History of the Philippines II

*Execution becomes the lighting symbol for unity among the Filipinos to become one of the seeds of nationalism had been planted.

*Reform movement started in 1882 and lasted in 1896 these reforms were as follows;

1. Make the Philippines a province of Spain not a colony

2. Assimilation of the Philippines to the Spain Cortes

Reformist were;

1. Graciano Lopez Jaena – founded the La Solidaridad

Aims of the La Solidaridad;

1. To fight reaction

2. To stop all steps tending the Philippines a backward country

3. To extol liberal ideas & defend progress

Dr. Jose P. Rizal - Most brilliant of the Filipinos during his time, he wrote Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The Rebel). He was able to exposed the defects of the Spanish regime in the Philippines, the greed and immorality of the friars. He was a man of peace and arrested and executed in Bagumbayan at the 30th of December 1896.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Founded the Diariong Tagalog in 1882 on how to improve the administration of the country and one of the greatest journalist and the editor of La Solidaridad.

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Famous Books were;

1. La Soberana Monaco en Filipino (Filipino Sovereignty in the Philippines)

2. La Frailocracia Filipina (Friars of the Philippines)

*Got sick of tuberculosis and died on July 4, 1896

*Filipinos went to Spain believe it was wise for them to befriend with the Spaniards with liberal ideas and organized a society called Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Spanish-Filipino Circle)

Association Hispano-Filipino was founded in 1889 aims were;

1. Compulsory teaching of Spanish language in all schools in the country

2. Reform in the UST

3. Abolition of flogging as a form of punishment

4. Establishment of agricultural banks

5. Tax reforms and others

*Masonry was introduced because it was popular in Europe especially in Spain it was composed of Spanish and Filipinos with liberal ideas.

Reformist was;

Rizal, Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna & others

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Masons express their aims;

Works for freedom, good government, representation to the Cortes, make the Philippines a province of Spain.

La Liga Filipina – founded by Dr. Jose P. Rizal including Andres Bonifacio and others.

Aims of La Liga Filipina were;

1. Unite the Philippines into one body

2. Protection of all members in case of emergency

4. Encouragement of agriculture, commerce, and education 5. Defense of any kind of violence & injustice

6. Study the application of reforms

*La Liga died because of luck of funds and support and other reforms due to Spanish officials and Spaniards were too busy and the reformist were not United.

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KATIPUNAN AND THE REVOLUTION

Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz and others organized a secret society called the KATIPUNAN Kataastaaasan Kagagalang-galang ng mga Anak ng Bayan. (Highest & Most Respectable Association of the Sons of the People).

Aims of the Katipunan;

1. Civic- defense of the weak & the poor

2. Political-separation of the Philippines from Spain for independence

3. Moral-teaching of good manners, hygiene & moral character

Three Governing bodies of the Katipunan;

1. Supreme Council-highest governing body

2. Provincial council-Central municipal & provincial

3. Judicial council-passes judgment on members who violated the laws of the society.

*Katipunan memberships were three kinds Katipon, Kawal and Bayani

*Katipunan flag was develop as a symbol of unity it consist of three K’s horizontally red & white motif it is the official flag but when the revolution broke out it had many different kinds like the red rectangular and the sun with eight rays symbolizing the eight provinces and the letter K in ancient tagalog script.

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*Katipunan has also the teachings and the commandments called the Duties of the Sons of the People.

*Women of the Katipunan was also included their aims is to take care of the sick and to propagate the ideas of the society.

*Kalayaan was a Katipunan newspaper established by Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto named by Dr. Pio Valenzuela it was founded by two Visayan patriots Candido Iban and Francisco del Castillo.

*Printing press was purchased at 400 pesos came out in the middle of March 1896.

*Destroyed by Fernandez & Dugue to prevent the Spaniards from confiscating it.

Andres Bonifacio - founded the Katipunan after the failure of the Philippine Nationalism and was born on November 30, 1863 in the house present day PNR Tutuban Station in Azcarraga St. Tondo Manila now C.M. Recto Avenue.

*Poems were Tapunan ng Lingap and Cazadores

*Parents were Santiago and Catalina de Castro his brothers & sisters were Ciriaco, Procopio, Teoadio, Espiridiona & Maxima.

Emilio Jacinto - Aim of the Katipunan born in Tondo on December 15, 1875 and wrote a poem called A Mi Patria (To My Country), Kartilla, Liwanag at Dilim & others. He died in Mahayhay Laguna on April 6, 1899.

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*Katipunan was discovered by Fr. Mariano Gil through Teodoro Patino a katipunero member because of the quarrel of one of his members.

THE REVOLUTION

*Bonifacio wanted to help of the wealthy Filipinos to finance the revolution one of this was Francisco L. Roxas who was born a Spaniard who owns SMB Brewery. He got mad when he heard the Katipunan.

*Without any financial help Bonifacio continued the struggle and on August 24, 1896 he moved to Balintawak where he declares long live the Philippines, long live the Katipunan and proceed to Hagdand Bato to avoid capture.

*They attacked the City of Manila on August 29, 1896 and attacked San Juan Del Monte.

*Revolution spread out rapidly to other provinces in Luzon and the Visayas and Governor-General Ramon Blanco issued a decree proclaiming Martial Law on the eight provinces of the country.

