;.1 Qoharva dgrtkiety kttrefutkfia tg BES eo heccaraot ramegos gcsuf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =

Cemura ;.3 Astedktah oudfar gc KEHP raiktah haktbs eo `beihrao koh khgiasàotsfy kma mrgup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =

Cemura ;.= Astedktah oudfar gc oaw BES eoca`tegos eo `beihrao (kmah >;8)< Migfkitraoh koh prgla`tegos, 6>>;6>;1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;>

Cemura ;.2 âràotkma gc khuits (kmah ;1+) koh `beihrao (kmah >;8) ieveom wetbBES raàeveom koteratrgverki tbarkpy eo igw- koh dehhia-eo`gda guotreaseo 6>;6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;;

Cemura 6.; Xba astedktah pravkiaoà gc BES-; aovsuftypas fy ramego eo 6>>> . . . . . ;=

Cemura 6.6 BES stru`tura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;2

Cemura 6.0 Xba BES rapie`ktego yìa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;5

Xkfia 6.;Serki pkrte ias (kotemao/aozyda) tbkt kra usacui eo tba hekmogses kohtraktdaot gc BES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6>

Cemura 6.8 Daheko BES-; VOK iavais eo eockots koh beihrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6;

Xkfia 0.; Astedktah tedeom gc trkosdessego koh kfsgiuta trkosdessego rktas. . . . . . . 65

Xkfia 0.6 Vesj ck`tgrs cgr dgtbar tg `beih trkosdessego gc BES, straomtb gc kssgèktegokoh edpk`t go gvarkii rkta gc trkosdessego. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0>

Xkfia 0.0 Eotamrktah dktaroki, oawfgro koh `beih bakitb pk`jkmas . . . . . . . . . . . 03

Xkfia 0.8 Koteratrgverki traktdaot ra`gddaohah cgr BES-eoca`tah pramokot wgdao . . 8;

Xkfia 0.1 Eockot oaverkpeoa hgseom tkfia (oaverkpeoa suspaosego< ;> dm/di) . . . . . . . 8;

Xkfia 0.3 Hrum hgskma cgr pgst-axpgsura prgpbyikxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85


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Xkfia 8.; Eockots koh `beihrao wbg raquera gtredgxkzgia prgpbyikxes (]BG 6>>3). . . 12

Xkfia 8.6 Hgsas gc `gtredgxkzgia eo eockots koh beihrao (]BG 6>>3) . . . . . . . . . . 3>

Xkfia 8.0 ^rgtg`gi cgr `gtredgxkzgia hasaosetesktego kdgom khgiasàots koh khuits(]BG 6>>3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3;

Xkfia 1.; @ieoe`ki semos gr gohetegos eo k `beih tbkt dky summast BES eoca`tego . . . . . 2>

Xkfia 1.6 Hekmogste` `retarek cgr prasudpteva hekmogses gc savara BES eoca`tego eo`beihrao 9;2 dgotbs gih. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2;

Xkfia 1.0 ]BG pkahektre` ìeoe`ki stkmeom gc eockots koh `beihrao wetb astkfiesbahBES eoca`tego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Xkfia 1.8 ]bkt `ko fa hgoa cgr heccaraot iavais gc rasguràs koh àrtkeoty gc hekmogses7 28

Xkfia 3.; @iksse`ktego gc outretego stktus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Xkfia 3.6 Gppgrtuoeste eoca tegos gc tba aotrki oarvgus systad. . . . . . . . . . . . .;>2

Xkfia 3.0 @gdpkreom `gddgo sjeo hesgrhars eo BES-eoca`tah koh uoeoca`tah `beihrao .;;>

Xkfia 3.8 @gddgo sjeo dkoecastktegos koh traktdaots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;;6Cemura 3.; Pjeo dkoecastktegos eo BES-eoca`tah beihrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;;0

Cemura 3.6 Grki kohehekses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;;8

Cemura 3.0 Jkpgses skr`gdk (JP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;;8

Xkfia =.; @kusas gc iuom hesaksa eo BES- eoca`tah eockots (9; yakr gc kma). . . . . . . ;62

Xkfia =.6 @kusas gc iuom hesaksa eo BES-eoca`tah beihrao (;-;8yrs) . . . . . . . . . . ;65

Cemura =.; Xbrakt gc ^`^: KEHP-haoeom `gohetegos fy kma kt hekmogses(pareoktkiiy-k`querah KEHP ksas) tbrgumb ;556, QPK. . . . . . . . . . . . ;01

Xkfia =.0 Avkiuktego gc tba BES-axpgsah eockot cgr tufarùigses hesaksa . . . . . . . . ;05Xkfia =.8 Edpk`t gc BES go ra`gddaohah kpprgk`b cgr hekmogses gc XF eo beihrao . . ;8>

Xkfia =.1 Va`gddaohah XF traktdaot ramedaos cgr `beihrao (]BG 6>;>) . . . . . . . ;86

Xkfia =.3 Va`gddaohah hgskmas gc rst ieoa XF hrums cgr `beihrao (]BG 6>;>) . . . ;80

Xkfia =.= Hrum hgsas cgr hrum rasestkot XF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;81

Xkfia =.2 @gdpkresgo gc deiekry XF koh IE^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;8=

Xkfia 2.; Ppaè` essuas tg gosehar wbao trakteom BES-eoca`tah `beihrao wetb KVX. . ;1=

Xkfia 2.6 Migfki ra`gddaohktegos cgr eoetekteom KVX eo BES-eoca`tah eockots koh`beihrao (]BG 6>;0). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;3;

Xkfia 2.0 Cerst ieoa KVS hrum ramedaos cgr eockots koh `beihrao (khkptah crgd]BG 6>;0 ra`gddaohktegos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;3;

Xkfia 2.8 Koteratrgverki hrums eo pkahektre` prk`teà. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;30

Xkfia 2.1 Bkrdgoesah hgseom s`bahuia (]BG 6>;>). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;33

Xkfia 2.3 ^racarrah rst-ieoa ramedaos cgr spaè` `gohetegos (]BG 6>;>) . . . . . . ;3=

Xkfia 2.= Xedeom gc KVX kctar stkrteom XF dahe`ktego wetb k reckdpeèo-`gotkeoeomramedao eo koteratrgverki-okva beihrao. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;32

Xkfia 2.2 Va`gddaohah koh haserkfia ikfgrktgry tasts kt BES hekmogses koh

dgoetgreom go KVX (]BG 6>;0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;=;Xkfia 2.5 Kpprgk`b tg oaw gr raùrraot stkma 0 gr 8 ìeoe`ki avaots (]BG 6>;>) . . . ;=8


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Xkfia 2.;> Haoetego gc vergigme`ki ckeiura (]BG 6>;0). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;=1

Xkfia 2.;; Pa`goh-ieoa KVS hrum ramedaos cgr eockots, `beihrao koh khgiasàots(]BG 6>;0). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;=3

Xkfia 2.;6 @ieoe`ki semos, sydptgds, dgoetgreom, koh dkokmadaot gc sydptgdsgc saregus khvarsa acca`ts gc KVX tbkt raquera hrum hes`goteouktego . . . . ;2>

Xkfia 5.; Maoarki `bkrk`tareste`s gc khgiasàot havaigpdaot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;5>

Xkfia 5.6 ]BG ra`gddaohah deoedud pk`jkma gc sarveàs cgr yguom ìeaots . . . . 6>>

Xkfia ;>.; ^sy`bgsgèki kssassdaot cgr kote epktah ckdeiy khkptktego. . . . . . . . . .6;0

Xkfia ;>.6 @beihraos paràptegos gc haktb koh pgssefia eotarvaotegos . . . . . . . . . 663

Cemura ;;.; K waembt cgr kma mrgwtb `bkrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

Cemura ;;.6 Mrgwtb `bkrt sbgweom mrgwtb ckitareom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68>

Xkfia ;;.; Va`gddaohah cggh baipeoms cgr khuits koh `beihrao . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Xkfia ;;.6 Ptrktameas tg pravaot koh trakt dkioutretego eo BES-axpgsah koh

BES-eoca`tah beihrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680Xkfia ;;.0 Outretegoki dkokmadaot cgr `beihrao wetb koh wetbgut avehaoà gc

dkioutretego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

Xkfia ;;.8 Axkdpias gc cggh pgrtegos tbkt `ko fa usah tg eo`raksa aoarmy `gotaot gcheat cgr `beihrao gc heccaraot kmas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683

Cemura ;6.; Igom-tard `kra pikooeom cgr `beihrao wetb BES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

Cemura ;6.6 Xba ]gom-Fkjar ckàs s`kia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61=

Cemura ;6.0 Xba ]BG kokimase` ikhhar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

Cemura ;0.; ^rgmrkddeom dkokmadaot yìa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6=>Cemura ;0.6 Xype`ki DX@X ks`kha wetb dessah gppgrtuoeteas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6=6

Xkfia ;0.; Jay k`teveteas cgr pravaotego, `kra koh traktdaot gc BES eo eockots kohyguom beihrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62>

Xkfia ;0.6 ^k`jkma gc sarve as cgr wgdao eo KO@ koh eo pgstoktki paregh. . . . . . . 628

Cemura ;0.0 ^HPK `yìa cgr qukiety edprgvadaot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62=

Cemura ;0.8Axkdpia gc useom rguteoa prgmrkdda hktk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65;


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K`rgoyds koh kffravektegos0X@ . . . . . . . . ikdevuheoaKF@ . . . . . . . . kfk`kverKHI . . . . . . . . k`teveteas gc hkeiy ieveomKEHP . . . . . . . k`querah edduoa haèao`y syohrgda

KIX . . . . . . . . . kikoeoa kdeogtrkoscarksaKO@ . . . . . . . . kotaoktki kraKVX . . . . . . . . koteratrgverki tbarkpyKVS . . . . . . . . koteratrgverki hrumsK\X . . . . . . . . zehgvuheoaF@M . . . . . . . . Fkèiius @kidatta-Mureo@F@ . . . . . . . . `gdpiata figgh guot@H@ . . . . . . . . Qoetah Ptktas @aotars cgr Hesaksa @gotrgi koh ^ravaotego@CV . . . . . . . . `ksa cktkiety rkta@BK^ . . . . . . . @beihrao wetb BES Kotefegte` rgpbyikxes treki

@BAV . . . . . . . @beihrao wetb BES Akriy Koteratrgverki Xbarkpy treki@DS. . . . . . . . `ytgdamkigverus@OP . . . . . . . . àotrki oarvgus systad@^X . . . . . . . . `gtredgxkzgia prgpbyikxes tbarkpy@[E . . . . . . . . `goteougus qukiety edprgvadaot@PC . . . . . . . . àrafrgspeoki stueh@X . . . . . . . . . `gdputarezah tgdgmrkpby@XR . . . . . . . . `gtredgxkzgia@RV . . . . . . . . `bast R-rkyh8X. . . . . . . . . stkvuheoa

