WINTER Templat e HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Marife Garcia Paula Navarro Kreanne Pagdanganan II - 2 BECEd
Nov 12, 2014
WINTERTemplateHISTORY OF
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Marife GarciaPaula NavarroKreanne Pagdanganan
II - 2 BECEd
“Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instruments, machines and devices … most (educators) will defer to technology as computers.”
(Muffoletto, 1994)
The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systemized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.”
(Paul Saettler, 1990)
Comenius, Pestalozzi, Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Herbart and Montessori Froebel, Herbart and Montessori contributed their own concept on contributed their own concept on educational technology improving educational technology improving educative process.educative process.
John Amos Comenius was John Amos Comenius was recognized as the pioneer recognized as the pioneer of modern instructional of modern instructional
technology by reason of his technology by reason of his book Orbis Pictus (The book Orbis Pictus (The
World in Picture) which World in Picture) which was illustrated textbooks was illustrated textbooks for children studying Latin for children studying Latin
& Sciences.& Sciences.
Edward Thorndike and John Dewey Edward Thorndike and John Dewey formulated scientific theory of formulated scientific theory of
learning and the scientific method, learning and the scientific method, respectively. Thorndike gave respectively. Thorndike gave
emphasis to the use of empirical emphasis to the use of empirical investigation as a basis for an investigation as a basis for an
organized process of learning. On organized process of learning. On his part, Dewey introduced a his part, Dewey introduced a
method of instruction in terms method of instruction in terms scientific method in broad termsscientific method in broad terms
The 19The 19thth century paved in the century paved in the advent of effective advent of effective
technological development technological development including the production of including the production of
textbooks, use of blackboards textbooks, use of blackboards and improvements in writing and improvements in writing implements like pen and ink. implements like pen and ink. Photography was invented, Photography was invented, giving a way to a movement giving a way to a movement called “Visual Instruction”.called “Visual Instruction”.
In 1932, the first instructional In 1932, the first instructional television program was aired at television program was aired at the State University of Iowa. the State University of Iowa. About the same time, the 16 About the same time, the 16 mm sound motion picture was mm sound motion picture was developed and this served as developed and this served as the educational workhorse the educational workhorse during the audio-visual during the audio-visual movement of the time.movement of the time.
During World War II, During World War II, the U.S. government encouraged the U.S. government encouraged
the implementation of technology the implementation of technology of instruction for military training of instruction for military training programs. This gave impetus to a programs. This gave impetus to a system approach to instruction to system approach to instruction to
include: micro-teaching, include: micro-teaching, individualized instruction, individualized instruction,
Language laboratories, behavioral Language laboratories, behavioral laboratories, behavioral laboratories, behavioral
objectives, computer assisted objectives, computer assisted instruction and among othersinstruction and among others
History of Computers
3000 BC
1600s
1800s
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
AbacusAbacus
Punched Punched Card DevicesCard Devices
MainframesMainframes
MicrocomputersMicrocomputers
InternetInternet
CalculatorsCalculators
First Electronic First Electronic ComputersComputers
MinicomputersMinicomputers
Microcomputer Microcomputer SystemsSystems
Ancient Computing HistoryAncient Computing History
The AbacusThe AbacusMechanical aid used for counting and making quick calculations.
Still in use
aroundthe
world.
Early Computing HistoryEarly Computing History
Invented the first mechanical calculator.
The Pascaline used cogs and gears to solve math equations.
PascalineBlaise Pascal
Mechanical CalculatorsMechanical Calculators
Jacquard’s LoomJoseph Jacquard
• First “programmable” machine.
• Used punched cards (binary instructions) to automate weaving loom.
• Punched cards were a staple of early and modern computer programming.
Electronic Computer Electronic Computer SystemsSystems
Used vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.
Used punch cards to input and externally store data.
Up to 4K of memory.
Programming in machine language and assembly language.
Required a compiler.
First Generation:1943-1956
First Generation: First Generation: 1943-19561943-1956
World’s first electronic digital computer.
Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department.
Electronic Numerical Integratorand Calculator (ENIAC)
1956 IBM 350 RAMAC
Second Generation: 1957-Second Generation: 1957-19641964
• Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.
• Up to 32K of memory.• Programming in
computer languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
Third Generation: 1965-1971Third Generation: 1965-1971
• Used integrated circuits.
• Up to 3 million bytes of memory.
• Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.
• Personal computers or PCs.• Usually cost about $2,000 or less.• Process over 1 billion operations per
second.• “Stand-alone” or connected
to other computers as a network system.