These were;

Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija and Manila

*Spanish brutality came to an end when they executed Dr. Jose P. Rizal on December 30, 1896, however the execution did nothing to prevent the spread of the rebellion for independence.

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Emilio Aguinaldo-a mayor of Kawit Cavite led the rebels against the Spaniards, they won many victories the people admire his qualities as a good leader.

*Tejeros Convention was established on March 22, 1897 for the election of new officials for new Government who ever wins shall be respected.

*Katipunan was dived into two the Magdiwang and the Magdalo

President-Emilio AguinaldoVice President-Mariano TriasCaptain –Artemio RicarteDirector of War-Emiliano de DiosDirector of Interior-Andres Bonifacio

*Daniel Tirona a Magdalo said that Bonifacio should not be placed because he’s not qualified to the position and refuses to give an apology to Bonifacio.

*2nd meeting a Tejeros in order to have a resolution about the previous election

*Andres Bonifacio and others try to plan the Naic agreement in order to established another government Gen. Pio Del Pilar would be the Commander together with Gen. Mariano Noriel.

*Aguinaldo discovered this and send one of his men to Convoked a Revolutionary Assembly in Naic to adopt a new red flag with white sun of eight rays in the center, a standard uniform for the soldiers the rayadillo & fixed insignias of their ranks.

*Bonifacio and his wife Gregoria, his borther Procopio and his men fled to Limbon.

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*Aguinaldo summonded Col. Agapito Banzon to arrest Bonifacio and his men because some of his men committed abuses in Limbon and taken back to Naic for trial headed by Gen. Mariano Noriel.

*Aguinaldo pardoned them, but changes his because some of the Generals closed to him like Gen. Mariano Noriel that the execution must go on & we can’t afford to be divided at this time.

May 10, 1897 - Gen. Mariano Noriel ordered the released of the Bonifacio brothers from prison but his wife remained in detention escorted by Maj.Lazaro Makapagal with a letter that the execution must be carried out.

*Andres Bonifacio and his Brother and followers was executed in Mount Tala because of charge of treason.

BIAK NA BATO REPUBLIC

*President Aguinaldo and his followers proceeded to Biak na Bato in San Miguel Bulacan where he established his headquarters. The arrival led to other provinces to continue to fight against the Spaniards.

*Spain tries to win back the Filipinos but the Filipinos are tired of Spain’s promises and wanted independence.

*July 24, 1897 established a republican form of government at Biak na Bato called the Biak na Bato Republic.

*Prepared constitution for Biak na Bato and they were Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Reyes who made this and was approved on November 1, 1897.

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Elected were;

President – Emilio AguinaldoVice President- Mariano TriasForeign Affairs-Antonio MontenegroSecretary of Interior- Isabelo ReyesSecretary of War- Emilano Riego de DiosSecretary of treasury- Baldomero Aguinaldo

*Pedro Paterno a Filipno Chinese approach Governor-General Primo de Rivera and offer as mediator to end the fighting between the Spanish and Filipino forces.

*November 18, 1897 – Truce at Biak na Bato had been established by signing the agreement to cease the fighting of Filipinos and Spaniards with 800,000 pesos in 3 installments 400,000 pesos for departure 200,000 for arms surrendered & 200,000 for General amnesty.

*Truce of Biak na Bato failed because of the suspicion of both parties

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X. SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

*Spain and the United States were involved in the Cuban struggle for Independence and the sinking of the Battleship Maine was blown at Havana harbor February 15, 1898.

*Revolution in Cuba was supported by the United States due to big investments

*William McKinley ordered Teodore Roosevelt to proceed to Cuba to defeat the Spanish forces in the country.

*May 1, 1898 - Battle of Manila Bay began under the command of George Dewey and their flagship was Olympia, Baltimore, Boston, Concord, Petrel and Raleigh.

FILIPINO AMERICAN COLLABORATION

*Emilio Aguinaldo was in Singapore when heard about the Spanish and American forces fighting in the Philippines and Cuba and negotiated Consul E. Spencer Pratt.

*United States would recognized the Philippine Independence after the defeat of Spain.

*Hong Kong Aguinaldo returned to Manila in order to fight the Spaniards together with Felipe Agoncillo, Doroteo Lopez, Mariano Llanera, Miguel Malvar and others.

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XI. BIRTH OF THE NATION

PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

*President Aguinaldo that June 12 should be the proclamation of the Philippine Independence and Julian Felipe composed a march that would be played in the ceremony.

Marcha Filipina Magdalo - composed of Julian Felipe and was dedicated by Aguinaldo to make the official march of the Philippines.

*June 12, 1898 President Aguinaldo proclaimed the Philippine Independence from Spain in Kawit Cavite.

*Philippine Flag was designed by Aguinaldo and sewed in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo, Delfina, Herbosa and Lorenza Agoncillo.

*First Philippine republic and the restructuring of government take effect these were;

1. Local government reorganization

2. Administration of Justice

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BATTLE OF MANILA

*Battle of Manila began between the Spanish and the American forces despite the independence proclaimed by Emilio Aguinaldo.

*Americans entered the City walls of Intramuros after the Spanish surrender and decided to surrender all the Spanish troops & Filipino troops.