HFP . . . . . . . . hreah figgh spgthhE . . . . . . . . . hehkogseoaHAAX . . . . . . . heatbyi-datk-tgiukdehaHOK . . . . . . . . hagxyrefgouìae` kèhHGX . . . . . . . . hera`tiy gfsarvah tbarkpyAFC . . . . . . . . axìuseva frakstcaaheomAFS . . . . . . . . Apstaeo-Fkrr verusA@ . . . . . . . . . adarmao`y gotrkàptegoACS . . . . . . . . ackveraozAM^KC . . . . . . Aiezkfatb Miksar ahektre KEHP Cguohktego

AEH . . . . . . . . . akriy eockot hekmogsesAIEPK . . . . . . . aozyda-ieojah edduogsgrfaot ksskyADF . . . . . . . . atbkdfutgiAÊ . . . . . . . . . axpkohah prgmrkddas go edduoesktegoA^XF . . . . . . . axtrkpuidgokry tufarùigsesCKO@ . . . . . . . cgùsah kotaoktki kraCBE . . . . . . . . . Ckdeiy Bakitb EotaroktegokiC^ . . . . . . . . . . ckdeiy pikooeomCX@ . . . . . . . . . adtreètkfeoaBFS . . . . . . . . bapktetes F verus

B@X . . . . . . . . BES guosaiieom koh tasteomB@S . . . . . . . . bapktetes @ verus


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BES. . . . . . . . . budko edduoghaèao`y verusBESO/BESKO . BES-kssgèktah oapbrgpktbyB^S . . . . . . . . budko pkpeiigdkverusBPS . . . . . . . . barpas sedpiax verusBX@ . . . . . . . . BES tasteom koh guosaiieom

BQP . . . . . . . . bkadgiyte` urkade` syohrgdaE/G . . . . . . . . . eoput koh gutputEDKE . . . . . . . eotamrktah dkokmadaot gc khgiasàot koh khuit eiioassED@E. . . . . . . . eotamrktah dkokmadaot gc beihbggh eiioassasEOB . . . . . . . . esgoekzehE^X . . . . . . . . . eotardettaot pravaotkteva tbarkpy (dkikrek)EVEP . . . . . . . . edduoa ra`gostetutego eostkddktgry syohrgdaEX^ . . . . . . . . . ehegpktbe` tbrgdfg`ytgpaoe` purpurkEQ . . . . . . . . . . eotaroktegoki uoetsE\^X . . . . . . . . esgoekzeh pravaotkteva tbarkpy

JP . . . . . . . . . Jkpgses skr`gdkIFD . . . . . . . . iako fghy dkssIF] . . . . . . . . igw fertb waembtIE^ . . . . . . . . . iydpbgeh eotarsteteki poaudgoetesIIEO . . . . . . . . igom iksteom eosa`te eha traktah oatI^S/VXS . . . . . igpeokver/retgokverIVXE . . . . . . . . igwar rasperktgry trk`t eoca`tegoIXCQ . . . . . . . . igss tg cgiigw upD&A . . . . . . . dgoetgreom koh avkiuktegoD@B . . . . . . . dktaroki koh `beih bakitb

D@^ . . . . . . . . duitepia `goùrraot pkrtoarsbepsDO@B . . . . . . dktaroki, oaw fgro koh `beih bakitbDVE . . . . . . . . dkmoate` rasgokoà edkmeomDXF . . . . . . . . Dy`gfk`tareud tufarùigsesDX@X . . . . . . . dgtbar-tg-`beih trkosdessegoDQK@ . . . . . . deh-uppar-krd èr udcaraoàO/M . . . . . . . . oksgmkstreÒKPFK . . . . . . ouìae kèh saquaoà-fksah kdpie`ktegoOCS . . . . . . . . oaiokverOOVXE . . . . . . ogo-ouìagseha ravarsa trkos`reptksa eobefetgrs

OVXE . . . . . . . . ouìagseha ravarsa trkos`reptksa eobefetgrsOP . . . . . . . . . oapbrete` syohrgdaOS^ . . . . . . . . oaverkpeoaGE . . . . . . . . . . gppgrtuoeste` eoca`tegoG^H . . . . . . . . gutpkteaot hapkrtdaotGS@ . . . . . . . . grpbkos koh vuioarkfia `beihrao^K@XM . . . . . . âhektre` KEHP @ieoe`ki Xrekis Mrgup^`^ . . . . . . . . . ôaudg`ystespoaudgoek^@V . . . . . . . . pgiydarksa `bkeo rak`tego^HPK . . . . . . . piko, hg, stuhy, k`t

Â^ . . . . . . . . pgst-axpgsura prgpbyikxes^MI . . . . . . . . parsestaot maoarkiezah iydpbkhaogpktby


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^B@ . . . . . . . . predkry bakitb kraÊ . . . . . . . . . . prgtaksa eobefetgrÊX@ . . . . . . . . prgvehar eoetektah tasteom koh guosaiieom^DI . . . . . . . . prgmrasseva duitecg`ki iaujgaoàpbkigpktby^DX@X . . . . . . pravaotego gc dgtbar-tg-`beih trkosdessego (gc BES)

^^H . . . . . . . . pureah prgtaeo harevkteva^XF . . . . . . . . puidgokry tufarùigses^\K . . . . . . . . pyrkzeokdeha[E . . . . . . . . . . qukiety edprgvadaotVF@ . . . . . . . . rah figgh aiisVD^ . . . . . . . . reckdpeèoVOK . . . . . . . . refgouìae` kèhVPS . . . . . . . . rasperktgry syo`yteki verusVX . . . . . . . . . ravarsa trkos`reptksaVXQC . . . . . . . rakhy tg usa cggh

VXS . . . . . . . . retgokverVS . . . . . . . . . rgtkverusPCX . . . . . . . . . sjeo-cgih tbe`joassPIA . . . . . . . . . systade` iupus arytbadktgsasPDKVX. . . . . . spaè`, daksurkfia, k`beavkfia, rakieste`, teda-fguohPDP . . . . . . . . sbgrt dasskma sarveàPDR . . . . . . . . suickdatbgxkzgiaPG^ . . . . . . . . stkohkrh gparkteom prgàhurasPVB . . . . . . . . saxuki koh raprghu`teva bakitbPXE . . . . . . . . . saxukiiy trkosdettah eoca`tego

XF . . . . . . . . . tufarùigsesXFD . . . . . . . . tufarùigses daoeometesXHC . . . . . . . . taogcgverXI@ . . . . . . . . tgtki iydpbg`yta guotXD^ . . . . . . . . tredatbgpredXOC . . . . . . . . tudgur oa`rgses ck`tgrXPX . . . . . . . . . tufarùigses sjeo tasteomXX^ . . . . . . . . . tbrgdfgte` tbrgdfg`ytgpaoe` purpurkQOKEHP . . . . Qoetah Oktegos Lgeot rgmrkd go BES/KEHPQOMKPP . . . . Qoetah Oktegos Maoarki Kssadfiy Ppaèki Passegos

QOE@AC . . . . . Qoetah Oktegos @beihraos CuohQVXE . . . . . . . . uppar rasperktgry trk`t eoca`tegoQPKEH . . . . . . Qoetah Ptktas Kmao`y cgr Eotaroktegoki HavaigpdaotQXE . . . . . . . . . ureokry trk`t eoca`tego

S@X . . . . . . . . vgiuotkry `guosaiieom koh tasteomS\EM. . . . . . . . vkreàiik-zgstar edduoa migfuieo]F@ . . . . . . . wbeta figgh aii]BG . . . . . . . ]grih Bakitb Grmkoezktego


15/371

@bkptar ; Eotrghu`tego | ;

@bkptar ;Eotrghu`tego


16/371

| Bkohfggj go hektre` KEHP eo Kcre`k6


17/371

@bkptar ; Eotrghu`tego | 0

Eotrghu`tegoBES/KEHP es k dklgr `kusa gc eockot koh `beihbggh dgrtkiety koh

dgrfehety eo Kcre`k. Migfkiiy, `beihrao uohar tba kma gc ;1 k``guot

cgr kfgut 5% gc kii pagpia ieveom wetb BES, ;;% gc oaw BES eoca`tegos

koh ;0% gc kii BES-raiktah haktbs. Kitbgumb tbara bks faao k 01%haìeoa eo tba oudfar gc oaw eoca`tegos fatwaao 6>>5 koh 6>;6, tba

oudfars gc oaw pkahektre` BES eoca`tegos eo suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k kra

steii uok`àptkfiy bemb. Eo 6>;6, QOKEHP astedktah tbkt tbara wara

63> >>> oaw pkahektre` BES eoca`tegos wgrihweha, kfgut 5>% gc

wbe`b wara eo suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k.

Xba bemb rkta gc BES eoca`tego eo `beihrao eo Kcre`k rasuits hera`tiy

crgd tba bemb rkta gc BES eoca`tego eo wgdao gc `beihfakreom kma, tbabemb carteiety rkta koh tba acèao`y gc dgtbar-tg-`beih-trkosdessego

(DX@X). Ks eo khuits, tba pravkiaoà gc BES eo `beihrao vkreas wehaiy

wetbeo `guotreas koh wetbeo heccaraot ramegos eo Kcre`k. Bgwavar, tbes

rkta `goteouas tg haìeoa fa`kusa gc pravaotego gc dgtbar-tg-`beih-

trkosdessego (^DX@X) eotarvaotegos.

Xbes Bkohfggj gutieoas tba sèaoà gc BES eoca`tego koh tba

ta`bogigmeas koh tggis tbkt kra usah tg pravaot tbes eoca`tego, tg

edprgva tba qukiety gc ieca gc tbgsa wbg kra eoca`tah, gr tg gtbarwesadetemkta tba edpk`t gc BES go `beihrao koh tbaer ckdeieas. Xba

Bkohfggj kisg gutieoas tba strktameas tbkt kra raquerah tg rak`b tbgsa

wbg oaah tbasa sarveàs koh sats tba stkohkrhs cgr su`b sarveàs.

Bestgre`ki arspa`tevaKhuit KEHP, koh pkrteùikriy tba syohrgda Pied hesaksa, wks rst

has`refah eo Kcre`k eo tba akriy ;52>s. ^kahektre` BES `ksas wara rst

gfsarvah eo ìeoe`ki sarveàs eo tba Akst Kcre`ko ramego eo tba akriy tg

deh ;52>s.

Eo Vwkohk koh Hadg`rkte` Vapufie` gc @gomg (Jeosbksk) tba rst

`ksas gc pkahektre` KEHP wara ehaoteah eo ;520;528 eo ìeoe`ki

sarveàs koh iktar eo sargpravkiaoà koh pareoktki stuheas. Eo Qmkohk,

rapgrts gc pkahektre` BES wara hgùdaotah eo ;521 koh k spaèkiest

ìeoe` stkrtah eo ;522.


18/371


Eo tba deh tg ikta ;52>s, igometuheoki `gbgrt stuheas wara stkrtah eo

tba èteas gc Jemkie, Jkdpkik, Jeosbksbk, Okergfe, koh Fikotyra, kdgom

gtbars, tg stuhy tba DX@X rkta koh tba okturki bestgry gc BES-axpgsah

koh -eoca`tah `beihrao.

