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Southeast Asia
By Sukhjit Kaur Sidhu
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Lecture Outline
RELIGIONS
ANCIENT KINGDOMS
VERNACULAR
COLONIAL POWER
GLOBALIZATION
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SOUTHEAST ASIA
Southeast Asia consisting of the
countries that aregeographically south of China,east of India and north ofAustralia
ASIAN MAINLAND
Mainland section consists ofCambodia, Laos, Myanmar,Thailand and Vietnam;
ISLAND ARCHIPELAGOES
Maritime section consists of
Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia,Malaysia, Philippines &Singapore.
SOUTH EAST ASIA
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Religions
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The earliest population of Southeast Asia was animist
before Hinduism and Buddhism were exported from the Indian subcontinent.
Islam arrived mostly through Indian Muslims and later dominated much of thearchipelago around the 13th century
while Christianity came along when European colonization started around the 16thcentury.
RELIGIONS
overview
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Basic History
Two categories of AncientKingdoms;
Agrarian Kingdoms
Maritime States
Main economic activityagriculture.
Locationmainland SoutheastAsia.
Ayutthaya kingdom & KhmerEmpire.
Main economic activityseatrade.
LocationPeninsula & Islands. Malacca & Srivijaya.
EMPIRES
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Empires
Khmer Empire
Angkorian Period
Culture & Society
Angkorian ArchitectureArchitectural Examples
Sriwijayan Empire
History
Religious Architecture
Borobodur
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The Khmer Empire
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Basic History
largest empire of Southeast Asia, based is current Cambodia.
At times ruled over Laos, Thailand & Vietnam.during empires formation, had close relations with SrivijayaEmpire.
Greatest legacy Angkor, also the capital.
Empires official religionsHinduism, Mahayana Buddhism &later on, Theravada Buddhism.
68-627 Funan Empire
550-802 Chenla Empire
802-1431 Angkor Empire
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Culture & Society
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Ancient depiction
Much of what we know of the ancient Khmers comes from the many stone murals and also firsthand accounts from Zhou Daguan.
They offer first hand accounts of the 13th century and earlier.
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The ancient Khmers relied heavily on rice growing.
The farmers planted rice near the banks of the Tonl Sap or in the hills when it was flooded.
The farms were irrigated by Barays, or giant water reservoirs and canals.
Sugar palm trees, fruit trees and vegetables were grown in the villages.
CULTURE & SOCIETY
Fishing gave the population their main source of protein, and was turned into Prahok or driedor roasted or steamed in banana leaves.
Rice was the main staple along with fish.
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Brief History
802-850 Jayavarman II (Hindu)
Founder of Angkor
790set up Kambuja (capitalHariharalaya)
Declared independence from Sriwijaya & himself devaraja
850-877 Jayavarman III
877-889 Indravarman II
Built Preah Ko
Set up irrigation work
889-900 Yasovarman I
Set up Yasodharapura (first city of Angkor)
created East Baray
950 First war with Champa
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Brief History
968-1001 Jayavarman V
peaceful
set up Jayenanagari
his court had philosophers, scholars & artists
constructed Bantaey Srei & Ta Keo (sandstone)
1006-1050 Suryavarman I
1113-1150 Suryavarman II
Built Angkor Wat
1177-1181 Cham Invasion
constructed West Baray
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Brief History
1181-1218 Jayavarman VII (Mahayana Buddhist)
Regained Yasodharapuradefeated Champa 1203
built Angkor Thom constructed Ta Phrom, Banteay Kdei, Neak Pean did extensive networks of streetsconnected every town of the empire. built 121 rest housesfor traders, officials & travellers. built 102 hospitals.
1218-1243 Indravarman II
1238 Siam was created
1295-1307 Indravarman III (Theravada Buddhist)
1352-1357 Siam Invasion
1243-1295 Jayavarman VIII (Hindu)
destroyed most of Buddhist statues
converted Buddhist Temples to Hindu Temples
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Neak Pean
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Ta Phrom
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Banteay Kdei
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Decline & The End of Angkor
Factors to the end of the Angkorian period;
Therava Buddhism
No more devaraja concept end of large buildings dedicated to kings & their gods.
Decline of Harvests
water-management apparatus degenerated lack of workers
harvest reduced by floods & drought.
Conquered by Thais
Ayutthaya became too strong after its break from Kambuja
Parallel kingdom in Phnom Penh
one line of Khmer kings moved to Phnom Penh
transfer of economical & political significance.
Costly projects & conflicts of power between the royal family.