*12,000 Filipinos had taken part in the siege of manila but the Americans didn’t allow them to enter the City walls of Intramuros.

*Filipinos deeply rested this American gesture and voiced the apprehension that the Americans wishes to exercise colonial power in the country.

MALOLOS REPUBLIC

*Aguinaldo ordered the transfer of his government from Cavite to Malolos Bulacan and refuses to acknowledge of American control in the country.

*Malolos Congress was established at the Barasoain Church in Malolos Bulacan on September 15, 1898.

Members of the Congress;

President – Pedro PaternoVice president – Benito LegardaSecretary – Gregorio Araneta Pablo Ocampo

*Congress ratified that June 12 should be the Independence of the Philippines

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*Malolos Constitution was promulgated by Aguinaldo on January 21, 1899 the first important document.

These were;

1. Assembly was more powerful than the judiciary2. Provides a permanent Commission compose of members of the Assembly3. Established a unicameral legislation

Felipe Calderon – A descendent of the Franciscan friar of Sta Ana Manila prepare the Constitution with the advised of Cayetano Arellano a lawyer.

Oligarchy – means government exercised a small group within

January 2, 1899 – Aguinaldo appoints a cabinet these were;

Apolinario Mabini – Secretary of Foreign AffairsTeodoro Sandico – Secretary of the InteriorBaldomero Aguinaldo – Secretary of WarMariano Trias – FinanceGracio Gonzaga - Public works

Periodicals came during the independence and these were;

La Independencia, La Republica Filipina in Mandaluyong, La Libertad in Manila, Kaibigan ng mga Bayani in Malolos and others.

*Inspire the Filipinos to fight to the last with honor and freedom Filipino writer were in Spanish and Tagalog were;

F. Ma Guerrero, Jose Palma, Rafael Palma, Epifanio de los Santos & others

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X. AMERICAN PERIOD

*Filipinos & American relations deteriorated when the Americans took over Manila and didn’t permit them to enter the City Wall in Intramuros & the signing the Treaty of Paris.

*December 10, 1898 – Treaty of Paris was signed provided were in the said document that as follows;

1. Spanish withdrawal from Cuba2. Prevention of the U.S. from taking Cuba3. Spain ceded Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico to the U.S4. U.S. would pay 20 million dollars to Spain as an agreement

*Assimilation Proclamation was issued by President William McKinley that the U.S. to exercise her sovereignty over the entire Philippines a colony of the U.S.

Reasons were the following;

1. American business interest2. Military & Naval a base for American Defense3. Propagation of Protestantism in the country

February 4, 1899 - American soldier Robert William Grayson shot and killed a Filipino soldier and this is the start of the Filipino American War.

*President Aguinaldo Tried to avoid the war but governor Gen. Elwell Otis it must go on until the end and Aguinaldo declares war on the Americans.

*1899-1906 Filipino American War started more than 200,000 died most often by famine & sickness.

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Bate Treaty – signed to provide rights and dignities of the Sultan and his Datus shall be respected by John C. Bates.

*Americans must not occupy only the town proper. It was signed by John C. Bates himself and it specifies that Americans must not interfere in religious matters & culture.

Gen. Antonio Luna – Most brilliant officer of Aguinaldo’s generals he was also a good writer a native of Ilocos Norte, however he short tempered.

*He was appointed a high position in the army & tried to install discipline. Sadly he was killed by Pedro Kastila a Captain from Cavite killed him.

*Battle of Pasong Tirad where Aguinaldo reached the Mountain Province to avoid capture by the Americans Gregorio del Pilar the General of Aguinaldo remained behind to fight the Americans.

*Major General Peyton pursue Aguinaldo but he was defeated by Del Pilar’s men. It’s a narrow pass 4,500 feet high. However an Igorot guided them to the secret trail to the top. This is the end of Del Pilar and his men he was killed by a bullet in the neck but others escape to inform Aguinaldo

*Capture of President Aguinaldo was a big blow to the Philippine Independence because some of his generals were demoralized and surrender to the Americans. A Help from a Spaniard named Lazaro Segovia reveals Aguinaldo’s hideout in Palanan.

*He was taken to Manila to Malacanang and General Arthur MacArthur graciously received him.

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April 19, 1901 – President Aguinaldo took the oath of allegiance to the U.S. and appeal to all Filipinos to accept the sovereignty of the U.S.

*Guerilla warfare ended with the surrender of Miguel Malvar in order to save his people from the enemy and from hunger for Macario Sakay it’s the same thing.

*September 1903 the last revolutionary to surrender was Simeon Ola

PHILIPPINES UNDER THE AMERICANS

*Schurman Commission conduct an investigation in the country and would be based of these;

1. American sovereignty over the Philippines2. Self-government shall be given to the Filipinos3. Protection of civil rights of the Filipinos4. Promotion of welfare of the Filipinos

*July 1901 - American civil government was proclaimed with William Howard Taft the first Civil Governor.

His Policies was;

1. Philippines for the Filipinos2. Democratic forms of government3. Establishment of school system4. Sale of huge tract of land of 410,000 an acres to Filipinos for easy installment from the friar lands.

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*Governor Taft was remembered for his Philippines for the Filipino policy he noted that some Americans were greedy and he was against these American act.