Fourth Generation: 1972-Fourth Generation: 1972-NowNow
Microcomputers
TEA
Tim Berners-Lee Developed HTML and the World Wide Web (WWW) was
born.
1990’s 1990’s Connecting the World Connecting the World
Marc Andreessen
An original developer of Mosaic, the first browser software able to read HTML.
Co-founder of Netscape Communications.
• Technologies of the Future
• Advanced robotics commonplace
• Smart houses• Wearable computers• Holodeck virtual reality• Truly individualized
education
The 21The 21stst Century Century• Only recently focused on
computers.
• Internet current primary trend.
– Communication with colleagues.
– Lesson plan preparation.
– Student resources.
– Access research and best practices for teaching.
Source information: NCES 2000 Summer Issue
Our Definition:“A combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related technologies.”
(M. D. Roblyer, 2000)
Modern Educational Technology HistoryModern Educational Technology History
• First instructional use of computers was as a flight simulator used to train pilots at MIT in 1950.
Mainframe Computer Systems
First use in public schools taught New York elementary students binary arithmetic in 1959.
Federal funds supported many large-scale projects in mainframe computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in schools, colleges, and universities through the middle of 1970’s.
Stanford University – first multimedia learning station, Course writer
Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations (PLATO)
BYU – Time-shared Interactive Computer-Controlled Information Television (TICCIT)
Mainframe Computer Systems
Mainframe Computer Systems
Designed to support personalized mastery learning: Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) -
University of Pittsburgh Program for Learning in Accordance with
Needs (PLAN) - American Institutes of Research
National Education Computing Conference (NECC)
•Created by mainframe programming enthusiasts from universities nationwide.
•First conference held in1979.
•Today is the largest educational technology conference in U.S. with attendance of 10,000+ people.
• Introduced in late 1970’s.• Adopted by public school systems
during 1980’s.– Apple II– Commodore PET– Radio Shack TRS - 80
Microcomputers in Education
Software!
Software• Early courseware developed for mainframes were provided by:
– Large hardware manufacturers– Software systems companies– University development projects
• New microcomputer software market driven primarily by educators.
•Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC)-Initially largest provider of educational software.-Funded by National Science Foundation.
•MicroSift, EPIE -Provided courseware evaluations.
Authoring systems Response to educators quest for input into design of
educational software. Allowed educators to develop their own courseware.
Software
Authoring systems Required extensive expertise. Extended time commitment. Expanded work investment.
Computer Literacy
•Originally defined as programming skills and tools such as word processing.
•Today’s world can only agree that the term refers to skills that are constantly changing.
Seymour Papert
Educational theorist mentored by Jean Piaget.
Developed programming language for young children based on
constructivist theory of education.
Raised national consciousness about potential of technology to change the educational system.
The Internet and the WWW
Biggest challenge for the public educational system has been how to prepare schools physically and train teachers effectively for its use in the classroom.
Four Different ViewsFour Different Views
• Audiovisual Media Communications.• Begun in 1923.• Initially centered on radio.• Quickly extended focus to include instructional film strips and
educational television.• Today, it includes global satellite broadcasting, two-way audio, and
visual communications.
1. AECT
• “Branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.”
(Saettler, 1990, p. 9)• Publications:
– TechTrends– Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and
Technology
2. ISPI
• Instructional systems approach based on Behaviorist theories• “Systematic approach to designing, developing, and
delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.” (Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino, 1997)
•Publications:
-Performance Improvement Journal-Performance Improvement Quarterly
3. ITEA
• Industry trainers and vocational teachers.• Schools should prepare students for work
force Learning about technology as used in the “real world” is essential.
•Includes robotics, manufacturing systems, computer-assisted design (CAD).
•Publications:-The Technology Teacher-Technology and Children-The Journal of Technology Education
4. ISTE
• Primary focus encompassed both instructional and support applications of computers.
• Begun by trainers and educators who predicted that computers would revolutionize education.
• Influenced by technical personnel, such as programmers and systems analysts.
•National Educational Technology Standards for Students and Teachers (NETS)
•Publications:-Learning and Leading with Technology (formerly The Computing Teacher)-Journal of Research on Computing in Education
WINTERTemplate
References
“EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY”
by Dr. Paz I. Lucido & Dr.
Milagros L. Borabo
http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=rNDFZo4zHaMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://www.slideshare.net/fvsandoval/history-of-educational-technology
http://www.myplick.com/view/1PsTtfSckr_/HISTORY-OF-EDUCATIONAL-TECHNOLOGY-TIMELINE
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