Xba dkmoetuha gc tba BES/KEHP apehade` eo `beihrao eo suf-PkbkrkoKcre`kGc tba 01.0 (06.602.2) deiiego pagpia ieveom wetb BES eo 6>;6, =>%

ieva eo suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k koh 3>% gc tbgsa kra wgdao. ]grsa

steii, gc tba oakriy 1 deiiego yguom pagpia (;168 yakrs) eoca`tah

migfkiiy, 8 deiiego kra eo suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k koh 35% gc tbasa kra

wgdao. Ak`b yakr, kpprgxedktaiy ;.8 deiiego wgdao ieveom wetb BES

fa`gda pramokot. Kdgom kotaoktki ìeaots eo suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k,tba prgpgrtego gc wgdao ieveom wetb BES rkomas crgd ;% tg ks bemb

ks 86% koh BES kdgom `beihfakreom wgdao es tba dkeo `kusa gc

eoca`tego kdgom `beihrao.

Cemura ;.; @beihrao ieveom wetb BES migfkiiy koh eo suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k, ;55>6>;0

Cgr tba dgst pkrt, BES eoca`tego eo `beihrao es pravaotkfia. Eo

eohustrekiezah `guotreas eo Ogrtb Kdare`k koh Aurgpa, pkahektre` BES

eoca`tego bks ikrmaiy faao `gotrgiiah. Eo tbasa satteoms, BES tasteom ks

pkrt gc rguteoa kotaoktki `kra, `gdfeoktegos gc koteratrgverki (KVS)

hrum ramedaos, aia`teva `kaskrako sa`tego, koh `gdpiata kvgehkoà gc

frakstcaaheom bkva trkosiktah eotg kfsgiuta varte`ki trkosdessego rktas

gc iass tbko 6%.

>

>.1

;.>

;.1

6.>

6.10.>

0.1

;55>

Uakr

Deiiegos

Xbes fkr eohe`ktas tba rkoma krguoh tba astedkta

;55; ;556 ;550 ;558 ;551 ;553 ;55= ;552 ;555 6>>> 6>>; 6>>6 6>>0 6>>8 6>>1 6>>3 6>>= 6>>2 6>>5

8.>

6>;> 6>;; 6>;6 6>;0

Puf-Pkbkrko Kcre`kMigfki


19/371


Cemura ;.6 @beihrao ieveom wetb BES eo 6>;6 fy ramego

]beia tbara bks faao tradaohgus edprgvadaot, ik`j gc k`àss tg

ùrraotiy kvkeikfia koh caksefia eotarvaotegos eo Kcre`k trkosiktas

eotg k bemb furhao gc pkahektre` BES hesaksa.

Xba vkst dklgrety gc oaw BES eoca`tegos kdgom `beihrao kmah>;8 yakrs wara eo Akst koh sgutbaro Kcre`k (;0> >>>) koh ]ast

koh @aotrki Kcre`k (52 >>>).

Eo havaigpeom `guotreas, et es ùrraotiy astedktah tbkt ; >>> `beihrao

kra eoca`tah hkeiy tbrgumb dgtbar-tg-`beih trkosdessego. Eo 6>;6, Akst

koh Pgutbaro Kcre`k bkh tba bembast prgpgrtego (16%) gc oaw BES

eoca`tegus eo `beihrao faigw ;1 yakrs, ks sbgwo eo Cemura ;.0.

Cemura ;.0 Astedktah oudfar koh paràotkma gc oaw BES eoca`tegos kdgom `beihraokmah >;8, fy QOE@AC ramego, 6>;6

Aurgpa< ;0 >>> Z;; >>>;1 >>>T

Akstaro Dahetarrkoako< 00 >>> Z60 >>>81 >>>T

]astaro ^kè`< 03 >>> Z0> >>>80 >>>T

Kdare`ks< 30 >>> Z82 >>>=5 >>>T

Pgutb-Akst Ksek< ;8> >>> Z;6> >>>;3> >>>T

Kcre`k< 0 ;>> >>> Z6 =>> >>>0 8>> >>>T

XGXKI< 0 0>> >>> Z0 ;>> >>>0 2>> >>>T

Oudfar gc `beihrao fy ]BG ramego

XGXKI< 63> >>>(;>>%)

]ast koh@aotrki Kcre`k

52 >>> (0=%)@AA/@EP9; >>> (9;%)

Akstaro kohPgutbaro Kcre`k

;0> >>> (16%)

Dehhia Akst koh Ogrtb Kcre`k6 6>> (;%)

Ikteo Kdare`k koh tba @kreffako6 1>> (;%)

Akst Ksek koh tba ^kè`= 5>> (0%)

Pgutb Ksek;1 >>> (3%)


20/371


Xba edpk`t gc tba KEHP apehade` go `beihraoKEHP bks k havkstkteom acca`t go `beihrao.

Et es astedktah tbkt dgra tbko 6;> >>> `beihrao uohar ;1 yakrs heah gc

KEHP-raiktah `kusas eo 6>;6 kigoa. Xba vkst dklgrety gc tbasa haktbswara pravaotkfia, aetbar tbrgumb kotefegte` traktdaot gc gppgrtuoeste`

eoca`tegos gr tbrgumb koteratrgverki traktdaot. Cemura ;.8sbgwskoouki `beih haktbs hua tg KEHP migfkiiy. Eockot koh akriy `beihbggh

dgrtkiety kdgom uoeoca`tah `beihrao gc BES-eoca`tah dgtbars (BES

axpgsah) es 61 tedas bembar tbko tbkt kdgom `beihrao gc BES-

oamkteva dgtbars (BES uoaxpgsah).

Cemura ;.8 @beih haktbs hua tg KEHP, ;55>6>>5 (QOKEHP 6>;>)

Eo 6>>5, BES k``guotah cgr kfgut 6.;% (;.60.>%) gc uohar-1

dgrtkiety eo igw koh dehhia eo`gda `guotreas koh 0.3% (6.11.>%)

eo suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k, kitbgumb tbes bks faao ha`ieoeom ks sbgwo eo

Cemuras ;.1koh ;.3. Xbes ha`ieoa es hua tg k `gdfeoktego gc ck`tgrs

;>> >>>

6>> >>>

0>> >>>

8>> >>>

1>> >>>

;55>

Uakr

Xbes fkr eohe`ktas tba rkoma krguoh tba astedkta

;55; ;556 ;550 ;558 ;551 ;553 ;55= ;552 ;555 6>>> 6>>; 6>>6 6>>0 6>>8 6>>1 6>>3 6>>= 6>>2 6>>5 6>;> 6>;; 6>;6 6>;0


21/371

@bkptar ; Eotrghu`tego | =

Cemura ;.1 Qoharva dgrtkiety kttrefutkfia tg BES eo heccaraot ramegos gcsuf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k

Cemura ;.3 Astedktah oudfar gc KEHP raiktah haktbs eo `beihrao koh khgiasàotsfy kma mrgup

>

;

6

8

1

0%

;55> ;551 6>>> 6>>1 6>>5

;55> ;551 6>>> 6>>1 6>>5

;55> ;551 6>>> 6>>1 6>>5

;55> ;551 6>>> 6>>1 6>>5

>

6

8

2

;>

3

>

1

;>

6>

;1

>

;

6

8

1

0

%

% %

@AOXVKI AKPXAVO

PGQXBAVO ]APXAVO

Astedkta Bemb koh igw astedktas

Pgurà< Ptkoa`je J, at ki. Pax Xrkosd Eoca`tego,6>;>< 23: ee13ee3;

6>>> 6>>; 6>>6 6>>0 6>>16>>8 6>>3 6>>= 6>>5 6>;>>

1> >>>

6>>2 6>;; 6>;6

;>> >>>

;1> >>>

6>> >>>

61> >>>

@beihrao kmah >8Uguomar khgiasàots kmah ;>;8

Gihar khgiasàots kmah ;1;5Uguom pagpia kmah 6>68

Pgurà< QOE@AC kokiyses gc QOKEHP 6>;6 BES koh KEHP astedktas


22/371


Ks gc 6>;6, ko astedktah ;=.2 deiiego `beihrao wgrihweha bkh igst

goa gr fgtb pkraots tg KEHP. Dgst gc tbasa `beihrao (;1.; deiiego) ieva

eo suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k. Ko kokiyses gc raàot bgusabgih survay hktk

eo 8= `guotreas sbgws tbkt kt iakst 1% gc `beihrao eo dkoy `guotreas

kra grpbkoah ks k rasuit gc KEHP gr gtbar `kusas. Eo Iasgtbg, Vwkohk,Pwkzeikoh koh \edfkfwa, tba prgpgrtego resas tg dgra tbko 6>%.

Xbkojcuiiy, oktegoki-iavai raspgosas cgr grpbkos koh gtbar vuioarkfia

`beihrao bkva faao eo`rakseom seoà tba ;55>s.

Xba edpk`t gc KEHP go ckdeieas koh `gdduoeteas kisg kcca`ts ogo-

grpbkoah `beihrao. ]etb tba haapaoeom pgvarty tbkt rasuits crgd

se`j koh hyeom pkraots, `beihrao kra tba rst tg succar. Xbay succar

daotki, psy`bgigme`ki, koh sgèki hestrass koh eo`rakseom dktareki

bkrhsbeps. Xba `beihrao dky fa tba goiy `kramevars cgr tbaer se`j gr

hyeom pkraots, dky hrgp gut gc gr eotarrupt s`bggi, koh kra kt resj gc

hes`redeoktego koh kfusa, fgtb pbyse`ki koh saxuki.

Dghas gc BES trkosdessego tg `beihraoXbara kra savarki pgtaoteki dghas gc trkosdessego gc BES tg `beihrao,

eoìuheom DX@X, saxuki trkosdessego kdgom khgiasàots, saxuki kfusa

gc `beihrao, trkoscusego gc eoca`tah figgh gr figgh prghu`ts, uostareiaeola`tego prgàhuras, koh s`kre`ktego.

Dgra tbko 51% gc BES-eoca`tah eockots eo Kcre`k k`quera BES crgd

tbaer dgtbars hureom pramoko`y, kt tba teda gc haievary, gr pgstoktkiiy

tbrgumb frakst-caaheom. ]etbgut koy eotarvaotego, fatwaao 0>

koh 8>% gc frakstcaaheom BES-pgseteva wgdao trkosdet BES tg

tbaer oawfgros. Xba resj ck`tgrs tbkt eo`raksa DX@X kra hatkeiah eo

@bkptar 0.

Paxuki trkosdessego, eoìuheom eotarmaoarktegoki sax, es k semoe`kot

dgha gc trkosdessego tg khgiasàots. Khgiasàot meris kra pkrteùikriy

vuioarkfia tg trkosk`tegoki sax sax eo ax`bkoma cgr mgghs,

eoìuheom patty etads ieja àiipbgoas. @bkptar 0raveaws sgda gctba `gdfeoktego pravaotego kpprgk`bas tbkt `ko fa acca`teva eo BES

pravaotego kdgom khgiasàots.