Filipinos collaborates with the Americans were;

Benito Legarda, Cayetano Arellano, Felipe Buencamino and others

Patriots who continue to fight for Independence were;

Mabini, Ricarte, Maximo Hizon, Pablo Ocampo and others

*Philippine Act of 1902 was passed by Congress of the U.S. known as the Cooper Act this law provides the extension of the U.S. Bill of Rights to the Filipinos & the establishment of the Philippine Assembly.

*March 2, 1903 - First official census of the Philippines during the American Period known as Census Day.

Brigandage Act – a severe penalty to those members of the armed groups not more than 10 to 20 years of imprisonment.

*Political Parties were allowed during the American Period These were;

1. Federal Party – making the Philippines a state of the U.S.2. Nationalista Party - 19013. Liberal Party - 19024. Democrata - 1902

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*Federal Party was in favor of the American rule because of American Colonization and was changed to Progresista Party.

*1907 - Progresista and Liberal Party won in the National Assembly they were Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmena for the Liberal Party.

*Nationalista Party became popular because its aim is for independence

*Philippine Bill of 1902 a Filipino could elect delegates to the National Assembly

*July, 1907 – Nationalista Party won 59 seats and the Progresista won only 16 and Independent won only 5.

*October 16, 1907- Philippine Assembly was inaugurated at the Manila Grand Opera House in Rizal Avenue and Taft was the guest speaker.

*Upper House composed of American while the Lower House composed of Filipinos. Sergio Osmena was the first Speaker of the Assembly and Manuel L. Quezon the Majority Floor Leader.

Goals of the Assembly

1. Cooperation with U.S.2. Autonomy of the Philippines3. Economics, Social and Political Development

Achievement of the Philippine Assembly

1. Agricultural banks2. Construction of railways3. Installation of telegraphs & telephone lines4. Construction of schools, roads, bridges, canals, Labor, National Library & U.P.

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*Philippine Assembly elected the Residence Commission were Pablo Ocampo, Benito Legarda the first Residence Commissioner to the U.S. Manuel L. Quezon replaces Ocampo.

*1899-1900 Public Schools was also established for the Filipinos they were free & open to all more than 100,000 children enrolled in the Primary grades.

*Department of Public Instruction was established at the same time Philippine Normal School was also created. Today it is Philippine Normal University (PNU) and English is the medium of instruction.

*Women are given equal right during the American Period & were allowed to go to school & colleges. This gives them the opportunity to help their families & the benefit of the country.

*Francis Burton Harrison was appointed in replace of Taft his policy is Filipinization and continue the works of Governor Taft.

AMERICAN HERITAGE

*Democracy and Protestantism was the greatest legacy of the Americans to the Philippines. It teaches the way of life like: Respect the Liberties of People, Political Parties, Free & Open Elections.

*Music like Jazz, Swing, Waltz, Marches & Sonatas for piano & violin was introduced.

*Protestant Christianity was introduced in the country. 1899 C.B. Randall distributed the first bibles in Manila.

*Bishop James Thoburn of the Methodist Episcopal church of India gave the first sermon in the country.

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*Methodist began in Oxford England and brought to the US before the American Revolution in 1776-1783.

*Permits the honor and anniversaries of Filipino National Heroes & Holidays these were December 25 Christmas Day, February 14 Valentine’s Day, October 31, Halloween, November.1-2 All Saints & Souls Day, November 30 Bonifacio Day, December 30 Rizal Day & others.

*Mode of dressing was also introduced there were pants with belts, polo shirts, coat & tie, long skirts, high heeled shoes, stockings, make-ups & perfumes.

*Food and diet was also a big achievements of the American’s to the Filipinos there were raisin bread, loaf bread, oatmeal, hamburgers, pizzas, French fries, hotdogs, hams, bacon, corned beef, steaks, fried chicken and others.

*Mr. & Miss or Ma’am as a conventional gesture for men & women in placed of work & politics and coeducational schools was also introduced.

*1903; Charles M. Swift established the Meralco (Manila Electric Company) its original was the Manila Electric Railroad & Lighting Company the first company given to operate electric car called the Tranvia & the supply of electricity to the city.

*PLDT was also established by the virtue of Act No. 3446 in 1928

*Philippine Military Academy was established as the first military school in the country from Intramuros it was moved to Baguio.

*1910; Philippine General Hospital (PGH) was established for the rich & especially the poor patients.

*Physical Activities like baseball, basketball, volleyball, football, bowling, billiards, poker, black jack and other games of amusement.

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*Architecture was also improved like the City of Manila & Quezon Memorial Circle with 8 main roads and was designed by Daniel Burham he also designed Baguio City it was chosen as a Summer Capital of the country and it hired a 1500 Japanese to build the famous Zig Zag Road.

PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH

*PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH was established by Aglipay during the revolution of Aguinaldo, he was appointed by Aguinaldo as a Military Vical General a leader in the Revolutionary movement.

*Father Aglipay asked the Pope of Rome to appoint a Filipino in all catholic churches from the highest to the lowest of priesthood.