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Angkorian Architecture
Materials
Structures
Elements
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Materials
used brick, sandstone, laterite & wood.
Brick
used for earliest Angkorian temples.
decorations were carved into a stucco applied to a brick.
Sandstone
only stone used & obtained from the Kulen Mountains.
since it was expensive, it gradually came into use at first used for door frames.
Ta Keo first temple to be constructed entirely by sandstone.
Laterite
a clay that is soft in the ground but hardens under the sun.
for foundations & other hidden parts of a building.
since surface was uneven, not used for decorative carvings unless first dressed in stucco.
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Structures
Central Sanctuary
home to the temples primary deity
deity was represented by a statue or a linga.
not for public but home of deity only a few metres across.
Importance conveyed by;
height of the tower (prasat) above
location at the centre of the temple.
great decorations on its wall.
Represented Mount Meru (home of the Hindu gods)
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Structures
Enclosure
Khmer temples were enclosed by a series of walls, with the central sanctuary in the middle. this arrangement represented the mountain ranges surrounding Mount Meru.
numbered from the centre outwards.
Srah & Baray
reservoirs by excavation.
not clear on if they were religious orargricultural, or a combination of both.
Largest reservoirs were East Baray & West
Baray on either side of Angkor Thom.
West Baray
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ANGKORIAN ARCHITECTURE
Structures
Gallery
a passageway runningalong the wall of anenclosure or along theaxis of a temple, oftenopen to one or both sides.
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ANGKORIAN ARCHITECTURE
Structures
Gopura
an entrance building
Enclosures surrounding atemple are often constructedwith a gopura at each of thefour cardinal points.
if the wall is constructed withan accompanying gallery, thegallery is sometimes connectedto the arms of the gopura.
Angkorian gopuras have atower at the centre.
The lintels and pendiments areoften decorated, and guardianfigures (dvarapalas) are often
placed or carved on either sideof the doorways.
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ANGKORIAN ARCHITECTURE
Structures
Hall of Dancers
found in 12th century under Jayavarman VII
a rectangular building elongated on the east axis
divided into four parts by galleries.
pillars decorated with carving designs of apsaras.
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ANGKORIAN ARCHITECTURE
Structures
Library
true purpose unknown.
functioned broadly asreligious shrines ratherthan strictly as
repositories formanuscripts.
Freestanding buildings
normally placed in pairson either side of entrance.
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ANGKORIAN ARCHITECTURE
Structures
TempleMountain
dominant
scheme inAngkoriantemples.
an architecturalrepresentation ofMount Meru.
style influencedby Indian Templearchitecture.
took shape as apyramid of severallevels, & the homeof the gods
represented by theelevated sanctuaryat the centre of thetemple.
Bakong
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ANGKORIAN ARCHITECTURE
Elements
Bas-relief
are individual figures, groups of figures, or entirescenes cut into stone walls.
depicting stories from history & mythology.
The Battle of Kurukshetra is the subject of this bas-relief at Angkor Wat..
A bas-relief in a tympanum at Banteay Sreii showsIndra releasing the rains in an attempt to extinguishthe fire created by Agni.
This scene from the outer gallery at the Bayon shows Chinese expatsnegotiating with Khmer merchants at an Angkorean market.
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ANGKORIAN ARCHITECTURE
Elements
Blind door & window
Angkorian shrines opened only in onedirection, typically to the East.
The three other sides featured fake orblind doors to maintain symmetry.
Blind windows were often used alongotherwise blank walls.
Colonette
narrow decorative columns that servesas supports for the beams or lintelsabove doorways or windows.
depending on the period, they wereround, rectangular, or octagonal inshape.
were circled with molded rings &decorated with carved leaves.
El
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ANGKORIAN ARCHITECTURE
Elements
Corbelling
used to constructrooms, passageways& openings inbuildings.
corbelled arch isstructural weaker
than a true arch. prevented fromconstructing largeopeningsprone tocollapse.
Corbelled arch at the South gate Angkor Thom
Basic principle
El t
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ANGKORIAN ARCHITECTURE
Elements
Lintel, pediment &tympanum
Lintelhorizontalbeam connectingtwo vertical columnsbetween which runsa door or a
passageway.Pedimentroughlytriangular structureabove a lintel.
Tympanumdecorated surface ofa pediment.
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Architectural Examples
Angkor Wat
Angkor Thom
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ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES
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Angkor Wat
History
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ANGKOR WAT
History
built between 1113 and 1150 by KingSuyavarman II.
for its construction a large part of
Yasodharapura had to be cleared.