Xba rgia gc `beih saxuki kfusa ks k sgurà gc BES eoca`tego eo `beihrao

es ogt waii hgùdaotah, fut tbes dgha gc trkosdessego es gc pkrteùikr


23/371


`goàro eo `guotreas wbara fgtb BES koh `beih saxuki kfusa kra

dklgr pufie` bakitb `goàros. Grpbkos kra pkrteùikriy vuioarkfia tg

saxuki kfusa.

Xrkoscusego gc eoca`tah figgh gr figgh prghu`ts es kogtbar pgssefia

sgurà gc BES eoca`tego eo `beihrao, fut tbes dgha gc trkosdessegobks faao mraktiy rahuàh fy oktegoki figgh skcaty prgmrkddas koh

edprgvah figgh trkoscusego sarveàs.

BES `ko kisg fa trkosdettah tg `beihrao fy useom uostareia eola`tego

oaahias koh prgàhuras, fut tbes es `goseharah rkra, avao eo Kcre`k.

]BG astedktas tbkt uoskca eola`tegos k``guot cgr kfgut 6.1% gc BES

eoca`tegos eo fgtb khuits koh `beihrao.

P`kre`ktego fy trkhetegoki bakiars dky kisg fa k sgurà gc eoca`tego

tg `beihrao. ]beia s`kre`ktego dky fa dgra craquaot eo BES-eoca`tah

`beihrao, tba prgàss dky raprasaot hasparkta kttadpts fy dgtbars koh

mukrhekos tg trakt raùrraot eiioassas eo tba `beih, rktbar tbko faeom

tba sgurà gc tba BES eoca`tego. Bgwavar, koy `gdduoki trkhetegoki

retukis koh tbarkpaute` prgàhuras tbkt eovgiva fiaaheom kra pgtaoteki

dghas gc trkosdessego, koh `gdduoeteas dust fa ahu`ktah kfgut tba

pgtaoteki hkomars gc tbasa prk`teàs.

^rgmrass dkhaEo tba ikst sex yakrs tradaohgus prgmrass bks faao dkha eo tba

pravaotego, `kra koh traktdaot gc BES eo `beihrao eo Kcre`k, koh

fgtb rasakr`b hgoa eo Kcre`k koh prgmrkddkte` axpareaoà bkva

mraktiy `gotrefutah tg migfki jogwiahma koh curtbar rahu`tego eo oaw

eoca`tegos, ks waii ks dgrtkiety eo BES-axpgsah koh eoca`tah `beihrao.

Xba BES pravkiaoà eo tba maoarki pgpuiktego bks haìeoah eo dkoy

`guotreas koh oktegoki prgmrkddas bkva eo`raksah tba oudfar gc

BES-eoca`tah pramokot wgdao raàeveom sarveàs cgr ^DX@X ks waii

cgr traktdaot gc tbaer gwo eiioassas koh tbgsa gc tbaer ckdeieas.

Hktk crgd tba ]BG/QOKEHP/QOE@AC 6>;> rapgrt Zsaa taxt fgxT

`gord tba prgmrass dkha eo tba ramego.


24/371

| Bkohfggj go hektre` KEHP eo Kcre`k;>

^rgmrass dkha eo tba pravaotego, `kra koh traktdaot gc BES eoca`tego eo`beihrao

Eo tba Kcre`ko ramego, BES tasteom koh `guosaiieom `gvarkma kdgom pramokotwgdao eo`raksah crgd 5% eo 6>>1 tg 08% eo 6>>5 koh 81% eo 6>;6.

Eo suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k, gc tba ;.6 deiiego pramokot wgdao ieveom wetb BES eo oaahgc KVSs cgr ^DX@X, 18% (8>28%) raàevah traktdaot, wetb weha vkrektegosfatwaao heccaraot ramegos< ko kvarkma gc 32% (10 ?51%) eo akstaro koh sgutbaroKcre`k koh 60% (;388%) eo wastaro koh àotrki Kcre`k.

Xba Migfki îko Xgwkrhs tba Aiedeoktego gc Oaw BES Eoca`tegos Kdgom @beihraofy 6>;1 koh Jaapeom Xbaer Dgtbars Kieva (tba Migfki îko) ehaoteas 66 pregrety`guotreas wbara kidgst 5>% gc kii oaw BES eoca`tegos kdgom `beihrao g`ùr. Gctbasa `guotreas, 6; kra eo suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k: tba radkeoeom `guotry es Eohek. Xba

prgpgrtego gc wgdao raàeveom seomia hgsa oaverkpeoa ha`raksah crgd 85% tg0>% fatwaao 6>>= koh 6>>5. Xba oudfar gc pramokot wgdao ieveom wetb BESraàeveom dgra acca`teva ramedaos (axìuheom seomia hgsa oaverkpeoa) cgr ^DX@Xeo`raksah crgd 85% eo 6>>5 tg 31% eo 6>;6. Cgur pregrety `guotreas gc tba Migfkiîko Fgtswkok, Mbkok, Okdefek koh \kdfek bkva kirakhy dat tba tba mgki gcprgveheom koteratrgverki daheèoas tg 5>% gc pramokot wgdao ieveom wetb BES.

Migfkiiy, 1;% gc pramokot wgdao wbg tastah pgseteva cgr BES wara kssassah cgraiemefeiety tg raàeva KVSs cgr tbaer gwo bakitb, up crgd 08% eo 6>>2.

@gvarkma gc eockot KVS prgpbyikxes eo`raksah siembtiy fatwaao 6>>2 koh 6>>5crgd 06% (63-8>%) tg 01% (63-10%).

Dgra prgmrass bks faao ra`grhah eo tba rahu`tego gc tba oudfar gc oaw BESeoca`tegos eo `beihrao (Cemura ;.=) seoà 6>>5 tbko tba pravegus ha`kha. Xbara wksk 63% haìeoa gvar aembt yakrs (kvarkma ;2 >>> par yakr), 6>>;6>>5 koh k curtbar01% haìeoa gvar tba oaxt tbraa yakrs (kvarkma 8= >>> par yakr), 6>>56>;6.

Cemura ;.= Astedktah oudfar gc oaw BES eoca`tegos eo `beihrao (kmah >;8)>;6>;1

6>;06>>; 6>>6 6>>0 6>>16>>8 6>>3 6>>= 6>>5 6>;>>

;>> >>>

6>>2 6>;; 6>;6

6>> >>>

0>> >>>

8>> >>>

3>> >>>Astedktah traoh

6>;8 6>;1

^rahe`tah traoh1>> >>>

63% haìeoa gvar 2 yakrs(kvarkma ;2 >>> par yakr) 6>>;6>>5

01% haìeoa gvar 0 yakrs (kvarkma 8= >>> par yakr) 6>>56>;6k

21% haìeoa gvar 0 yakrs (kvarkma =8 >>> par yakr) 6>;66>;1

Migfki iko tkrmat5>% rahu`tego

fy 6>;1

Pgurà< QOE@AC kokiyses gc QOKEHP 6>;0 BES koh KEHP astedktas.


25/371

@bkptar ; Eotrghu`tego | ;;

ârbkps tba mraktast ta`bogigme`ki prgmrass cgr tba `kra gc BES

eoca`tego eo `beihrao eo Kcre`k bks faao dkha eo akriy eockot

hekmogses. ]beia savao yakrs kmg ^@V tasteom cgr `beihrao eo Kcre`k

saadah edpgssefia cgr dgst BES axpgsah `beihrao gutseha rasakr`b

satteoms, tba kvkeikfeiety gc hreah figgh spgts (HFP) bks ravgiutegoesah

koh hrkdkte`kiiy edprgvah k`àss tg ^@V tasteom cgr `beihrao eo

Kcre`k. Vaiktevaiy aksy spaèdao `giia`tego koh aksy stgrkma gc

skdpias bks aokfiah sgda BES axpgsah eockots eo radgta rurki krakstg k`àss ^@V tasteom.

Xba `bkiiaomas tbkt radkeoHaspeta tba prgmrass dkha, k semoe`kot oudfar gc `bkiiaomas radkeo.

Xwaoty goa gc tba 66 `guotreas wetb tba bembast oudfars gc pramokot

wgdao ieveom wetb BES kra eo Kcre`k koh tba pgpuiktego gc wgdao

raàeveom k `gdpiata pk`jkma gc `gdprabaoseva sarveàs cgr ^DX@X es

steii iass tbko sktesck`tgry. Xba qukiety gc dgst ^DX@X prgmrkddas es

suf-gptedki, wetb semoe`kot hrgpgccs fatwaao tba rst `gotk`t koh

Xraktdaot gc BES-eoca`tah `beihrao bks kisg eo`raksah gvar tba yakrs kitbgumb tba`gvarkma gc KVX cgr `beihrao es iass tbko tbkt gc khuits (Cemura ;.2).

Migfkiiy, tba oudfar gc BES eoca`tah `beihrao kmah iass tbko ;1 wbg raàevahKVX eo`raksah crgd 6=1 01> eo 6>>2 tg 013 8>> eo 6>>5. Eo 6>;6, kfgut 31>,>>>

`beihrao uohar kma ;1 wara raàeveom koteratrgverki tbarkpy eo igw- koh dehhia-eo`gda `guotreas, up crgd kfgut 01> >>> eo 6>>5 koh =1 >>> eo 6>>1. Xbes dakostbkt goiy kfgut k tberh gc `beihrao uohar kma ;1 eo oaah gc traktdaot kra raàeveom et.

Cemura ;.2 âràotkma gc khuits (kmah ;1+) koh `beihrao (kmah >;8) ieveomwetb BES raàeveom koteratrgverki tbarkpy eo igw- koh dehhia-eo`gda`guotreas eo 6>;6

Pgurà< Lgeot Qoetah Oktegos ^rgmrkdda go BES/KEHP, Migfki Vapgrt< QOKEHP rapgrt go tba migfki KEHP apehade`6>;0, QOKEHP Maoavk, 6>;0, ppK2=, K58

Khuits(kmah ;1+)

@beihrao(kmah >;8)38%

08%


26/371

| Bkohfggj go hektre` KEHP eo Kcre`k;6

tba `gdpiatego gc k sarveà pk`jkma, koh tbara kra steii dkoy wgdao

wbg hg ogt rak`b tba bakitb systad. Xba cgiigw-up gc dgtbar-fkfy

pkers kctar rst ehaote`ktego ks BES pgseteva es steii vary wakj eo dgst

satteoms eo Kcre`k, wetb igw rktas gc ckèiety haievary koh wakj ieojkmas

tg `kra koh traktdaot sarveàsAkriy eockot hekmogses fy ^@V es kisg steii `bkiiaomeom. Gc tba 18

`guotreas rapgrteom eo 6>>5, goiy ;1% gc `beihrao fgro tg BES-

eoca`tah dgtbars bkh ko BES tast wetbeo twg dgotbs-gc-kma. ]beia

tbes es kttrefutah tg pggr cgiigw up gc dgtbar-fkfy pkers koh wakj

eotamrktego koh ieojkma gc sarveàs, tba qukiety gc `guosaiieom tbkt

dgtbars raàeva es kisg pggr koh tbara es igw maoarki `gdduoety

jogwiahma kfgut tba faoats gc akriy tasteom gc BES-axpgsah `beihrao.

