History of Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lecture 1.1.

History of Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Lecture 1.1

The FirstPoint-Contact

Transistor1947

Bell Labs Museum

The FirstJunction Transistor

1951

Bell Labs

Lab model

M1752Outside the Lab

Texas Instrument’s First IC -- 1958

Jack Kilby

Robert NoyceFairchildIntel

Electronics, Volume 38, Number 8, April 19, 1965

Moore's Law(As predicted by Gordon E. Moore in 1965)

1

100

10000

1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Year

Tra

nsi

sto

rs

Moore's Law(Doubling every 2 years)

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Year

Tra

nsi

sto

rs (

in m

illio

ns

)

8080

286

486 Pentium

Pentium II

Pentium 4

64K

1M

4M

16M

Memory

Microprocessor

Graphical illustration of Moore’s law

1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002

Leading edgechip in 1981

10,000transistors

Leading edgechip in 2002

150,000,000transistors

• Something that doubles frequently grows more quickly than most people realize!– A 2002 chip can hold about 15,000 1981 chips inside itself

This year’s transistors are just twice the size of a virus

Nick TredennickGilder Technology Report

Table 1.2History of Microprocessors

Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088

Intel 4004

source: Computer Museum

Table 1.2History of Microprocessors

Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088

http://www.blinkenlights.com/pc.shtml

January 1975cover ofPopular Electronics

The 8080 Microprocessor

• 40-pin chip

• Developed by Intel in 1974

• 16 Address Lines– Can address 216 = 64 Kbytes of memory

• 8 Data Lines

• Required +5V, +12V and -5V

• First microprocessor to become widely used

The 8080 Microprocessor

PSWACEL

BDH

SPPC

Program Status WordPrimary AccumulatorSecondary Accumlators/ Data Counters

Stack PointerProgram Counter

Table 1.2History of Microprocessors

Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088

The 6800 Microprocessor

• 40-pin chip

• Developed by Motorola in 1975

• 16 address lines and 8 data lines

• Used only +5V

The 6800 MicroprocessorRegisters

A

B

X

PC

SP

CC

Accumulator AAccumulator BIndex register XProgram counterStack pointerCondition code register

1978 – Industrial Holographics

Table 1.2History of Microprocessors

Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088

The 6502 Microprocessor

• 40-pin chip• Developed by MOS Technology, Inc. in 1976• 16 address lines and 8 data lines• Based on the Motorola 6800• Used in many home computers including the

– Apple II– Commodore PET– Atari

The 6502 MicroprocessorRegisters

A

X

Y

PC

SP

Status

AccumulatorIndex register XIndex register YProgram counterStack pointerStatus register

Table 1.2History of Microprocessors

Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088

The 6809 Microprocessor

• 40-pin chip

• Developed by Motorola in 1979

• 16 address lines and 8 data lines

• Used in the Radio Shack Color Computer

• Widely used in industrial controllers

Radio Shack Color Computerused 6809 microprocessor

The 6809 MicroprocessorRegisters

A B

Y

S

U

DP

Accumulator A:B = DIndex register XIndex register YSystem stack pointerUser stack pointerProgram counterDirect page registerCondition code register

X

CC

PC

Table 1.2History of Microprocessors

Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088

The 68000 Microprocessor

• 64-pin chip

• Developed by Motorola in 1979

• 24 address lines – Can address 224 = 16 Mbytes of memory

• 16 data lines

• Used in the original Macintosh Computer

Original Macintosh Computerused 68000 microprocessor

The 68000 MicroprocessorRegisters31 16 15 8 7 0

D0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7

DataRegisters

31 16 15 0A0A1A2A3A4A5A6A7 A7’

AddressRegisters

Program Counter

Status/CCR

Table 1.2History of Microprocessors

Date Microprocessor Comment

1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 80881982 Motorola 680101982 Motorola 680081984 Intel 80286 10 MHz, 130,000 transistors1984 Motorola 68020 32-Bit address and data busses

Integrated Microcontroller1985 Motorola 68HC111986 Motorola 68020 -- 25 MHz1986 Intel 80386 16 MHz, 275,000 transistors1987 Motorola 680301988 Motorola 68030 -- 33 MHz1989 Intel 80486 25 MHz, 1,000,000 transistors1990 Intel 80486 50 MHz1992 Intel Pentium 4,000,000 Transistors1997 Motorola 68HC12 Enhanced 68HC11

1985 – Motorola introduces the 68HC11 microcontroller

RAM CPU EEPROMROM/ EPROM

TIMER

PARALLEL I/O SPI SCI

A/D

68HC11

Motorola introduces the 68HC12 (in 1997) and the HCS12 (in 2002)

RAM CPU12 EEPROMFLASH

EEPROM

TIMER

PARALLEL I/O SPI SCI

A/D68HC12/HCS12

Additional PWM and CAN interfaces

The 68HC12(11) Registers

S X H I N Z V C

A B

D

IX

IY

SP

PC

Accum ulator A

Accum ulator D

Inde x register X

Inde x register Y

Sta ck Pointer

Pro gra m counter

Condition code register

Accum ulator B

Develops WHYP –a subroutine-threaded Forth for the 68HC12

Chuck Moore,the inventor ofForth, reading Haskell’sWHYP book

Learning By Example Using C-- Programming the HCS12 Microcontroller Using CodeWarrior  

Richard E. Haskell Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan   

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