*May, 1899 Archbishop Nozaleda excommunicates Aglipay

*Isabelo Delos Reyes campaigned for the establishment of the Filipino Church Independent of Rome with Father Aglipay as the Supreme Bishop

*Father Aglipay wanted to avoid schism in the church & wanted the assurance by signing the document & problems of the Filipino Priest will be solved.

*Jesuits fail their best to make up with Aglipay like Father Foradada & Vilallonga failed to convinced him.

*PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH was established as an independent Church of Rome with Aglipay as a Supreme Bishop.

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PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH

*1916 Jones Law was introduced under the author of William Atkinson Jones for the Philippine Independence was approved by the U.S. Congress.

*It specifies the tree branches of the government namely the Executive, Legislative and the Judiciary

*Hare Hawes Cutting Law was introduced it provide the ten year period known as the Commonwealth Period to be established in the Philippines except in foreign affairs which under the President of the U.S.

*1930; The Communist Party of the Philippines was established as a political party but it was declared illegal in 1932.

*March 1935 Convention approved the Constitution & President Roosevelt approved it.

*May 1935; Filipinos approved the Constitution in a plebiscite

*June 1935; Manuel L. Quezon & Sergio Osmena won the President & Vice President of the Commonwealth in the Legislative Branch in Manila.

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XI. JAPANESE OCCUPATION

ENTRY OF JAPANESE FORCES

*War broke out between the United States and Japan in the Pacific on December 7, 1941 the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and the U.S. declares war on Japan by F.D. Roosevelt.

*December 8, 1941; Japanese bombed other countries including the Philippines. To save Manila from the destruction Gen. MacArthur declares an open city.

*January 2, 1942; Japanese entered the City of Manila & Bataan & Corregidor surrendered on April 9, 1942 & May 6, 1942 under Jonathan Wainright which includes the Philippines.

JAPANESE MARTIAL LAW

*January 1942; General Masaharu Homma Commander of the Japanese imperial forces issued a proclamation the end of American occupation & the imposition of Martial Law in the country.

*Jorge B. Vargas- Mayor of Manila assumed the position of Executive Commissioner of Central Administration organization of occupied Philippines.

*Curfew was imposed from 8 pm to 6 am

*Many were executed of suspicion of being a resistance movement others like arson, murder, robbery, spreading of rumors, spying & other crimes are punishable by death.

*Newspapers like the Taliba, La Vanguardia, Tribune & Liwayway were permitted to operate but under the control of the Japanese Authorities.

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*Japanese encourage the Filipinos to continue their school program like the propagation of the Japanese Language & Filipino Language, culture, encourage vocational courses & love of labor.

*Enrollment exceeded in 300,000 during the war times

SECOND PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

*Japanese decided that the Philippines should be given Independence in order to show their friendship and the Commission was prepared and Jose P. Laurel was the President of the Commission.

*KALIBAPI (Kapisanan Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) a non-political organization was established.

Aims of the KALIBAPI

1. Reconstruction of the Philippines2. Rehabilitation of the Filipino people3. Inculcation of Asian Virtues, hard work, faith, self-reliance, loyalty, bravery, discipline & sacrifice.

Jorge B. Vargas – became the President of the KALIBAPI & Benigno Aquino Sr. a Director General.

*Japanese enlisted the Philippines into the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere a long range economic plan for the Japanese controlled territories.

Jose P. Laurel – became the President of the Republic of the Philippines on September, 1943.

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Cabinets were Appointed;

Claro M. Recto-Foreign Affairs, Antonio de las Alas-Finance, Quintin Paredes-Agriculture, Jose Yulo-Chief Justice of Supreme Court &Jose Villa-Secretary.

*President was to serve for 6 years also a commander in chief of the Armed Forces he could declare martial law, declare war, or make peace with 2/3 votes of the National Assembly.

RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

*(USAFIL) United States Armed Forces in the Philippines was the earliest guerilla movement after the fall of Bataan & Corregidor.

Most famous guerrilla leaders were;

Tomas Confesor, Col. Mariano Peralta, Miguel Ver, Luis Taruc the Hukbalahap, Ferdinand Marcos and others

*They made the Japanese conquest in the Philippines more difficult

February, 1942; President Quezon left the country and proceeded to Australia, San Francisco, and Washington D.C. to continue as the President of the Commonwealth.

August, 1944; President Quezon died of sickness in Sarana Lake in New York and was succeeded by Sergio Osmena.

*1944; The United States and its allies began it offensive against the Japanese Island by Island in the Pacific.

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*October 20, 1944; General Mac Arthur landed on Leyte the battle of the Philippines began.

*Mac Arthur reestablished the Commonwealth with Tacloban as the temporary capital but he turned it over to President Osmena.

*January, 1945; Landed in Lingayen in Pangasinan and reached Manila on February, 1945.

*July 4, 1945; Mac Arthur declares the liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese.

*End of the war in the Philippines Mac Arthur now headed to Japan together with huge superfortresses bombed Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka and other cities. They dropped the atomic bomb in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 & the other in Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.

September 2, 1945; Japan accepts unconditional surrender board on the Battleship Missouri at Tokyo Bay and World War II ended.

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XII. THIRD REPUBLIC UNDER DIFFERENT ADMINISTRATION

ROXAS ADMINISTRATION

MANUEL ROXAS

*Manuel Roxas; President of the Commonwealth and the 3rd Republic of the Philippines was elected on April.23, 1946.