Xbara kra semoe`kot haikys fatwaao spaèdao `giia`tego koh raturo

gc tast rasuits tg tba dgtbar gr `kra mevar. ^krtiy ks k rasuit gc tbes

koh pkrtiy ks k rasuit gc igw `gohaoà kdgom sarveà prgvehars eo

trakteom eockots, eockots wetb k pgseteva ^@V `gordeom BES eoca`tego

kra ogt stkrtah go traktdaot akriy aogumb tg rahuà tba bemb dgrtkiety

kssgèktah wetb BES eo tbes kma mrgup.

^rgvehar-eoetektah tasteom koh `guosaiieom (ÊX@) cgr kii `beihrao

`gdeom eotg `gotk`t wetb tba bakitb systad es ogt wehaiy prk`teàhks eotaroktegokiiy ra`gddaohah cgr bemb pravkiaoà (BES pravkiaoà

?;% eo pramokot wgdao) kraks, pkrtiy ks k rasuit gc eokhaqukta

oudfars gc jogwiahmakfia, sjeiiah koh `gohaot sarveà prgvehars

koh wakj suppiy systads cgr ikfgrktgry suppieas.

Xba pggr ehaote`ktego gc BES eoca`tah `beihrao es tba dkeo raksgo

wby goiy 08% gc aiemefia `beihrao ieveom wetb BES eo igw koh dehhia

eo`gda `guotreas wara matteom KVX eo 6>;6 (Cemura ;.2). Eo 6>;6, goiy05% gc `beihrao eo igw koh dehhia-eo`gda `guotreas wara astedktah

tg bkva k`àss tg BES tasteom wetbeo tba ra`gddaohah twg dgotbs gc

fertb.

Gtbar `bkiiaomas tbkt radkeo cgr tba `kra koh traktdaot cgr BES

eoca`tah `beihrao kra% gc eoca`tegos eo sgutbaro Kcre`k.

Ks tba apehade` bks dkturah, huki eoca`tegos wetb heccaraot suftypas

bkva g`ùrrah koh ra`gdfeokot verusas (`gotkeoeom duitepia suftypas)

kra eo`rakseomiy `gddgo. Xba prgiecarktego gc tbasa dgra `gdpiax

cgrds gc tba verus dky `gotrefuta tg eo`raksah hecùity eo traktdaot

dkokmadaot koh vk`èoa havaigpdaot.

Cemura 6.; Xba astedktah pravkiaoà gc BES-; aovsuftypas fy ramego eo 6>>>(Gsdkogv at ki, 6>>6)

F

F

F

K

KF

K

F K

@

KH

@

@

F

A F

F

Astedktah eoèhaoà gcBES-; aovsuftypas eo 6>>>

K

FAstedktah hestrefutegogc oaw BES-; fy aovsuftypas koh ramegoseo 6>>>

0.6% A Gtbars 1%(C, M, B, L, OX)

1.0% H

8=.6% @ F ;6.0%

K 6=%

A


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| Bkohfggj go hektre` KEHP eo Kcre`k;2

BES stru`turaBES es k spbare`ki refgouìae` kèh (VOK) verus pkrteìa wetb k hekdatar

gc 2>;>> okogdatras (od) (Cemura 6.6). Xba pkrteìa bks ko gutarhgufia iepeh ikyar harevah crgd tba bgst àii dadfrkoa. ]etbeo tba

iepeh ikyar es tba surckà miy`gprgtaeo (mp;6>) koh tba trkos-dadfrkoaprgtaeo (mp8;), wbe`b ckèietkta aotry gc tba verus eotg tba bgst àii.

Xba `gra (`kpseh) es dkha gc savarki prgtaeos< p68 (tba dkeo prgtaeo),

p;=, p5, koh p=. ]etbeo tbes `kpseh kra twg seomia ehaote`ki strkohs gc

VOK, wbe`b kra tba maoate` dktareki gc tba verus (verego). Xba verego

`gotkeos k oudfar gc aozydas, tba dgst edpgrtkot gc wbe`b kra

ravarsa trkos`reptksa (VX), prgtaksa, koh eotamrksa.

Cemura 6.6 BES stru`tura

Xba BES ieca `yìaXba BES ieca `yìa eo tba bgst àii `ko fa hevehah eotg savarki staps

(Cemura 6.0)< feoheom, cusego, aotry, trkos`reptego, eotamrktego,rapie`ktego, fuhheom, koh dkturktego.

Xrkos-dadfrkoamiy`gprgtaeo (mp8;)

Ppeja gcaovaigpa

miy`gprgtaeo(mp;6>)

VOK wetb prgtaeosurrguoh (p=/p5)

Vefgouìae`prgtaeo (p68)

Ouìag`kpseh (p;=)

Iepeh ikyar

Vavarsatrkos`reptksa

Bgst àiiprgtaeo

^rgtaksaEotamrksa


33/371

@bkptar 6 BES vergigmy, pktbgmaoases, koh okturki bestgry | ;5

Feoheom. BES feohs tg àiis vek eotark`tego fatwaao tba BES aovaigpamiy`gprgtaeo (mp;6>) koh tba bgst àii raàptgrs (@H8 dgiaùia) koh

`g-raàptgrs. Xba raàptgrs kra tba @H8 kotemao cguoh go sgda

X iydpbg`ytas, dk`rgpbkmas, dgog`ytas, mieki àiis gc tba frkeo, koh

Ikomarbkos àiis. Xba dklgr `g-raàptgrs kra @@V1 koh @R@V8. Xbasaraàptgrs koh `g-raàptgrs hatardeoa wbe`b àiis tba BES verus weii

eoca`t. BES strkeos tbkt usa tba @@V1 `g-raàptgr kra kssgèktah wetb

dgra rkpehiy prgmrasseva eiioass.

Cemura 6.0 Xba BES rapie`ktego `yìa

Cusego. Xba BES aovaigpa prgtaeo (mp;6>) feohs tg tba bgst àii

raàptgrs koh `g-raàptgrs go tba gutseha gc tba àii. Xbes rasuits eotba eosartego gc tba trkos-dadfrkoa miy`gprgtaeo (mp8;) eotg tba àii

dadfrkoa gc tba bgst àii, wetb cusego gc tba twg dadfrkoas.

Aotry. Xba verus pkrteìa iakvas ets dadfrkoa fabeoh (uo`gkteom) kohtba `gra gc tba verus es raiaksah eotg tba `ytgpiksd gc tba bgst àii. Xba

bgst àii aozydas eotark`t wetb tba `gra gc tba verus, rasuiteom eo tba

raiaksa gc verki aozydas.

Vavarsa trkos`reptego. Cgr tba verus tg duitepiy, tba verki (seomia-strkoh) VOK dust rst fa `govartah eotg (hgufia-strkoh) HOK. Xbes

@H8 raàptgr

BES khsgrptego tgspaè` raàptgr

Qo`gktah verus

@kpseh kssadfiy

Serki HOK eotamrktaheotg bgst HOK

@aii ouìausEotamrksa

Xrkos`reptego

^rgàsseom

Xrkosiktego

Serki prgtaeos

^rgtaksa

VOKHOK

Serki dVOK

Serki VOKtrkos`rept

Vavarsa trkos`reptego


34/371

| Bkohfggj go hektre` KEHP eo Kcre`k6>

es hgoa fy tba verki aozyda ravarsa trkos`reptksa, wbe`b `bkomas tba

seomia-strkohah verki VOK eotg hgufia-strkoh HOK.

Eotamrktego koh rapie`ktego. Xba verki HOK es tbao kfia tg aotar tbabgst ouìaus koh tba verki aozyda eotamrksa es usah tg eosart tba verki

HOK eotg tba bgst àiis HOK. Xbes es `kiiah eotamrktego. Goà k àii es

eoca`tah, et radkeos eoca`tah cgr ieca fa`kusa tba verki maoate` dktareki

es eotamrktah eotg tba àiis HOK. Xba prghu`tego dk`beoary gc tba bgst

àii prghuàs verki prgtaeos koh VOK crgd wbe`b oaw, eddktura verki

pkrteìas kra cgrdah eo tba `ytgpiksd gc tba @H8 àii (rapie`ktego).

Fuhheom. Oawiy cgrdah eddktura verki pkrteìas mktbar kt tbadadfrkoa gc tba @H8 àiis koh pusb tbrgumb tba àii dadfrkoa fy

fuhheom, tkjeom tba iepeh feikyar wetb tbad, rakhy tg cgrd oaw verkipkrteìas.

Dkturktego. Xba mp;3>, adfahhah eo tba àii dadfrkoa, es ìakvah fytba aozyda prgtaksa tg prghuà cuo`tegoki mp8; koh mp;6> tg cgrd k

dktura verus, wbe`b es tbao rakhy tg eoca`t k oaw àii.

Xkfia 6.;sbgws tba usacuioass gc tba vkregus verus pkrteìas eo tbahekmogses koh traktdaot gc BES.

Xkfia 6.; Serki pkrteìas (kotemao/aozyda) tbkt kra usacui eo tba hekmogses kohtraktdaot gc BES

Serki pkrteìa Hekmogste` tast/KVS tkrmat k`tego

Serki HOK HOK ^@V tast

Serki VOK VOK ^@V (verki igkh) tast

p68 kotemao (`gra

prgtaeo gc BES)

p68 kotemao tast

Vavarsa trkos`reptksa Xkrmat cgr ouìagseha ravarsa trkos`reptksa eobefetgrs(OVXEs), a.m. K\X

Xkrmat cgr ogo-ouìagseha ravarsa trkos`reptksaeobefetgrs (OOVXEs), a.m. oaverkpeoa

Eotamrksa Xkrmat cgr eotamrksa eobefetgrs, a.m. rkitamrkver

^rgtaksa Xkrmat cgr prgtaksa eobefetgrs, a.m. igpeokver

@@V1/ @R@V8 raàptgr Xkrmat cgr aotry eobefetgrs, a.m. dkrkverg`


35/371

@bkptar 6 BES vergigmy, pktbgmaoases, koh okturki bestgry | 6;

BES rapie`ktego eo eockots koh `beihraoEo tba eoeteki stkmas gc BES hesaksa eo khuits, tba edduoa systad `ko

`gotrgi verki rapie`ktego. Qsa gc pgiydarksa `bkeo rak`tego (^@V) tg

hata`t aetbar tba verki HOK gr verki VOK `ko ravaki BES eo tba figgh

gc BES-eoca`tah eohevehukis eo tbasa akriy stkmas. Pavarki datbghs `kofa usah tg qukotecy BES VOK koh tba dgst `gddgoiy usah ksskys

bkva k igwar iedet gc hata`tego gc 1> `gpeas/di.

Xba BES VOK pkttaro eo pareoktkiiy eoca`tah eockots heccars crgd tba

pkttaro eo eoca`tah khuits. BES VOK iavais eo`raksa tg bemb vkiuas

(?;>> >>> `gpeas/di) fy twg dgotbs gc kma, radkeo bemb tbrgumbgut

tba rst yakr gc ieca, koh tbao haìeoa sigwiy gvar tba oaxt caw yakrs.