Vrah Vishulok means Vishus abode
influenced by the concurrent rise ofVaisnavism in India, he dedicated thetemple to Vishnu rather than to Siva.
Portrays Hindu Cosmology
Central TowersMount Meru
Outer WallsMountains enclosing theworld.
The moatprimordial Cosmic Ocean:Infinite, limitless & original.
History
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ANGKOR WAT
History
History
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ANGKOR WAT
History
History
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ANGKOR WAT
History
Structure
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ANGKOR WAT
Structure
entered from thewest (Shiavite fromeast)
Garbha-griha used
to house statue ofVishnu.
Structure
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ANGKOR WAT
Structure
A causeway in theform of a raised pathleads to the front of thetemple compound.
terminates at thebottom of an elevatedcruciform altar in front
of the entrance to thetemple.
Structure
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ANGKOR WAT
Structure
as far as the commonpeople came intoAngkor Wat, & the altarwas where they madetheir sacrifices.
causeway & altaredged by a balustradedesigned as longserpents, reference toShesha Naga, thecelestial serpent withseven heads.
Structure
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ANGKOR WAT
Structure
Royalty can accessthe third enclosurethrough the three-portaled gate.
Bas-relief relates stories where
the primary symbolic messageof Angkor Wat is made clear,namely that Suyarvarman II is amanifestation of Vishnu.
Structure
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ANGKOR WAT
Structure
one enters into thebuilding properthrough the so-calledCruciform Galleries,which are arrangedsymmetrically to theright & left of the axis.
Structure
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ANGKOR WAT
Structure
Structure
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ANGKOR WAT
Structure
Cetralshrine is 56mhigh.
surroundedby 4 smallercorner
towers.
Structure
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ANGKOR WAT
Structure
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Angkor Thom
Site
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ANGKOR THOM
most enduring capital city ofthe Khmer empire.
established in the late 12thcentury by King JayavarmanVII.
covers area of 9km thatincludes several monumentsfrom earlier periods as well as
those established byJayavarman & his successors.
The Bayon is Jayavarmansstate temple.
earlier temples includeformer state temple ofBaphuan & Phimeanakas (was
converted to the royal palacelater on.)
Baphuan
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ANGKOR THOM
p
built in mid 11th century.
3 tiered temple mountain dedicated toHindu God Shiva.
In 15th century converted to a Buddhisttemple.
By the 20th century, most of the temple hadcollapsed due to unstable land.
Phimeanakas
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ANGKOR THOM
Hindutemple builtin the end ofthe 10thcentury.
Built duringthe reign ofRajendravarman, thenrebuilt bySuryavarmanII in theshape of athree tierpyramid.
At the topof thepyramid wasa tower.
Bayon
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ANGKOR THOM
y
Plan of Bayon
built in 12th/13th century as the official statetemple of Mahayana Buddhist Javarman VII.
after his death, modified by later Hindu &Theravada buddhist kings.
Distinctive feature multitude of serene &massive stone faces.
Last state temple to be built in Angkor.
Only Angkorian state temple to be builtprimarily as a Mahayana Buddhist shrinededicated to Buddha.
Bayon
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ANGKOR THOM
y
Bayon
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ANGKOR THOM
y
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Sriwijayan Empire
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Basic History
Proof of existance
Formation & Growth
Decline
The lost Kingdom
Basic History
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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE
ancient MalayKingdom on the islandof Sumatra.
influenced much of
Malay Archipelago.
coastal trading centre.
Proof of Existence
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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE
Kedudukan Bukit Inscription.
founded by Dapunta Hyang
Sri Jayanasa
Chinese monk, I-Tsing
travelled to Srivijaya fromNalanda, India.
praised high level of
Buddhism in Srivijaya.
Formation & Growth
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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE
Around the year 500,Srivijayan roots began to
develop around present-day Palembang, Sumatra.
Organized in 3 zones;
Jayanasa
capital region centred onPalembang.
The Musi River.
Rival areas.
the MelayuKingdom(Jambi) becamethe first kingdom to beintegrated into the Srivijayanempire.
Empire grew to control the
trade of the straits ofMalacca, the South ChinaSea.
Formation & Growth
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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE
Dharmasetu
Samaratungga
By the twelth century, thekingdom included parts ofSumatra, Ceylon, the Malay
Peninsula, Western Java,Sulawesi, the Moluccas,Borneo & the Philippines.
In the 7th century, Chamports started to attract tradersdiverted flow of trade fromSrivijaya.
The Srivijians continued todominate areas aroundpresent-day Cambodia until theKhmer King Jayavarman IIsevered links.
did not indulge in military
expansion
oversaw the construction ofBorobodur.