*July.4, 1946; Paul V. McNutt read the declaration of American withdrawal & the recognition of the Independence of the Philippines.

Achievements of Roxas were:

1. Bell Trade Act the continuation of free trade between the U. S and the Philippines from 1946 to 1954.

2. Parity Rights to grant U.S. citizens & corporations the same as Filipinos in exploiting the Natural Resources.

3. Military Bases Agreement was signed on March. 14, 1947 for 99 years these were Clark Air force Base in Pampanga & Subic Naval Base in Zambales.

*Luis Taruc and others were against these because they perceive it as more disadvantageous to the Filipinos.

*Amendments of the 1935 Constitution was approved in 1947. He stayed in office for two years.

* April.15, 1948; President Roxas died of heart attack after the speech at Clark Air: Force Base.

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Elpidio Quirino took over after the place of Roxas to continue to solve the country's problems.

*The achievements of Quirino were the surrender of the Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon).

*He issued an order granting amnesty to all crimes of rebellion, sedition, illegal association & others. It failed because the clash between the government and some Huk soldiers.

*1949 -1950 The Hukbalahap became more intense & the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas was in placed (KP) on armed struggle.

*Quirino tried to win the Huks to the government side by proclaiming amnesty to all Huks & PKP.

Ramon Magsaysay a former defense chief of Quirino took over as President in 1953 after the defeat of Quirino in the Presidential elections. He adopted a policy of attraction in order to win over the Huks to the government side.

*October, 1950 The Politburo fell into the hands of the military and Magsaysay was popular among the masses he walk in wooden clogs to show his simplicity.

1954 Luis Taruc the Huk leader surrendered to President Magsaysay and the HUK movement slowed down.

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*Opened Malacanang to the Masses he drunk Basi an Ilocano wine instead of foreign liquor.

*Land Reform was introduced named the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954 the shift of tenancy system to lease household system & the reduction of land rentals & the ejection of tenants without cause.

*Presidential Assistant for Community Development PACD was also established.

*SEATO (Southeast Asian Treaty Organization) was established to counteract the communist activities in the region of the Philippines & Southeast Asia on September, 1954.

*Claro M. Recto was against the SEATO because he was against of deploying of troops to Indochina & the abolition of Free Trade between the Philippines and the U.S.

*May, 1956 Rizal Bill was also approved like the teaching of Noli Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo to be the compulsory in schools and universities known as Republic Act No. 1425.

*March. 17, 1957 President Magsaysay died in plane crash in Mt. Manuggal in Cebu the Filipino people mourned him.

Carlos P. Garcia a successor of Magsaysay continues the works and was elected on December, 1957.

*His policy was Philippines for the Filipinos meaning the Filipinos would be the masters in their own Land.

* August, 1958 The NEC was passed Resolution No. 204

*Revival of the Filipino Culture like the Folk Dances, Bayanihan was encouraged

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*Dr. Jose P. Rizal Centennial Commission was created to study the writings and his works. *The administration of Garcia didn't last long because of graft & corruption continue despite of good efforts. He was defeated by Diosdado Macapagal.

Diosdado Macapagal was elected on Dec, 1961 as a successor of Garcia

Main objectives were:

1. Land Reform 2. Changing of Independence Day celebration from July.4 to June. 12 the original Philippine Independence.

*He was called the poor man from Lubao & was honest but men around him were not.

The Land Reform Code known as Republic Act. 3844 the provisions were:

1. The formation of family sized land2. The status of farmers by freeing from illegal rates of interest3. Increase income of small farmers4. Provide land programs & distribution of land.5. Make farmers self-reliant & responsive citizens

*He was the one to file a claim to Sabah on June, 1962.

*He was also the one who order the deportation of Harry Stonehill, Robert P. Brooks & others because of a menace to the welfare & security of the country.

* He failed to solve the problem of peace & order & graft & corruption in the government.

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Ferdinand E. Marcos was elected on Nov, 1965 after Macapagal’s term of office.

His Program Immediately these were:

1. Production of more rice & corn to sustain self-sufficient foodstuffsEx. Irrigation systems, IR8 or miracle rice

2. Building more infrastructure like roads, bridges, over pass, underpass, schools & others.

3. Community development to strengthen social, economic & political

4. Peace and order like kidnapping, drug dealing, smuggling, and other crime

5. Implementation of Land Reform program

*Cultural Center of the Philippine was established its aim was for painters, writers, sculpture etc. to prove their worth. Concerts, Ballet & Staged Plays are done there also.

*The building of North Diversion Road going to Baguio & the South Diversion Road going to the Laguna & Bicol.

*1963 the MAPHILINDO was created in which three countries agreed to the principles of equal rights.

*However it didn't last long due to the issue of the Sabah claim.

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1976 The ASIAN was established under Marcos the objectives were follows:

1. Hasten economic, social, cultural progress

2. Peace and stability in the region.

3. Collaborating among the countries in Southeast Asia in all matters affecting their development.

*The global economic crisis was brought by rising of oil prices, The Philippines was affected in this.

*President Marcos seen this that the 1935 Constitution was unable to cope with new socioeconomic problems.