Xbes pkttaro prgfkfiy rasta`ts tba eokfeiety gc tba eockots eddktura

edduoa systad tg `gotkeo verki rapie`ktego koh pgssefiy, tba mraktar

oudfar gc BES-susàptefia àiis.

Cemura 6.8 Daheko BES-; VOK iavais eo eockots koh `beihrao (Pbakrar at ki, ;55=)

;>6

;>6

;>6

;>6

;>

6

;>6

> ; 6 8 2 5 ;6 ;1 ;2 68

Kma (dgotbs)

DahekoBES-;VOK

(`gpeas/di)

rkpeh prgmrassego

ogorkpeh prgmrassego


36/371


Xba acca`t go tba edduoa systadXba fkse` acca`t gc BES go tba edduoa systad es @H8 àii hapiatego

koh hyscuo`tego. Xba cuo`tegoki haca`ts `ko g`ùr facgra àii oudfars

haìeoa. Gtbar edduogigme`ki haca`ts `kusah fy BES eoìuha iydpbgeh

tessua hastru`tego, @H2 àii hyscuo`tego, F-àii kfogrdkieteas, tbyde`hyscuo`tego, koh kutgedduoa kfogrdkieteas.

Ogo-BES-eoca`tah eockots koh yguom `beihrao ogrdkiiy bkva bembar

@H8 `guots tbko khuits. Xba ogrdki @H8 `guot vkreas wetb kma,

rak`beom khuit iavais krguoh va gr sex yakrs gc kma. Eotarpratktego

gc tba BES-raiktah `bkomas eo tba kfsgiuta @H8 `guots kra tbaracgra

`gdpie`ktah fy tba kma-raiktah `bkomas eo vkiuas gc tba ogrdki

`guots. Xba @H8 X-àii % tbkt haoas ak`b edduogigme` `ktamgry

hgas ogt `bkoma wetb kma: @H8 ?61% es ogrdki, wbeia @H8 9;1%

haoas savara edduoa supprassego. @H8% es tbus tba pracarrah

edduogigme` dkrjar cgr dgoetgreom hesaksa prgmrassego eo yguomar

`beihrao.

Xba da`bkoesd gc haìeoa eo @H8 `guotPavarki da`bkoesds kra eovgivah eo `kuseom tba haìeoa eo @H8 `guot.

Xbasa eoìuha< @H8 X-àii hapiatego tbrgumb seomia-àii jeiieom `kusah fy tba

k`ùduiktego gc BES HOK eo tba àii gr fy tba eobefetego gc àii

cuo`tego

@aii dadfrkoas gc eoca`tah àiis cuseom wetb àii dadfrkoas gcuoeoca`tah àiis (syoèteud eohu`tego), rasuiteom eo mekot duite-

ouìaktah àiis tbkt kra rakheiy hastrgyah fy tba edduoa systad

^rgmrkddah haktb (kpgptgses) kisg `gotrefutas tg X-àii hapiatego.Et es pgstuiktah tbkt `rgss-ieojeom gc tba @H8 dgiaùia wetb mp;6>-

kote-mp;6> kotefghy `gdpiaxas prgmrkddas tba àii cgr haktb

wetbgut hera`t eoca`tego gc tba àii wetb BES

BES-spaè` `ytgtgxe` X-àiis (@H2 àiis) kisg piky k rgia eodahektah jeiieom gc BES-eoca`tah àiis.

Xbasa avaots `gotrefuta tg hapiatego gc @H8 àiis koh tg hataregrkteomedduoa cuo`tego.


37/371

@bkptar 6 BES vergigmy, pktbgmaoases, koh okturki bestgry | 60

Goa raàot havaigpdaot es tba hes`gvary gc BES-eohuàh oautrkiezeom

kotefgheas, SV@G; koh SV@G6, tbkt kttk`b tba @H8 feoheom seta gc

BES koh kppakr tg pravaot tba verus crgd kttk`beom tg koh eoca`teom

X-àiis, koh wbe`b `guih fa k `kohehkta cgr k cutura pravaoteva

vk`èoa.

Koteratrgverki traktdaot koh BES vk`èoasKoteratrgverki traktdaot (KVX) edprgvas tba qukiety gc ieca gc

eohevehukis eoca`tah wetb BES fy rahuèom tba verki igkh, fut hgas ogt

ùra tba eoca`tego. BES eoca`ts tba àiis gc tba edduoa systad koh bks

bembiy acca`teva strktameas tg avkha tba twg dklgr krds gc tba khkpteva

edduoa systad< budgrki (kotefghy-dahektah) koh àiiuikr (X-àii

dahektah) edduoety. Eo khhetego tba verus bks duitepia suftypas wetbk bemb hamraa gc maoate` hevarmaoà.

Xba gptedki wky tg rahuà tba sprakh gc tba KEHP pkohade` es

tbrgumb havaigpdaot gc k vk`èoa tbkt weii prgta`t eohevehukis crgd

eoca`tego, eoìuheom eockots koh `beihrao. Bgwavar, kctar dkoy yakrs

gc rasakr`b, BES radkeos k hecùit tkrmat cgr k vk`èoa fa`kusa

tba verus es bembiy dutkfia, rasuiteom eo tba avgiutego gc oudargus

hevarmaot strkeos. Duitepia trekis kra gomgeom eo khuits, fut vary cawbkva eovgivah `beihrao wbg kisg wguih faoat crgd k su`àsscui

vk`èoa. Bgwavar, wetb tba oaw hrum ramedaos koh prgmrkddas cgr

tba pravaotego gc dgtbar-tg-`beih-trkosdessego (^DX@X), et es ogw

pgssefia tg pravaot 52% gc eoca`tegos crgd dgtbar tg `beih.

Okturki bestgry

Xba ìeoe`ki `gursa gc tba eoca`tegoXbara kra `rete`ki heccaraoàs fatwaao hesaksa prgmrassego eo `beihrao

koh eo khuits. Xbasa stad ikrmaiy crgd tba igwar acèao`y gc k `beihs

eddktura (fut havaigpeom) edduoa systad koh rasuit eo du`b dgra

rkpeh hesaksa prgmrassego koh k du`b sbgrtar hurktego cgr ak`b stkma.

âreoktkiiy k`querah BES eoca`tego eo Kcre`k es kssgèktah wetb k

pggrar prgmogses `gdpkrah wetb eohustrekiezah `guotreas. Xba bembar

dgrtkiety eo BES-eoca`tah `beihrao eo Kcre`k es kttrefutah tg tba bemb

furhao gc eotarùrraot eoca`tegos, dkioutretego, koh ik`j gc k`àss tg


38/371


fkse` bakitb `kra, ik`j gc gr haikyah haoeteva hekmogses, koh ik`j gc

k`àss tg predkry BES `kra koh KVX.

]etb og eotarvaotegos, tba dklgrety gc pareoktkiiy BES-eoca`tah

`beihrao eo Kcre`k havaigp BES-raiktah sydptgds fy sex dgotbs gc kma

koh tba hesaksa prgmrassas rkpehiy, wetb up tg 1>% gc eoca`tah `beihraohavaigpeom KEHP koh hyeom wetbeo tba rst twg yakrs gc ieca.

Xbara kra iedetah hktk go ìeoe`ki koh fegigme`ki eohe`ktgrs gc hesaksa

prgmrassego eo BES-eoca`tah `beihrao eo Kcre`k. Pgda rapgrts koh

ìeoe`ki axpareaoà eohe`kta tbkt `beihrao pareoktkiiy eoca`tah wetb BES

t eotg goa gc tbraa `ktamgreas%)3>%)


39/371

@bkptar 6 BES vergigmy, pktbgmaoases, koh okturki bestgry | 61

Xba dgtbars hesaksa stktus kisg kcca`ts tba prgmogses gc eockot

eoca`tego. Dgra rkpeh prgmrassego tg haktb es gfsarvah eo eockots fgro

tg wgdao wetb k bemb dktaroki verki igkh kt teda gc haievary, @H8

`guots 901> àiis/dd0koh rkpehiy prgmrasseva dktaroki hesaksa.

Dktaroki haktb es kssgèktah wetb k 61-cgih eo`raksa eo eockotdgrtkiety, ramkrhiass gc eockots BES eoca`tego stktus.

Ck`tgrs prahe`teom dgrtkiety eo BES-eoca`tah `beihraoK stuhy hgoa eo rasgurà iedetah satteoms sbgwah tbkt igw @H8 %

koh @H8 `guot wara tba strgomast prahe`tgrs gc dgrtkiety eo uotraktah

BES-eoca`tah `beihrao. Gtbar strgom prahe`tgrs gc dgrtkiety eo tbasa

`beihrao wara igw waembt cgr kma koh igw bkadgmigfeo. Xba yguom

`beihrao, pkrteùikriy tbgsa kmah ;6 yakrs, wbg wara fgtb savaraiydkioguresbah koh kokade` bkh bemb dgrtkiety, avao kt bemb @H8

vkiuas. Go tba gtbar bkoh, tgtki iydpbg`yta `guot (XI@) es ogt k mggh

prahe`tgr gc haktb eo tbasa `beihrao.

Fa`kusa gc tbasa hecùiteas koh tba bemb dgrtkiety rktas, ]BG ogw

ra`gddaohs tbkt kii eoca`tah `beihrao iass tbko twg yakrs gc kma fa

stkrtah go KVX, ramkrhiass gc ìeoe`ki stkma gr edduogigme` stktus.

Jogwiahma mkpsXbara kra iedetah pufiesbah hktk go tba okturki bestgry gc pkahektre`

BES eoca`tego eo Kcre`k koh gtbar rasgurà-`gostrkeoah satteoms

faygoh tba rst tbraa yakrs gc ieca.

Va`gddaohah rakheom@rgss @goteoaots @giikfgrktego cgr Jehs (0@s8jehs) Kokiyses koh

]reteom @gddettaa.Dkrjars cgr prahe`teom dgrtkiety eo uotraktahBES-eoca`tah `beihrao eo rasgurà-iedetah satteoms< k datk-kokiyses.

KEHP6>>2, 66< 5=;>1.

Assax, D. at ki.KEHP eo Kcre`k. Jiuwar K`khade` ûfiesbars, 6>>6.


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Oawaii DI, @ggvkhek B, @grteok-Fgrlk D, Vgiieos O, Mkeiikrh ^,

Hkfes C: Mbaot Eotaroktegoki KEHP Pgèaty (EKP) ]grjeom Mrgup

go BES Eoca`tego eo ]gdao koh @beihrao.Dgrtkiety gc eoca`tah

koh uoeoca`tah eockots fgro tg BES-eoca`tah dgtbars eo Kcre`k< k

pggiah kokiyses. Ikoàt6>>8, 038< ;603;680.