Decline
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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE
Chola raids
Shift of Powers
Majapahit attack on Srivijaya.
Musi River
In 1025, conquered Kedah from Srivijaya.
Continued raids for 20 years.
gravely weakened the Srivijian hegemony.
frequently shifted between Jambi & Palembang.
The Chola expedition as well as changing trade routesweakened Palembang, allowing Jambi to take the leadershipof Srivijaya from the 11th century on.
sedimentation on the Musiriver cut the kingdoms capitaloff from direct sea access.
By 1402 Parameswara (thegreat-great grandson of RadenWijaya, the first king ofMajapahit), the last prince ofSrivijaya founded the Sultanateof Malacca on the MalayPeninsula.
The Lost Kingdom
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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE
After Srivijaya fell, it was largely forgotten, historians did not know of its existance.
No modern Indonesian, not even of the Palembang area around which the kingdom wasbased had heard of Srivijaya until the 1920s.
Around 1992 & 1993, Pierre-yves Manguin proved that the centre of Srivijaya was alongthe Musi River.
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Religious Architecture
Basic History
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SRIWIJAYAN EMPIRE
y
most significant buildings developed in Java.
Javanese style fostered with Hindu & Buddhistarchitecture.
Candi temple/stupa.
mostly used bricks.
Dieng Plateau (Abode of the Gods)
Prambanan
Borobodur
largest & finest example of Hindu architecture inJava.
Characterized by its tall & pointed architecture,typical of Hindu temple architecture.
originally numbered as many as 400, only 8 remaintoday.
small & relatively plain.
Borobodur
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Borobodur
Basic History
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BOROBODUR
ninth-century Mahayana Buddhist monument in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur was built on a bedrock hill, area known as Kedu Plain.
a shrine to the Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage.
a theory that Kedu Plain was once a lake & Borobodur initially represented a lotus flowerfloating on the lake.
Construction
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BOROBODUR
Borobudur was likely founded around800 AD.
construction estimated to have taken75 years.
Approximately 55,000m of stoneswere taken from neighbouring rivers to
build the monument.
The stone was cut to size, transportedto the site & laid without mortar.
relief's were created in-situ after thebuilding had been completed.
Structure
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BOROBODUR
built as a single large stupa.
It has nine platforms, of which
the lower six are square and theupper three are circular.
The upper platform featuresseventy-two small stupassurrounding one large centralstupa.
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Structure
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BOROBODUR
Each stupa is bell-shaped &pierced by numerous decorativeopenings.
Statues of the Buddha sit insidethe pierced enclosures.
Structure The journey for pilgrims begins atth b f th t d
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BOROBODUR
the base of the monument andfollows a path circumambulatingthe monument while ascending tothe top through the three levels ofBuddhist cosmology.
During the journey, themonument guides the pilgrimsthrough a system of stairways &corridors with 1,460 narrative reliefpanels on the wall & thebalustrades.
Structure
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BOROBODUR
equipped with agood drainagesystem to cater forthe area's high stormwater run-off.
to avoidinundation, 100
spouts are providedat each corner with aunique carvedgargoyles in theshape of giants ormakaras.
Structure
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BOROBODUR
In 1885, a hidden structureunder the base wasaccidentally discovered.
The hidden foot containsreliefs, 160 of which arenarrative describing the realKamadhatu (the world ofdesire)
It was first thought that thereal base had to be covered to
prevent a disastroussubsidence of the monumentthrough the hill.
Another theory that theencasement base was addedbecause the original hiddenfoot was incorrectly designed,
according to Vastu Shastra.
Abandonment
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BOROBODUR
lay hidden for centuries under layers ofvolcanic ash & jungle growth.
The facts behind its abandonment remaina mystery.
popular belief that the temples weredisbanded when the population convertedto Islam in the fifteenth century.
Rediscovery
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BOROBODUR
Following the Anglo-DutchJava War, Java was under Britishadministration from 1811 to 1816.
The appointed governor wasLieutenant Governor-GeneralThomas Stamford Raffles, whotook great interest in the historyof Java.
On an inspection tour toSemarang in 1814, he was
informed about a big monumentdeep in a jungle near the villageof Bumisegoro.
sent H.C Cornelius, a Dutchengineer, to investigate.
In two months, Cornelius & his
200 men cut down trees, burneddown vegetation & dug away theearth to reveal the monument.
The first photograph of Borobodur by Isidore van Kinsbergen(1873) after the monument was cleared up.
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The End