*MORO National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the New People’s Army (NPA) a former of Hukbalahap and PKP continue to destabilized the Republic

*August.21, 1971 Plaza Miranda was bombed after the proclamation rally of the Liberal Party (LP) Candidates 8 persons were killed & including 120 including Jovito Salonga, John Henry Osmena, Eddie Ilarde, Ramon Mitra & Eva Kalaw. However the CPP-NDF admitted the bombings after the Edsa Revolution in 1986.

*Proclamation of suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpuz to maintain peace and order & on January, 1972 it was re-established except for those in detention.

*The bombings around Manila and the rest of the country continue

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*September. 21, 1972 President Marcos issued the proclamation 1081 declaring the state of emergency under Martial Law to save the Republic from lawlessness violence and from the takeover of the Communist Insurgency like the CPP-NDF (Communist Party of the Philippines and the National Democratic Front).

*Political opponents were arrested like Ninoy Aquino, Jose Diokno, Ramon Mitra, Eddie Ilarde, Teofisto Guingona, Maximo Soliven and others.

*The New Society was established during the ratification of the New Constitution.

Aims of the New Society were:

P -Peace and OrderL -Land ReformE -conomic DevelopmentD -Develop Moral ValuesG -Government ReformsE -Educational ReformsS -Social Services

*To Professionalize the Armed Forces regarding their salaries and the upgrading of Materials & Equipments for the benefit of the country.

*The creation of the Batasan Pambansa and these was the glorious years of the Philippines and became the second economic power 2nd to Japan since the 1950s and 60s.

*To Save the Republic he introduced the New Constitution called the 1973 Constitution this was done by the Technocrats which was selected by Marcos to formulate a New Charter and was ratified by the people on January, 1973.

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*The Results of Martial Law prevented the collapse of the Republic & the Economy.

*The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant was built and would be operational in 1987 in order to have a cheap cost of electricity and to minimized the used of oil as a source of energy, Geothermal energy was also being built and the used of Biogas Technology as the alternative source of energy for the future and others.

*1976 Marcos established relations with the Communist countries like the Peoples Republic of China & the Soviet Union in 1976 and other countries to promote trade and-cooperation.

*The Philippine-American relations continue with some amendments of the U.S. Military Bases Agreement in 1947 from 99 years it become 25 years and from 25 it become 5 years and it will end on September, 1991.

*The OPSF Oil Price Stabilization Fund was created in order to monitor the increasing oil prices in the world market and to maintain the oil prices at a affordable cost.

*Many infrastructures are being built during Martial Law these were the Bliss Housing in Tondo and other Cities, Hospitals, Roads, Bridges, Schools, the Pantabangan Dam, the upgrading of Angat Dam and others for the benefit of the Filipino people.

*August.22, 1977 Martial Law was lifted with proclamation no.2045

*1979 The Philippine Refugee Processing Center (PRPC) was established in Morong Bataan for war refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.

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*The LRT the Light Rail Transit was built from Baclaran to Monumento to eased traffic in the Manila area. And also the planning to built the LRT2, LRT3, LRT4, LRT5, LRT6 and LRT7 in the years to come, the Rehabilitation and Extension of the Philippine National Railways, the overpass and other Infastructures. This was the foresight of President Marcos and Cezar Virata as the chief adviser of Marcos.

*Exports of good prosper within that period from 1973-1984

*The Light a Fire Movement was a group of politicians, radicals & communists was active in illegal activities like bombings & economic sabotage during Martial Law years.

*June, 1981 The first presidential election after Martial Law Marcos won against Alejo Santos and Bartolome Cabangbang.

*August.21, 1983 Former Senator Ninoy Aquino was shot at the tarmac of Manila International Airport.

*This assassination instigated the Filipinos belonging to the Radicals and Cause Oriented Groups to fight against the Marcos Government.

*The assassination led the country’s economy to halt. With that President Marcos issued a decree on October, 1983 the Agrava Fact-Finding Board AFFB headed Corazon Juliano Agrava to investigate the assassination of Ninoy.

*The ATOM August Twenty One Movement was & JAJA Justice for Ninoy Justice for All, BAYAN and other groups of the leftist militants are once again on the streets.

*The AFFB submitted to President Marcos the report of the assassination that the Aquino murder was a military conspiracy. It implicated Gen. Luther Custodio AVSECOM, Gen. Ver & Maj. Olivas and others.

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*However Gen. Ver & Olivas was cleared by the AFFB due to luck of evidence.

*Marcos referred the reports to the Sandigan Bayan for trial it was presided by Manuel Pamaran and released its verdict acquitting the 26 accused.

*1985 The Philippine political & economic scenario worsen due to the assassination of Ninoy.

*1984 The Sariling Sikap a livelihood program was initiated by the government to stabilized save the economy, however it suffered a setback due to graft & corruption in the government.

*The Newsweek columnist Ted Koppel said in an interview with President Marcos that he was no longer have the mandate or the Filipino people.

*President Marcos requested the Batasang Pambansa to enact a law for the scheduling of the Presidential Elections on February. 7, 1986.

*The majority of the opposition including the radicals and the Cause Oriented Groups want Corazon C. Aquino a widow of the slain Ninoy S. Aquino Jr. to be the contender of Marcos.