Gfedfg, A D, Dfgre-Omk`bk HK, G`beaom LG, at ki.^rahe`tgrs gc

akriy dgrtkiety eo k `gbgrt gc budko edduoghaèao`y verus

typa ;-eoca`tah Kcre`ko `beihrao. âhektre` Eoca`tegus Hesaksas

Lguroki6>>8, 60< 103180.

Gsdkogv P, ^kttgu @, ]kijar O, at ki.Astedktah migfki hestrefutego

koh ramegoki sprakh gc BES-; maoate` suftypas eo tba yakr 6>>>.

Lguroki gc K`querah Edduoa Haèao`y Pyohrgdas6>>6, 65.

êzzg, ^ koh ]eicart @, ahs.âhektre` KEHP< Xba @bkiiaoma gc

BES Eoca`tego eo Eockots, @beihrao koh Khgiasàots. ]eiiekds &

]eiiekds, 0rh ahetego, ;552.

Pbakrar ]X, [ueoo X@, IkVussk ^, Iaw LC, Dgcaosgo I, Kidy P,

Ve`b J, Bkohaisdko A, Hekz @, ^kmkog D, Pdaremieg S, Jkiesb IK.

]gdao koh Eockots Xrkosdessego Ptuhy Mrgup.Serki igkh kohhesaksa prgmrassego eo eockots eoca`tah wetb budko edduog-

haèao`y verus typa ;.Oaw Aomikoh Lguroki gc Daheèoa;55=,

003< ;00=;086.

Segikre K, @gttgo DC, Meff HD, Fkfejar KM, Ptayo L, Dkhbe

PK, Lako-^beieppa ^, DÈotyra LK: @BAV Ptuhy Xakd.Akriy

koteratrgverki tbarkpy koh dgrtkiety kdgom BES-eoca`tah eockots.

Oaw Aomikoh Lguroki gc Daheèoa6>>2, 015< 66006688.


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@bkptar 0 ^ravaoteom pkahektre` BES eoca`tego | 6=

@bkptar 0^ravaoteom pkahektre` BES eoca`tegoPuddkry

Dgtbar-tg-`beih trkosdessego (DX@X) gc BES k``guots cgr gvar 51%gc `beihbggh pkahektre` eoca`tegos eo suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k. Vaàot

khvkoàs summast tbkt aiedeoktego gc pkahektre` eoca`tegos es ogw

waii wetbeo tba rakid gc pgssefeiety, avao eo igw koh dehhia eo`gda

`guotreas.

Kii BES-eoca`tah pramokot koh frakstcaaheom wgdao dust raàevakoteratrgverki tbarkpy (KVX) ks k pregrety, kt koy mastktegoki kma.

Koteratrgverki traktdaot gr prgpbyikxes cgr tba dgtbar koh/greockot pravaots frakst deij trkosdessego gc BES koh kccgrhs tba

fkfy tba faoats gc frakstcaaheom.

^DX@X prgmrkddas prgveha tba gppgrtuoety cgr akriy eockot

hekmogses (AEH) koh tedaiy eoetektego gc KVX eo `beihrao iass tbko68 dgotbs.

Eotamrktego gc ^DX@X eotg dktaroki, oagoktki koh `beih bakitb(DO@B) prasaots ko gppgrtuoety tg kvart dktaroki dgrtkiety crgd

`gdpie`ktegos raiktah tg pramoko`y koh `beihfakreom koh crgd

BES tba twg tgp `kusas gc haktb eo wgdao gc raprghu`teva kma eo

suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k.

@gdprabaoseva ^DX@X prgmrkddas gccar uoequa gppgrtuoeteas tgeotarckà wetb wgdao koh dao eo tba raprghu`teva kma mrgup cgr

predkry BES pravaotego.

Pystadkte` eotrghu`tego gc ckdeiy pikooeom (C^) sarveàs kohtba eotrghu`tego gc BES sarveàs (BX@, `kra koh KVX) eo C^

semoe`kotiy edprgva tba acca`tevaoass gc ^DX@X prgmrkddas.

Eotamrktego gc ^DX@X koh KVX ìeoe`s, tgmatbar wetb strakdieoahsystads cgr KVX prgvesego, cgiigw up koh racarrkis kra `rete`ki cgrtba su`àss gc ^DX@X prgmrkddas.


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@bkptar 0 ^ravaoteom pkahektre` BES eoca`tego | 65

Dgtbar-tg-`beih trkosdessego gc BESDgtbar-tg-`beih trkosdessego gc BES k``guots cgr gvar 51% gc

`beihbggh pkahektre` BES eoca`tegos eo suf-Pkbkrko Kcre`k. Eockots

wbg k`quera BES eoca`tego crgd tbaer dgtbars hg sg hureom ikfgur

koh haievary gr kctar fertb tbrgumb frakstcaaheom. Xba kfsgiutatrkosdessego resj es eo Xkfia 0.;, wbeia Xkfia 0.6sbgws tba dkmoetuhakoh kttrefutkfia resj kdgom frakstcah eockots.

Xkfia 0.; Astedktah tedeom gc trkosdessego koh kfsgiuta trkosdessego rktas

Xeda gc trkosdessego Kfsgiuta trkosdessego rkta (%)

Hureom pramoko`y 1;>

Hureom ikfgur koh haievary ;>6>

Hureom frakstcaaheom 16>

Gvarkii wetbgut frakstcaaheom ;10>

Gvarkii wetb frakstcaaheom tbrgumb3 dgotbs

6101

Gvarkii wetb frakstcaaheom tbrgumb;268 dgotbs

0>81

Pgurà< Ha@g`j at ki, LKDK, 6>>>, 620 àiis/dd0)

kra kt tba bembast resj gc trkosdetteom BES tg tbaer eockots. Pedeikriy,

wgdao wbg kra oawiy eoca`tah hureom pramoko`y gr ik`tktego kisg

bkva k du`b bembar iejaiebggh hgùdaotah eo \edfkfwa tg fa ks

bemb ks 33% gc trkosdetteom BES tg tbaer eockots fa`kusa gc tba

surma eo verki igkh hureom k oaw eoca`tego. Xba gtbar ck`tgrs tbkt

eo`raksa tba resj gc DX@X gc BES kra sbgwo eo Xkfia 0.6. Xba edpk`tgc tbasa ck`tgrs es hapaohaot upgo tbaer straomtb koh craquao`y gc tba

ck`tgr wetbeo tba pgpuiktego.


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Xkfia 0.6 Vesj ck`tgrs cgr dgtbar tg `beih trkosdessego gc BES, straomtb gckssgèktego koh edpk`t go gvarkii rkta gc trkosdessego.

Vesj ck`tgr Ptraomtb gckssgèktego

Edpk`t

DktarokiVOK verki igkhKEHPEdduoa haèao`yMaoate`Gtbar saxukiiy trkosdettah eoca`tegos@bgregkdoegoetes

Setkdeo K haèao`y

PtrgomPtrgomPtrgom]akjDaheudDaheudDaheud

IkrmaPdkii tg daheudDaheudPdkiiPdkii tg daheudPdkiiPdkii

Gfstatre`Dgha gc haievaryHurktego gc dadfrkoa rupturaVOK eo vkmeok/àrvexEovkseva prgàhuras

PtrgomPtrgomDaheudPtrgom

IkrmaIkrmaDaheudPdkii

^kahektre ^radkturetyFrakstcaaheom

Frakst bakitbMaoate`

PtrgomPtrgomPtrgom]akj

DaheudIkrmaPdkiiPdkii

^ravaoteom pkahektre` BES Eoca`tegoXba QO cgur-prgomah kpprgk`b radkeos tba crkdawgrj cgr pravaotego

gc pkahektre` BES eoca`tego. ]beia accgrts bkva gctao cgùsah go

^rgoms 0 koh 8, prgmrkddas dust eoìuha kii cgur prgoms eo grhar tg

prgveha `gdprabaoseva sarveàs tg pramokot wgdao koh tg fameo tg

kpprgk`b aiedeoktego gc pkahektre` BES.

Xba cgur prgoms gc ^DX@X

^rgom ;< ^redkry pravaotego gc BES eoca`tego

^rgom 6< ^ravaoteom uoeotaohah pramoko`y kdgom BES-eoca`tah wgdao

^rgom 0< ^ravaotego gc dgtbar-tg-`beih-trkosdessego gc BES eo k pramokot wgdko

^rgom 8< ^rgveheom `kra koh suppgrt tg BES-eoca`tah wgdao, tbaer eockots kohtbaer ckdeieas


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@bkptar 0 ^ravaoteom pkahektre` BES eoca`tego | 0;

^rgom ;< ^redkry pravaotego gc BES Eoca`tegoXba dklgrety gc wgdao kttaoheom ^DX@X sarveàs kra BES oamkteva.

Accgrts dust `goteoua tg jaap tbasa wgdao koh tbaer pkrtoars BES

oamkteva.

Eo `guotreas wetb maoarkiezah apehade`s, tba dklgrety gc oaw

eoca`tegos g`ùr eo tba maoarki pgpuiktego tbrgumb batargsaxuki

trkosdessego, aetbar ks k rasuit gc pagpia bkveom duitepia `goùrraot

saxuki pkrtoars (D@^) gr eo stkfia hes`grhkot `gupias. Xba pravkiaoà

gc BES hes`grhkoà kdgom dkrreah koh `gbkfetkteom `gupias eo Kcre`k

es bemb, rkomeom crgd 06>% eo tba maoarki pgpuiktego koh 6>01%

wetbeo `gupias eo wbe`b goa pkrtoar saajs BES `kra sarveàs. Cgr tbes

raksgo, `gupia `guosaiieom koh tasteom, koh dkia eovgivadaot dust fa

straomtbaoah eo ^DX@X ìeoe`s.

Xbara es ogw `gosaosus go `gdfeoktego pravaotego, wbe`b

ao`gdpkssas tba kpprgk`bas eo maoarkiezah apehade`s sbgwo eo tba

fgx faigw.

^rk`te`ki staps cgr pravaoteom BES eo tba ^DX@X `gotaxt^DX@X prgmrkddas `ko dakoeomcuiiy `gotrefuta tbrgumb k cgùs go.6 di/jm/hky)

Kt fertb uotei 3 waajs< 66.1 jm ?6.1 jm

;> dm/hky (gr ; di/hky);1 dm/hky (gr ;.1 di/hky)

3 waajs tg 1.5 dgotbs 6> dm/hky (gr 6 di/hky)

3 tg 2.5 dgotbs 0> dm/hky (gr 0 di/hky)

5 dgotbs tg frakstcaaheom àssktego 8> dm/hky (gr 8 di/hky)


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6 ^ravaotego gc gppgrtuoeste` eoca`tegos hureom pramoko`y]gdao wetb BES kra vuioarkfia tg gppgrtuoeste` eoca`tegos.

Kssassdaot hureom pramoko`y sbguih eoìuha k cgùsah avkiuktego cgr

gppgrtuoeste` eoca`tegos.

Dkikrek hureom pramoko`y es goa gc tba dgst `gddgo `kusas gc igw

fertb waembt eockots. Huki eoca`tego wetb BES koh dkikrek es kssgèktah

wetb ko eo`raksah resj gc dktaroki, pareoktki koh akriy eockot haktb

`gdpkrah wetb tba resjs gc aetbar hesaksa kigoa. Qoieja BES-oamkteva

wgdao wbg k`quera pikàotki edduoety kmkeost dkikrek, BES-eoca`tah

wgdao `goteoua tg fa kt resj. @bgregkdoegoetes crgd dkikrek bks faao

kssgèktah wetb eo`raksah DX@X.

PXEs eo`raksa maoetki sbahheom gc BES, praèpetkta pradktura haievary,koh eo`raksa ko eockots resj gc BES eoca`tego.

XF< Xbara kra hktk crgd Pgutb Kcre`k tg summast tbkt dktaroki XF

kppakrs tg fa ko edpgrtkot resj ck`tgr kssgèktah wetb BES DX@X.

Eo khhetego prgvehar-eoetektah XF s`raaoeom kdgom BES-eoca`tah

pramokot wgdao eo Pgutb Kcre`k, k `guotry wetb ikrma apehade`s

gc fgtb, kppakrah tg fa k bemb yeaih eotarvaotego, ehaotecyeom dkoy

wgdao wetb eoèhaot XF, dkoy gc wbgd kra eo oaah gc KVX.ôaudg`ystes poaudgoek (^`^)< Xbes rkpeh gosat poaudgoek

bks k bemb cktkiety rkta koh bks faao kssgèktah wetb pradktura

haievary, iakheom tg eo`raksah resj gc BES trkosdessego tg tba eockot.

@gtredgxkzgia prgpbyikxes, wbe`b kisg prgta`ts kmkeost gtbar fk`tareki

eoca`tegos, sbguih fa prgvehah tg pramokot BES-eoca`tah wgdao

k``grheom tg oktegoki muehaieoas.

Xba cgiigweom sbguih fa hgoa% dgra `kigreas eo tba prasaoà gc gppgrtuoeste`

eoca`tegos.

8 Eockot caaheom `guosaiieom (saa kisg @bkptar ;;)Eockot caaheom `guosaiieom es ko edpgrtkot aiadaot gc ^DX@X fa`kusa

gc tba dklgr eostuaoà tbkt caaheom prk`teàs axart go `beih survevki.

Frakstcaaheom fy k dgtbar ieveom wetb BES eo`raksas tba resj gc BES

trkosdessego fy ;>6>%: bgwavar ik`j gc frakstcaaheom eo`raksas tba

resj gc dkioutretego, gtbar eoca`tegus hesaksas (gtbar tbko BES) koh

haktb.


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Eockot caaheom prk`teàs fy dgtbars jogwo tg fa BES-eoca`tah sbguih

suppgrt tba mraktast iejaiebggh gc BES-craa survevki gc tbaer `beihrao

koh ogt bkrd tba bakitb gc dgtbars. ]etb tba ùrraotiy kvkeikfia

ta`bogigmy, DX@X crgd frakstcaaheom es sufstkotekiiy pravaotkfia

tbrgumb tba prgvesego gc KVSs aetbar tg tba dgtbar, gr tg bar eockot,tbrgumbgut tba paregh gc frakstcaaheom.

Xba acca`tevaoass gc KVSs eo rahuèom BES trkosdessego, eo

`goluo`tego wetb tba jogwo faoats gc frakstcaaheom eo rahuèom

dgrtkiety crgd gtbar `kusas, lusteas ko kpprgk`b tbkt strgomiy

ra`gddaohs axìuseva frakstcaaheom wetb KVS `gvar ks tba strktamy

tbkt es tba dgst iejaiy tg meva eockots fgro tg dgtbars jogwo tg fa

BES-eoca`tah tba mraktast `bkoà gc BES-craa survevki.

Oktegoki ^DX@X prgmrkddas koh DO@B sarveàs sbguih saaj tg

eostetutegokieza suppgrt cgr axìuseva frakstcaaheom koh yguom `beih

outretego ks ko eotamrki pkrt gc `kra cgr kii pramokot koh frakstcaaheom

wgdao fy-01> dm/d6/;6 bgurs 8>>/;>> dm ;6 bguriy


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Va`gddaohah rakheom

Xba IkoàtBES pravaotego sareas, 6>>2.

Ckdeiy îkooeom koh BES Eotamrktego< Kpprgk`beom tba Xeppeom ^geot.

CBE. Kvkeikfia kt< www.cbe.grm/OV/rhgoiyras/.../C^BESgvarveaw.phc

]BG. Muehkoà go ^rgvehar Eoetektah Xasteom koh @guosaiieom

cgr bakitb ckèieteas. Kvkeikfia kt< wbqiefhg`.wbg.eot/pufie`ktegos/6>>=/5=2568;151132Waom.phc

Koteratrgverki hrums cgr trakteom pramokot wgdao koh pravaoteom

BES eoca`tegos eo eockots. Va`gddaohktegos cgr k pufie` bakitb

kpprgk`b 6>;> varsego. ]grih Bakitb Grmkoezktego, 6>;>. Kvkeikfia

kt< bttp;>/5=2568;1552;2Waom.phcks kt Paptadfar 6>;>

Muehaieoas go BES koh eockot caaheom 6>;>. ^reoèpias koh

ra`gddaohktegos cgr eockot caaheom eo tba `gotaxt gc BES koh

k suddkry gc avehaoà. Kvkeikfia kt< bttp;>

Kfhggi-Jkred [, Kfgu\kbr @, Haboa J.BES koh dktaroki dgrtkiety;>, 0=1< ;582-;585.

Jeigozg O, Xbagfkih PL, Oykdktg A,at ki.Haievareom pgst-rkpa `kra

sarveàs< Jaoyks axpareaoà eo havaigpeom eotamrktah sarveàs.

Fuiiateo ]grih Bakitb Grmkoezktego6>>5, 2=< 111115

Muptk MV, ^krjburst LG, Gmhao LK,at ki.Ptru`turki kpprgk`bas tg

BES pravaotego. Ikoàt6>>2, 0=6< =38-==1. Apuf 6>>2 Kum 1.

Vaveaw.


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67/371

@bkptar 8 Kpprgk`b tg tba `kra gc BES-axpgsah koh BES-eoca`tah beihrao | 10

Eotrghu`tegoXba s`kia up gc akriy eockot hekmogses (AEH) koh prgvehar-eoetektah BES

tasteom koh `guosaiieom (ÊX@) cgr `beihrao bks edprgvah ehaote`ktego

gc eoca`tah eockots koh `beihrao. Koteratrgverki tbarkpy cgr `beihrao

bks fa`gda eo`rakseomiy dgra k`àssefia koh kccgrhkfia. ]etb tbaikuo`b gc tba 6>;0 ]BG muehaieoas koh wetb tba s`kieom up gc

^DX@X sarveàs, Kcre`ko bakitb prgvehars ogw bkva tba tggis koh tba

gppgrtuoeteas tg pravaot tba vkst dklgrety gc pkahektre` BES eoca`tego

koh tg prgveha bemb qukiety, `gdprabaoseva sarveàs cgr tbgsa wbg kra

eoca`tah. Avao wetb tbasa khvkoàs, bgwavar, tgg dkoy BES-eoca`tah

`beihrao kra steii faeom hekmogsah ikta eo tba `gursa gc eiioass gr ogt

kt kii. Du`b dgra oaahs tg fa hgoa tg k`àiarkta tba s`kia-up gc BES

tasteom, `guosaiieom koh ^DX@X sarveàs.

Xbes `bkptar prgvehas ko kpprgk`b cgr `gdprabaoseva `kra koh

traktdaot `ktareom tg tba oaahs gc BES axpgsah gr eoca`tah `beihrao,

tbaer dgtbars koh ckdeieas, wetbeo tba frgkhar `gotaxt gc sarveàs cgr

`beihrao kcca`tah fy BES. ^rgmrkdda-raiktah essuas kra hesùssah eo

@bkptar ;0.

@gdprabaoseva pkahektre` BES `kraXba cgiigweom `gdprabaoseva `kra pk`jkma sbguih fa prgvehah cgr

BES-axpgsah gr eoca`tah `beihrao eo tba frgkhar `gotaxt gc gtbar

`beih bakitb strktameas. Paa tba fgx cgr tba tao pgeot pk`jkma cgr tba

`gdprabaoseva `kra gc BES-axpgsah koh eoca`tah `beihrao.

Xao pgeot pk`jkma gc `gdprabaoseva `kra cgr BES-axpgsah koh eoca`tah `beihrao

; Hatardeoa BES stktus kt rst `gotk`t.

6 @guosai koh suppgrt tba dgtbar koh ckdeiy go gptedki eockot caaheom kohdgoetgr mrgwtb koh havaigpdaot gc tba `beih.

0 ^rgveha prgpbyikxes (KVS, `gtredgxkzgia koh EOB) k``grheom tg oktegokimuehaieoas ks kpprgprekta.

8 Aosura tbkt edduoezktegos kra stkrtah koh `gdpiatah k``grheom tg oktegokimuehaieoas.

1 K`tevaiy iggj cgr koh trakt eoca`tegos akriy.


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; Hatardeoa BES stktus kt rst `gotk`t

BES hesaksa prgmrassas rkpehiy eo eockots koh `beihrao koh BEShekmogses es k `rete`ki rst stap eo kssureom k`àss tg kpprgprekta`kra koh traktdaot. Bakitb wgrjars sbguih hesùss wetb tba dgtbar/`kramevar tba pgssefeiety gc BES eoca`tego eo tbaer `beih koh tbaedpgrtkoà gc BES tasteom kt tba rst pgeot gc `gotk`t.

Dkoy `guotreas ogw bkva `beih bakitb `krhs sbgweom BES axpgsurastktus, fut gctao tba eocgrdktego es desseom koh hatardeoktego gcaxpgsura dust fa hgoa fy kotefghy tasteom kt tba waii-`beih gredduoezktego ìeoe`. K rkpeh kotefghy tast cgr tba dgtbar gr tba `beihuohar ;2 dgotbs gc kma weii sbgw wbatbar tba `beih bks faao axpgsahtg BES.

KVS prgpbyikxes cgr BES-axpgsah koh frakstcaaheom eockots `ko ogwfa eoetektah eo tba uohar-va gr waii-fkfy ìeoe`s kt koy teda hureomfrakstcaaheom, wbe`b dkjas et avao dgra edpgrtkot tg straomtbao`guosaiieom koh tasteom cgr BES kt kii pgeots gc `gotk`t cgr axpgsah

frakst caaheom eockots. ^rgvehars sbguih ehaotecy kii axpgsah eockots,aspaèkiiy tbgsa wbgsa dgtbars heh ogt raàeva ^DX@X sarveàs gr wbgbkva fa`gda oawiy eoca`tah seoà pramoko`y.

Kotefghy-fksah tasts (a.m. BES rkpeh tasts, AIEPK) kra usacui cgrastkfiesbeom BES axpgsura stktus gc `beihrao kmah iass tbko ;2 dgotbskoh dkjeom k haoeta hekmogses eo gihar `

HIV English Handbook on Pædiatric AIDS in Africa third Edition

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