*February.7, 1986 The elections were held & President Marcos and Arturo Tolentino under the KBL Kilusang Bagong Lipunan won the elections over the Cory & Doy for Unido and PDP Laban from the official tallies from the Comelec.

*The National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL) proclaimed that Cory & Doy won despite of rapid cheating & ballot snatching, vote buying from both sides.

*Marcos & Tolentino was proclaimed by the Batasang Pambansa after the recounting of votes and Cory, and others continue their civil disobedience in Cebu & other places in the country.

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*Feb.22, 1986 Group of military officers known as RAM Reform the Armed Forces Movement decided to staged a coup d' etat against President Marcos & Chief of Staff Gen. Fabian Ver.

*Gen. Fidel V. Ramos a Constabulary Chief a cousin of President Marcos & Juan Ponce Enrile sided with the RAM officers. The RAM was founded in 1985 by Gringo Honasan to reform the AFP but Marcos rejected this because it will divide the AFP soldiers.

*Enrile & Ramos gave the press conference announcing their withdrawal of support from President Marcos & told the press the Mrs. Aquino won the elections. They called Marcos to step down & asked the people to go to Edsa.

*President Marcos & Chief of Staff Gen. Fabian Ver ordered the Marines under Gen. Tadiar to dispersed the crowd peacefully & arrest Enrile & Ramos, but it failed due to many people are blocking the Camp Aguinaldo & Camp Crame.

*February.24, 1986 Marcos took the oath at Malacanang Palace, however some television channels went off the air after the RAM soldiers destroyed the transmitters.

*To avoid bloodshed among the Filipinos President Marcos, Gen. Fabian Ver and their families fled Malacanang and was taken to Hawaii instead to Batac Ilocos Norte by the U. S Helicopters this was the order of Corazon C. Aquino from Ambassador Bostworth. They were taken to Guam and finally to Hawaii.

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*After the Marcoses left the Malacanang the people entered the gates & into the Palace where they destroyed many books & important documents despite of police intervention.

*Septemebr.28, 1989 Former President Marcos died in Hawaii due to illness was returned to the Philippines in 1992 without defending his case in court because he was prevented by the Aquino Administration to come home.

Corazon C. Aquino Took the oath of office at Club Filipino in San Juan Green Hills on February.25, 1986 as the next President after the Marcos Administration she was installed by People Power Edsa I.

*She declared the Freedom Constitution & a Revolutionary Government & suspending the 1973 Constitution, the Batasang Pambansa, freed all political detainies including Jose Maria Sison, Luis Jalandoni, the founder of the CPP-NDF Satur Ocampo and others.

*She established the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG) under Jovito Salonga & the PCHR Presidential Commission on Human Rights under Jose P. Diokno.

*March.25, 1986 President Aquino created the Constitutional Commission to draft a New Constitution with 48 members with former Cecilia Munoz Palma under the Marcos Administration was the Constitutional Commission Chairman and former member of the Batasang Pambansa.

*Feb.2, 1987 The New Constitution was ratified by the people & limiting the presidency to a single 6 year term.

*CARP Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program was implemented that all agricultural lands not only to land of rice & corn but to promote industrialization.

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*The Return of Meralco, MWSS, ABS CBN and other Corporations from the government to the Lopez Clan.

*DOT Department of Tourism as Fiesta Islands to improved the tourism industry, Privatization of Business Corporations, Abolition of Death Penalty & was replaced by Reclusion Perpetua (life imprisonment) under the New Constitution.

*1986-1989 The government of President Aquino suffered 7 coup attempts because of slow economy, high crime rate & communist insurgency became stronger than ever since the 1950s.

*July.16, 1990 The strong earthquake struck Central Luzon including Metro Manila.

*December, 1990 16 military men were convicted in the Aquino-Galman double murder case.

However the Mastermind of the assassination was still uncertain

*September. 16, 1991 The Aquino Administration rejected the RP-US Treaty of Friendship with the Senate vote 12 to 11.

Those who voted no to the Treaty were: Jovito Salonga, Juan Ponce Enrile, Agapito Aquino, Joseph Estrada, Teofisto Guingona, Sotero Laurel, Emesto Maceda, Orlando Mercado, Aquilino Pemintel, Rene Saguisag, Wigberto Tanada & Victor Ziga.

For the retention were: Heherson Alvarez, Edgardo Angara, Neptali Gonzales, Emesto Herrera, Joey Lina, John Henry Osmena, Vicente Paterno, Santanina Rasul, Alberto Romulo, Leticia Shahani & Mamintal Tamano.

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*July.12-15, 1991 Mount Pinatubo erupted after 600 years & covered the Clark Air force Base & Subic Naval Base with its ash fall it even reaches as far as Cambodia. It is the world's 'worst eruption in Philippine History.

*November, 1991 A Strong typhoon hits Ormoc Leyte causes landslides & floods due to illegal logging under her administration.

President Aquino fails to improve the Philippine Economy due to:

1. Import Liberalization

2. Massive brownouts due to not continuing the projects of former President Marcos like the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant & other infrastructures.

3. The selling of the Repongi Property in Japan & Petron Corporation

4. Acts of personal quarrels against the Marcoses

5. Not Achieving the True Reconciliation

6. The Contractualization of workers to Private Companies.

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